

[Federal Register: August 14, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 156)]
[Rules and Regulations]               
[Page 45543-45557]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr14au07-21]                         


[[Page 45543]]

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Part III





Securities and Exchange Commission





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17 CFR Part 242



Amendments to Regulation SHO; Final Rule and Proposed Rule


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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

17 CFR Part 242

[Release No. 34-56212; File No. S7-12-06]
RIN 3235-AJ57

 
Amendments to Regulation SHO

AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Securities and Exchange Commission (``Commission'') is 
adopting amendments to Regulation SHO under the Securities Exchange Act 
of 1934 (``Exchange Act''). The amendments are intended to further 
reduce the number of persistent fails to deliver in certain equity 
securities by eliminating the grandfather provision of Regulation SHO. 
In addition, we are amending the close-out requirement of Regulation 
SHO for certain securities that a seller is ``deemed to own.'' The 
amendments also update the market decline limitation referenced in 
Regulation SHO.

DATES: Effective Date: October 15, 2007.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: James A. Brigagliano, Associate 
Director, Josephine J. Tao, Assistant Director, Victoria L. Crane, 
Branch Chief, Elizabeth A. Sandoe, Branch Chief, Joan M. Collopy, 
Special Counsel, and Lillian S. Hagen, Special Counsel, Office of 
Trading Practices and Processing, Division of Market Regulation, at 
(202) 551-5720, at the Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F 
Street, NE., Washington, DC 20549-6628.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: We are amending Rules 200 and 203 of 
Regulation SHO [17 CFR 242.200 and 242.203] under the Exchange Act.

I. Introduction

    Regulation SHO, which became fully effective on January 3, 2005, 
sets forth the regulatory framework governing short sales.\1\ Among 
other things, Regulation SHO imposes a close-out requirement to address 
persistent failures to deliver stock on trade settlement date \2\ and 
to target potentially abusive ``naked'' short selling \3\ in certain 
equity securities.\4\ While the majority of trades settle on time,\5\ 
Regulation SHO is intended to address those situations where the level 
of fails to deliver for the particular stock is so substantial that it 
might impact the market for that security.\6\ Although high fails 
levels exist only for a small percentage of issuers,\7\ we are 
concerned that large and persistent fails to deliver may have a 
negative effect on the market in these securities. For example, large 
and persistent fails to deliver may deprive shareholders of the 
benefits of ownership, such as voting and lending. In addition, where a 
seller of securities fails to deliver securities on trade settlement 
date, in effect the seller unilaterally converts a securities contract 
(which should settle within the standard 3-day settlement period) into 
an undated futures-type contract, to which the buyer may not have 
agreed, or that may have been priced differently. Moreover, sellers 
that fail to deliver securities on trade settlement date may enjoy 
fewer restrictions than if they were required to deliver the securities 
within a reasonable period of time, and such sellers may attempt to use 
this additional freedom to engage in trading activities that 
deliberately and improperly depress the price of a security.
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    \1\ 17 CFR 242.200. See also Exchange Act Release No. 50103 
(July 28, 2004), 69 FR 48008 (Aug. 6, 2004) (``Adopting Release''), 
available at http://www.sec.gov/rules/final/34-50103.htm. For more 

information on Regulation SHO, see ``Frequently Asked Questions'' 
and ``Key Points about Regulation SHO,'' available at http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/shortsales.htm
.

    A short sale is the sale of a security that the seller does not 
own or any sale that is consummated by the delivery of a security 
borrowed by, or for the account of, the seller. In order to deliver 
the security to the purchaser, the short seller may borrow the 
security, typically from a broker-dealer or an institutional 
investor. The short seller later closes out the position by 
purchasing equivalent securities on the open market, or by using an 
equivalent security it already owns, and returning the security to 
the lender. In general, short selling is used to profit from an 
expected downward price movement, to provide liquidity in response 
to unanticipated demand, or to hedge the risk of a long position in 
the same security or in a related security.
    \2\ Generally, investors must complete or settle their security 
transactions within three business days. This settlement cycle is 
known as T+3 (or ``trade date plus three days''). T+3 means that 
when the investor purchases a security, the purchaser's payment must 
be received by its brokerage firm no later than three business days 
after the trade is executed. When the investor sells a security, the 
seller must deliver its securities, in certificated or electronic 
form, to its brokerage firm no later than three business days after 
the sale. The three-day settlement period applies to most security 
transactions, including stocks, bonds, municipal securities, mutual 
funds traded through a brokerage firm, and limited partnerships that 
trade on an exchange. Government securities and stock options settle 
on the next business day following the trade. Because the Commission 
recognized that there are many legitimate reasons why broker-dealers 
may not be able to deliver securities on settlement date, it adopted 
Rule 15c6-1, which prohibits broker-dealers from effecting or 
entering into a contract for the purchase or sale of a security that 
provides for payment of funds and delivery of securities later than 
the third business day after the date of the contract unless 
otherwise expressly agreed to by the parties at the time of the 
transaction. 17 CFR 240.15c6-1. However, failure to deliver 
securities on T+3 does not violate the rule.
    \3\ We have previously noted that abusive ``naked'' short 
selling, while not defined in the federal securities laws, generally 
refers to selling short without having stock available for delivery 
and intentionally failing to deliver stock within the standard three 
day settlement cycle. See Exchange Act Release No. 54154 (July 14, 
2006), 71 FR 41710 (July 21, 2006) (``Proposing Release'').
    \4\ In 2003, the Commission settled a case against certain 
parties relating to allegations of manipulative short selling in the 
stock of Sedona Corporation. The Commission alleged that the 
defendants profited from engaging in massive naked short selling 
that flooded the market with Sedona stock, and depressed its price. 
See Rhino Advisors, Inc. & Thomas Badian, Lit. Rel. No. 18003 (Feb. 
27, 2003); see also, SEC v. Rhino Advisors, Inc. & Thomas Badian, 
Civ. Action No. 03 civ 1310 (RO) (S.D.N.Y.). See also, Exchange Act 
Release No. 48709 (Oct. 28, 2003), 68 FR 62972, 62975 (Nov. 6, 2003) 
(``2003 Proposing Release'') (describing the alleged activity in the 
case involving stock of Sedona Corporation); Adopting Release, 69 FR 
at 48016, n.76.
    \5\ According to the National Securities Clearing Corporation 
(``NSCC''), 99% (by dollar value) of all trades settle on time. 
Thus, on an average day, approximately 1% (by dollar value) of all 
trades, including equity, debt, and municipal securities fail to 
settle. The vast majority of these fails are closed out within five 
days after T+3.
    \6\ These fails to deliver may result from either short or long 
sales of stock. There may be many reasons for a fail to deliver. For 
example, human or mechanical errors or processing delays can result 
from transferring securities in physical certificate rather than 
book-entry form, thus causing a failure to deliver on a long sale 
within the normal three-day settlement period. Also, broker-dealers 
that make a market in a security (``market makers'') and who sell 
short thinly-traded, illiquid stock in response to customer demand 
may encounter difficulty in obtaining securities when the time for 
delivery arrives.
    \7\ The average daily number of securities on the threshold list 
in March 2007 was approximately 311 securities, which comprised 
0.39% of all equity securities, including those that are not covered 
by Regulation SHO. Regulation SHO's current close-out requirement 
applies to any equity security of an issuer that is registered under 
Section 12 of the Exchange Act, or that is required to file reports 
pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. NASD Rule 3210, which 
became effective on July 3, 2006, applies the Regulation SHO close-
out framework to non-reporting equity securities with aggregate 
fails to deliver equal to, or greater than, 10,000 shares and that 
have a last reported sale price during normal trading hours that 
would value the aggregate fail to deliver position at $50,000 or 
greater for five consecutive settlement days. See Exchange Act 
Release No. 53596 (April 4, 2006), 71 FR 18392 (April 11, 2006) (SR-
NASD-2004-044). Consistent with the amendment to eliminate the 
grandfather provision of Regulation SHO, we anticipate the NASD 
would propose similar amendments to NASD Rule 3210.
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    In addition, many issuers and investors continue to express 
concerns about extended fails to deliver in connection with ``naked'' 
short selling.\8\

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To the extent that large and persistent fails to deliver might be 
indicative of manipulative ``naked'' short selling, which could be used 
as a tool to drive down a company's stock price, fails to deliver may 
undermine the confidence of investors.\9\ These investors, in turn, may 
be reluctant to commit capital to an issuer they believe to be subject 
to such manipulative conduct.\10\ In addition, issuers may believe that 
they have suffered unwarranted reputational damage due to investors' 
negative perceptions regarding large and persistent fails to 
deliver.\11\ Any unwarranted reputational damage caused by large and 
persistent fails to deliver might have an adverse impact on the 
security's price.\12\
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    \8\ See, e.g., comment letter from Patrick M. Byrne, Chairman 
and Chief Executive Officer, Overstock.com, Inc., dated Sept. 11, 
2006 (``Overstock''); comment letter from Daniel Behrendt, Chief 
Financial Officer, and Douglas Klint, General Counsel, Taser 
International, dated Sept. 18, 2006 (``Taser''); comment letter from 
John Royce, dated April 30, 2007; comment letter from Michael Read, 
dated April 29, 2007; comment letter from Robert DeVivo, dated April 
26, 2007; comment letter from Ahmed Akhtar, dated April 26, 2007.
    \9\ See, e.g., comment letter from Mary Helburn, Executive 
Director, National Coalition Against Naked Shorting, dated Sept. 30, 
2006 (``NCANS''); comment letter from Richard Blumenthal, Attorney 
General, State of Connecticut, dated Sept. 19, 2006 (``State of 
Connecticut'') (discussing the impact of fails to deliver on 
investor confidence).
    \10\ See, e.g., comment letter from Congressman Tom Feeney, 
Florida, U.S. House of Representatives, dated Sept. 25, 2006 
(``Feeney'') (expressing concern about potential ``naked'' short 
selling on capital formation, claiming that ``naked'' short selling 
causes a drop in an issuer's stock price and may limit the issuer's 
ability to access the capital markets); comment letter from Zix 
Corporation, dated Sept. 19, 2006 (``Zix'') (stating that ``[m]any 
investors attribute the Company's frequent re-appearances on the 
Regulation SHO list to manipulative short selling and frequently 
demand that the Company ``do something'' about the perceived 
manipulative short selling. This perception that manipulative short 
selling of the Company's securities is continually occurring has 
undermined the confidence of many of the Company's investors in the 
integrity of the market for the Company's securities'').
    \11\ Due, in part, to such concerns, issuers have taken actions 
to attempt to make transfer of their securities ``custody only,'' 
thus preventing transfer of their stock to or from securities 
intermediaries such as the Depository Trust Company (``DTC'') or 
broker-dealers. A number of issuers have attempted to withdraw their 
issued securities on deposit at DTC, which makes the securities 
ineligible for book-entry transfer at a securities depository. We 
note, however, that in 2003 the Commission approved a DTC rule 
change clarifying that its rules provide that only its participants 
may withdraw securities from their accounts at DTC, and establishing 
a procedure to process issuer withdrawal requests. See Exchange Act 
Release No. 47978 (June 4, 2003), 68 FR 35037 (June 11, 2003).
    \12\ See also, Proposing Release, 71 FR at 41712 (discussing the 
potential impact of large and persistent fails to deliver on the 
market). See also, 2003 Proposing Release, 68 FR at 62975 
(discussing the potential impact of ``naked'' short selling on the 
market).
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    The close-out requirement, which is contained in Rule 203(b)(3) of 
Regulation SHO, applies only to securities in which a substantial 
amount of fails to deliver have occurred (also known as ``threshold 
securities'').\13\ As adopted in August 2004, Rule 203(b)(3) of 
Regulation SHO included two exceptions to the mandatory close-out 
requirement. The first was the ``grandfather'' provision, which 
excepted fails to deliver established prior to a security becoming a 
threshold security; \14\ and the second was the ``options market maker 
exception,'' which excepted fails to deliver in threshold securities 
resulting from short sales effected by a registered options market 
maker to establish or maintain a hedge on options positions that were 
created before the underlying security became a threshold security.\15\
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    \13\ A threshold security is defined in Rule 203(c)(6) of 
Regulation SHO as any equity security of an issuer that is 
registered pursuant to section 12 of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 
78l) or for which the issuer is required to file reports pursuant to 
section 15(d) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78o(d)) for which there 
is an aggregate fail to deliver position for five consecutive 
settlement days at a registered clearing agency of 10,000 shares or 
more, and that is equal to at least 0.5% of the issue's total shares 
outstanding; and is included on a list (``threshold securities 
list'') disseminated to its members by a self-regulatory 
organization (``SRO''). See 17 CFR 242.203(c)(6). Each SRO is 
responsible for providing the threshold securities list for those 
securities for which the SRO is the primary market.
    \14\ The ``grandfathered'' status applied in two situations: (1) 
to fail positions occurring before January 3, 2005, Regulation SHO's 
effective date; and (2) to fail positions that were established on 
or after January 3, 2005 but prior to the security appearing on a 
threshold securities list. See 17 CFR 242.203(b)(3)(i).
    \15\ 17 CFR 242.203(b)(3)(ii).
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    At the time of Regulation SHO's adoption, the Commission stated 
that it would monitor the operation of Regulation SHO, particularly 
whether grandfathered fail to deliver positions were being cleared up 
under the existing delivery and settlement requirements or whether any 
further regulatory action with respect to the close-out provisions of 
Regulation SHO was warranted.\16\ In addition, with respect to the 
options market maker exception, the Commission noted that it would take 
into consideration any indications that this provision was operating 
significantly differently from the Commission's original 
expectations.\17\
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    \16\ See Adopting Release, 69 FR at 48018.
    \17\ See id. at 48019.
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    Since Regulation SHO's effective date in January 2005, the 
Commission's staff (``Staff'') and the SROs have been examining firms 
for compliance with Regulation SHO, including the close-out provisions. 
We have received preliminary data that indicates that Regulation SHO 
appears to be significantly reducing fails to deliver without 
disruption to the market.\18\ However, despite this positive impact, we 
continue to observe a small number of threshold securities with 
substantial and persistent fail to deliver positions that are not being 
closed out under existing delivery and settlement requirements. 
Allowing these persistent fails to deliver to continue indefinitely may 
lead to greater uncertainty about the fulfillment of the settlement 
obligation.\19\ While some delays in closing out may be understandable 
and necessary, a seller should deliver shares to close out its sale 
within a reasonable time period.
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    \18\ For example, in comparing a period prior to the effective 
date of the current rule (April 1, 2004 to December 31, 2004) to a 
period following the effective date of the current rule (January 1, 
2005 to March 31, 2007) for all stocks with aggregate fails to 
deliver of 10,000 shares or more as reported by NSCC:
     The average daily aggregate fails to deliver declined 
by 29.5%;
     The average daily number of securities with aggregate 
fails to deliver of at least 10,000 shares declined by 5.8%;
     The average daily number of fails to deliver declined 
by 15.1%;
     The average age of a fail to deliver position declined 
by 25.5%;
     The average daily number of threshold securities 
declined by 39.0%; and
     The average daily fails to deliver of threshold 
securities declined by 52.9%.
    See also, supra n. 7.

