[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 110 (Monday, June 8, 2020)]
[Notices]
[Pages 34774-34778]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-12271]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

[Release No. 34-88987; File No. SR-NASDAQ-2020-028]


Self-Regulatory Organizations; The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC; 
Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Amend IM-5101-1 (Use of 
Discretionary Authority) To Deny Listing or Continued Listing or To 
Apply Additional and More Stringent Criteria to an Applicant or Listed 
Company Based on Considerations Related to the Company's Auditor or 
When a Company's Business Is Principally Administered in a Jurisdiction 
That Is a Restrictive Market

June 2, 2020.
    Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 
(``Act''),\1\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\2\ notice is hereby given that 
on May 19, 2020, The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (``Nasdaq'' or 
``Exchange'') filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission 
(``SEC'' or ``Commission'') the proposed rule change as described in 
Items I and II below, which Items have been prepared by the Exchange. 
The Commission is publishing this notice to solicit comments on the 
proposed rule change from interested persons.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1).
    \2\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Terms of Substance 
of the Proposed Rule Change

    The Exchange proposes to apply additional and more stringent 
criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications 
of the company's auditor.
    The text of the proposed rule change is available on the Exchange's 
website at http://nasdaq.cchwallstreet.com, at the principal office of 
the Exchange, and at the Commission's Public Reference Room.

II. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Purpose of, and 
Statutory Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change

    In its filing with the Commission, the Exchange included statements 
concerning the purpose of and basis for the proposed rule change and 
discussed any comments it received on the proposed rule change. The 
text of these statements may be examined at the places specified in 
Item IV below. The Exchange has prepared summaries, set forth in 
sections A, B, and C below, of the most significant aspects of such 
statements.

A. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Purpose of, and 
Statutory Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change

1. Purpose
    Nasdaq's listing requirements include transparent criteria and 
corporate governance requirements. These requirements are designed to 
protect investors and the public interest; to ensure that a company 
seeking to list on Nasdaq is prepared for the rigors of operating as a 
public company; to provide transparent disclosure to investors in 
accordance with the SEC's and Nasdaq's reporting requirements; and to 
ensure sufficient investor interest to support liquid trading. Those 
criteria are set forth in the Nasdaq Rule 5000 Series.
    In addition to the criteria set forth in the Rule 5000 Series, Rule 
5101 describes Nasdaq's broad discretionary authority over the initial 
and continued listing of securities on Nasdaq in order to maintain the 
quality of and public confidence in its market, to prevent fraudulent 
and manipulative acts and practices, to promote just and equitable 
principles of trade, and to protect investors and the public interest. 
Nasdaq may use such discretion to deny initial listing, apply 
additional or more stringent criteria for the initial or continued 
listing of particular securities, or suspend or delist particular 
securities based on any event, condition, or circumstance that exists 
or occurs that makes initial or continued listing of the securities on 
Nasdaq inadvisable or unwarranted in the opinion of Nasdaq, even though 
the securities meet all enumerated criteria for initial or continued 
listing on Nasdaq.\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ See Rule 5101.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Nasdaq rules \4\ and federal securities laws \5\ require a 
company's financial statements included in its initial registration 
statement or annual report to be audited by an independent public 
accountant that is registered with the Public Company Accounting 
Oversight Board (``PCAOB''). Company management is responsible for 
preparing the company's financial statements and for establishing and 
maintaining disclosure controls and procedures and internal control 
over financial reporting. The company's auditor, based on its 
independent audit of the evidence supporting the amounts and 
disclosures in the financial statements, expresses an opinion on 
whether the financial statements present fairly, in all material 
respects, the company's financial position, results of operations and 
cash flows. ``To form an appropriate basis for expressing an opinion on 
the financial statements, the auditor must plan and perform the audit 
to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements 
are free of material misstatement due to error or fraud.'' \6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ See Rule 5210(b) (``Each Company applying for initial 
listing must be audited by an independent public accountant that is 
registered as a public accounting firm with the Public Company 
Accounting Oversight Board, as provided for in Section 102 of the 
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 [15 U.S.C. 7212].'') and Rule 5250(c)(3) 
(``Each listed Company shall be audited by an independent public 
accountant that is registered as a public accounting firm with the 
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, as provided for in 
Section 102 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 [15 U.S.C. 7212].'').
    \5\ See Section 4100--Qualifications of Accountants, SEC 
Financial Reporting Manual (June 30, 2009), available at https://www.sec.gov/corpfin/cf-manual/topic-4/.
    \6\ See PCAOB Auditing Standard 1101.03--Audit Risk, available 
at https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/AS1101.aspx.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The auditor, in turn, is normally subject to inspection by the 
PCAOB, which assesses compliance with PCAOB and SEC rules and 
professional standards in connection with the auditor's performance of 
audits. According to the PCAOB,

