[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 142 (Tuesday, July 24, 2018)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 34958-34967]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-15731]


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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

17 CFR Part 230

[Release No. 33-10521; File No. S7-18-18]
RIN 3235-AM38


Concept Release on Compensatory Securities Offerings and Sales

AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission

ACTION: Concept release; request for comment.

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SUMMARY: The Securities and Exchange Commission (``Commission'') is 
publishing this release to solicit comment on the exemption from 
registration under the Securities Act of 1933 (the ``Securities Act'') 
for securities issued by non-reporting companies pursuant to 
compensatory arrangements, and Form S-8, the registration statement for 
compensatory offerings by reporting companies. Significant evolution 
has taken place both in the types of compensatory offerings issuers 
make and the composition of the workforce since the Commission last 
substantively amended these regulations. Therefore, as we amend the 
exemption as mandated by the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and 
Consumer Protection Act (the ``Act''), we seek comment on possible ways 
to modernize the exemption and the relationship between it and Form S-
8, consistent with investor protection.

DATES: Comments should be received on or before September 24, 2018.

ADDRESSES: Comments may be submitted by any of the following methods:

Electronic Comments

     Use the Commission's internet comment form (http://www.sec.gov/rules/concept.shtml); or
     Send an email to [email protected]. Please include 
File Number S7-18-18 on the subject line.

Paper Comments

     Send paper comments to Brent J. Fields, Secretary, 
Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 
20549-1090.

All submissions should refer to File Number S7-18-18. This file number 
should be included on the subject line if email is used. To help us 
process and review your comments more efficiently, please use only one 
method. The Commission will post all comments on the Commission's 
website (http://www.sec.gov/rules/concept.shtml). Comments are also 
available for website viewing and copying in the Commission's Public 
Reference Room, 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549, on official 
business days between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. All 
comments received will be posted without change. Persons submitting 
comments are cautioned that we do not redact or edit personal 
identifying information from comment submissions. You should submit 
only information that you wish to make available publicly.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Anne M. Krauskopf, Senior Special 
Counsel, and Adam F. Turk, Special Counsel, Office of Chief Counsel, 
Division of Corporation Finance, at (202) 551-3500.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Overview
II. Rule 701
    A. Background
    B. Rule 701(c) Eligible Plan Participants
    C. Rule 701(e) Disclosure Requirements
    1. General
    2. Timing and Manner of Rule 701(e) Disclosure
    3. Options and Other Derivative Securities/RSUs
    D. Rule 701(d) Exemptive Conditions
III. Form S-8
    A. Background
    B. Form S-8 Eligible Plan Participants
    C. Administrative Burdens
    D. Form S-8 Generally
IV. Conclusion

I. Overview

    Under the Securities Act, every offer and sale of securities must 
be registered or subject to an exemption from registration. The 
Commission has long recognized that offers and sales of securities as 
compensation present different issues than offers and sales that raise 
capital for the issuer of the securities.\1\ Among other 
considerations, the Commission has recognized that the relationship 
between the issuer and recipient of securities is often different in a 
compensatory rather than capital raising transaction. The Commission 
has thus provided a limited exemption from registration--17 CFR 230.701 
(Rule 701)--for certain compensatory securities transactions as well as 
a specialized form--Form S-8--for registering certain compensatory 
transactions. Both Rule 701 and Form S-8 require the issuer to make 
specific disclosures. However, depending on the circumstances, 
compensatory transactions also may be conducted under the Securities 
Act Section 4(a)(2) exemption from registration or under a ``no sale'' 
theory,\2\ which would not require specific disclosures.
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    \1\ See, e.g., Release No. 33-3469-X (Apr. 10, 1953) [18 FR 2182 
(Apr. 17, 1953)] and Registration of Securities Offered Pursuant to 
Employees Stock Purchase Plans, Release No. 33-3480 (Jun. 16, 1953) 
[18 FR 3688 (Jun. 27, 1953)], each observing that the investment 
decision to be made by the employee is of a different character than 
when securities are offered for the purpose of raising capital.
    \2\ See Changes to Exchange Act Registration Requirements to 
Implement Title V and Title VI of the JOBS Act, Release No. 33-10075 
(May 3, 2016) [81 FR 28689 (May 10, 2016)] at n. 82, stating ``The 
``no sale'' theory relates to the issuance of compensatory grants 
made by employers to broad groups of employees pursuant to broad-
based stock bonus plans without Securities Act registration under 
the theory that the awards are not an offer or sale of securities 
under Section 2(a)(3) of the Securities Act [15 U.S.C. 77b(a)(3)].'' 
Where securities are awarded to employees at no direct cost through 
broad based bonus plans, the staff has taken the position generally 
that there has been no sale since employees do not individually 
bargain to contribute cash or other tangible or definable 
consideration to such plans. Where securities are awarded to or 
acquired by employees pursuant to individual employment 
arrangements, however the staff has expressed the view that such 
arrangements involve separately bargained consideration, and a sale 
of the securities has occurred. See Employee Benefit Plans: 
Interpretations of Statute, Release No. 33-6188 (Jan. 15, 1981) [29 
FR 8960 (Feb. 11, 1980)] at Section II.A.5.d and n. 84.
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    Equity compensation can be an important component of the employment 
relationship. Using equity for compensation can align the incentives of 
employees with the success of the enterprise, facilitate

[[Page 34959]]

recruitment and retention, and preserve cash for the company's 
operations.\3\
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    \3\ See Executive Compensation and Related Person Disclosure, 
Release No. 33-8732A (Aug. 29, 2006) [71 FR53158 (Sept. 6, 2006)] at 
Section II.A.1.
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    Since Rule 701 and Form S-8 \4\ were last amended, forms of equity 
compensation have continued to evolve, and new types of contractual 
relationships between companies and the individuals who work for them 
have emerged. In light of these developments, as well as the Act's 
mandate to increase to $10 million the Rule 701(e) threshold in excess 
of which the issuer is required to deliver additional disclosure to 
investors, which we are implementing in a separate release,\5\ we 
believe this is an appropriate time to revisit the Commission's 
regulatory regime for compensatory securities transactions. We 
therefore solicit comment on possible ways to update the requirements 
of Rule 701 and Form S-8, consistent with investor protection. We also 
solicit comment on what effects any revised rule or form may have on a 
company's decision to become a reporting company.
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    \4\ 17 CFR 239.16b.
    \5\ Section 507 of the Act directs the Commission, not later 
than 60 days after the date of enactment, to amend Rule 701(e) to 
increase this threshold. See Public Law 115-174, sec. 507, 132 Stat. 
1296 (2018). In Release 33-10520, we adopt an amendment to Rule 
701(e) to implement this change.
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II. Rule 701