    \19\ See Adopting Release, 69 FR at 48016-48017; see also, 2003 
Proposing Release, 68 FR at 62977-62978 (discussing the Commission's 
belief that the delivery requirements of proposed Regulation SHO 
would protect and enhance the operation, integrity and stability of 
the markets and the clearance and settlement system, and protect 
buyers of securities by curtailing ``naked'' short selling).
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    Based, in part, on the results of examinations conducted by the 
Staff and SROs, as well as our desire to reduce large and persistent 
fails to deliver, on July 14, 2006, we proposed revisions to Regulation 
SHO that would modify Rule 203(b)(3) by eliminating the grandfather 
provision and narrowing the options market maker exception.\20\ The 
proposed amendments were intended to reduce the number of persistent 
fails to deliver attributable primarily to the grandfather provision 
and, secondarily, to reliance on the options market maker exception.
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    \20\ See Proposing Release, 71 FR 41710.
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    The proposals were based, in part, on data collected by the 
National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (``NASD''), as well as 
concerns about the persistence of certain securities on the threshold 
securities lists.\21\ However, in response to commenters' concerns 
regarding the public availability of data relied on by the Commission, 
on March 26, 2007 we re-opened the comment period to the Proposing 
Release for thirty days to provide the public with an opportunity to 
comment on a summary of the NASD's findings that the NASD had submitted 
to the public file on March 12, 2007. In addition, the notice regarding 
the re-opening of the

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comment period directed the public's attention to brief summaries of 
data collected by the Commission's Office of Compliance Inspections and 
Examinations and the New York Stock Exchange LLC (``NYSE'').\22\
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    \21\ See Proposing Release, 71 FR at 41712.
    \22\ See Exchange Act Release No. 55520 (March 26, 2007), 72 FR 
15079 (March 30, 2007) (``Regulation SHO Re-Opening Release''). We 
received a number of comment letters in response to the Regulation 
SHO Re-Opening Release, most of which urged the Commission to take 
action on the proposed amendments to eliminate the grandfather 
provision and narrow the options market maker exception. Comment 
letters, including the comments of the NASD, are available on the 
Commission's Internet Web Site at http://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-12-06/s71206.shtml.
 See also, Memorandum from the Commission's Office 

of Economic Analysis regarding Fails to Deliver Pre- and Post-
Regulation SHO (dated August 21, 2006), which is available on the 
Commission's Internet Web Site at http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/failstodeliver082106.pdf
.

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    The proposals included a 35 settlement day phase-in period 
following the effective date of the amendment intended to provide 
additional time to begin closing out certain previously-excepted fails 
to deliver. In addition, the proposals included an amendment to update 
the market decline limitation referenced in Rule 200(e)(3) of 
Regulation SHO.\23\ The Commission also included in the Proposing 
Release a number of requests for comment, including whether the 
Commission should amend Regulation SHO to extend the close-out 
requirement to 35 consecutive settlement days for fails to deliver 
resulting from sales of threshold securities pursuant to Rule 144 of 
the Securities Act of 1933 (the ``Securities Act'').\24\
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    \23\ 17 CFR 242.200(e)(3).
    \24\ 17 CFR 230.144.
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    We received over 1,000 comment letters in response to the Proposing 
Release.\25\ As discussed below, after considering the comments 
received and the purposes underlying Regulation SHO, we are adopting 
the amendments to the grandfather provision and the market decline 
limitation, with some modifications to refine provisions and address 
commenters' concerns. However, in a separate companion release, we are 
re-proposing amendments to the options market maker exception.\26\ In 
addition, we are adopting amendments to the close-out requirement of 
Regulation SHO for fails to deliver resulting from sales of threshold 
securities pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act.
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    \25\ The comment letters are available on the Commission's 
Internet Web Site at http://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-12-06/s71206.shtml
.

    \26\ See Exchange Act Release No. 56213 (Aug. 7, 2007)
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II. Overview of Regulation SHO

A. Rule 203(b)(3)'s Close-out Requirement

    One of Regulation SHO's primary goals is to reduce fails to deliver 
in those securities with a substantial amount of fails to deliver by 
imposing additional delivery requirements on those securities.\27\ We 
believe that additional delivery requirements help protect and enhance 
the operation, integrity and stability of the markets, as well as 
reduce short selling abuses.
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    \27\ See Adopting Release, 69 FR at 48009.
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    Regulation SHO requires certain persistent fail to deliver 
positions to be closed out. Specifically, Rule 203(b)(3)'s close-out 
requirement provides that a participant of a clearing agency registered 
with the Commission \28\ must take immediate action to close out a fail 
to deliver position in a threshold security in the Continuous Net 
Settlement (``CNS'') \29\ system that has persisted for 13 consecutive 
settlement days by purchasing securities of like kind and quantity.\30\ 
In addition, if the failure to deliver has persisted for 13 consecutive 
settlement days, Rule 203(b)(3)(iii) of Regulation SHO, as originally 
adopted, prohibits the participant, and any broker-dealer for which it 
clears transactions, including market makers, from accepting any short 
sale orders or effecting further short sales in the particular 
threshold security without borrowing, or entering into a bona-fide 
arrangement to borrow, the security until the participant closes out 
the fail to deliver position by purchasing securities of like kind and 
quantity.\31\
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    \28\ For purposes of Regulation SHO, the term ``participant'' 
has the same meaning as in section 3(a)(24) of the Exchange Act. See 
15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(24). The term ``registered clearing agency'' means 
a clearing agency, as defined in section 3(a)(23) of the Exchange 
Act, that is registered as such pursuant to section 17A of the 
Exchange Act. See 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(23)(A), 78q-1 and 15 U.S.C. 78q-
1(b), respectively. See also, Adopting Release, 69 FR at 48031. As 
of May 2007, approximately 90% of participants of the NSCC, the 
primary registered clearing agency responsible for clearing U.S. 
transactions, were registered as broker-dealers. Those participants 
not registered as broker-dealers include such entities as banks, 
U.S.-registered exchanges, and clearing agencies. Although these 
entities are participants of a registered clearing agency, generally 
these entities do not engage in the types of activities that would 
implicate the close-out requirements of Regulation SHO. Such 
activities of these entities include creating and redeeming Exchange 
Traded Funds, trading in municipal securities, and using NSCC's 
Envelope Settlement Service or Inter-city Envelope Settlement 
Service. These activities rarely lead to fails to deliver and, if 
fails to deliver do occur, they are small in number and are usually 
closed out within a day. Thus, such fails to deliver would not 
trigger the close-out provisions of Regulation SHO.
    \29\ The majority of equity trades in the United States are 
cleared and settled through systems administered by clearing 
agencies registered with the Commission. The NSCC clears and settles 
the majority of equity securities trades conducted on the exchanges 
and over the counter. NSCC clears and settles trades through the CNS 
system, which nets the securities delivery and payment obligations 
of all of its members. NSCC notifies its members of their securities 
delivery and payment obligations daily. In addition, NSCC guarantees 
the completion of all transactions and interposes itself as the 
contraparty to both sides of the transaction. While NSCC's rules do 
not authorize it to require member firms to close out or otherwise 
resolve fails to deliver, NSCC reports to the SROs those securities 
with fails to deliver of 10,000 shares or more. The SROs use NSCC 
fails data to determine which securities are threshold securities 
for purposes of Regulation SHO.
    \30\ 17 CFR 242.203(b)(3).
    \31\ 17 CFR 242.203(b)(3)(iii). It is possible under Regulation 
SHO that the close out by the participant of a registered clearing 
agency may result in a failure to deliver position at another 
participant if the counterparty from which the participant purchases 
securities fails to deliver. However, Regulation SHO prohibits a 
participant of a registered clearing agency from engaging in ``sham 
close outs'' by entering into an arrangement with a counterparty to 
purchase securities for purposes of closing out a failure to deliver 
position and the purchaser knows or has reason to know that the 
counterparty will not deliver the securities, which thus creates 
another fail to deliver position. 17 CFR 242.203(b)(3)(v); see also, 
Adopting Release, 69 FR at 48018 n.96. In addition, we note that 
borrowing securities, or otherwise entering into an agreement with 
another person to create the appearance of a purchase would not 
satisfy the close-out requirement of Regulation SHO. For example, 
the purchase of paired positions of stock and options that are 
designed to create the appearance of a bona fide purchase of 
securities but that are nothing more than a temporary stock lending 
arrangement would not satisfy Regulation SHO's close-out 
requirement.
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B. Grandfathering Under Regulation SHO