    PCAOB inspections may result in the identification of 
deficiencies in one or more of an audit firm's audits of issuers 
and/or in its quality control procedures which, in turn, can result 
in an audit firm carrying out additional procedures that should have 
been performed already at the time of the audit. Those procedures 
have sometimes led to the audited public company having to revise 
and refile its financial statements or its assessment of the 
effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. In 
addition, through the quality control remediation portion of the 
inspection process, inspected

[[Page 34775]]

firms identify and implement practices and procedures to improve 
future audit quality.\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ See Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, Public 
Companies that are Audit Clients of PCAOB-Registered Firms from Non-
U.S. Jurisdictions where the PCAOB is Denied Access to Conduct 
Inspections (April 1, 2020), available at https://pcaobus.org/International/Inspections/Pages/IssuerClientsWithoutAccess.aspx.

    Nasdaq and investors rely on the work of auditors to provide 
reasonable assurances that the financial statements provided by a 
company are free of material misstatements. Nasdaq and investors 
further rely on the PCAOB's critical role in overseeing the quality of 
the auditor's work. The Chairman and the Chief Accountant of the 
Commission, along with the Chairman of the PCAOB, have raised concerns 
that national barriers on access to information can impede effective 
regulatory oversight of U.S.-listed companies with operations in 
certain countries, including the PCAOB's inability to inspect the audit 
work and practices of auditors in those countries.\8\ In particular, 
the PCAOB is currently prevented from inspecting the audit work and 
practices of PCAOB-registered auditors in Belgium, France, China and 
Hong Kong (to the extent their audit clients have operations in 
mainland China).\9\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ See SEC Chairman Jay Clayton, SEC Chief Accountant Wes 
Bricker and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, Statement on the 
Vital Role of Audit Quality and Regulatory Access to Audit and Other 
Information Internationally--Discussion of Current Information 
Access Challenges with Respect to U.S.-listed Companies with 
Significant Operations in China (December 7, 2018), available at 
https://www.sec.gov/news/public-statement/statement-vital-role-audit-quality-and-regulatory-access-audit-and-other (``Some of these 
laws, for example, act to prohibit foreign-domiciled registrants in 
certain jurisdictions from responding directly to SEC requests for 
information and documents or doing so, in whole or in part, only 
after protracted delays in obtaining authorization. Other laws can 
prevent the SEC from being able to conduct any type of examination, 
either onsite or by correspondence . . . Positions taken by some 
foreign authorities currently prevent or significantly impair the 
PCAOB's ability to inspect non-U.S. audit firms in certain 
countries, even though these firms are registered with the 
PCAOB.''). On April 21, 2020, these concerns were reiterated by the 
Chairman and the Chief Accountant of the Commission, along with the 
Chairman of the PCAOB and the Directors of the SEC Divisions of 
Corporation Finance and Investment Management. See SEC Chairman Jay 
Clayton, PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, SEC Chief Accountant 
Sagar Teotia, SEC Division of Corporation Finance Director William 
Hinman, SEC Division of Investment Management Director Dalia Blass, 
Emerging Market Investments Entail Significant Disclosure, Financial 
Reporting and Other Risks; Remedies are Limited (April 21, 2020), 
available at https://www.sec.gov/news/public-statement/emerging-market-investments-disclosure-reporting.
    \9\ See supra \\ad.sec.gov\users\mr\SchandlerS\NASDAQ 2020-028 
(auditors)\supra note 7. The PCAOB notes that ``[t]he position taken 
by authorities in mainland China may in some circumstances cause a 
registered firm located in another jurisdiction to attempt to resist 
PCAOB inspection of public company audit work that the firm has 
performed relating to the company's operations in mainland China. 
Only in mainland China and Hong Kong, however, is the position of 
the Chinese authorities effectively an obstacle to inspection of 
all, or nearly all, registered firms in the jurisdiction.'' In 
addition, the PCAOB's cooperative arrangement with the French audit 
authority expired in December 2019, preventing inspections of 
registered firms in France until a new arrangement is concluded. 