A. Background

    In 1988, the Commission adopted Rule 701 under the Securities Act 
\6\ to allow non-reporting companies to sell securities to their 
employees without the need to register the offer and sale of such 
securities.\7\ Only issuers that are not subject to the reporting 
requirements of Section 13 \8\ or 15(d) \9\ of the Securities Exchange 
Act of 1934 (``Exchange Act'') and are not investment companies 
registered or required to be registered under the Investment Company 
Act of 1940 \10\ are eligible to use Rule 701. The rule provides an 
exemption from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the 
Securities Act \11\ for offers and sales of securities under 
compensatory benefit plans \12\ or written agreements relating to 
compensation. In adopting the rule, the Commission determined that it 
would be an unreasonable burden to require these non-reporting 
companies, many of which are small businesses, to incur the expenses 
and disclosure obligations of public companies where their sales of 
securities were to employees.\13\ In addition to domestic non-reporting 
companies, Rule 701 is also available for foreign private issuers.\14\
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    \6\ 15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.
    \7\ See Compensatory Benefit Plans and Contracts, Release No. 
33-6768 (Apr. 14, 1988) [53 FR 12918 (Apr. 20, 1988)] (``1988 
Adopting Release'').
    \8\ 15 U.S.C. 78m.
    \9\ 15 U.S.C. 78o(d).
    \10\ 15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq.
    \11\ 15 U.S.C. 77e.
    \12\ A ``compensatory benefit plan'' is defined in Rule 
701(c)(2) [17 CFR 230.701(c)(2)] as ``any purchase, savings, option, 
bonus, stock appreciation, profit sharing, thrift, incentive, 
deferred compensation, pension or similar plan.''
    \13\ As the Commission stated in re-proposing Rule 701, ``The 
essential concern [. . .] remains the same--many privately-held 
companies have found the costs of complying with the registration 
requirements of the Securities Act and the subsequent reporting 
obligations under section 15(d) of the Exchange Act so burdensome 
that employee incentive arrangements are not being provided by them. 
As a consequence, employees must forego [sic] potentially valuable 
means of compensation. The Commission historically has recognized 
that when transactions of this nature are primarily compensatory and 
incentive oriented, some accommodation should be made under the 
Securities Act.'' See Employee Benefit and Compensation Contracts 
Release No. 33-6726 (Jul. 30, 1987) [52 FR 29033 (Aug. 5, 1987)] 
(``Rule 701 Proposing Release'') at Section I.
    \14\ A ``foreign private issuer'' is defined in 17 CFR 230.405 
(Securities Act Rule 405) as a foreign issuer other than a foreign 
government, except an issuer meeting the following conditions as of 
the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal 
quarter:
    (i) More than 50 percent of the outstanding voting securities of 
which are directly or indirectly owned of record by residents of the 
United States; and
    (ii) Any of the following:
    (A) The majority of the executive officers or directors are 
United States citizens or residents;
    (B) More than 50 percent of the assets of the issuer are located 
in the United States; or
    (C) The business of the issuer is administered principally in 
the United States.
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    The rule provides an exemption from registration only for 
securities issued in compensatory circumstances and is not available 
for plans or schemes inconsistent with this purpose, such as to raise 
capital.\15\ The exemption is available only to the issuer of the 
securities, not to its affiliates, and does not cover resales of 
securities by any person.\16\ The rule exempts only the transactions in 
which the securities are offered or sold, and not the securities 
themselves.\17\ In addition to complying with Rule 701, the issuer also 
must comply with any applicable state law relating to the offer and 
sale of securities.\18\
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    \15\ Preliminary Note 5 to Rule 701 provides ``This section also 
is not available to exempt any transaction that is in technical 
compliance with this section but is part of a plan or scheme to 
evade the registration provisions of the [Securities] Act. In any of 
these cases, registration under the [Securities] Act is required 
unless another exemption is available.''
    \16\ Preliminary Note 4 to Rule 701.
    \17\ Id.
    \18\ Preliminary Note 2 to Rule 701.
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    Since 1999,\19\ the rule has provided that the amount of securities 
that may be sold in reliance on the exemption during any consecutive 
12-month period is limited to the greatest of: \20\
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    \19\ See Rule 701--Exempt Offerings Pursuant to Compensatory 
Arrangements, Release No. 33-7645 (Feb. 25, 1999) [64 FR 11095 (Mar. 
8, 1999)] (``1999 Adopting Release'').
    \20\ Rule 701(d) [17 CFR 230.701(d)].
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     $1 million;
     15% of the total assets of the issuer,\21\ measured at the 
issuer's most recent balance sheet date; or
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    \21\ The relevant limit applies to the total assets of the 
issuer's parent if the issuer is a wholly-owned subsidiary and the 
securities represent obligations that the parent fully and 
unconditionally guarantees.
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     15% of the outstanding amount of the class of securities 
being offered and sold in reliance on the rule, measured at the 
issuer's most recent balance sheet date.
    These measures apply on an aggregate basis, not plan-by-plan. For 
securities underlying options, the aggregate sales price is determined 
when the option grant is made, without regard to when it becomes 
exercisable.\22\ For deferred compensation plans, the calculation is 
made at the time of the participant's irrevocable election to 
defer.\23\ There is no separate limitation on the amount of securities 
that may be offered.
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    \22\ See Rule 701(d)(3)(ii) [17 CFR 230.701(d)(3)(ii)].
    \23\ Id.
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    In all cases, the issuer must deliver to investors a copy of the 
compensatory benefit plan or contract. Further, Rule 701 transactions 
are subject to the antifraud provisions of the federal securities 
laws.\24\
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    \24\ Preliminary Note 1 to Rule 701 (``Issuers and persons 
acting on their behalf have an obligation to provide investors with 
disclosure adequate to satisfy the antifraud provisions of the 
federal securities laws.'').
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    In addition, if the aggregate sales price or amount of securities 
sold during the 12-month period exceeds $5 million,\25\ the issuer must 
deliver to investors a reasonable period of time before the date of 
sale: \26\
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    \25\ Rule 701(e) [17 CFR 230.701(e)].
    \26\ Rule 701(e). This amount will change to $10 million upon 
effectiveness of the final rule amendment that raises this 
threshold. See n. 5, above, See also n. 49 and Section II.C.1, 
below.
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     A copy of the summary plan description required by 
ERISA,\27\ or a summary of the plan's material terms, if it is not 
subject to ERISA;
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    \27\ The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 
U.S.C. 1001 et seq.).
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     Information about the risks associated with investment in 
the securities sold under the plan or contract; and

[[Page 34960]]