    As originally adopted, Rule 203(b)(3)'s close-out requirement did 
not apply to positions that were established prior to the security 
becoming a threshold security.\32\ This is known as grandfathering. 
Grandfathered positions included those that existed prior to the 
January 3, 2005 effective date of Regulation SHO, and to positions 
established prior to a security becoming a threshold security.\33\ 
Regulation SHO's grandfathering provision was adopted because the 
Commission was concerned about creating volatility through short 
squeezes \34\ if large pre-existing fail to deliver positions had to be 
closed out

[[Page 45547]]

quickly after a security became a threshold security.
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    \32\ 17 CFR 242.203(b)(3)(i).
    \33\ See Adopting Release, 69 FR at 48018. However, any new 
fails to deliver in a security on a threshold securities list are 
subject to the mandatory close-out provisions of Rule 203(b)(3) of 
Regulation SHO.
    \34\ The term short squeeze refers to the pressure on short 
sellers to cover their positions as a result of sharp price 
increases or difficulty in borrowing the security the sellers are 
short. The rush by short sellers to cover produces additional upward 
pressure on the price of the stock, which then can cause an even 
greater squeeze. Although some short squeezes may occur naturally in 
the market, a scheme to manipulate the price or availability of 
stock in order to cause a short squeeze is illegal.
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C. Regulation SHO's Options Market Maker Exception

    In addition, Regulation SHO's options market maker exception 
excepts from the close-out requirement of Rule 203(b)(3) any fail to 
deliver position in a threshold security that is attributed to short 
sales by a registered options market maker, if and to the extent that 
the short sales are effected by the registered options market maker to 
establish or maintain a hedge on options positions that were created 
before the security became a threshold security.\35\ The options market 
maker exception was created to address concerns regarding liquidity and 
the pricing of options. The exception does not require that such fails 
be closed out.
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    \35\ 17 CFR 242.203(b)(3)(ii).
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III. Discussion of Amendments to Regulation SHO

A. Grandfather Provision

1. Proposal
    To further Regulation SHO's goal of reducing persistent fails to 
deliver, the Commission proposed to eliminate the grandfather provision 
in Rule 203(b)(3)(i) of Regulation SHO.\36\ In particular, the proposed 
amendment would require that any previously-grandfathered fails to 
deliver in a security that is on a threshold list on the effective date 
of the amendment be closed out within 35 consecutive settlement days 
\37\ of the effective date of the amendment. In addition, similar to 
the pre-borrow requirement in Rule 203(b)(3)(iii) of Regulation SHO, as 
originally adopted, if the fail to deliver position has persisted for 
35 consecutive settlement days from the effective date of the 
amendment, the proposal would prohibit a participant, and any broker-
dealer for which it clears transactions, including market makers, from 
accepting any short sale orders or effecting further short sales in the 
particular threshold security without borrowing, or entering into a 
bona-fide arrangement to borrow, the security until the participant 
closes out the entire fail to deliver position by purchasing securities 
of like kind and quantity.
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    \36\ See Proposing Release, 71 FR 41710.
    \37\ The Commission chose 35 settlement days because 35 days is 
used in the current rule (although for a different purpose) and to 
allow participants additional time to close out their previously-
grandfathered fails to deliver, given that some participants may 
have large previously-excepted fails to deliver with respect to a 
number of securities.
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    However, if a security becomes a threshold security after the 
effective date of the amendment, any fails to deliver in that security 
that occurred prior to the security becoming a threshold security would 
be subject to Rule 203(b)(3)'s mandatory 13 consecutive settlement day 
close-out requirement, similar to any other fail to deliver position in 
a threshold security.
2. Comments
    We received a large number of comment letters regarding the 
proposal to eliminate the grandfather provision. The comments were from 
numerous entities, including issuers, retail investors, broker-dealers, 
SROs, associations, members of Congress, and other elected officials. 
Commenters expressed both support \38\ and opposition \39\ to the 
proposal to eliminate the grandfather provision.
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    \38\ See, e.g., comment letter from Overstock, supra note 8; 
comment letter from Taser, supra note 8; comment letter from Barry 
McCarthy, Chief Financial Officer, Netflix, Inc., dated Sept. 19, 
2006; comment letter from Glenn W. Rollins, President, Orkin, Inc., 
dated Aug. 29, 2006; comment letter from Zix, supra note 10; comment 
letter from Joseph P. Borg, Esq., President, North American 
Securities Administrators Association, Inc., dated Oct. 4, 2006 
(``NASAA''); comment letter from Paul Rivett, Vice President, 
Fairfax Financial Holdings, Ltd., Sept. 19, 2006; comment letter 
from State of Connecticut, supra note 9; comment letter from John G. 
Gaine, President, MFA, dated Sept. 19, 2006 (``MFA''); comment 
letter from James J. Angel, PhD., Associate Professor of Finance, 
McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, dated July 18, 
2006 (``Angel''); comment letter from NCANS, supra note 9; comment 
letter from Simon Lorne, Chief Legal Officer, and Martin Schwartz, 
Chief Compliance Officer, Millennium Partners, LP, dated Oct. 10, 
2006; comment letter from David C. Chavern, Capital Markets Program, 
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, dated Sept. 13, 2006; comment letter from 
Jeffrey D. Stacey, Managing Director, Jeffrey D. Stacey Associates, 
Ltd., dated Sept. 19, 2006; comment letter from Congressman Rodney 
Alexander--Louisiana, U.S. House of Representatives, dated July 28, 
2006; comment letter from Senator Orin Hatch--Utah, U.S. Senate, 
dated Sept. 19, 2006; comment letter from Feeney, supra note 10; 
comment letter from Congressman Virgil Goode, Jr.--Virginia, U.S. 
House of Representatives, dated Sept. 13, 2006; comment letter from 
Congresswoman Sue Kelly--New York, U.S. House of Representatives, 
dated Sept. 19, 2006; letter from Congressman Jim Ryun--Kansas, U.S. 
House of Representatives, dated Sept. 18, 2006; comment letter from 
Congressman Jim Matheson--Utah, U.S. House of Representatives, dated 
Sept. 19, 2006; comment letter from Governor Jon M. Huntsman, 
Governor of Utah, dated Sept. 8, 2006; comment letter from Mark L. 
Shurtleff, Attorney General for the State of Utah, dated Sept. 18, 
2006; and comment letter from Wayne Klein, Director, Division of 
Securities, State of Utah, dated Sept. 13, 2006 (``Utah Division of 
Securities'').
    \39\ See, e.g., comment letter from Ira D. Hammerman, Senior 
Vice President and General Counsel, Securities Industry Association, 
dated Sept. 19, 2006 (``SIA''); comment letter from Keith F. 
Higgins, Chair, Committee on Federal Regulation of Securities, 
American Bar Association Section of Business Law, dated Sept. 27, 
2006 (``ABA''); comment letter from Edward J. Joyce, President and 
Chief Operating Officer, Chicago Board Options Exchange, dated Oct. 
11, 2006 (``CBOE''); comment letter from Gerard S. Citera, Executive 
Director, U.S. Equities, UBS Securities LLC, dated Sept. 22, 2006 
(``UBS''); comment letter from Leonard J. Amoruso, Senior Managing 
Director and Chief Compliance Officer, Knight Capital Group, Inc., 
dated Sept. 20, 2006 (``Knight'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some of the commenters that supported eliminating the grandfather 
provision stated that the proposal would restore investor confidence 
and that it would not cause excessive volatility.\40\ For example, one 
commenter stated that elimination of the grandfather provision should 
not cause excessive volatility because, according to the commenter, the 
Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (``DTCC'') and market 
participants have said that fails to deliver are a small problem.\41\ 
Another commenter stated that the Commission's concern over potential 
short squeezes is ``misplaced,'' as this is a risk short sellers assume 
when they sell short.\42\ Many commenters supported the proposed 35-day 
phase-in period for certain previously-grandfathered fails to deliver; 
\43\ although some commenters stated their belief that a phase-in 
period was unnecessary.\44\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ See comment letters from MFA, supra note 38; NCANS, supra 
note 9; State of Connecticut, supra note 9.
    \41\ See comment letter from NCANS, supra note 9.
    \42\ See comment letter from H. Glenn Bagwell, Jr., Esq., Sept. 
19, 2006.
    \43\ See, e.g., comment letters from NCANS, supra note 9; Taser, 
supra note 8; Overstock, supra note 8.
    \44\ See, e.g., comment letters from NASAA, supra note 38; Utah 
Division of Securities, supra note 38; Zix, supra note 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters opposing the elimination of the grandfather provision 
did so for various reasons. For example, one commenter stated that 
elimination of the grandfather provision could adversely impact stock 
liquidity and borrowing, increasing costs to investors.\45\ Another 
commenter stated its belief that eliminating the grandfather provision 
would lead to increased volatility and short squeezes as individuals 
attempt to close out positions.\46\ This commenter also stated that 
eliminating the grandfather provision would negatively impact bona fide 
market making and the ability of market makers to provide liquidity, 
which would lead to less liquidity, greater volatility, and widening of 
spreads.\47\ According to this commenter, the proposal could also lead 
to upward price manipulation, causing investors to purchase shares at 
inflated prices.\48\ Another commenter maintained that eliminating the 
grandfather provision

[[Page 45548]]