According to the PCAOB, it expects to enter into bilateral 
cooperative arrangements soon that will permit the PCAOB to commence 
inspections in Belgium and resume inspections in France.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Nasdaq shares these concerns and believes that accurate financial 
statement disclosure is critical for investors to make informed 
investment decisions. Nasdaq is concerned that constraints on the 
PCAOB's ability to inspect auditor work in countries with national 
barriers on access to information weaken assurances that the 
disclosures and financial information of companies with operations in 
such countries are not misleading.
    Currently, Nasdaq may rely upon its broad authority provided under 
Rule 5101 to deny initial or continued listing or to apply additional 
and more stringent criteria when the auditor of an applicant or a 
Nasdaq-listed company: (1) Has not been subject to an inspection by the 
PCAOB (either historically or because it is newly formed and as 
therefore not yet undergone a PCAOB inspection), (2) is an auditor that 
the PCAOB cannot inspect, or (3) otherwise does not demonstrate 
sufficient resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to 
the company's audit, including in circumstances where a PCAOB 
inspection has uncovered significant deficiencies in the auditors' 
conduct in other audits or in its system of quality controls.
    Nasdaq believes that codifying the nature and scope of its existing 
discretion when assessing the qualifications of a company's auditor 
will increase transparency to investors, companies and market 
participants. Accordingly, in order to preserve and strengthen the 
quality of and public confidence in the Nasdaq market, and in order to 
enhance investor confidence, Nasdaq proposes to amend IM-5101-1 to add 
a new subparagraph (b) that sets forth factors Nasdaq may consider in 
applying additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or 
listed company based on the qualifications of the company's auditor. 
Such factors include:
    (1) Whether the auditor has been subject to a PCAOB inspection, 
such as where the auditor is newly formed and has therefore not yet 
undergone a PCAOB inspection or where the auditor, or an accounting 
firm engaged to assist with the audit, is located in a jurisdiction 
that limits the PCAOB's ability to inspect the auditor;
    (2) if the company's auditor has been inspected by the PCAOB, 
whether the results of that inspection indicate that the auditor has 
failed to respond to any requests by the PCAOB or that the inspection 
has uncovered significant deficiencies in the auditors' conduct in 
other audits or in its system of quality controls;
    (3) whether the auditor can demonstrate that it has adequate 
personnel in the offices participating in the audit with expertise in 
applying U.S. GAAP, GAAS or IFRS, as applicable, in the company's 
industry;
    (4) whether the auditor's training program for personnel 
participating in the company's audit is adequate;
    (5) for non-U.S. auditors, whether the auditor is part of a global 
network or other affiliation of individual auditors where the auditors 
draw on globally common technologies, tools, methodologies, training 
and quality assurance monitoring; and
    (6) whether the auditor can demonstrate to Nasdaq sufficient 
resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the 
company's audit.
    Nasdaq will consider these factors holistically and may be 
satisfied with an auditor's qualifications notwithstanding the fact 
that the auditor raises concerns with respect to some of the factors 
set forth above. For example, Nasdaq may be satisfied that an auditor 
that is not subject to PCAOB inspection has mitigated the risk that it 
may have significant undetected deficiencies in its system of quality 
controls by being a part of a global network where the auditors draw on 
globally common technologies, tools, methodologies, training and 
quality assurance monitoring.
    The proposed rule will include examples of additional and more 
stringent criteria that Nasdaq may apply to an applicant or a Nasdaq-
listed company to obtain comfort that the company satisfies the 
financial listing requirements and is suitable for listing. These could 
include, as explained in greater detail below, requiring: (i) Higher 
equity, assets, earnings or liquidity measures than otherwise required 
under the Rule 5000 Series; (ii) that any offering be underwritten on a 
firm commitment basis, which typically involves more due diligence by 
the broker-dealer than would be done in connection with a best-efforts 
offering; or (iii) companies to impose lock-up restrictions on officers 
and directors to