     Financial statements required to be furnished by Part F/S 
of Form 1-A\28\ under 17 CFR 230.251 through 230.263 (Regulation A). 
These financial statements must be as of a date no more than 180 days 
before the sale of securities relying on Rule 701.\29\
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    \28\ Regulation A Offering Statement [17 CFR 239.90].
    \29\ Rule 701(e)(4) [17 CFR 230.701(e)(4)].
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    This disclosure should be provided to all investors before sale. 
For options and other derivative securities, the issuer must deliver 
disclosure a reasonable period of time before the date of exercise or 
conversion.\30\ If disclosure has not been provided to all investors 
before sale, the issuer will lose the exemption for the entire offering 
when sales exceed the $5 million threshold during the 12-month 
period.\31\
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    \30\ Rule 701(e)(6) [17 CFR 230.701(e)(6)]. As described in 
Section II.C.3, below, for options and other derivative securities, 
whether the issuer is obligated to deliver Rule 701(e) disclosure is 
determined based on whether the option or other derivative security 
was granted during a 12-month period in which the disclosure 
threshold is exceeded. If the grant occurred during such a period, 
the issuer must deliver the Rule 701(e) disclosure a reasonable 
period of time before the date of exercise or conversion.
    \31\ See 1999 Adopting Release at Section II.B.
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    The exemption covers securities offered or sold under a plan or 
agreement between a non-reporting company (or its parents, majority-
owned subsidiaries or majority-owned subsidiaries of its parent) and 
the company's employees, officers, directors, partners, trustees, 
consultants and advisors.\32\ Rule 701 is also available for sales, 
such as option exercises, to their family members \33\ who acquire such 
securities through gifts or domestic relations orders.
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    \32\ Rule 701(c) [17 CFR 230.701(c)]. The rule also exempts 
offers and sales to former employees, directors, general partners, 
trustees, officers, consultants and advisors only if such persons 
were employed by or providing services to the issuer at the time the 
securities were offered.
    \33\ Rule 701(c)(3) [17 CFR 230.701(c)(3)] defines ``family 
member'' for this purpose.
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    Consultants and advisors may participate in Rule 701 offerings only 
if:
     They are natural persons;
     They provide bona fide services to the issuer, its 
parents, its majority-owned subsidiaries or majority-owned subsidiaries 
of the issuer's parent; and
     The services are not in connection with the offer or sale 
of securities in a capital-raising transaction, and do not directly or 
indirectly promote or maintain a market for the issuer's 
securities.\34\
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    \34\ Rule 701(c)(1) [17 CFR 230.701(c)(1)]. Where the consultant 
or advisor performs services for the issuer through a wholly-owned 
corporate alter ego, the issuer may contract with, and issue 
securities as compensation to, that corporate entity. Cf., 
Registration of Securities on Form S-8, Release No. 33-7646 (Feb. 
25, 1999) [64 FR 11103 (Mar. 8, 1999)] at n. 20, (``1999 S-8 
Adopting Release'') addressing such a corporate alter ego in the 
Form S-8 context.
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    In adopting these restrictions on the range of eligible consultants 
and advisors, the Commission also provided that a person in a de facto 
employment relationship with the issuer, such as a non-employee 
providing services that traditionally are performed by an employee, 
with compensation paid for those services being the primary source of 
the person's earned income, would qualify as an eligible person under 
the exemption.\35\ Such services, however, must not be in connection 
with the offer or sale of securities in a capital-raising transaction, 
and must not directly or indirectly promote or maintain a market for 
the issuer's securities.\36\
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    \35\ 1999 Adopting Release at Section II.D.
    \36\ 1999 Adopting Release at n. 39. See also 1988 Adopting 
Release (``Consequently, the rule has been modified to extend to 
consultants and advisers who provide bona fide services to a 
company, its parents or majority-owned subsidiaries.'').
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    Offers and sales under Rule 701 are deemed part of a single 
discrete offering and are not subject to integration with any other 
offers or sales, whether registered under the Securities Act or exempt 
from registration.\37\ An issuer that attempts to comply with Rule 701, 
but fails to do so, may claim any other exemption that is 
available.\38\ Securities issued under Rule 701 are deemed to be 
``restricted securities,'' \39\ as defined in 17 CFR 230.144 
(Securities Act Rule 144).
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    \37\ Rule 701(f) [17 CFR 230.701(f)].
    \38\ Preliminary Note 3 to Rule 701.
    \39\ Rule 701(g) [17 CFR 230.701(g)]. Ninety days after the 
issuer becomes subject to the reporting requirements of Section 13 
or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78m or 
78o(d)], securities issued under Rule 701 may be resold by non-
affiliates in reliance on Rule 144 without compliance with Rules 
144(c) and (d), and by affiliates without compliance with Rule 
144(d).
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    Section 502 of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act \40\ (``JOBS 
Act'') amended Exchange Act Section 12(g)(5) \41\ to exclude from the 
definition of ``held of record,'' for the purposes of determining 
whether an issuer is required to register a class of equity securities, 
securities that are held by persons who received them pursuant to an 
``employee compensation plan'' in transactions exempted from the 
registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act. This 
statutory exclusion applies solely for purposes of determining whether 
an issuer is required to register a class of equity securities under 
the Exchange Act and does not apply to a determination of whether such 
registration may be terminated or suspended. The Commission amended the 
definition of ``held of record'' in 17 CFR 240.12g5-1 (Exchange Act 
Rule 12g5-1) to exclude certain securities held by persons who received 
them pursuant to employee compensation plans in a transaction exempt 
from, or not subject to, the registration requirements of Section 
5.\42\ This amendment also established a non-exclusive safe harbor for 
determining whether securities are ``held of record'' for purposes of 
registration under Exchange Act Section 12(g), providing that an issuer 
may deem a person to have received securities pursuant to an employee 
compensation plan if the plan and the person who received the 
securities pursuant to it met the plan and participant conditions of 
Rule 701(c). These provisions help enable private companies to offer 
securities to their employees under Rule 701 without triggering the 
obligation to register the class of securities and file periodic 
reports with the Commission.
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    \40\ Sec. 502, 126 Stat. at 326. Section 501 of the JOBS Act 
[Sec. 601, 126 Stat. at 325] amended Section 12(g)(1) of the 
Exchange Act to require an issuer to register a class of equity 
securities (other than exempted securities) within 120 days after 
its fiscal year-end if, on the last day of its fiscal year, the 
issuer has total assets of more than $10 million and the class of 
equity securities is ``held of record'' by either (i) 2,000 persons, 
or (ii) 500 persons who are not accredited investors. Section 601 of 
the JOBS Act [Sec. 601, 126 Stat. at 326] further amended Exchange 
Act Section 12(g)(1) to require an issuer that is a bank or bank 
holding company, as defined in Section 2 of the Bank Holding Company 
Act of 1956 [12 U.S.C. 1841], to register a class of equity 
securities (other than exempted securities) within 120 days after 
the last day of its first fiscal year ended after the effective date 
of the JOBS Act, on which the issuer has total assets of more than 
$10 million and the class of equity securities is ``held of record'' 
by 2,000 or more persons.
    \41\ 15 U.S.C. 78l(g)(5).
    \42\ See Changes to Exchange Act Registration Requirements to 
Implement Title V and Title VI of the JOBS Act, Release No. 33-
10075; (May 3, 2016) [81 FR 28689 (May 10, 2016)].
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    Questions have arisen about whether the current requirements of 
Rule 701 would benefit from updates in light of developments since the 
Commission last substantively revised the rule. Forms of equity 
compensation that were not typically used at that time, particularly 
restricted stock units (``RSUs''), have become common, and new types of 
contractual relationships between companies and individuals involving 
alternative work arrangements have emerged in the so-called ``gig 
economy.'' \43\ In this release, we solicit comment on various aspects 
of Rule 701

[[Page 34961]]

to determine whether and if so, how, the rule should be amended to 
address these concerns and developments. Our evaluation of any 
potential changes will focus on retaining the compensatory purpose of 
Rule 701 and avoiding potential abuse of the rule for capital-raising 
purposes, consistent with the Commission's investor protection mandate. 
Comments are of greatest assistance if accompanied by supporting data 
and analysis of the issues addressed in those comments.
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    \43\ See The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in 
the United States, 1995-2015, Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B.Krueger, 
National Bureau of Economic Research, available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w22667 (defining alternative work arrangements 
as temporary help agency workers, on-call workers, contract workers, 
and independent contractors or freelancers).
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B. Rule 701(c) Eligible Plan Participants