would cause substantial market disruption by increasing significantly 
the number of buy-ins in the market without sufficiently targeting the 
abusive ``naked'' short sellers.\49\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ See comment letter from CBOE, supra note 39.
    \46\ See comment letter from Knight, supra note 39.
    \47\ See id.
    \48\ See id.
    \49\ See comment letter from UBS, supra note 39.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters stated that the proposal is an overly broad means 
of addressing the issue of substantial, persistent fails to deliver 
that may occur in only a small subset of threshold securities and that, 
in fact, the available data shows that the proposal is not 
necessary.\50\ These commenters also stated their belief that a more 
targeted approach, such as tracking actual ``naked'' short sales, would 
be a more appropriate method of addressing the issue of fails to 
deliver. Another commenter stated that the Commission had not explained 
the need for the proposal and had not provided substantial evidence 
showing that persistent fails to deliver are primarily attributable to 
the grandfather provision.\51\ However, as discussed in more detail 
below, even those commenters opposing the elimination of the 
grandfather provision suggested alternative proposals to elimination 
for the Commission to consider. For example, one commenter suggested 
allowing for a period longer than 13 consecutive settlement days within 
which to close out all fails to deliver currently excepted from the 
close-out requirement due to the grandfather provision.\52\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ See, e.g., comment letter from Knight, supra note 39.
    \51\ See comment letter from ABA, supra note 39; see also, supra 
note 22 (discussing the Regulation SHO Re-Opening Release).
    \52\ See, e.g., comment letters from CBOE, supra note 39; SIA, 
supra note 39; Knight, supra note 39; UBS, supra note 39. See also, 
Section III.A.3., discussing these alternative proposals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Adoption
    After careful consideration of the comments, we are adopting the 
amendment to eliminate the grandfather provision as proposed. As 
adopted, the amendment eliminates the grandfather provision from 
Regulation SHO and amends Rule 203 to require that all fails to deliver 
in threshold securities be closed out within either 13 consecutive 
settlement days or, in the case of a previously-grandfathered fail to 
deliver position in a security that is a threshold security on the 
effective date of the amendment, 35 consecutive settlement days from 
the effective date of the amendment.\53\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ In addition, similar to the proposed amendment and Rule 
203(b)(3)(iii) of Regulation SHO, as originally adopted, if the fail 
to deliver position persists for 35 consecutive settlement days from 
the effective date of the amendment, the amendment will prohibit a 
participant, and any broker-dealer for which it clears transactions, 
including market makers, from accepting any short sale orders or 
effecting further short sales in the particular threshold security 
without borrowing, or entering into a bona-fide arrangement to 
borrow, the security until the participant closes out the entire 
fail to deliver position by purchasing securities of like kind and 
quantity. For those fails to deliver not subject to the 35 
consecutive settlement day phase-in period, Rule 203(b)(3)(iii) of 
Regulation SHO, as originally adopted, will apply to fail to deliver 
positions in threshold securities that persist beyond the 13 
consecutive settlement day mandatory close-out requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the reasons discussed above and in the Proposing Release, we 
believe that no fail to deliver position should be left open 
indefinitely. While some delays in closing out may be understandable 
and necessary, a seller should deliver shares to close out a sale 
within a reasonable time period. Thus, we believe the adoption of the 
amendment as proposed is warranted and strikes the appropriate balance 
between reducing large and persistent fails to deliver in threshold 
securities and still providing participants flexibility and advance 
notice to close out the originally grandfathered fails to deliver. 
While the amendments may have some potential impact on liquidity, we 
believe the advance notice and flexibility provided by the amendments 
will limit any impact on liquidity of requiring market participants to 
close out such previously-grandfathered fails to deliver.
    Commenters opposing the elimination of the grandfather provision 
contended that elimination of the grandfather provision could lead to 
increased volatility, a reduction in liquidity, and short squeezes in 
these securities as individuals attempt to close out positions. 
Although we recognize that elimination of the grandfather provision 
could have these potential effects, we believe the benefits of 
requiring that fails to deliver not be allowed to continue indefinitely 
justify these potential effects. In addition, we believe that such 
effects, if any, would be minimal.
    First, we believe that the potential effects, if any, of 
eliminating the grandfather provision will be minimal because the 
number of securities that will be impacted by elimination of the 
grandfather provision will be relatively small. Regulation SHO's close-
out requirement is narrowly tailored in that it targets only those 
securities where the level of fails to deliver is high (0.5% of total 
shares outstanding and 10,000 shares or more) for a continuous period 
(five consecutive settlement days).\54\ Requiring close out only for 
securities with large and persistent fails to deliver limits the 
overall market impact. Moreover, the amendment only impacts those fails 
to deliver in threshold securities that were created before the 
security became a threshold security. Because the current grandfather 
provision has a limited application, the overall impact of its removal 
on liquidity, volatility, and short squeezes, is expected to be 
minimal, if any.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ See supra note 7 (discussing the number of threshold 
securities as of March 31, 2007).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, to the extent that the amendment could result in a decrease 
in liquidity, increased volatility, or short squeezes, we believe that 
any such potential effects will likely be mitigated by the fact that 
even though fails to deliver that were previously-grandfathered from 
the close-out requirement of Regulation SHO will no longer be permitted 
to continue indefinitely, such fails to deliver will not have to be 
closed out immediately, or even within the standard 3-day settlement 
period. Instead, under Rule 203(b)(3)'s mandatory close-out 
requirement, both new and previously-grandfathered fails to deliver in 
threshold securities will have 13 consecutive settlement days within 
which to be closed out.
    Third, as noted above, the grandfather provision excepts from Rule 
203(b)(3)'s mandatory 13 consecutive settlement day close-out 
requirement only those fails to deliver created before the security 
became a threshold security. Thus, it does not apply to fails to 
deliver created after the security became a threshold security. In 
examining the application of the current mandatory close-out 
requirement of Regulation SHO for all non-grandfathered fail to deliver 
positions, we have not become aware of any evidence that the current 
close-out requirement for non-grandfathered fails to deliver in 
threshold securities has negatively impacted liquidity or volatility in 
these securities, or resulted in short squeezes.
    Fourth, to the extent that elimination of the grandfather provision 
results in decreased liquidity, or increased volatility in certain 
securities, or results in short squeezes, we believe that these 
potential effects are justified by the benefits of requiring that fails 
to deliver in all threshold securities be closed out within specific 
time-frames rather than being allowed to continue indefinitely. As 
discussed above, large and persistent fails to deliver can deprive 
shareholders of the benefits of ownership, such as voting and lending. 
They can also be indicative of potentially manipulative conduct, such 
as abusive ``naked'' short selling. The deprivation of the benefits of 
ownership, as well as the perception that abusive ``naked'' short 
selling is

[[Page 45549]]

occurring in certain securities can undermine the confidence of 
investors. These investors, in turn, may be reluctant to commit capital 
to an issuer they believe to be subject to manipulative conduct.
    In the Proposing Release, we sought comment on whether the proposed 
amendments would promote capital formation, including whether the 
proposed increased short sale restrictions would affect investors' 
decisions to invest in certain equity securities. Some commenters 
expressed concern about ``naked'' short selling causing a drop in an 
issuer's stock price, which may limit an issuer's ability to access the 
capital markets.\55\ We believe that by requiring that all fails to 
deliver in threshold securities be closed out within specific time-
frames rather than allowing some to continue indefinitely, there will 
likely be a decrease in the number of threshold securities with 
persistent and high levels of fails to deliver. If persistence on the 
threshold securities lists leads to an unwarranted decline in investor 
confidence about the security, the amendments are expected to improve 
investor confidence about the security. We also believe that the 
amendments will lead to greater certainty in the settlement of 
securities which should strengthen investor confidence in the 
settlement process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \55\ See, e.g., comment letter from Feeney, supra note 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Alternative Proposals

    Some commenters suggested alternative close-out requirements to the 
proposed amendment to eliminate the grandfather provision of Regulation 
SHO. For example, one commenter suggested that all fails to deliver in 
threshold securities, whether or not grandfathered, be closed out 
within 20 consecutive settlement days.\56\ Although 20 consecutive 
settlement days would provide a uniform close-out requirement, we 
believe that it would be unwise to extend the close-out requirement to 
20 consecutive settlement days because the current industry practice is 
to close out non-grandfathered fails to deliver in threshold securities 
within 13 consecutive settlement days and, for the most part, firms 
appear to be complying with this requirement. Also, it would extend the 
time in which a fail to deliver position would be permitted to persist, 
which is contrary to our goal of further reducing fails to deliver in 
threshold securities within a reasonable period of time. In addition, 
the current close-out requirement has led to a significant reduction in 
fails to deliver in threshold securities and, therefore, we do not 
believe it is appropriate to extend the close-out requirement beyond 13 
consecutive settlement days.\57\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ See comment letter from SIA, supra note 39.
    \57\ See, e.g., supra note 18 (providing data regarding the 
impact of Regulation SHO since adoption).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As another alternative to the proposed amendment, this commenter 
also recommended that the Commission require that all fails to deliver 
that exist prior to the security becoming a threshold security be 
closed out within 35 consecutive settlement days.\58\ Under this 
alternative, all new fail to deliver positions in threshold securities 
would be subject to the current 13 consecutive settlement day close out 
requirement; however, it would allow all fails to deliver that occur 
prior to the security becoming a threshold security to be closed out 
within 35 consecutive settlement days. We believe that this two-track 
approach to the close out requirement of Regulation SHO would be 
difficult to apply and monitor for compliance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ See comment letter from SIA, supra note 39.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another option suggested by commenters was to modify the proposal 
to have it address only threshold securities that have a high level of 
persistent fails to deliver, rather than all threshold securities. 
Under this alternative, a previously-grandfathered fail to deliver 
position in a threshold security would only become subject to the 
mandatory close-out requirement if the threshold security has a 
substantial number of fails to deliver and consistently remains on the 
threshold list for an extended period of time. The number of securities 
that are threshold securities is already a small number of securities. 
For example, in March 2007, the average daily number of securities on 
the threshold list was approximately 311 securities, which comprised 
0.39% of all equity securities, and 2.33% of those securities subject 
to Regulation SHO. The number of threshold securities with a high level 
of persistent fails to deliver would be an even smaller number. Thus, 
we do not believe that this alternative would effectively achieve the 
Commission's goal of further reducing fails to deliver in all threshold 
securities.

B. Options Market Maker Exception

    The Commission proposed amendments to the options market maker 
exception contained in Regulation SHO to limit the duration of the 
exception.\59\ Based on comments to the proposed amendments, we have 
determined at this time to re-propose amendments to the options market 
maker exception that would eliminate the exception.\60\ In addition, in 
the re-proposal we request comment regarding specific alternatives to 
eliminating the options market maker exception that would require fails 
to deliver in threshold securities underlying options to be closed out 
within specific time-frames. We look forward to receiving comments 
regarding these proposed amendments to the options market maker 
exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ See Proposing Release, 71 FR 41710.
    \60\ See Exchange Act Release No. 56213 (Aug. 7, 2007).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Amendments to Rule 200(e)

1. Proposal
    Regulation SHO currently provides a limited exception from the 
requirement that a person selling a security aggregate all of the 
person's positions in that security to determine whether the seller has 
a net long position. This provision, which is contained in Rule 200(e) 
of Regulation SHO, allows broker-dealers to liquidate (or unwind) 
certain existing index arbitrage positions involving long baskets of 
stocks and short index futures or options without aggregating short 
stock positions in other proprietary accounts if, and to the extent 
that, those short stock positions are fully hedged.\61\ The current 
exception, however, does not apply if the sale occurs during a period 
commencing at a time when the Dow Jones Industrial Average (``DJIA'') 
has declined below its closing value on the previous trading day by at 
least two percent and terminating upon the establishment of the closing 
value of the DJIA on the next succeeding trading day.\62\ If a market 
decline triggers the

[[Page 45550]]