[[Page 34776]]

allow market mechanisms to determine an appropriate price for the 
company before such insiders can sell shares.
    Nasdaq and investors rely on the company's auditors to provide 
reasonable assurances that the financial statements provided by a 
company are free of material misstatements and do not, for example, 
overstate the company's equity, assets or revenues. Where Nasdaq is 
concerned that the company's auditor does not satisfy the criteria 
proposed in IM-5101-1(b), Nasdaq may still obtain comfort that the 
company truly satisfies the financial listing criteria by imposing a 
higher standard. Nasdaq may also have concerns that a company listing 
on Nasdaq through an initial public offering, business combination, 
direct listing or issuing securities previously trading over the 
counter (``OTC'') may not develop sufficient public float, investor 
base, and trading interest to provide the depth and liquidity necessary 
to promote fair and orderly trading, resulting in a security that is 
illiquid. In such cases, Nasdaq may impose additional liquidity 
measures on the company, such as requiring a higher public float 
percentage, market value of unrestricted publicly held shares or 
average OTC trading volume. Nasdaq may also obtain additional comfort 
regarding the quality of the company's financial statements by 
requiring the offering to be underwritten, which helps to ensure that 
third parties other than the auditor are conducting significant due 
diligence on the company, its registration statement and its financial 
statements.
    In certain instances, Nasdaq believes it may be appropriate to 
prevent the company's insiders from selling their shares if material 
misstatements are detected by the company's auditors and have not been 
disclosed to investors. Therefore, Nasdaq may also impose lock-up 
restrictions on officers and directors to allow market mechanisms to 
determine an appropriate price for the company before such insiders can 
sell shares. Nasdaq may impose each of these requirements separately or 
in combination. In some cases, Nasdaq may determine that listing is not 
appropriate and deny initial or continued listing to a company.
    The risks to U.S. investors are heightened when a company's 
business is principally administered in a jurisdiction that has secrecy 
laws, blocking statutes, national security laws or other laws or 
regulations restricting access to information by regulators of U.S.-
listed companies in such jurisdiction, which raise concerns about the 
accuracy of disclosures, accountability, and access to information.\10\ 
Nasdaq also proposes to amend IM-5101-1 to add a new subparagraph (c) 
to clarify that Nasdaq may also use its discretionary authority to 
impose additional or more stringent criteria, including the criteria 
set forth in IM-5101-1(b), in other circumstances, including when a 
company's business is principally administered in a jurisdiction that 
Nasdaq determines to have secrecy laws, blocking statutes, national 
security laws or other laws or regulations restricting access to 
information by regulators of U.S.-listed companies in such jurisdiction 
(a ``Restrictive Market''). In determining whether a company's business 
is principally administered in a Restrictive Market, Nasdaq may 
consider the geographic locations of the company's: (a) Principal 
business segments, operations or assets; (b) board and shareholders' 
meetings; (c) headquarters or principal executive offices; (d) senior 
management and employees; and (e) books and records.\11\ Nasdaq will 
consider these factors holistically, recognizing that a company's 
headquarters may not be the office from which it conducts its principal 
business activities. For example, a company's headquarters could be 
located in Country A, while the majority of its senior management, 
employees, assets, operations and books and records are located in 
Country B, which is a Restrictive Market. In this case, Nasdaq would 
consider the company's business to be principally administered in 
Country B, which is a Restrictive Market, and Nasdaq would use its 
discretionary authority to apply additional or more stringent criteria 
to the company.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ See supra note 3.
    \11\ This threshold would capture both foreign private issuers 
based in Restrictive Markets and companies based in the U.S. or 
another jurisdiction that principally administer their businesses in 
Restrictive Markets. The factors that Nasdaq would consider when 
determining whether a business is principally administered in a 
Restrictive Market is supported by SEC guidance regarding foreign 
private issuer status, which suggests that a foreign company may 
consider certain factors including the locations of: the company's 
principal business segments or operations; its board and 
shareholders' meetings; its headquarters; and its most influential 
key executives (potentially a subset of all executives). See 
Division of Corporation Finance of the SEC, Accessing the U.S. 
Capital Markets--A Brief Overview for Foreign Private Issuers 
(February 13, 2013), available at https://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/internatl/foreign-private-issuers-overview.shtml#IIA2c.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Lastly, Nasdaq proposes to identify certain paragraphs within IM-
5101-1 as subparagraphs (a), (d) and (e), add headings to the 
subparagraphs, and to relocate text describing Nasdaq's review process 
to paragraph (e), in order to enhance readability of the rule. Nasdaq 
also proposes to revise ``listing qualifications panel'' to ``Hearings 
Panel (as defined in Rule 5805(d))'' for consistency within Nasdaq's 
rulebook.
    In the event that Nasdaq relies on such discretionary authority and 
determines to deny the initial or continued listing of a company, it 
would issue a denial or delisting letter to the company that will 
inform the company of the factual basis for the Nasdaq's determination 
and its right for review of the decision pursuant to the Rule 5800 
Series.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ See Rule 5815, which sets forth the review of staff 
determinations by a Hearings Panel, including the procedures for 
requesting and preparing for a hearing and the scope of the Hearing 
Panel's discretion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Exchange believes that the proposed rule change will enhance 
transparency regarding how Nasdaq may exercise its existing discretion 
when considering the qualifications of the company's auditor and the 
jurisdiction where the company principally administers its business in 
determining whether to grant initial or continued listing of a company.
2. Statutory Basis
    The Exchange believes that its proposal is consistent with Section 
6(b) of the Act,\13\ in general, and furthers the objectives of Section 
6(b)(5) of the Act,\14\ in particular, in that it is designed to 
prevent fraudulent and manipulative acts and practices, to promote just 
and equitable principles of trade, to remove impediments to and perfect 
the mechanism of a free and open market and a national market system, 
and, in general to protect investors and the public interest. Further, 
the Exchange believes that this proposal is not designed to permit 
unfair discrimination between customers, issuers, brokers, or dealers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ 15 U.S.C. 78f(b).
    \14\ 15 U.S.C. 78f(b)(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Nasdaq and investors rely on the work of auditors to provide 
reasonable assurances that the financial statements provided by a 
company are free of material misstatements. The PCAOB states that 
``[r]easonable assurance is obtained by reducing audit risk to an 
appropriately low level through applying due professional care, 
including obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence.'' \15\ 
Nasdaq believes that the PCAOB's inability to inspect the audit work 
and practices of auditors in certain countries weakens the assurance 
that the auditor obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence to 
express its opinion on a company's