    Due in large part to the internet, new types of contractual 
relationships are arising between companies and individuals in the 
labor markets and the workplace economy. These can involve short-term, 
part-time or freelance arrangements, where the individual--rather than 
the company--may set the work schedule. Typically, this involves the 
individual's use of the company's internet ``platform'' for a fee to 
find business, whether that involves the individual providing services 
to end users, or using the platform to sell goods or lease property. 
Platforms are available that offer end users such services as ride-
sharing, food delivery, household repairs, dog-sitting, and tech 
support. Other platforms offer hand-made craft objects, lodging, or car 
rentals. An individual who provides services or goods through these 
platforms may have similar relationships with multiple companies, 
through which the individual may engage in the same or different 
business activities.
    Individuals participating in these arrangements do not enter into 
traditional employment relationships, and thus may not be ``employees'' 
eligible to receive securities in compensatory arrangements under Rule 
701.\44\ Similarly, they also may not be consultants or advisors, or de 
facto employees under Rule 701. As with traditional employees, however, 
companies may have the same compensatory and incentive motivations to 
offer equity compensation to these individuals. Accordingly, we solicit 
comment regarding these ``gig economy'' relationships to better 
understand how they work and determine what attributes of these 
relationships potentially may provide a basis for extending eligibility 
for the Rule 701 exemption.
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    \44\ They may also not be ``employees'' for purposes of labor, 
tax and other regulatory regimes.
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    Our comment requests focus on what activities an individual should 
need to engage in to be eligible to participate in exempt compensatory 
offerings:
    1. To what extent should definitions of ``employee'' under other 
regulatory regimes guide our thinking on eligible participants in 
compensatory securities offerings? Which regulatory regimes should we 
consider for this purpose? Should any new test apply equally to all 
companies, or would there be a reason to apply different tests based on 
the nature of the working relationship?
    2. Would the application of Rule 701 to consultants and advisors in 
any circumstances cover the alternative work arrangements described 
above?
    3. What, if any, services should an individual participating in the 
``gig economy'' need to provide to the issuer to be eligible under Rule 
701? Do these individuals in fact provide services to the issuer, or 
instead to the issuer's customers or end users? Should this fact make 
any difference for purposes of Rule 701 eligibility?
    4. Should we consider a test that identifies Rule 701 eligible 
participants as individuals who use the issuer's platform to secure 
work providing lawful services to end users?
    a. Are any other factors necessary to establish any level of 
control by the issuer, such as requiring the work to be assigned by the 
issuer? Or is it necessary that the issuer control what the individual 
charges end users for services, such as by setting hourly rates or ride 
fares? Should a written contractual relationship between the issuer and 
individual be necessary? Why or why not?
    b. Does it matter whether the individual goes through a vetting or 
screening process by the issuer to use the platform?
    c. Does it matter whether the issuer controls when and how the 
individual receives monetary compensation for the services provided?
    5. Would it be sufficient for an individual to use the issuer's 
platform to sell goods, to earn money from leasing real estate or 
personal property, or to conduct a business activity? Would the 
individual be considered to be providing a service to either or both 
the company and its end-users or customers? Does it matter whether that 
business activity provides a service typically provided by an employee 
or is of a more entrepreneurial nature? How do the answers to these 
questions affect whether there is a sufficient nexus between the 
individual and the issuer to justify application of the exemption for 
compensatory transactions?
    6. Should it make a difference whether the end user pays the issuer 
for the goods or leased property, and the issuer then provides a 
monetary payment to the individual, or the end user pays the individual 
directly, who then pays a fee to the issuer?
    Our comment requests also focus on whether a potential eligibility 
test should consider the individual's level of dependence on the 
issuer, or, conversely, the issuer's degree of dependence on the 
individuals:
    7. For example, should it matter what percentage of the 
individual's earned income is derived from using the issuer's platform? 
If so, should this be based on earned income during the last year, a 
series of consecutive years, or current expectations? Should there be a 
minimum percentage? How should this be verified? How should such a test 
be applied where the individual provides services to multiple 
companies? How would the issuer be able to determine how much of an 
individual's income is derived from using the issuer's platform?
    8. Alternatively, where the individual provides services, should 
eligibility be based on information objectively verifiable by the 
issuer, such as amount of income earned, or percentage of time or 
number of hours worked?
    9. Where use of the platform relates to leasing a property, should 
the test focus on how frequently the property is available, how often 
it actually is leased, the revenues generated by the property, or other 
factors?
    10. Should the test focus on the extent to which the individual 
uses the issuer's platform to obtain business on a regular basis? 
Should it consider the duration of time over which the individual has 
so used the issuer's platform?
    11. Should the test instead focus on the extent to which the 
issuer's business is dependent on individuals' use of the issuer's 
platform? If so, why, and how should that dependence be measured?
    12. What test or tests would leave an issuer best positioned to 
determine whether it could rely on Rule 701?
    We are mindful that extending eligibility to individuals 
participating in the ``gig economy'' could increase the volume of Rule 
701 issuances. In this regard:
    13. Would revising the rule have an effect on a company's decision 
to become a reporting company? Would such revisions encourage companies 
to stay private longer?
    14. Would investors be harmed if the exemption is expanded to 
individuals participating in the ``gig economy,'' potentially resulting 
in higher levels of equity ownership in the hands of persons who would 
not be shareholders of record for purposes of triggering

[[Page 34962]]

Exchange Act registration and reporting?
    15. Should the amount of securities issuable pursuant to Rule 701 
to individuals participating in the ``gig economy'' in a 12-month 
period be subject to a separate ceiling rather than the current Rule 
701(d) ceilings? If so, how should that ceiling be designed and 
measured?
    16. Should additional disclosures be provided? If so, what and 
when?
    Employers have many reasons for compensating employees with 
securities. These can include aligning the company's interests with 
those of employees', retaining staff, and offering higher compensation 
than the company may be able to pay in cash or other benefits.
    17. Do companies utilizing ``gig economy'' workers issue securities 
as compensation to those individuals? If so, how prevalent is this 
practice?
    18. How might companies benefit from the ability to offer 
securities to a broader range of individuals by expanding Rule 701 
eligibility to individuals participating in the ``gig economy''?
    19. What effect would the use of Rule 701 for ``gig economy'' 
companies have on competition among those companies and newer companies 
and more established companies vying for the same talent?
    The ``gig economy'' has enabled even very small companies to 
conduct cross-border operations.
    20. Do existing regulations affect the ability of employers to use 
Rule 701 to compensate overseas employees through securities?
    21. To the extent that U.S. companies would seek to use Rule 701 to 
compensate non-U.S. based workers in a ``gig economy'' model, would 
there be any competitive effects?

C. Rule 701(e) Disclosure Requirements

1. General
    When Rule 701 was originally adopted in 1988,\45\ the Commission 
relied on Section 3(b) of the Securities Act \46\ to exempt offers and 
sales of up to $5 million per year. In 1999, the Commission amended 
Rule 701 to reflect that the National Securities Markets Improvement 
Act of 1996 (``NSMIA'') \47\ had given the Commission authority to 
provide exemptive relief in excess of $5 million for transactions such 
as these.\48\
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    \45\ See 1988 Adopting Release.
    \46\ 15 U.S.C. 77c(b).
    \47\ Public Law 104-290, 110 Stat. 3416 (1996).
    \48\ 1999 Adopting Release at Section II.A.
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    The 1999 adoption of the $5 million disclosure threshold reflected 
concern that eliminating the overall $5 million ceiling on the annual 
amount of securities sold during a 12-month period ``could result in 
some very large offerings of securities without the protections of 
registration, even though made pursuant to compensatory arrangements.'' 
\49\ Because the Commission had not witnessed abuse of Rule 701 in 
offerings below the prior $5 million ceiling, it did not believe 
imposing the burdens of preparing and disseminating additional 
disclosure for these smaller offerings would justify potential benefits 
to employee-investors. In contrast, large non-reporting companies could 
issue substantial amounts of securities exceeding $5 million. Based on 
comments received, the Commission believed that many of these companies 
already prepared the same types of disclosure in their normal course of 
business, such as for using other exemptions, so that the disclosure 
requirement generally would be less burdensome for them. If these 
companies did not want to provide the new disclosures, the Commission 
noted that they could keep the amount sold below $5 million in the 12-
month period.\50\
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    \49\ 1999 Adopting Release at Section II.B. In adopting this 
requirement, the Commission stated it would have investor protection 
concerns in the context of offerings of securities with an aggregate 
sales price or amount of securities sold during the 12-month period 
exceeding $5 million without imposing specific disclosure 
requirements. The Commission noted that, ``[m]oreover, we believe 
that many of these companies already have prepared the type of 
disclosure required in their normal course of business, either for 
using other exemptions, such as Regulation D or for other 
purposes.''
    \50\ Id.
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    Inflation since 1999 \51\ has made it more likely for non-reporting 
issuers, regardless of size, to cross this threshold in a 12-month 
period. In circumstances where the required disclosure is inadvertently 
not provided to all investors before the $5 million threshold is 
crossed, issuers may not rely on the exemption. Accordingly, the 
current structure of the rule results in issuers needing to anticipate, 
up to 12 months before exceeding the $5 million threshold, the 
possibility that they may do so, and to supply plan participants with 
the additional disclosures for that period.
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    \51\ Based on data provided by the U.S. Department of Labor, 
Bureau of Labor Statistics, $5 million in 1999 dollars would be 
approximately $7.5 million in 2018.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted above, in a separate release, the Commission is amending 
Rule 701(e) to implement the Act's mandate to increase from $5 million 
to $10 million the aggregate sales price or amount of securities sold 
during any consecutive 12-month period in excess of which the issuer is 
required to deliver additional disclosures to investors.\52\ Because 
the amendment does not otherwise revise Rule 701(e), the rule will 
continue to operate in the same manner as it has under the previous $5 
million threshold.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ See n. 5, above.
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    While the adopted amendment may provide non-reporting issuers 
flexibility in further utilizing the exemption, it does not address 
some of the concerns we have heard regarding Rule 701(e). In 
particular, although the threshold is higher, the need to anticipate 
the consequences of crossing it remains.\53\ Concern also has been 
expressed that some non-reporting companies are not necessarily 
familiar with Regulation A financial disclosure and that compliance can 
be burdensome, especially for companies first utilizing Rule 701.\54\
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    \53\ U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Advisory Committee 
on Small and Emerging Companies, Recommendation Regarding Securities 
Act Rule 701 (Sept. 21, 2017) (``Advisory Committee 
Recommendation''), available at: https://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/acsec/acsec-rule-701-recommendation-2017-09-21.pdf. Among other 
things, the Advisory Committee Recommendation expresses concern that 
crossing the disclosure threshold could result in the loss of the 
exemption for earlier Rule 701 transactions in the same 12-month 
period for which the Rule 701(e) disclosure was not provided a 
reasonable time before sale.
    \54\ Advisory Committee Recommendation.
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    In light of these concerns, we request comment:
    22. Should Rule 701(e) continue to require more disclosure for a 
period that precedes the threshold amount being exceeded? If so, should 
the consequence for failure to deliver continue to be loss of the 
exemption for the entire offering?
    23. To what extent are non-reporting companies that issue 
securities in an amount that would exceed the new threshold already 
preparing forms of financial disclosure, such as in connection with 17 
CFR 230.500 through 230.508 (Regulation D) or Regulation A?
    24. Alternatively, should the consequence for failing to provide 
the disclosure be loss of the exemption only for transactions in 
offerings that occur after the threshold is crossed and for which 
disclosure was not provided?
    a. If disclosure is required only for transactions that occur after 
the $10 million threshold is crossed, should disclosure be required for 
all transactions immediately following that event, or should an 
interval of time be provided to permit the disclosure to be prepared 
before it must be delivered? If

