

[Federal Register: January 4, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 2)]
[Proposed Rules]               
[Page 399-417]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr04ja07-24]                         


[[Page 399]]

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Part III





Securities and Exchange Commission





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17 CFR Parts 230 and 275



Prohibition of Fraud by Advisers to Certain Pooled Investment Vehicles; 
Accredited Investors in Certain Private Investment Vehicles; Proposed 
Rule


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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

17 CFR Parts 230 and 275

[Release No. 33-8766; IA-2576; File No. S7-25-06]
RIN 3235-AJ67

 
Prohibition of Fraud by Advisers to Certain Pooled Investment 
Vehicles; Accredited Investors in Certain Private Investment Vehicles

AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Commission is today proposing new rules designed to 
provide additional investor protections that would affect pooled 
investment vehicles, including hedge funds. First, the Commission is 
proposing a rule that would prohibit advisers to pooled investment 
vehicles from making false or misleading statements or otherwise 
defrauding investors or prospective investors in those pooled 
investment vehicles. Second, the Commission is proposing two rules that 
would revise the definition of accredited investor as it relates to 
natural persons. The latter rules would apply solely to the offer and 
sale of interests in certain privately offered investment pools 
specified in the rules.

DATES: Comments should be received on or before March 9, 2007.

ADDRESSES: Comments may be submitted by any of the following methods:

Electronic Comments

     Use the Commission's Internet comment form (http://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed.shtml.
); or     Send an e-mail to rule-comments@sec.gov. Please include 

File Number S7-25-06 on the subject line; or
     Use the Federal eRulemaking Portal (http://www.regulations.gov
). Follow the instructions for submitting comments.


Paper Comments

     Send paper comments in triplicate to Nancy M. Morris, 
Secretary, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street, NE., 
Washington, DC 20549-1090.

All submissions should refer to File Number S7-25-06. This file number 
should be included on the subject line if e-mail is used. To help us 
process and review your comments more efficiently, please use only one 
method. The Commission will post all comments on the Commission's 
Internet Web site (http://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed.shtml). Comments 

are also available for public inspection and copying in the 
Commission's Public Reference Room, 100 F Street, NE., Washington, DC 
20549. All comments received will be posted without change; we do not 
edit personal identifying information from submissions. You should 
submit only information that you wish to make available publicly.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: With respect to proposed rule 206(4)-
8, Jennifer Sawin, Senior Special Counsel, or Daniel Kahl, Branch 
Chief, at 202-551-6787, and with respect to proposed rules 216 and 509, 
Elizabeth G. Osterman, Assistant Chief Counsel, or Tara R. Buckley, 
Senior Counsel, at 202-551-6825, Division of Investment Management, 
Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street, NE., Washington, DC 
20549-5041.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Commission is requesting comment on 
proposed new rule 206(4)-8 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 
(``Advisers Act''),\1\ and proposed new rules 216 and 509 under the 
Securities Act of 1933 (``Securities Act'').\2\
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    \1\ 15 U.S.C. 80b. Unless otherwise noted, when we refer to the 
Advisers Act, or any paragraph of the Advisers Act, we are referring 
to 15 U.S.C. 80b of the United States Code, at which the Advisers 
Act is codified.
    \2\ 15 U.S.C. 77. Unless otherwise noted, when we refer to the 
Securities Act, or any paragraph of the Securities Act, we are 
referring to 15 U.S.C. 77 of the United States Code, at which the 
Securities Act is codified.
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Table of Contents