application of Rule 200(e)(3), a broker-dealer must aggregate all of 
its positions in that security to determine whether the seller has a 
net long position.\63\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ To qualify for the exception under Rule 200(e), the 
liquidation of the index arbitrage position must relate to a 
securities index that is the subject of a financial futures contract 
(or options on such futures) traded on a contract market, or a 
standardized options contract, notwithstanding that such person may 
not have a net long position in that security. 17 CFR 242.200(e).
    \62\ Specifically, the exception under Rule 200(e) is limited to 
the following conditions: (1) The index arbitrage position involves 
a long basket of stock and one or more short index futures traded on 
a board of trade or one or more standardized options contracts; (2) 
such person's net short position is solely the result of one or more 
short positions created and maintained in the course of bona-fide 
arbitrage, risk arbitrage, or bona-fide hedge activities; and (3) 
the sale does not occur during a period commencing at the time that 
the DJIA has declined below its closing value on the previous day by 
at least two percent and terminating upon the establishment of the 
closing value of the DJIA on the next succeeding trading day. Id.
    The two percent market decline restriction was included in Rule 
200(e)(3) so that the market could avoid incremental temporary order 
imbalances during volatile trading days. Regulation SHO Adopting 
Release, 69 FR at 48011. The two percent market decline restriction 
limits temporary order imbalances at the close of trading on a 
volatile trading day and at the opening of trading on the following 
day, since trading activity at these times may have a substantial 
effect on the market's short-term direction. The two percent 
safeguard also provides consistency within the equities markets. Id.
    \63\ See 17 CFR 242.200(e)(3); Regulation SHO Adopting Release, 
69 FR at 48012.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The reference to the DJIA in the Commission's rule was based in 
part on NYSE Rule 80A (Index Arbitrage Trading Restrictions).\64\ 
However, on August 24, 2005, the Commission approved an amendment to 
NYSE Rule 80A to use the NYSE Composite Index (``NYA'') to calculate 
limitations on index arbitrage trading as provided in the rule instead 
of the DJIA.\65\ As noted in the Commission's approval order, according 
to the NYSE, the NYA is a better reflection of market activity with 
respect to the S&P 500 and, therefore, is a better indicator as to when 
the restrictions on index arbitrage trading provided by NYSE Rule 80A 
should be triggered.\66\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ See 2003 Proposing Release, 68 FR at 62994-62995 
(discussing proposed Rule 200 regarding netting and the liquidation 
of index arbitrage activities and changes to the language of the 
rule text to keep the language consistent with the language in NYSE 
Rule 80A).
    \65\ See Exchange Act Release No. 52328 (Aug. 24, 2005), 70 FR 
51398 (Aug. 30, 2005).
    \66\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, NYSE Rule 80A provides that the two percent limitation 
in that rule must be calculated at the beginning of each quarter and 
shall be two percent, rounded down to the nearest 10 points, of the 
average closing value of the NYA for the last month of the previous 
quarter.\67\ As adopted, Rule 200(e)(3) of Regulation SHO did not refer 
to the basis for determining the two percent limitation in the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \67\ See id. See also, NYSE Rule 80A (Supplementary Material 
.10).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because the Commission approved the change to NYSE Rule 80A to 
reference the NYA rather than the DJIA and because we believe that this 
is an appropriate index to reference for purposes of Rule 200(e)(3) of 
Regulation SHO, the Commission proposed to amend Rule 200(e)(3) to: (i) 
Reference the NYA instead of the DJIA; and (ii) add language to clarify 
that the two percent limitation is to be calculated in accordance with 
NYSE Rule 80A. The proposed amendments are intended to maintain 
consistency with NYSE Rule 80A so that market participants need refer 
to only one index in connection with restrictions regarding index 
arbitrage trading.
2. Comments
    The Commission received four comment letters addressing the 
proposed amendment to Rule 200(e) of Regulation SHO. Three of the four 
commenters supported the proposed amendment. While one of these 
commenters supported the amendment as proposed,\68\ the other two 
commenters suggested revisions that would make the provision more 
consistent with NYSE Rule 80A by providing that the restriction be 
terminated at the end of the trading day rather than upon the 
establishment of the closing value of the NYA on the next succeeding 
trading day, as provided in the current rule.\69\ One commenter 
suggested that the Commission examine whether to retain Rule 200(e) at 
all.\70\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ See, e.g., comment letter from UBS, supra note 39.
    \69\ See comment letters from SIA, supra note 39; CBOE, supra 
note 39.
    \70\ See comment letter from Angel, supra note 38 (stating that 
in today's fast markets, there are better ways of managing 
volatility than ``kludges'' like Rule 200(e) and other circuit 
breakers).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Adoption
    After considering the above comments, we are amending Rule 
200(e)(3) of Regulation SHO to: (i) Reference the NYA instead of the 
DJIA; (ii) add language to clarify how the two percent limitation is to 
be calculated for purposes of the market decline limitation; and (iii) 
provide that the market decline limitation will remain in effect for 
the remainder of the trading day. As adopted, Rule 200(e) will 
reference the NYA instead of the DJIA. In the Proposing Release, we 
proposed that Rule 200(e)(3) of Regulation SHO state that the two 
percent be calculated pursuant to NYSE Rule 80A. We have determined, 
however, that it is more appropriate to describe in the rule text how 
the two percent must be calculated rather than referring to NYSE Rule 
80A. Thus, the amendments provide that the two percent limitation is to 
be calculated at the beginning of each quarter and shall be two 
percent, rounded down to the nearest 10 points, of the average closing 
value of the NYA for the last month of the previous quarter. In 
response to commenter concerns regarding maintaining consistency with 
NYSE Rule 80A, we are also amending Rule 200(e) to provide that the 
market decline limitation will terminate at the end of the trading day 
rather than upon the establishment of the closing value of the NYA on 
the next succeeding trading day.

D. Amendments to Rule 203 for Sales of Securities Pursuant to Rule 144

1. Proposal
    In the Proposing Release we asked whether we should amend Rule 203 
to extend the close-out requirement from 13 to 35 consecutive 
settlement days for fails to deliver resulting from sales of threshold 
securities pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act. Currently, 
Regulation SHO provides for an exception from the locate requirement of 
Rule 203(b)(1) for situations where a broker-dealer effects a short 
sale on behalf of a customer that is deemed to own the security 
pursuant to Rule 200, although, through no fault of the customer or 
broker-dealer, it is not reasonably expected that the security will be 
in the physical possession or control of the broker-dealer by 
settlement date and, therefore, is a ``short'' sale under the marking 
requirements of Rule 200(g).\71\ Rule 203(b)(2)(ii) of Regulation SHO 
provides that in such circumstances, delivery must be made on the sale 
as soon as all restrictions on delivery have been removed, and in any 
event no later than 35 days after trade date, at which time the broker-
dealer that sold on behalf of the person must either borrow securities 
or close out the open position by purchasing securities of like kind 
and quantity.\72\ If the security is a threshold security, however, any 
fails to deliver in the security must be closed out in accordance with 
the requirements of Rule 203(b)(3) of Regulation SHO, i.e., within 13 
consecutive settlement days.\73\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ Pursuant to Rule 200(g)(2) of Regulation SHO, as adopted in 
August 2004, generally these sales were marked ``short exempt.'' See 
Adopting Release, 69 FR at 48030-48031; but cf Exchange Act Release 
No. 55970 (June 28, 2007), 72 FR 36348 (July 3, 2007) (removing the 
``short exempt'' marking requirement).
    \72\ See 17 CFR 242.203(b)(2)(ii). In the Adopting Release, the 
Commission stated that it believed that 35 calendar days is a 
reasonable outer limit to allow for restrictions on a security to be 
removed if ownership is certain. In addition, the Commission noted 
that Section 220.8(b)(2) of Regulation T of the Federal Reserve 
Board allows 35 calendar days to pay for securities delivered 
against payment if the delivery delay is due to the mechanics of the 
transactions. See Adopting Release, 69 FR at 48015, n.72.
    \73\ See 17 CFR 242.203(b)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Comments
    The majority of commenters who responded to this request for 
comment supported extending the close-out requirement to 35 consecutive 
settlement days for fails to deliver resulting from sales of threshold

[[Page 45551]]

securities pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act.\74\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ A few commenters, namely NASAA and some retail investors, 
opposed allowing additional time for delivery of these types of 
threshold securities. See, e.g., comment letter from NASAA, supra 
note 38.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters that supported extending the close-out requirement for 
fails to deliver resulting from sales of threshold securities pursuant 
to Rule 144 of the Securities Act stated that these are legitimate long 
sale transactions that fail to settle within the normal 3-day 
settlement cycle only because of the time necessary to transfer the 
securities.\75\ One commenter stated that the current requirement in 
Regulation SHO to close out all fails in threshold securities that 
remain for 13 consecutive settlement days, including fails resulting 
from sales of securities which the seller owns, has imposed serious 
unintended consequences on clearing firms and the broker-dealer and 
non-broker-dealer customers for which they clear.\76\ Another commenter 
noted that these types of transactions do not reflect any of the 
abusive short sale transactions targeted by Regulation SHO since the 
seller has an ownership position in the security being sold and, 
therefore, no incentive to depress the price of the security.\77\ In 
addition, commenters noted that clearing firms may have to effect buy-
ins even though the security will be available for delivery as soon as 
the restrictions on sale have been removed.\78\ Another commenter 
stated that it believes that all sellers who actually own a security 
and are permitted a maximum of 35 days after trade date to deliver such 
securities to their broker-dealer in accordance with Rule 203(b)(2)(ii) 
of Regulation SHO, not just owners of securities eligible for resale 
under Rule 144, should be free from the risk of being bought in.\79\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ See, e.g., comment letters from UBS, supra note 39; Knight, 
supra note 39.
    \76\ For example, one commenter noted that firms have discovered 
in numerous instances that their CNS fail positions in threshold 
securities are attributable to situations where sales are effected 
pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act; however, due to delays 
in getting the restricted legend removed from the certificates (or 
other such delays outside the seller's control), such shares are not 
available for a period of time after settlement date. See comment 
letter from SIA, supra note 39.
    \77\ See comment letter from UBS, supra note 39.
    \78\ See comment letter from SIA, supra note 39.
    \79\ See comment letter from ABA, supra note 39.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, some commenters opposed allowing a longer period for 
closing out fails to deliver in threshold securities sold pursuant to 
Rule 144 of the Securities Act. These commenters stated their belief 
that legended shares should not be sold until the legend has been 
removed.\80\ Commenters also stated that, because sellers are free to 
borrow shares to deliver while they await receipt of their securities 
from the transfer agent, any additional time for delivery is 
unnecessary.\81\ One commenter stated that given that ``most 144 
sellers are insiders who have received their stocks at very low 
prices,'' it is ``both fair and in the interests of ensuring market 
integrity and confidence to expect them to bear the cost of borrowing 
shares until delivery of unrestricted stock.'' \82\ Another commenter 
stated that the exception allows Rule 144 shares to be used as 
collateral for delivery failures, and stated that any errors, 
difficulties, inconveniences and expense in having restrictions lifted 
should be borne by the owner of the restricted securities.\83\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ See, e.g., comment letters from NASAA, supra note 38; 
NCANS, supra note 9.
    \81\ See comment letters from Utah Division of Securities, supra 
note 38; NASAA, supra note 38.
    \82\ Comment letter from NASAA, supra note 38.
    \83\ See comment letter from Thomas Vallarino, dated May 5, 
2007.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Adoption
    While commenters raise valid concerns, we believe that adopting the 
amendments is justified by the benefit of permitting the orderly 
settlement of fails to deliver resulting from sales of threshold 
securities pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act without causing 
market disruption due to unnecessary purchasing activity (particularly 
if the purchases are for a sizeable amount). Thus, we are amending Rule 
203 of Regulation SHO to extend the close-out requirement from 13 to 35 
consecutive settlement days for fails to deliver resulting from sales 
of threshold securities pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act.
    In addition, because we are extending the close-out requirement for 
fails to deliver resulting from sales of threshold securities pursuant 
to Rule 144, we are also extending the pre-borrow requirement of Rule 
203(b)(3)(iii) of Regulation SHO, as originally adopted, for these 
fails to deliver. Thus, if the fail to deliver position persists for 35 
consecutive settlement days, the amendment will prohibit a participant 
of a registered clearing agency, and any broker-dealer for which it 
clears transactions, including market makers, from accepting any short 
sale orders or effecting further short sales in the particular 
threshold security without borrowing, or entering into a bona-fide 
arrangement to borrow, the security until the participant closes out 
the entire fail to deliver position by purchasing securities of like 
kind and quantity.
    Securities sold pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act are 
formerly restricted securities that a seller is ``deemed to own,'' as 
defined by Rule 200(a) of Regulation SHO. The securities, however, may 
not be capable of being delivered on the settlement date due to 
processing delays related to removal of the restricted legend and, 
therefore, sales of these securities frequently result in fails to 
deliver. Following our review of the comment letters, and based on our 
understanding of industry practices, we understand that such processing 
delays, which are often out of the seller's and broker-dealer's 
control, frequently result in delivery taking longer than 13 
consecutive settlement days. We believe, however, that 35 consecutive 
settlement days will provide sufficient time for delivery of these 
securities.
    We believe that extending the current close-out requirement to 35 
consecutive settlement days for fails to deliver resulting from sales 
of these securities will permit the orderly settlement of such sales 
without the risk of causing market disruption due to unnecessary 
purchasing activity (particularly if the purchases are for sizable 
quantities of stock). Because the security sold will be received as 
soon as all processing delays have been removed, this additional time 
will allow participants to close out fails to deliver resulting from 
the sale of the security with the security sold, rather than having to 
close out such fail to deliver position by purchasing securities in the 
market.
    Although this amendment will allow fails to deliver resulting from 
sales of threshold securities pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities 
Act 35 rather than 13 consecutive settlement days in which to be closed 
out, these fails to deliver must be closed out within 35 consecutive 
settlement days and, therefore, these fails to deliver cannot continue 
indefinitely. Thus, we believe that this amendment is consistent with 
our goal of further reducing fails to deliver in threshold securities, 
while balancing the concerns associated with closing out fails to 
deliver resulting from sales of threshold securities pursuant to Rule 
144 of the Securities Act.