[[Page 34963]]

so, how long should that time interval be?
    b. Should the disclosure subsequently also be made available to 
investors in transactions that occurred before the $10 million 
threshold is crossed?
    25. Alternatively, should there instead be a grace period, such 
that if the threshold is crossed, the issuer has an opportunity to 
provide the required disclosure before losing the exemption for the 
entire offering?
    26. Should we provide a regulatory option whereby all Rule 701(e) 
information would be disclosed to all investors, so that all would 
receive equal information and there would be no risk of losing the 
exemption in the manner there is today? Should we provide a different 
regulatory alternative that would provide all investors all Rule 701(e) 
information other than the financial statement disclosure?
    Part F/S of Form 1-A prescribes that financial statements are 
required for Regulation A Tier 1 and Tier 2 offerings. In Regulation A 
offerings, companies include two years of consolidated balance sheets, 
statements of income, cash flows, and changes in stockholders' 
equity.\55\ Issuers relying on Rule 701 may choose to provide financial 
statements that comply with the requirements of either Tier. This 
information must be provided as of a date no more than 180 days before 
the date of sale. As a result, for issuers seeking to maintain current 
information, this has the effect of requiring financial statements to 
be available on at least a quarterly basis, and to be completed within 
three months after the end of each quarter, for sales to be permitted 
continuously. The Commission, in adopting the current version of Rule 
701, stated that because of the pre-existing relationship a compensated 
individual has with the issuer, the disclosures provided in Rule 701(e) 
are appropriate.\56\ It also noted that the ``amount and type of 
disclosure required for this person is not the same as for the typical 
investor with no particular connection with the issuer.'' \57\
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    \55\ 17 CFR 210.1-01 through 201.12-29. Tier 2 offerings require 
audited financial statements. See Part F/S of Form 1-A [17 CFR 
239.90].
    \56\ 1999 Adopting Release at Section II.B.
    \57\ Id.
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    27. Should the type of information provided depend on who is the 
recipient of the securities? For example, should more disclosure be 
provided to the types of recipients described in Section II.B. above? 
Why or why not? If so, what, specifically, should be added to the 
disclosures and why?
    28. Should this disclosure be updated less frequently than 
currently required? For example, should we require updates once a year 
unless an event results in a material change to the company's 
enterprise value or value of the securities issued? \58\ Should the 
frequency of disclosure depend on who is the recipient of the 
securities? For example, should the frequency be greater for recipients 
described in Section II.B, above? Why or why not? If so, what is the 
appropriate frequency and why?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ Advisory Committee Recommendation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    29. Should we consider other alternatives to the Regulation A 
financial statements, such as the issuer's most recent balance sheet 
and income statement as of a date no more than 180 days before the sale 
of securities?
    30. Should we provide a regulatory option that would provide 
valuation information regarding the securities in lieu of, or in 
addition to, financial statements? If so, what valuation method should 
be used? Would ASC Topic 718 \59\ grant date fair value information be 
informative? Would Internal Revenue Code Section 409A \60\ valuation 
information be informative? If so, would issuers be able to determine 
Section 409A valuations regardless of whether the offering involves 
securities other than options?
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    \59\ FASB ASC Topic 718.
    \60\ 26 U.S.C. 409A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under existing Rule 701, foreign private issuers are required to 
provide financial information on the same schedule as domestic 
issuers.\61\ Foreign private issuers may issue securities in reliance 
on Rule 701 throughout the year, which could lead them to update their 
financial statements more frequently than required under Form 20-F.\62\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ 1999 Adopting Release at Section II.C.
    \62\ 17 CFR 249.220f. See Item 8A.5 of Form 20-F.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    31. Because foreign private issuers that are subject to the 
Exchange Act reporting requirements generally are not required to 
submit quarterly financial statements, should non-reporting foreign 
private issuers that rely on Rule 701 be subject to the condition to 
provide quarterly financial statements if they are continuing to sell 
securities throughout the year? Why or why not?
    32. Should we amend any other aspect of the Rule 701 financial 
statement requirements that apply to foreign private issuers? If so, 
what should we amend and why?
2. Timing and Manner of Rule 701(e) Disclosure
    Rule 701(e) requires the prescribed disclosure to be delivered ``a 
reasonable period of time before the date of sale.'' However, the rule 
does not prescribe the manner or medium in which disclosure should be 
delivered. We are aware that non-reporting companies are sensitive to 
maintaining the confidentiality of financial information so that it 
does not fall into the hands of competitors.
    To determine if the rule needs further clarification, we request 
comment:
    33. Do we need to clarify what it means to deliver disclosure ``a 
reasonable period of time before the date of sale''? Should that mean 
any time before sale such that the recipient has an opportunity to 
review the disclosure? Should any new standard further clarify that the 
disclosure provided to the recipient must remain current during that 
time?
    34. Should we specify a different time for providing disclosure? If 
so, when should that be and why?
    35. Should we also specify the manner or medium in which disclosure 
should be delivered? Should we specify how to deliver information 
electronically? Should we require a method for confirming receipt of 
the information? If so, what vehicles would best give effect to the 
purpose of disclosure without undermining issuers' confidentiality 
concerns?
    36. Should the rule specify that confidentiality safeguards should 
not be so burdensome that intended recipients cannot effectively access 
the required disclosures?
3. Options and Other Derivative Securities/RSUs
    For options and other derivative securities, whether the issuer is 
obligated to deliver Rule 701(e) disclosure is based on whether the 
option or other derivative security was granted during a 12-month 
period during which the disclosure threshold is exceeded.\63\ If so, 
the issuer must deliver Rule 701(e) disclosure a reasonable period of 
time before the date of exercise or conversion.\64\
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    \63\ Rule 701(d)(3)(ii) provides that the aggregate sales price 
for options is determined when an option grant is made (without 
regard to when it becomes exercisable). Use of this measure for both 
Rule 701(d) and (e) simplifies the operation of the rule.
    \64\ Rule 701(e)(6).
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    This approach simplifies the operation of Rule 701 for options and 
other derivative securities for which the recipient must make an 
investment decision to exercise or convert. However, because 
instruments such as RSUs settle by their terms without the recipient 
taking such an action, the relevant investment decision for the RSU, if 
there is one, likely takes place