I. Introduction
II. Antifraud Provisions of the Advisers Act
    A. Scope of Proposed Rule 206(4)-8
    1. Investors and Prospective Investors
    2. Unregistered Advisers
    3. Pooled Investment Vehicles
    B. Prohibition on False or Misleading Statements
    C. Prohibition of Other Frauds
    D. No Fiduciary Duty Created
III. Amendments to Private Offering Rules Under the Securities Act
    A. Offer and Sale of Securities Issued by Private Investment 
Pools
    B. Proposed Rules 509 and 216
    1. Application of Proposed Rules to Private Investment Vehicles
    2. Definition of Accredited Natural Person.
3. Definition of Investments.
4. Proposed Exclusion for Venture Capital Pools.
IV. General Request for Comment
V. Paperwork Reduction Act
    A. Proposed Rule 206(4)-8
    B. Proposed Rules 509 and 216
VI. Cost-Benefit Analysis
    A. Proposed Rule 206(4)-8
    B. Proposed Rules 509 and 216
VII. Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis
    A. Certification for Proposed Rule 206(4)-8
    B. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis for Proposed Rules 
509 and 216
VIII. Effects on Competition, Efficiency and Capital Formation
IX. Statutory Authority
X. Text of Proposed Rules

I. Introduction

    In the past few years, the Commission has been examining a variety 
of issues relating to hedge funds and other pooled investment vehicles 
with a view to strengthening protections for investors.\3\ We are now 
proposing to address two areas of particular concern. First, we are 
proposing to adopt a new antifraud rule under the Advisers Act that 
would clarify, in light of a recent court decision,\4\ the Commission's 
ability to bring enforcement actions under the Advisers Act against 
investment advisers who defraud investors or prospective investors in a 
hedge fund or other pooled investment vehicle.
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    \3\ See, e.g., Implications of the Growth of Hedge Funds, Staff 
Report to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 
available at http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/hedgefunds.htm (``2003 

Staff Study'').
    \4\ Goldstein v. Securities and Exchange Commission, 451 F.3d 
873 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (``Goldstein'').
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    Second, we are proposing a rule that would revise the requirements 
for determining whether an individual is eligible to invest in certain 
pooled investment vehicles. We are concerned that the definition of 
``accredited investor,'' which certain privately offered investment 
pools (``private pools'') use in determining whether an individual is 
eligible to invest in the pool, may not provide sufficient protections 
for investors. We are therefore proposing to define a new category of 
accredited investor called ``accredited natural person,'' which is 
designed to help ensure that investors in these types of funds are 
capable of evaluating and bearing the risks of their investments.
    Consistent with the purposes of the Advisers Act and the Securities 
Act, we believe these two proposals have the potential to enhance 
substantially the protections for investors and potential investors in 
hedge funds and other similar funds.

II. Antifraud Provisions of the Advisers Act

    The Advisers Act is intended to protect investors whose assets are 
managed by investment advisers in pools as well as those who rely on 
advisers to manage their individual portfolios or to otherwise provide 
them with investment advice.\5\ Advisers to