[[Page 34777]]

financial statements, and decreases confidence that the auditor 
complied with PCAOB and SEC rules and professional standards in 
connection with the auditor's performance of audits. The proposed rule 
would provide transparency to cases where Nasdaq may impose additional 
and more stringent criteria on a company based on the qualifications of 
its auditor in order to help provide greater assurances that the 
company's financial statements are free of material misstatements due 
to fraud or error, thereby preventing fraudulent and manipulative acts 
and protecting investors and the public interest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ See supra note 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule change would also protect investors and the 
public interest by providing Nasdaq and investors with greater 
assurances that the company indeed satisfies Nasdaq's financial listing 
requirements set forth in the Rule 5000 Series. Nasdaq believes that 
without reasonable assurances that a company's financial statements and 
related disclosures are free from material misstatements, there is a 
risk that a company that would otherwise not have qualified to list on 
Nasdaq may satisfy Nasdaq's listing standards by presenting financial 
statements that contain undetected material misstatements. In the 
Matter of the Tassaway, Inc., the Commission observed that

    Though exclusion from the system may hurt existing investors, 
primary emphasis must be placed on the interests of prospective 
future investors. The latter group is entitled to assume that the 
securities in the system meet the system's standards. Hence the 
presence in NASDAQ of non-complying securities could have a serious 
deceptive effect.\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ See In the Matter of Tassaway, Inc., Securities Exchange 
Act Release No. 11291, 1975 WL 160383; 45 SEC. 706 (March 13, 1975).