[[Page 34964]]

at the date of grant. Consequently, the issuer's obligation to provide 
Rule 701(e) disclosure would apply a reasonable period of time before 
the date the RSU award is granted. Concern has been expressed, however, 
that disclosure of financial information before an RSU is granted could 
compel disclosure to recipients at a time when they are negotiating 
their employment contracts before joining the company.
    In light of this concern, we request comment:
    37. Should Rule 701 be amended to specifically address when 
disclosure is required for RSUs? If so, when should Rule 701(e) 
disclosure be required for an RSU? Should we revisit the concept of 
``convert or exercise'' as providing the relevant date for disclosure? 
For new hires who receive RSUs, should we require that disclosure be 
provided within 30 days after commencing employment? If not, when 
should Rule 701(e) disclosure be required for RSUs issued to new hires?
    38. Should we clarify that RSUs should be valued for Rule 701 
purposes based on the value of the underlying securities on the date of 
grant? If not, how should they be valued?
    39. Are there any other instruments that should be specifically 
addressed in the rule?

D. Rule 701(d) Exemptive Conditions

    Questions have arisen whether the current 12-month sales cap of the 
greater of 15% of the total assets of the issuer or 15% of the total 
outstanding amount of the class of securities being offered and sold in 
reliance on the rule, subject to the annual availability of a $1 
million cap if greater than either of these tests, is unduly 
restrictive, particularly for smaller and start-up companies that may 
be more dependent on equity compensation to attract and retain 
necessary talent.\65\ Each of the 15% amounts is measured as of the 
issuer's most recent balance sheet date, if no older than its last 
fiscal year end.\66\ In proposing the original version of the rule, the 
Commission explained that the purpose of a 12-month cap is to 
``assur[e] that the exemption does not provide a threshold that small 
issuers could use to raise substantial capital from employees.'' \67\ 
The alternatives based on 15% of total assets or 15% of the outstanding 
amount of the class of securities were intended to increase the 
flexibility and utility of the exemption.\68\ The $1 million 
alternative provides an amount that any issuer can use, regardless of 
size.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ Advisory Committee Recommendation. But see, e.g., Edward M. 
Zimmerman, Late Stage Startups Trip SEC Rule 701 Long Before IPO, 
Forbes (Aug. 2, 2016) (stating that ``[b]ecause the test [provided 
in Rule 701(d)] is analyzed on the basis of a 12-month period, 
because the test excludes Exempt Issuances and because founders and 
investors have significant business reasons for limiting the 
dilutive impact of compensatory equity awards, startups rarely come 
near the Rule 701(d) thresholds.'').
    \66\ Rules 701(d)(2)(ii) and (iii).
    \67\ See Rule 701 Proposing Release. As originally adopted, the 
rule permitted the amounts of securities offered and sold annually 
to be the greatest of $500,000, 15% of total assets of the issuer, 
or 15% of the outstanding securities of the class, subject to an 
absolute limit of $5,000,000 derived from Securities Act Section 
3(b). See 1988 Adopting Release.
    \68\ See 1988 Adopting Release at Section I.A.(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Recently, however, concern has been expressed that because there is 
no longer any statutorily imposed ceiling on the exemption,\69\ 
compliance with an annual regulatory ceiling requires an on-going 
analysis with no clear benefit.\70\ At the same time, the implications 
of qualifying for the Rule 701 exemption have expanded, as securities 
held by persons who receive them in transactions exempted by Rule 701 
are excluded from the definition of ``held of record,'' for the 
purposes of determining whether an issuer is required to register a 
class of equity securities under the Exchange Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ NSMIA enacted Securities Act Section 28 [15 U.S.C. 77z-3], 
giving the Commission general exemptive authority. Because the 
Commission relied on this authority in the 1999 Adopting Release, 
the Securities Act Section 3(b) absolute limit of $5,000,000 no 
longer applies to Rule 701.
    \70\ Advisory Committee Recommendation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In light of these factors, we request comment:
    40. Is there a continuing need for any annual regulatory ceiling 
for Rule 701 transactions? Why or why not? Would investors be harmed if 
the ceiling is eliminated or raised significantly? Does an annual 
ceiling provide benefits in curbing potential abuse of the rule for 
non-compensatory sales? If so, how?
    41. If a ceiling is retained, should it be raised? If so, what 
threshold would be appropriate, and why? Would compliance be easier if 
issuers are permitted to measure the 15% alternatives as of last fiscal 
year-end, rather than at the issuer's most recent balance sheet date?

III. Form S-8

A. Background

    Form S-8 was originally adopted in 1953, as a simplified form for 
the registration of securities to be issued pursuant to employee stock 
purchase plans.\71\ It retains certain disclosure obligations. For 
example, it requires that employees receiving securities as 
compensation receive public company disclosure to which the full 
spectrum of Securities Act protections apply. In addition, reporting 
company securities received pursuant to Form S-8 registration are 
generally not restricted.\72\ As described below, from time to time the 
Commission has amended Form S-8 to streamline its operations, such as 
by providing immediate effectiveness upon filing and updating of the 
registration statement through incorporation by reference.\73\ Form S-8 
is available solely to register compensatory sales of securities to 
``employees,'' including consultants and advisors and de facto 
employees. The form is not available for the registration of securities 
offered for the purpose of raising capital.\74\
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    \71\ Registration of Securities Offered Pursuant to Employees 
Stock Purchase Plans, Release No. 33-3480 (Jun. 16, 1953) [18 FR 
3688 (Jun. 27, 1953)].
    \72\ In addition, General Instruction C to Form S-8 permits 
registrants to file a resale prospectus for control securities, and 
restricted securities issued under any employee benefit plan of the 
issuer that were acquired by the selling security holder prior to 
the filing of the Form S-8.
    \73\ See e.g., Registration and Reporting Requirements for 
Employee Benefit Plans, Release No. 33-6867 (June 6, 1990) [55 FR 
23909 (June 13, 1990)] (``1990 Adopting Release'').
    \74\ The abbreviated disclosure format of Form S-8 reflects the 
Commission's historic distinction between offerings made to 
employees for compensatory and incentive purposes and offerings made 
for capital-raising purposes. See 1990 Adopting Release.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Form S-8 is available for the registration of securities to be 
offered under any employee benefit plan \75\ to a registrant's 
employees or employees of its subsidiaries or parents. Form S-8 
registration is utilized for many different types of employee benefit 
plans, including Internal Revenue Code Section 401(k) \76\ plans and 
similar defined contribution retirement savings plans, employee stock 
purchase plans, nonqualified deferred compensation plans, and incentive 
plans that issue options, restricted stock, or RSUs. The form may be 
used by any issuer that is subject, at the time of filing, to the 
periodic reporting requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange 
Act and has filed all reports required during the preceding 12 months 
or such shorter period that it was subject to those requirements.\77\ 
Form S-8 is not available for shell companies.\78\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ ``Employee benefit plan'' is defined in Securities Act Rule 
405 and includes the same restrictions on the scope of eligible 
consultants and advisors as set forth in Rule 701.
    \76\ 26 U.S.C. 401(k).
    \77\ See General Instruction A.1 to Form S-8.
    \78\ ``Shell company'' is defined in Securities Act Rule 405. 
When a company ceases to be a shell company, by combining with a 
formerly private operating business, it is required to file Form 10 
equivalent information with the Commission. General Instruction A.1 
to Form S-8 provides that it then becomes eligible to use Form S-8 
60 days following that filing.