IV. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The amendments to Regulation SHO will not impose a new ``collection 
of information'' within the meaning of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 
1995 (``PRA'').\84\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \84\ 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.

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[[Page 45552]]

V. Cost-Benefit Analysis

    We are sensitive to the costs and benefits of our rules and we have 
considered the costs and the benefits of the amendments to Regulation 
SHO. In order to assist us in evaluating the costs and benefits, in the 
Proposing Release, we encouraged commenters to discuss any costs or 
benefits that the amendments might impose. In particular, we requested 
comment on the potential costs for any modifications to both computer 
systems and surveillance mechanisms and for information gathering, 
management, and recordkeeping systems or procedures, as well as any 
potential benefits resulting from the proposals for registrants, 
issuers, investors, brokers or dealers, other securities industry 
professionals, regulators, and other market participants. Commenters 
were encouraged to provide analysis and data to support their views on 
the costs and benefits associated with the proposed amendments to 
Regulation SHO. We did not receive any comments providing specific cost 
or benefit estimates.

A. Amendments to Rule 203(b)(3)'s Delivery Requirements

1. Amendment to Rule 203(b)(3)(i)'s Grandfather Provision
a. Benefits
    As adopted, the amendment eliminates the grandfather provision from 
Regulation SHO and amends Rule 203 to require that all fails to deliver 
be closed out within either 13 consecutive settlement days or, in the 
case of a previously-grandfathered fails to deliver in a security that 
is on the threshold list on the effective date of the amendment, 35 
consecutive settlement days from the effective date of the 
amendment.\85\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ In addition, similar to the pre-borrow requirement in Rule 
203(b)(3)(iii) of Regulation SHO, as originally adopted, if the fail 
to deliver position persists for 35 consecutive settlement days from 
the effective date of the amendment, the amendment will prohibit a 
participant of a registered clearing agency, and any broker-dealer 
for which it clears transactions, including market makers, from 
accepting any short sale orders or effecting further short sales in 
the particular threshold security without borrowing, or entering 
into a bona-fide arrangement to borrow, the security until the 
participant closes out the entire fail to deliver position by 
purchasing securities of like kind and quantity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe the amendment strikes the appropriate balance between 
reducing fails to deliver in threshold securities from persisting for 
extended periods of time and still providing participants flexibility 
and advance notice to close out the previously-grandfathered fails to 
deliver. While some delays in closing out may be understandable and 
necessary, a seller should deliver shares to the buyer within a 
reasonable time period. Although high fails levels exist only for a 
small percentage of issuers,\86\ we are concerned that persistent fails 
to deliver may have a negative effect on the market in these 
securities. For example, persistent fails to deliver may deprive 
shareholders of the benefits of ownership, such as voting and lending. 
In addition, where a seller of securities fails to deliver securities 
on trade settlement date, in effect the seller unilaterally converts a 
securities contract (which should settle within the standard 3-day 
settlement period) into an undated futures-type contract, to which the 
buyer may not have agreed, or that may have been priced differently. 
Moreover, sellers that fail to deliver securities on trade settlement 
date may enjoy fewer restrictions than if they were required to deliver 
the securities within a reasonable period of time, and such sellers may 
use this additional freedom to engage in trading activities that 
deliberately and improperly depress the price of a security.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ See supra note 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe the amendment will benefit investors by facilitating the 
receipt of shares so that more investors receive the benefits 
associated with share ownership. The amendment may enhance investor 
confidence as they make investment decisions by providing investors 
with greater assurance that securities will be delivered as expected. 
An increase in investor confidence in the market may facilitate 
investment.
    We believe the amendment will also benefit issuers. A high level of 
persistent fails to deliver in a security may be perceived by potential 
investors negatively and may affect their decision about making a 
capital commitment.\87\ Some issuers may believe they have endured 
unwarranted reputational damage due to investors' negative perceptions 
regarding a security having a large fail to deliver position and 
becoming a threshold security.\88\ Thus, issuers may believe that 
elimination of the grandfather provision will restore their good name. 
Some issuers may also believe that large and persistent fails to 
deliver indicate that they have been the target of potentially 
manipulative conduct as a result of ``naked'' short sales.\89\ Thus, 
elimination of the grandfather provision may decrease the possibility 
of artificial market influences and, therefore, may contribute to price 
efficiency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \87\ See, e.g., comment letter from Feeney, supra note 10.
    \88\ See, e.g., comment letter from Zix, supra note 10.
    \89\ See, e.g., comment letters from Feeney, supra note 10; Zix, 
supra note 10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe the 35 day phase-in period will reduce disruption to the 
market and foster greater market stability because it gives 
participants a sufficient length of time to effect purchases to close 
out grandfathered positions in an orderly manner, particularly since 
participants could have begun to close out grandfathered positions 
anytime before the 35 day phase-in period was adopted. Some of the 
commenters that supported eliminating the grandfather provision stated 
that the 35 day phase-in proposal would restore investor confidence and 
would not cause excessive volatility.\90\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \90\ See comment letters from MFA, supra note 38; NCANS, supra 
note 9; State of Connecticut, supra note 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Costs
    In order to comply with Regulation SHO when it became effective in 
January 2005, market participants needed to modify their recordkeeping, 
systems, and surveillance mechanisms. In addition, market participants 
should have retained and trained the necessary personnel to ensure 
compliance with the rule. Thus, the infrastructure necessary to comply 
with the amendments is likely already in place. As such, any additional 
changes to the infrastructure will likely be minimal. In the Proposing 
Release, we requested specific comment on the system changes to 
computer hardware and software, or surveillance costs that might be 
necessary to comply with this rule. One investor, in his comment 
letter, stated that elimination of the grandfather provision will not 
increase costs for surveillance and compliance but, instead, will 
actually reduce costs because firms will no longer have to identify and 
track which fails to deliver are grandfathered and which are not.\91\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ See comment letter from David Patch, dated July 22, 2006.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also requested comment regarding the economic costs of 
eliminating the grandfather provision and how this would affect the 
liquidity of equity securities. One commenter contended that 
elimination of the grandfather provision could adversely impact stock 
liquidity and borrowing, increasing costs to investors.\92\ Another 
commenter stated its belief that eliminating the grandfather provision 
would lead to increased volatility and short squeezes as individuals 
attempted to close out positions.\93\ This commenter also stated that 
eliminating the grandfather provision would negatively impact bona

[[Page 45553]]

fide market making and the ability of market makers to provide 
liquidity, which would lead to less liquidity, greater volatility, and 
widening of spreads.\94\ Another commenter stated that eliminating the 
grandfather provision would cause substantial market disruption by 
increasing significantly the number of buy-ins in the market without 
sufficiently targeting the abusive ``naked'' short sellers.\95\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ See, e.g., comment letter from CBOE, supra note 39.
    \93\ See comment letter from Knight, supra note 39.
    \94\ See id. According to this commenter, the proposal could 
also lead to upward price manipulation, causing investors to 
purchase shares at inflated prices.
    \95\ See comment letter from UBS, supra note 39.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There could be some risk of market disruption in requiring market 
participants to close out grandfathered fails to deliver. However, we 
believe that any market disruption, including increased volatility, 
reduction in liquidity and potential short squeezes are justified by 
the benefits of reducing the number of persistent fails to deliver. In 
addition, we believe that such effects, if any, will be minimal.
    First, we believe that these potential effects, if any, of 
eliminating the grandfather provision will be minimal because the 
number of securities that will be impacted by elimination of the 
grandfather provision will be relatively small. Regulation SHO's close-
out requirement is narrowly tailored in that it targets only those 
securities where the level of fails to deliver is high (0.5% of total 
shares outstanding and 10,000 shares or more) for a continuous period 
(five consecutive settlement days).\96\ Requiring close out only for 
securities with large and persistent fails to deliver limits the 
overall market impact. Moreover, the amendment only impacts those fails 
to deliver in threshold securities that were created before the 
security became a threshold security. Because the current grandfather 
provision has a limited application, the overall impact of its removal 
on liquidity, volatility, and short squeezes, is expected to be 
relatively small.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \96\ See supra note 7 (discussing the number of threshold 
securities as of March 31, 2007).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, to the extent that the amendment could result in a decrease 
in liquidity, increased volatility, or short squeezes, we believe that 
any such potential effects will likely be mitigated by the fact that 
even though fails to deliver that were previously-grandfathered from 
the close-out requirement of Regulation SHO will not be permitted to 
continue indefinitely, such fails to deliver will not have to be closed 
out immediately, or even within the standard 3-day settlement period. 
Instead, under Rule 203(b)(3)'s mandatory close-out requirement, both 
new and previously-grandfathered fails to deliver in threshold 
securities will have 13 consecutive settlement days within which to be 
closed out.
    Third, as noted above, the grandfather provision excepts from Rule 
203(b)(3)'s mandatory 13 consecutive settlement day close-out 
requirement only those fails to deliver created before the security 
became a threshold security. Thus, it does not apply to fails to 
deliver created after the security became a threshold security. In 
examining the application of the current mandatory close-out 
requirement of Regulation SHO for all non-grandfathered fail to deliver 
positions, we have not become aware of any evidence that the current 
close-out requirement for non-grandfathered fails to deliver in 
threshold securities has negatively impacted liquidity or volatility in 
these securities, or resulted in short squeezes.
    Fourth, to the extent that elimination of the grandfather provision 
results in decreased liquidity, or increased volatility in certain 
securities, or results in short squeezes, we believe that these 
potential effects are justified by the benefits of requiring that fails 
to deliver in all threshold securities be closed out within specific 
time-frames rather than being allowed to continue indefinitely. As 
discussed above, large and persistent fails to deliver can deprive 
shareholders of the benefits of ownership, such as voting and lending. 
They can also be indicative of potentially manipulative conduct, such 
as abusive ``naked'' short selling. The deprivation of the benefits of 
ownership, as well as the perception that abusive ``naked'' short 
selling is occurring in certain securities can undermine the confidence 
of investors. These investors, in turn, may be reluctant to commit 
capital to an issuer they believe to be subject to manipulative 
conduct.
2. Amendments to Rule 203 for Sales of Securities Pursuant to Rule 144
a. Benefits
    The amendments to Rule 203 will extend the close out requirement 
from 13 to 35 consecutive settlement days for fails to deliver 
resulting from sales of threshold securities pursuant to Rule 144 of 
the Securities Act. In addition, because we are extending the close-out 
requirement for fails to deliver resulting from sales of threshold 
securities pursuant to Rule 144, we are also extending the pre-borrow 
requirement of Rule 203(b)(3)(iii) of Regulation SHO, as originally 
adopted, for these fails to deliver. Thus, if the fail to deliver 
position persists for 35 consecutive settlement days, the amendment 
will prohibit a participant of a registered clearing agency, and any 
broker-dealer for which it clears transactions, including market 
makers, from accepting any short sale orders or effecting further short 
sales in the particular threshold security without borrowing, or 
entering into a bona-fide arrangement to borrow, the security until the 
participant closes out the entire fail to deliver position by 
purchasing securities of like kind and quantity.
    Securities sold pursuant to Securities Act Rule 144 are formerly 
restricted securities that a seller is ``deemed to own'' as defined by 
Rule 200(a) of Regulation SHO. The securities, however, may not be 
capable of being delivered on the settlement date due to processing 
delays related to removal of the restricted legend. We understand, 
however, that such processing delays, which are out of the seller's and 
broker-dealer's control, frequently result in delivery taking longer 
than 13 consecutive settlement days.\97\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \97\ See, e.g., comment letter from SIA, supra note 39.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that extending the current close-out requirement to 35 
consecutive settlement days for fails to deliver resulting from sales 
of threshold securities pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act will 
permit the orderly settlement of such sales without the risk of causing 
market disruption due to unnecessary purchasing activity (particularly 
if the purchases are for sizable quantities of stock). Because the 
security sold will be received as soon as all processing delays have 
been removed, this additional time will allow participants to close out 
fails to deliver resulting from the sale of the security with the 
security sold, rather than having to close out such fail to deliver 
position by purchasing securities in the market. Thus, the amendments 
will reduce costs to participants and, in turn, investors.
    Although this amendment will allow fails to deliver resulting from 
sales of threshold securities pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities 
Act 35 rather than 13 consecutive settlement days in which to be closed 
out, these fails to deliver must be closed out within 35 consecutive 
settlement days and, therefore, these fails to deliver cannot continue 
indefinitely. Thus, we believe that this amendment is consistent with 
our goal of further reducing fails to deliver in threshold securities, 
while balancing the concerns associated with closing out fails to 
deliver in threshold securities pursuant to Securities Act Rule 144.