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pooled investment vehicles that invest in securities, including 
unregistered pools, are ``investment advisers'' under the Advisers 
Act.\6\
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    \5\ Section 201 (Findings) of the Advisers Act states ``that 
investment advisers are of national concern, in that, among other 
things . . . the foregoing transactions occur in such volume as 
substantially to affect interstate commerce, national securities 
exchanges, and other securities markets, the national banking 
system, and the national economy.''
    \6\ Section 202(a)(11) of the Advisers Act defines an investment 
adviser as ``any person who, for compensation, engages in the 
business of advising others, either directly or through publications 
or writings, as to the value of securities or as to the advisability 
of investing in, purchasing or selling securities, or who, for 
compensation and as part of a regular business, issues or 
promulgates analyses or reports concerning securities * * *''. 
Sections 202(a)(11)(A)-(F) identify several types of persons who are 
excepted from this definition, even though they may give advice 
about securities; exceptions are available to certain banks, 
accountants, lawyers, teachers, engineers, broker-dealers, 
publishers and ratings agencies. See also Abrahamson v. Fleschner, 
568 F.2d 862, 871 (2d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 913 (1978), 
overruled on other grounds by Transamerica Mortgage Advisors, Inc. 
v. Lewis, 444 U.S. 11 (1979) (``Transamerica''); SEC v. Saltzman, 
127 F. Supp. 2d 660, 669 (E.D. Pa. 2000); SEC v. Michael W. Berger, 
Manhattan Investment Fund, Ltd., and Manhattan Capital Management, 
Inc., 244 F. Supp. 2d 180, 192 (S.D.N.Y. 2001).
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    The Advisers Act gives the Commission broad authority to protect 
against fraud by these investment advisers. Section 206(1) of the 
Advisers Act makes it unlawful for any adviser to ``employ any device, 
scheme, or artifice to defraud any client or prospective client,'' and 
section 206(2) makes it unlawful for any adviser to ``engage in any 
transaction, practice, or course of business which operates as a fraud 
or deceit upon any client or prospective client.'' Section 206(4) of 
the Advisers Act provides that it is unlawful for investment advisers 
to ``engage in any act, practice, or course of business which is 
fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative'' and that ``[t]he Commission 
shall, for purposes of [paragraph 206(4)] by rules and regulations 
define, and prescribe means reasonably designed to prevent, such acts, 
practices and courses of business as are fraudulent, deceptive, or 
manipulative.'' \7\
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    \7\ Section 206(4) was added to the Advisers Act in Pub. L. No. 
86-750, 74 Stat. 885 (1960) at sec. 9. See H.R. Rep. No. 2197, 86th 
Cong., 2d Sess. (1960) at 7-8 (``Because of the general language of 
section 206 and the absence of express rulemaking power in that 
section, there has always been a question as to the scope of the 
fraudulent and deceptive activities which are prohibited and the 
extent to which the Commission is limited in this area by common law 
concepts of fraud and deceit * * * [Section 206(4)] would empower 
the Commission, by rules and regulations to define, and prescribe 
means reasonably designed to prevent, acts, practices, and courses 
of business which are fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative. This 
is comparable to Section 15(c)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 
1934 [15 U.S.C. 78o(c)(2)] which applies to brokers and dealers.''). 
See also S. Rep. No. 1760, 86th Cong., 2d Sess. (1960) at 8 (``This 
[section 206(4) language] is almost the identical wording of section 
15(c)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in regard to brokers 
and dealers.''). The Supreme Court, in United States v. O'Hagan, 
interpreted nearly identical language in section 14(e) of the 
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78n(e)] (``Exchange 
Act'') as providing the Commission with authority to adopt rules 
that are ``definitional and prophylactic'' and that may prohibit 
acts that are ``not themselves fraudulent * * * if the prohibition 
is `reasonably designed to prevent * * * acts and practices [that] 
are fraudulent.''' United States v. O'Hagan, 521 U.S. 642, at 667, 
673 (1997). The wording of the rulemaking authority in section 
206(4) remains substantially similar to that of section 14(e) and 
section 15(c)(2) of the Exchange Act.
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    Recently, an opinion by the Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit 
created uncertainties regarding obligations that investment advisers to 
pools have to the pools' investors.\8\ The court, in Goldstein v. SEC, 
vacated a rule we adopted in 2004 that required certain hedge fund 
advisers to register under the Advisers Act.\9\ In addressing the scope 
of the exemption from registration in section 203(b)(3) of the Advisers 
Act and the meaning of ``client'' as used in that section, the court 
expressed the view that, for purposes of sections 206(1) and (2), the 
``client'' of an investment adviser managing a pool is the pool itself, 
not the investors in the pool.\10\ As a result, the opinion created 
some uncertainty regarding the application of sections 206(1) and 
206(2) of the Advisers Act in certain cases where investors in a pool 
are defrauded by an investment adviser.
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    \8\ Prior to the issuance of this opinion, we brought 
enforcement actions against hedge fund advisers alleging false or 
misleading statements to investors under sections 206(1) and (2) of 
the Advisers Act. See, e.g., SEC v. Kirk S. Wright, International 
Management Associates, LLC, et al., Litigation Release No. 19581 
(Feb. 28, 2006); SEC v. Wood River Capital Management, LLC, et al., 
Litigation Release No. 19428 (Oct. 13, 2005) (``Wood River''); SEC 
v. Samuel Israel III; Daniel E. Marino; Bayou Management, LLC; Bayou 
Accredited Fund, LLC; Bayou Affiliates Fund, LLC; Bayou No Leverage 
Fund, LLC; and Bayou Superfund, LLC, Litigation Release No. 19406 
(Sept. 29, 2005) (``Bayou''); SEC v. Beacon Hill Asset Management 
LLC, et al., Litigation Release No. 18745A (June 16, 2004).
    \9\ Goldstein, supra note 4.
    \10\ Id.
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    The Goldstein decision did not, however, call into question the 
Commission's authority to adopt rules under section 206(4) of the 
Advisers Act to protect investors in pooled investment vehicles. 
Section 206(4) is broader in scope and not limited to conduct aimed at 
clients or prospective clients. This section permits us to adopt rules 
proscribing fraudulent conduct that is potentially harmful to the 
growing number of investors who directly or indirectly invest in hedge 
funds and other types of pooled investment vehicles. Our commitment to 
protect the interests of those investors is no less than those to whom 
the adviser directly provides investment advice.
    Accordingly, today we are using our authority under section 206(4) 
to propose, as a means reasonably designed to prevent fraud, a new rule 
under the Advisers Act that would prohibit advisers to investment 
companies and other pooled investment vehicles from (i) making false or 
misleading statements to investors in those pools, or (ii) otherwise 
defrauding them. We would enforce the rule through administrative and 
civil actions against advisers under section 206(4) of the Advisers 
Act.