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[[Page 34965]]

    Form S-8 does not require that a form of prospectus be filed with 
the registration statement for employee benefit plan offerings. 
Instead, 17 CFR 230.428 (Rule 428) specifies the documents that, 
together, constitute a prospectus that meets the requirements of 
Securities Act Section 10(a): \79\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ 15 U.S.C. 77j(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Certain documents containing the employee benefit plan 
information required by Item 1 of the Form;
     the statement of availability of company information, 
employee benefit plan annual reports and other information required by 
Item 2 of the Form; and
     the documents containing registrant information and 
employee benefit plan annual reports that are incorporated by reference 
in the registration statement pursuant to Item 3 of the Form.
    Companies are also permitted to file a resale prospectus covering 
only control securities or restricted securities acquired pursuant to 
an employee benefit plan.\80\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ The resale prospectus is prepared in accordance with the 
requirement of Part I of Form S-3 (or, if the registrant is a 
foreign private issuer, in accordance with Part I of Form F-3) and 
filed with the registration statement on Form S-8 or, in the case of 
control securities, a post-effective amendment thereto. Restricted 
securities must have been acquired by the holder before the Form S-8 
is filed and the resale prospectus for them must be filed with the 
initial Form S-8. See General Instruction C to Form S-8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Form S-8 Eligible Plan Participants

    To prevent abuse of Form S-8 to register securities issued in 
capital-raising transactions, in 1999 the Commission revised the 
eligibility standards for ``consultants and advisors'' for the purposes 
of Form S-8.\81\ In so doing the Commission sought to preclude the 
issuance of securities on Form S-8 to consultants either (i) as 
compensation for any service that directly or indirectly promotes or 
maintains a market for the registrant's securities, or (ii) as conduits 
for a distribution to the general public.\82\ At the same time, the 
Commission revised the Rule 701 ``consultants and advisors'' definition 
to be consistent with Form S-8.\83\ In adopting the changes, the 
Commission also noted that issuers may continue to use securities 
registered on Form S-8, or issued under the Rule 701 exemption, to 
compensate persons with whom they have a de facto employment 
relationship.\84\ We are soliciting comment regarding the continued 
harmonization of the scope of ``consultants and advisors'' between Form 
S-8 and Rule 701, and more broadly whether the scope of eligible 
individuals should be the same under both the form and the exemption. 
Specifically:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ See 1999 S-8 Adopting Release.
    \82\ Since the adoption of the 1999 amendments, the Commission 
has brought enforcement actions related to Form S-8 abuse, 
particularly the misuse of the form for capital-raising activities 
involving coordinated unregistered resales into the public market by 
the purported ``consultants'' or employees acting as underwriters, 
funding the company with the proceeds and denying Securities Act 
protection to the genuine public purchasers. See, e.g., SEC. v. 
Phan, 500 F.3d 895 (9th Cir. 2007) (holding the resale of publicly 
traded stock, which had the effect of supplying the company with 
capital from the public at the company's behest, could not be 
covered by a Form S-8 registration statement); SEC v. East Delta 
Resources Corp., No. 10-CV-0310 (SJF/wdw) 2012 WL 10975938 (E.D.N.Y. 
2012) (finding violations of Sections 5 notwithstanding the 
existence of a Form S-8 registration statement and consulting 
agreement where the defendant's consulting role was capital-raising 
and promotional and thus contrary to the eligibility requirements 
for effective Form S-8 registration); and SEC v. Esposito, No. 8:08-
CV-494-T-26EAJ, 2011 WL 13186000 (M.D. Fla. June 24, 2011) (finding 
defendants violated Section 5 where Form S-8 was used to register 
shares received by consultant as compensation for arranging a 
reverse merger).
    \83\ 1999 Adopting Release at Section II.D.
    \84\ See Section II.A, above.
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    42. To the extent we change the application of Rule 701 by changing 
the scope of individuals eligible for compensatory offerings, such as 
to include individuals participating in the ``gig economy,'' \85\ 
should we make corresponding changes to Form S-8? Why or why not? If 
the scope of individuals who are eligible for Form S-8 offerings were 
expanded, would there be concerns about misuse of the form for capital-
raising activities? If so, how could we safeguard against those 
concerns?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ See Section II.B, above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    43. Would differences between the eligibility standards of Rule 701 
and Form S-8 cause problems for issuers or recipients?

C. Administrative Burdens

    Issuers register a specified number of company shares on Form S-8. 
For registration fee purposes, if the offering price is not known, the 
fee is computed based on the price of securities of the same class, in 
the same manner as for other offerings at fluctuating market 
prices.\86\ No additional fee is assessed for securities offered for 
resale.\87\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ 17 CFR 230.457(h) and (c).
    \87\ 17 CFR 230.457(h)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission has sought to reduce the costs and burdens incident 
to registration of securities issued through such plans, where 
consistent with investor protection,\88\ for example by:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \88\ See, e.g., Release No. 33-5767 (November 22, 1976) [41 FR 
52701 (Dec. 1, 1976)], Amendments to Registration Statement Form S-8 
and Related New and Amended Rules Under the Securities Act of 1933, 
Release No. 33-6190 (February 22, 1980) [45 FR 13438 (Feb. 29, 
1980)] (``1980 S-8 Adopting Release'') and 1990 Adopting Release.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Allowing Form S-8 to go effective automatically without 
review by the staff or other action by the Commission; \89\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \89\ In the 1980 S-8 Adopting Release the Commission initially 
provided that automatic effectiveness for Form S-8 occurred 20 days 
after filing, while post-effective amendments became effective upon 
filing. Now, all registration statements on Form S-8 become 
effective upon filing with the Commission. See 17 CFR 230.462(a) and 
1990 Adopting Release.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     allowing the incorporation by reference of certain past 
and future reports required to be filed by the issuer under Section 13 
or 15(d) under the Exchange Act; \90\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \90\ See Item 3 and General Instruction G of Form S-8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     adopting an abbreviated disclosure format that eliminated 
the need to file a separate prospectus and permitting the delivery of 
regularly prepared materials to advise employees about benefit plans to 
satisfy prospectus delivery requirements; \91\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ 17 CFR 230.428(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     providing for registration of an indeterminate amount of 
plan interests and providing that there is no separate fee calculation 
for registration of plan interests; \92\ and
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ 17 CFR 230.416(c) and 17 CFR 230.457(h)(2), respectively.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     providing a procedure for the filing of a simplified 
registration statement covering additional securities of the same class 
to be issued pursuant to the same employee benefit plan.\93\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ See General Instruction E to Form S-8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We remain interested in simplifying the requirements of Form S-8 
and reducing the complexity and cost of compliance to issuers for 
securities issuances to employees and other eligible employee benefit 
plan participants while retaining appropriate investor protections. We 
therefore seek comment on ways we could further reduce the burdens 
associated with registration on Form S-8:
    44. What effects would stem from revising the form in this way? 
Would such revisions encourage more companies to become reporting 
companies?
    45. Should we further simplify the registration requirements of 
Form S-8? For example, does registering a specific number of shares 
result in Section 5 compliance problems when plan sales exceed the 
number of shares registered, such as for Section 401(k) plans and 
similar defined contribution retirement savings plans? If so, how 
should we address this issue?