[[Page 45554]]

b. Costs
    We do not believe these amendments will impose any significant 
burden or cost on market participants. As discussed in more detail 
above, we believe that extending the current close-out requirement from 
13 to 35 consecutive settlement days for fails to deliver resulting 
from the sale of a threshold security pursuant to Rule 144 of the 
Securities Act is expected to reduce costs by allowing participants of 
a registered clearing agency with a fail to deliver position additional 
time for delivery of these securities beyond the current 13 consecutive 
settlement day close-out requirement of Rule 203(b)(3) of Regulation 
SHO.
    Participants may incur, however, some added costs for minor changes 
to their current systems to reflect the extended close-out requirement. 
We believe any added costs are justified by the benefits of extending 
the close-out requirement for these securities.
3. Amendments to Rule 200(e)(3)
a. Benefits
    The amendments to the market decline limitation in Rule 200(e) of 
Regulation SHO will reference the NYA rather than the DJIA. The 
previous reference in Rule 200(e)(3) to the DJIA was based in part on 
NYSE Rule 80A (Index Arbitrage Trading Restrictions). However, as 
discussed above, because the Commission approved an amendment to NYSE 
Rule 80A to use the NYA to calculate limitations on index arbitrage 
trading as provided in the rule instead of the DJIA,\98\ and because we 
believe that this is an appropriate index to reference for purposes of 
Rule 200(e)(3) of Regulation SHO, we are amending Rule 200(e)(3) to 
reference the NYA instead of the DJIA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \98\ See 70 FR 51398.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the amendments provide that the two percent limitation 
is to be calculated at the beginning of each quarter and shall be two 
percent, rounded down to the nearest 10 points, of the average closing 
value of the NYA for the last month of the previous quarter.\99\ In 
addition, Rule 200(e), as amended, will provide that the market decline 
limitation will terminate at the end of the trading day rather than 
upon the establishment of the closing value of the NYA on the next 
succeeding trading day. These amendments are intended to maintain 
consistency with NYSE Rule 80A so that market participants need refer 
to only one index in connection with restrictions regarding index 
arbitrage trading.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \99\ This amendment provides consistency with how the two 
percent value is calculated pursuant to NYSE Rule 80A. See NYSE Rule 
80A (Supplementary Material .10).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Costs
    As discussed above, the reference in Rule 200(e)(3) of Regulation 
SHO to the DJIA was based, in part, on the reference in NYSE Rule 80A 
to the DJIA.\100\ Following the Commission's approval of the amendment 
to NYSE Rule 80A to reference the NYA rather than the DJIA, market 
participants engaged in index arbitrage trading needed to reference the 
NYA for purposes of complying with NYSE Rule 80, and the DJIA for 
purposes of complying with Rule 200(e)(3) of Regulation SHO. By 
amending Rule 200(e)(3) to reference the NYA rather than the DJIA, 
market participants engaged in index arbitrage trading will need to 
reference only one index with respect to restrictions on such trading. 
Thus, we believe the amendments will not impose any significant costs 
or burdens on market participants.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \100\ See 2003 Proposing Release, 68 FR at 62994-62995 
(discussing proposed Rule 200 regarding netting and the liquidation 
of index arbitrage activities and changes to the language of the 
rule text to keep the language consistent with the language in NYSE 
Rule 80A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

VI. Consideration of Burden on Competition and Promotion of Efficiency, 
Competition, and Capital Formation

    Section 3(f) of the Exchange Act requires the Commission, whenever 
it engages in rulemaking and is required to consider or determine 
whether an action is necessary or appropriate in the public interest, 
to consider whether the action will promote efficiency, competition, 
and capital formation.\101\ In addition, Section 23(a)(2) of the 
Exchange Act requires the Commission, when making rules under the 
Exchange Act, to consider the impact such rules would have on 
competition.\102\ Exchange Act Section 23(a)(2) prohibits the 
Commission from adopting any rule that would impose a burden on 
competition not necessary or appropriate in furtherance of the purposes 
of the Exchange Act. In the Proposing Release, we solicited comment on 
whether the proposed amendments are expected to promote efficiency, 
competition, and capital formation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \101\ 15 U.S.C. 78c(f).
    \102\ 15 U.S.C. 78w(a)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe the amendments will have minimal impact on the promotion 
of price efficiency. In the Proposing Release we sought comment on 
whether the proposals promote price efficiency, including whether the 
proposals might impact liquidity and the potential for manipulative 
short squeezes. One commenter stated that the Commission's concern over 
potential short squeezes is ``misplaced,'' as this is a risk short 
sellers assume when they sell short.\103\ Another commenter maintained 
that elimination of the grandfather provision should not cause 
excessive volatility because, according to the commenter, DTCC and 
market participants have said that fails to deliver are a small 
problem.\104\ However, one commenter stated its belief that elimination 
of the grandfather provision could adversely impact stock liquidity and 
borrowing, increasing costs to investors.\105\ Another commenter stated 
its belief that eliminating the grandfather provision would lead to 
increased volatility and short squeezes as individuals attempted to 
close out positions.\106\ This commenter also stated that eliminating 
the grandfather provision would negatively impact bona fide market 
making and the ability of market makers to provide liquidity, which 
would lead to less liquidity, greater volatility, and widening of 
spreads.\107\ Another commenter stated that eliminating the grandfather 
provision would cause substantial market disruption by increasing 
significantly the number of buy-ins in the market without sufficiently 
targeting the abusive ``naked'' short sellers.\108\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \103\ See comment letter from H. Glenn Bagwell, Jr., supra note 
42.
    \104\ See comment letter from NCANS, supra note 9.
    \105\ See comment letter from CBOE, supra note 39.
    \106\ See comment letter from Knight, supra note 39.
    \107\ See id. According to this commenter, the proposal could 
also lead to upward price manipulation, causing investors to 
purchase shares at inflated prices.
    \108\ See comment letter from UBS, supra note 39.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe 13 consecutive settlement days will be a sufficient 
amount of time in which to close out fail to deliver positions even in 
hard to borrow securities and will likely limit the potential for short 
squeezes, increased volatility, or reduction in liquidity. In addition, 
these amendments will impact only threshold securities, which comprise 
a small subset of all equity securities trading in the market. For 
example, in March 2007, the average daily number of securities on the 
threshold list was approximately 311 securities, which comprised 0.39% 
of all equity securities, and 2.33% of those securities subject to 
Regulation SHO. Thus, we believe that the overall market impact of the 
amendments will be minimal, if any.
    We also believe the 35 day phase-in period for previously-
grandfathered fail

[[Page 45555]]

to deliver positions will not result in market disruption because it 
allows participants of a registered clearing agency an extended period 
of time in which to effect purchases to close out previously-
grandfathered fail to deliver positions as of the effective date of the 
amendment, particularly because these participants could have begun to 
close out previously-grandfathered fail to deliver positions before 
adoption of the 35 day phase-in period.
    In addition, we believe that the amendments will have minimal 
impact on the promotion of capital formation. Large and persistent 
fails to deliver can deprive shareholders of the benefits of ownership, 
such as voting and lending. They can also be indicative of potentially 
manipulative conduct, such as abusive ``naked'' short selling. The 
deprivation of the benefits of ownership, as well as the perception 
that abusive ``naked'' short selling is occurring in certain 
securities, can undermine the confidence of investors. These investors, 
in turn, may be reluctant to commit capital to an issuer they believe 
to be subject to such manipulative conduct. In the Proposing Release, 
we sought comment on whether the proposed amendments would promote 
capital formation, including whether the proposed increased short sale 
restrictions would affect investors' decisions to invest in certain 
equity securities. Commenters expressed concern about the potential 
impact of ``naked'' short selling on capital formation claiming that 
``naked'' short selling causes a drop in an issuer's stock price that 
may limit the issuer's ability to access the capital markets.\109\ 
Another commenter submitted a theoretical economic study concluding 
that ``naked'' short selling is economically similar to other 
shorting.\110\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \109\ See, e.g., comment letter from Feeney, supra note 10.
    \110\ See comment letter from J.B. Heaton, Bartlit Beck Herman 
Palenchar & Scott LLP, dated May 1, 2007.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By requiring that all fails to deliver in threshold securities be 
closed out within specific time-frames rather than allowing them to 
continue indefinitely, we believe that there will be a decrease in the 
number of threshold securities with persistent and high levels of fails 
to deliver. If persistence on a threshold securities list leads to an 
unwarranted decline in investor confidence about the security, the 
amendments are expected to improve investor confidence about the 
security. We also believe that the proposed amendments will lead to 
greater certainty in the settlement of securities, which should 
strengthen investor confidence in the settlement process.
    We also believe the amendments will not impose any burden on 
competition not necessary or appropriate in furtherance of the Exchange 
Act. By eliminating the grandfather provision and extending the close 
out requirement from 13 to 35 consecutive settlement days for fails to 
deliver resulting from sales of threshold securities pursuant to Rule 
144 of the Securities Act, we believe the amendments to Regulation SHO 
will promote competition by requiring similarly situated participants 
to close out fails to deliver in threshold securities within the same 
time-frame or, in the case of threshold securities sold pursuant to 
Rule 144 of the Securities Act, it will provide the same additional 
time-frame within which to close out fails to deliver resulting from 
sales of these securities. The amendments also will promote competition 
by maintaining consistency with NYSE Rule 80A so that broker-dealers 
can refer to the same index with respect to restrictions regarding 
index arbitrage trading. Thus, we believe that the amendments will 
improve the functioning of the capital markets and, thereby, will 
enhance investor confidence in the markets.