    The proposed rule change would provide greater assurances to 
investors that a company truly meets Nasdaq's financial listing 
requirement by clarifying that Nasdaq may use its existing discretion 
to apply additional and more stringent criteria, such as requiring: (i) 
Higher equity, assets, earnings or liquidity measures than otherwise 
required under the Rule 5000 Series; (ii) that any offering be 
underwritten on a firm commitment basis, which typically involves more 
due diligence by the broker-dealer than would be done in connection 
with a best-efforts offering; or (iii) companies to impose lock-up 
restrictions on officers and directors to allow market mechanisms to 
determine an appropriate price for the company before such insiders can 
sell shares. In some cases, Nasdaq may determine that listing is not 
appropriate and deny initial or continued listing to a company. Nasdaq 
believes that providing specific examples of such additional and more 
stringent criteria will alert companies seeking to list on Nasdaq, as 
well as currently listed companies, that the company may be subject to 
additional criteria as a condition for initial and continued listing on 
Nasdaq and will provide transparency to investors, companies and market 
participants, thereby protecting investors and the public interest.
    Nasdaq believes that its proposal to add a new subparagraph (c) to 
clarify that Nasdaq may also use its discretionary authority to impose 
additional or more stringent criteria, including the criteria set forth 
in IM-5101-1(b), in other circumstances, including when a company's 
business is principally administered in a Restrictive Market, will help 
ensure that Nasdaq has access to the information needed to carry out 
its regulatory duties, thereby preventing fraudulent and manipulative 
acts and protecting investors and the public interest.
    The Exchange believes that the proposed rules clarify Nasdaq's 
discretionary authority under Rule 5101 ``to apply additional or more 
stringent criteria for the initial or continued listing of particular 
securities, or suspend or delist particular securities based on any 
event, condition, or circumstance that exists or occurs that makes 
initial or continued listing of the securities on Nasdaq inadvisable or 
unwarranted in the opinion of Nasdaq, even though the securities meet 
all enumerated criteria for initial or continued listing on Nasdaq.'' 
\17\ Nasdaq has maintained its broad discretionary authority for 26 
years. On June 3, 1994, the Commission approved a proposal from 
National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (``NASD'') to amend 
Schedule D to the NASD By-Laws to clarify the NASD's discretionary 
authority to exclude an issuer from Nasdaq or require additional or 
more stringent criteria for inclusion in Nasdaq for issuers that are 
managed, controlled or influenced by persons with a history of 
significant securities or commodities violations.\18\ In approving the 
proposal, the Commission stated that ``[a]lthough the Commission is of 
the view that the NASD's current rules authorize it to exclude an 
issuer, the proposal would clarify that authority. The Commission 
believes that this rule change provides greater protection to both 
existing and prospective investors. This rule change provides investors 
greater assurance that the risk associated with investing in Nasdaq is 
market risk rather than the risk that the promoter or other persons 
exercising substantial influence over the issuer is acting in an 
illegal manner.'' \19\ Similarly, the Exchange believes that the 
current proposal would clarify Nasdaq's existing authority and would 
help reduce the risk for existing and prospective investors that the 
financial statements of a Nasdaq-listed company may contain material 
misstatements that were not discovered due to a lack of robust 
oversight of the company's auditor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See supra note 3.
    \18\ Securities Exchange Act Release No. 34151 (June 3, 1994), 
59 FR 29843 (June 9, 1994) (SR-NASD-94-19) (available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1994-06-09/html/94-14031.htm). This 
was the predecessor to current Nasdaq Rule 5101.
    \19\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule changes would apply to all companies listed and 
seeking to list on Nasdaq. However, Nasdaq may only apply additional 
and more stringent criteria when an applicant or a Nasdaq-listed 
company is unable to demonstrate to Nasdaq, through the enumerated 
factors, that its auditor has sufficient PCAOB inspection history, 
quality controls, resources, geographic reach and experience to 
adequately perform the company's audit. Nasdaq may also only apply its 
discretionary authority when a company's business is principally 
administered in a Restrictive Market.
    Notwithstanding the forgoing, the Exchange believes that the 
proposal does not unfairly discriminate among companies because Nasdaq 
and the SEC have identified additional concerns around companies with 
auditors that do not have sufficient PCAOB inspection history, quality 
controls, resources, geographic reach and experience to adequately 
perform the company's audit and companies whose business is principally 
administered in a Restrictive Market. In light of these concerns, the 
proposed rule change will increase assurances that companies listed on 
Nasdaq satisfy Nasdaq's financial listing requirements and are suitable 
for listing on a U.S. securities exchange, and that Nasdaq has access 
to the information required to perform its regulatory duties, which 
will prevent fraudulent and manipulative acts and practices, promote 
just and equitable principles of trade and protect investors and the 
public interest.
    Under the proposed changes, the Exchange will use its discretion in 
determining to apply additional and