[[Page 34966]]

    46. Should Form S-8 allow an issuer to register on a single form 
the offers and sales pursuant to all employee benefit plans that it 
sponsors? \94\ When shares are authorized for issuance by a given plan 
what information would need to be disclosed that would have been 
previously omitted from the effective registration statement? \95\
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    \94\ Cf. Simplification of Registration Procedures for Primary 
Securities Offerings, Release No. 33-6964 (October 22, 1992) [57 FR 
48970 (Oct. 29, 1992)] (adopting the unallocated shelf procedure). 
See also Securities Offering Reform, Release No. 33-8591 (December 
1, 2005) [70 FR 44722 (Aug. 3, 2005)] (``Securities Offering Reform 
Adopting Release'').
    \95\ For example, in unallocated shelf offerings conducted under 
17 CFR 203.415(a)(1)(x) (Rule 415(a)(1)(x)) and 17 CFR 230.430B 
(Rule 430B), prospectus supplements are filed to disclose 
information that would have been previously omitted from a 
prospectus filed as part of the effective registration statement. 
See 17 CFR 230.424(b)(2) and Rule 430B.
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    47. If we facilitate a single registration statement for all 
employee benefit plan securities, should the number of shares to be 
registered continue to be specified in the initial registration 
statement? Alternatively, should issuers be able to add securities to 
the existing Form S-8 by an automatically effective post-effective 
amendment? \96\ If so, what would be the best way to implement such a 
system?
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    \96\ This would be analogous to how well-known seasoned issuers 
are currently permitted to add other securities or even new classes 
of securities at any time by post-effective amendment to an existing 
automatic shelf registration statement on Form S-3. See 17 CFR 
230.413(b)(1). See also, Securities Offering Reform Adopting 
Release.
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    48. With respect to either alternative above, would the ability to 
have a single Form S-8 reduce administrative burdens given that many 
issuers currently monitor and track multiple registration statements on 
Form S-8? \97\ Would this be practicable where the securities to be 
registered relate to different forms of plans, such as Section 401(k) 
plans and incentive plans? Would it be practicable if some of the plans 
involved the issuance of plan interests, which trigger the individual 
plan's obligation to file an Exchange Act annual report on Form 11-K? 
\98\ Would the offer and sale of shares pursuant to multiple plans 
registered on the same Form S-8 create difficulties keeping track of 
which registered shares are being issued pursuant to which plan? For 
example, upon the expiration of a plan, would there be difficulties 
transferring shares between plans?
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    \97\ For example, Form S-8 filers update their registration 
statement through the incorporation by reference of Exchange Act 
reports. Such updates require the consent of an auditor where the 
auditor's report is contained in the Exchange Act report which is 
automatically incorporated by reference into a previously filed 
Securities Act filing, such as a Form S-3 or Form S-8. See 17 CFR 
229.601(b)(23) (Item 601(b)(23) of Regulation S-K) and 17 CFR 
229.601, footnote 5 of the exhibit table (Footnote 5 of the Item 601 
Exhibit Table). The primary purpose of obtaining a consent or 
acknowledgement letter is to assure that the auditor is aware of the 
use of its report and the context in which it is used. Where such 
consents are required in an update to a registration statement, the 
auditor frequently refers to all active Securities Act registration 
statements. The ability to file a single Form S-8 for all securities 
to be issued pursuant to employee benefit plans would mean that the 
auditor's consent would refer to a single Form S-8.
    \98\ 17 CFR 249.311.
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    49. Well-known seasoned issuers are permitted, at their option, to 
pay filing fees on a ``pay-as-you-go'' basis at the time of each 
takedown off the shelf registration statement in an amount calculated 
for that takedown.\99\ Should we adopt a similar ``pay-as-you-go'' fee 
structure for Form S-8 pursuant to which all issuers eligible to use 
Form S-8 could, at their option, pay filing fees on Form S-8 on an as 
needed basis rather than when the form is originally filed? What, if 
any, variations from the pay-as-you-go fee structure would be needed to 
adapt it to employee benefit plan registration statements?
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    \99\ See 17 CFR 230.456(b) and 17 CFR 230.457(r).
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    a. For well-known seasoned issuers using the pay-as-you-go fee 
structure, a cure is available that allows such issuers to pay required 
filing fees after the original payment due date if the issuer makes a 
good faith effort to pay the fee timely and then pays the fee within 
four business days of the original fee due date.\100\ If we adopted a 
pay-as-you-go fee structure for Form S-8, should we adopt a similar 
cure provision? What, if any, variations from the cure provision for 
well-known seasoned issuers would be needed to adapt it to employee 
benefit plan registration statements?
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    \100\ 17 CFR 230.456(b)(1)(i).
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    50. Alternatively, should we require the payment of registration 
fees on a periodic basis with respect to the securities, the offer and 
sale of which were registered on Form S-8, during the prior period? How 
would such a system best be implemented? How could we structure such a 
system consistent with the requirements of Securities Act Section 6(c)? 
\101\
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    \101\ 15 U.S.C. 77f(c).
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    51. Are there any other ways to reduce the administrative burdens 
associated with filing and updating Form S-8? If so, please explain.

D. Form S-8 Generally

    We also are soliciting comment more broadly on Form S-8 itself:
    52. Does the current operation of Form S-8 present significant 
challenges to the use of employee benefit plans? If so, please explain 
how.
    53. It has been suggested that Form S-8 registration would no 
longer be necessary if the Commission were to extend the Rule 701 
exemption to Exchange Act reporting companies.\102\ What would be the 
advantages and disadvantages of allowing Exchange Act reporting 
companies to use Rule 701 and, in turn, eliminating Form S-8? Would 
permitting Exchange Act reporting companies to use Rule 701 raise any 
investor protection concerns or be inconsistent with the purposes 
underlying Rule 701?
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    \102\ Keith F. Higgins, Is It Time to Retire Form S-8?, 
Insights: Corporate and Securities Law Advisor, September 2017 at 
16.
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    54. Form S-8 requires issuers to remain current in their Exchange 
Act reports in order to be eligible to use the form,\103\ and Form S-8 
disclosure relies upon incorporation by reference \104\ and delivery 
\105\ of these Exchange Act reports. Would the elimination of Form S-8 
reduce an incentive for public companies to remain current in their 
Exchange Act reporting obligations? If we permit reporting companies to 
use Rule 701, should we require these companies to be current in their 
Exchange Act reports in order to rely on the exemption?
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    \103\ Item 3 of Form S-8.
    \104\ Item 3 of Form S-8.
    \105\ Rule 428(b)(2).
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    55. Since Exchange Act reports are automatically incorporated by 
reference into Form S-8, would the lack of a filed registration 
statement for employee benefit plans result in reduced scrutiny of 
Exchange Act filings by issuers and their representatives? \106\ Would 
the potential lack of Securities Act Section 11 \107\ and Section 
12(a)(2) \108\ liability for these filings as a result of the 
elimination of Form S-8 have a meaningful impact on the quality of 
disclosure?
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    \106\ Part II, Item 3 to Form S-8.
    \107\ 15 U.S.C. 77k.
    \108\ 15 U.S.C. 77l(a)(2).
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    56. If Form S-8 were rescinded, how would issuers be likely to 
register the resale of restricted securities issued pursuant to 
employee benefit plans? Would Form S-8 remain necessary as a method of 
registering resales of control securities or restricted securities 
acquired pursuant to an employee benefit plan? Alternatively, should 
the provisions of General Instruction C to Form S-8 be moved to 
Securities Act Form S-3? \109\ If so, should Form S-3 eligibility 
requirements be revised for this purpose?
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    \109\ 17 CFR 239.33.

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[[Page 34967]]

IV. Conclusion

    We are interested in the public's opinions regarding the matters 
discussed in this concept release. We encourage all interested parties 
to submit comments on these topics. In addition, we solicit comment on 
any other aspect of Rule 701 and Form S-8 that commenters believe may 
be improved upon.

    By the Commission.

    Dated: July 18, 2018.
Brent J. Fields,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2018-15731 Filed 7-23-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 8011-01-P