VII. Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis

    The Commission has prepared a Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis 
(``FRFA''), in accordance with the provisions of the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (``RFA''),\111\ regarding the amendments to Regulation 
SHO, Rules 200 and 203, under the Exchange Act. An Initial Regulatory 
Flexibility Analysis (``IRFA'') was prepared in accordance with the RFA 
and was included in the Proposing Release. We solicited comments on the 
IRFA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \111\ 5 U.S.C. 604.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Reasons for and Objectives of the Amendments

    We are adopting revisions to Rules 200 and 203 of Regulation SHO. 
The amendments to Rule 203(b)(3) of Regulation SHO are designed to 
further reduce the number of persistent fails to deliver in threshold 
securities by eliminating the grandfather provision. We are concerned 
that persistent, large fail positions may have a negative effect on the 
market in these securities. For example, although high fails levels 
exist only for a small percentage of issuers, they may impede the 
orderly functioning of the market for such issuers, particularly 
issuers of less liquid securities. A significant level of fails to 
deliver in a security may have adverse consequences for shareholders 
who may be relying on delivery of those shares for voting and lending 
purposes, or may otherwise affect an investor's decision to invest in 
that particular security. In addition, a seller that fails to deliver 
securities on trade settlement date effectively unilaterally converts a 
securities contract into an undated futures-type contract, to which the 
buyer might not have agreed, or that would have been priced 
differently.
    To allow participants sufficient time to comply with the new close-
out requirements, we are including a 35 settlement day phase-in period 
following the effective date of the amendment. The phase-in period is 
intended to provide participants with flexibility and advance notice to 
begin closing out previously-grandfathered fail to deliver positions.
    The amendment to extend the close out requirement from 13 to 35 
consecutive settlement days for fails to deliver resulting from sales 
of threshold securities pursuant to Rule 144 of the Securities Act also 
is intended to provide participants with flexibility by allowing 
additional time for delivery of these securities, thereby also 
permitting the orderly settlement of such sales. The amendment to 
update the market decline limitation referenced in Rule 200(e)(3) is 
intended to maintain consistency with NYSE Rule 80A, and to provide for 
an appropriate and consistent protective measure.

B. Significant Issues Raised by Public Comment

    The IRFA appeared in the Proposing Release. We requested comment on 
any aspect of the IRFA. In particular, we requested comment on: (i) The 
number of small entities that would be affected by the amendments; and 
(ii) the existence or nature of the potential impact of the amendments 
on small entities. We requested that the comments specify costs of 
compliance with the amendments, and suggest alternatives that would 
accomplish the objectives of the amendments. We did not receive any 
comments that responded specifically to this request. One investor, in 
his comment letter, however, stated that elimination of the grandfather 
provision would not increase costs for surveillance and compliance but, 
instead, will actually reduce costs because firms would no longer have 
to identify and track which

[[Page 45556]]

fails to deliver are grandfathered and which are not.\112\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \112\ See comment letter from David Patch, supra note 91.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Small Entities Subject to the Amendments

    The entities covered by these amendments will include small 
entities that are participants of a registered clearing agency, and 
small broker-dealers for which the participant clears trades or for 
which it is responsible for settlement. In addition, the entities 
covered by these amendments will include small entities that are market 
participants that effect sales subject to the requirements of 
Regulation SHO. Although it is impossible to quantify every type of 
small entity covered by these amendments, Paragraph (c)(1) of Rule 0-10 
under the Exchange Act \113\ states that the term ``small business'' or 
``small organization,'' when referring to a broker-dealer, means a 
broker or dealer that had total capital (net worth plus subordinated 
liabilities) of less than $500,000 on the date in the prior fiscal year 
as of which its audited financial statements were prepared pursuant to 
Sec.  240.17a-5(d); and is not affiliated with any person (other than a 
natural person) that is not a small business or small organization. We 
estimate that as of 2006 there were approximately 894 broker-dealers 
that qualified as small entities as defined above.\114\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \113\ 17 CFR 240.0-10(c)(1).
    \114\ These numbers are based on the Commission's Office of 
Economic Analysis's review of 2006 FOCUS Report filings reflecting 
registered broker dealers. This number does not include broker-
dealers that are delinquent on FOCUS Report filings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted above, the entities covered by these amendments will 
include small entities that are participants of a registered clearing 
agency. As of May 2007, approximately 90% of participants of the NSCC, 
the primary registered clearing agency responsible for clearing U.S. 
transactions, were registered as broker-dealers. Participants not 
registered as broker-dealers include such entities as banks, U.S.-
registered exchanges, and clearing agencies. Although these entities 
are participants of a registered clearing agency, generally these 
entities do not engage in the types of activities that would implicate 
the close-out requirements of Regulation SHO. Such activities of these 
entities include creating and redeeming Exchange Traded Funds, trading 
in municipal securities, and using NSCC's Envelope Settlement Service 
or Inter-city Envelope Settlement Service. These activities rarely lead 
to fails to deliver and, if fails to deliver do occur, they are small 
in number and are usually cleaned up within a day. Thus, such fails to 
deliver would not trigger the close-out provisions of Regulation SHO.
    The federal securities laws do not define what is a ``small 
business'' or ``small organization'' when referring to a bank. The 
Small Business Administration regulations define ``small entities'' to 
include banks and savings associations with total assets of $165 
million or less.\115\ As of May, 2007 no bank that was a participant of 
the NSCC was a small entity because none met this criteria.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \115\ See 13 CFR 121.201.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (e) of Rule 0-10 under the Exchange Act \116\ states that 
the term ``small business'' or ``small organization,'' when referring 
to an exchange, means any exchange that: (1) Has been exempted from the 
reporting requirements of Rule 11Aa3-1 under the Exchange Act; and (2) 
is not affiliated with any person (other than a natural person) that is 
not a small business or small organization, as defined by Rule 0-10. No 
U.S. registered exchange is a small entity because none meets these 
criteria. There is one national securities association (NASD) that is 
subject to these amendments. NASD is not a small entity as defined by 
13 CFR 121.201.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \116\ 17 CFR 240.0-10(e).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (d) of Rule 0-10 under the Exchange Act \117\ states that 
the term ``small business'' or ``small organization,'' when referring 
to a clearing agency, means a clearing agency that: (1) Compared, 
cleared and settled less than $500 million in securities transactions 
during the preceding fiscal year (or in the time that it has been in 
business, if shorter); (2) had less than $200 million in funds and 
securities in its custody or control at all times during the preceding 
fiscal year (or in the time that it has been in business, if shorter); 
and (3) is not affiliated with any person (other than a natural person) 
that is not a small business or small organization as defined by Rule 
0-10. No clearing agency that is subject to the requirements of 
Regulation SHO is a small entity because none meets these criteria.
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    \117\ 17 CFR 240.0-10(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance Requirements

    The amendments may impose some new or additional reporting, 
recordkeeping, or compliance costs on small entities that are 
participants of a clearing agency registered with the Commission.\118\ 
In order to comply with Regulation SHO when it became effective in 
January 2005, small entities needed to modify their systems and 
surveillance mechanisms. Thus, we believe that the infrastructure 
necessary to comply with the amendments regarding elimination of the 
grandfather provision is likely already in place. Any additional 
changes to the infrastructure are expected to be minimal. We do not 
believe, at this time, that any specialized professional skills will be 
necessary to comply with these new requirements.
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    \118\ See discussions above in Section VII.C. and note 28, 
regarding participants of a registered clearing agency that are 
broker-dealers as opposed to non broker-dealers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Agency Action To Minimize Effect on Small Entities

    The RFA directs the Commission to consider significant alternatives 
that would accomplish the stated objectives, while minimizing any 
significant adverse impact on small entities. In connection with the 
proposals, the Commission considered the following alternatives: (a) 
Establishment of differing compliance or reporting requirements or 
timetables that take into account the resources available to small 
entities; (b) clarification, consolidation, or simplification of 
compliance and reporting requirements under the rule for small 
entities; (c) use of performance rather than design standards; and (d) 
an exemption from coverage of the rule, or any part thereof, for small 
entities.
    The primary goal of the new amendments is to reduce the number of 
persistent fails to deliver in threshold securities. As such, we 
believe that imposing different compliance requirements, and possibly a 
different timetable for implementing compliance requirements, for small 
entities will undermine the goal of reducing fails to deliver. In 
addition, we have concluded similarly that it is not consistent with 
the primary goal of the new amendments to further clarify, consolidate 
or simplify the new amendments for small entities. The Commission also 
believes that it is inconsistent with the purposes of the Exchange Act 
to use performance standards to specify different requirements for 
small entities or to exempt small entities from having to comply with 
the amended rules.

VIII. Statutory Authority

    Pursuant to the Exchange Act and, particularly, Sections 2, 3(b), 
9(h), 10(a), 11A, 15, 17(a), 17A, 23(a) thereof, 15 U.S.C. 78b, 78c(b), 
78i(h), 78j, 78k-1, 78o, 78q(a), 78q-1, 78w(a), the

[[Page 45557]]

Commission is adopting amendments to Sec. Sec.  242.200 and 242.203.

Text of the Final Amendments to Regulation SHO

List of Subjects in 17 CFR Part 242

    Brokers, Fraud, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, 
Securities.

0
For the reasons set out in the preamble, Title 17, Chapter II, Part 
242, of the Code of Federal Regulations is amended as follows.

PART 242--REGULATIONS M, SHO, ATS, AC, AND NMS, AND CUSTOMER MARGIN 
REQUIREMENTS FOR SECURITY FUTURES

0
1. The authority citation for part 242 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77g, 77q(a), 77s(a), 78b, 78c, 78g(c)(2), 
78i(a), 78j, 78k-1(c), 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o(b), 78o(c), 78o(g), 
78q(a), 78q(b), 78q(h), 78w(a), 78dd-1, 78mm, 80a-23, 80a-29, and 
80a-37.


0
2. Section 242.200 is amended by revising paragraph (e)(3) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  242.200  Definition of ``short sale'' and marking requirements.

* * * * *
    (e) * * *
    (3) The sale does not occur during a period commencing at the time 
that the NYSE Composite Index has declined by two percent or more from 
its closing value on the previous day and terminating upon the end of 
the trading day. The two percent shall be calculated at the beginning 
of each calendar quarter and shall be two percent, rounded down to the 
nearest 10 points, of the average closing value of the NYSE Composite 
Index for the last month of the previous quarter.
* * * * *

0
3. Section 242.203 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (b)(3)(i);
0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (b)(3)(ii), (b)(3)(iii), (b)(3)(iv) and 
(b)(3)(v) as paragraphs (b)(3)(iii), (b)(3)(iv), (b)(3)(vi) and 
(b)(3)(vii), respectively; and
0
c. Adding new paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) and (b)(3)(v).
    The additions and revision read as follows:


Sec.  242.203  Borrowing and delivery requirements.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) * * *
    (i) Provided, however, that a participant of a registered clearing 
agency that has a fail to deliver position at a registered clearing 
agency in a threshold security on the effective date of this amendment 
and which, prior to the effective date of this amendment, had been 
previously grandfathered from the close-out requirement in this 
paragraph (b)(3) (i.e., because the participant of a registered 
clearing agency had a fail to deliver position at a registered clearing 
agency on the settlement day preceding the day that the security became 
a threshold security), shall close out that fail to deliver position 
within thirty-five consecutive settlement days of the effective date of 
this amendment by purchasing securities of like kind and quantity;
    (ii) Provided, however, that if a participant of a registered 
clearing agency has a fail to deliver position at a registered clearing 
agency in a threshold security that was sold pursuant to Sec.  230.144 
of this chapter for thirty-five consecutive settlement days, the 
participant shall immediately thereafter close out the fail to deliver 
position in the security by purchasing securities of like kind and 
quantity;
* * * * *
    (v) If a participant of a registered clearing agency entitled to 
rely on the thirty-five consecutive settlement day close out 
requirement contained in paragraphs (b)(3)(i) or (b)(3)(ii) of this 
section has a fail to deliver position at a registered clearing agency 
in the threshold security for thirty-five consecutive settlement days, 
the participant and any broker or dealer for which it clears 
transactions, including any market maker, that would otherwise be 
entitled to rely on the exception provided in paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of 
this section, may not accept a short sale order in the threshold 
security from another person, or effect a short sale in the threshold 
security for its own account, without borrowing the security or 
entering into a bona-fide arrangement to borrow the security, until the 
participant closes out the fail to deliver position by purchasing 
securities of like kind and quantity;
* * * * *

    By the Commission.

    Dated: August 7, 2007.
Nancy M. Morris,
Secretary.
 [FR Doc. E7-15708 Filed 8-13-07; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 8010-01-P