[[Page 34778]]

more stringent criteria. The Exchange believes that this is not unfair 
discrimination among companies because applying additional and more 
stringent criteria may not be appropriate in all circumstances, for 
example if the company's auditor is able to demonstrate that it has 
sufficient PCAOB inspection history, quality controls, resources, 
geographic reach and experience to adequately perform the company's 
audit. Similarly, it may not be appropriate for Nasdaq to apply its 
discretionary authority in all cases where a company's business is 
principally administered in a Restrictive Market. For example, a 
company may be headquartered in Country A, which is a Restrictive 
Market, but have the majority of its employees, operations, senior 
management, assets and books and records in Country B, which is not a 
Restrictive Market. In such cases, Nasdaq would consider the company's 
business to be principally administered in Country B and Nasdaq would 
not use its discretionary authority to apply additional or more 
stringent criteria.
    Nasdaq believes that the proposed changes recognize that one size 
does not fit all companies and clarify the scope of the Exchange's 
existing discretion to apply additional and more stringent criteria, 
including potentially prohibiting a company's listing, based on the 
qualifications of its auditor or the jurisdiction where the company 
principally administers its business, thereby protecting investors and 
the public interest.
    Lastly, Nasdaq believes its proposal to identify certain paragraphs 
within IM-5101-1 as subparagraphs (a), (d) and (e), add headings to the 
subparagraphs, and to relocate text describing Nasdaq's review process 
to paragraph (e), will enhance readability of the rule. Similarly, 
Nasdaq believes its proposal to and revise ``listing qualifications 
panel'' to ``Hearings Panel (as defined in Rule 5805(d))'' will enhance 
consistency within Nasdaq's rulebook. Nasdaq believes both proposals 
will promote investor protection and the public interest.

B. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement on Burden on Competition

    The Exchange does not believe that the proposed rule change will 
impose any burden on competition not necessary or appropriate in 
furtherance of the purposes of the Act. Nasdaq is adopting this 
proposed rule change to enhance investor protection, which is a central 
purpose of the Act. Any impact on competition, either among listed 
companies or between exchanges, is incidental to that purpose.

C. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement on Comments on the Proposed 
Rule Change Received From Members, Participants, or Others

    No written comments were either solicited or received.

III. Date of Effectiveness of the Proposed Rule Change and Timing for 
Commission Action

    Within 45 days of the date of publication of this notice in the 
Federal Register or within such longer period up to 90 days (i) as the 
Commission may designate if it finds such longer period to be 
appropriate and publishes its reasons for so finding or (ii) as to 
which the Exchange consents, the Commission will: (a) By order approve 
or disapprove such proposed rule change, or (b) institute proceedings 
to determine whether the proposed rule change should be disapproved.

IV. Solicitation of Comments

    Interested persons are invited to submit written data, views, and 
arguments concerning the foregoing, including whether the proposed rule 
change is consistent with the Act. Comments may be submitted by any of 
the following methods:

Electronic Comments

     Use the Commission's internet comment form (http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml); or
     Send an email to rule-comments@sec.gov. Please include 
File Number SR-NASDAQ-2020-028 on the subject line.

Paper Comments

     Send paper comments in triplicate to Secretary, Securities 
and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549-1090.

All submissions should refer to File Number SR-NASDAQ-2020-028. This 
file number should be included on the subject line if email is used. To 
help the Commission process and review your comments more efficiently, 
please use only one method. The Commission will post all comments on 
the Commission's internet website (http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml). 
Copies of the submission, all subsequent amendments, all written 
statements with respect to the proposed rule change that are filed with 
the Commission, and all written communications relating to the proposed 
rule change between the Commission and any person, other than those 
that may be withheld from the public in accordance with the provisions 
of 5 U.S.C. 552, will be available for website viewing and printing in 
the Commission's Public Reference Room, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 
20549, on official business days between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 
3:00 p.m. Copies of the filing also will be available for inspection 
and copying at the principal office of the Exchange. All comments 
received will be posted without change. Persons submitting comments are 
cautioned that we do not redact or edit personal identifying 
information from comment submissions. You should submit only 
information that you wish to make available publicly. All submissions 
should refer to File Number SR-NASDAQ-2020-028 and should be submitted 
on or before June 29, 2020.

    For the Commission, by the Division of Trading and Markets, 
pursuant to delegated authority.\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ 17 CFR 200.30-3(a)(12).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

J. Matthew DeLesDernier,
Assistant Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2020-12271 Filed 6-5-20; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 8011-01-P