A. Scope of Proposed Rule 206(4)-8

1. Investors and Prospective Investors
    Section 206(4), unlike sections 206(1) and (2), is not limited to 
conduct aimed at clients or prospective clients.\11\ Proposed rule 
206(4)-8 would address the uncertainty created by the Goldstein 
decision regarding conduct aimed at investors by prohibiting advisers 
from (i) making false or misleading statements to investors in pooled 
investment vehicles, or (ii) otherwise defrauding these investors.
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    \11\ See Goldstein, supra note 4, at note 6. See also United 
States v. Elliott, 62 F.3d 1304, 1311 (11th Cir. 1995).
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    Sections 206(1) and (2) of the Act make unlawful fraud by advisers 
to both clients and prospective clients. For similar policy reasons, 
rule 206(4)-8 would also prohibit false or misleading statements made 
to, or other fraud on, prospective investors in pooled investment 
vehicles.\12\ Thus, the rule would prohibit false or misleading 
statements made, for example, to existing investors in account 
statements as well as to prospective investors in private placement 
memoranda, offering circulars, or responses to ``requests for 
proposals.''
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    \12\ The effect of ``prospective clients'' in section 206(1) and 
(2) is to make unlawful fraudulent behavior that an adviser uses in 
an attempt to draw in new clients. Similarly, we are including 
``prospective investors'' in the proposed rule for the same 
underlying policy reasons--that false or misleading statements and 
other frauds by advisers are no less objectionable when made to 
prospective investors than when made to persons who have already 
invested in the pool.
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    We request comment on this aspect of the proposed rule.
2. Unregistered Advisers
    The proposed rule would apply to any investment adviser to a pooled 
investment vehicle, including advisers that are not registered or 
required to be registered under the Advisers Act.\13\

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Many of our enforcement cases against advisers to pools have been 
against advisers that are not registered under the Advisers Act, and we 
believe it is critical that we continue to be in a position to bring 
actions against unregistered advisers that manage pools and that 
defraud investors in those pools.
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    \13\ Proposed rule 206(4)-8 does not address the question of 
whether a person is an investment adviser and thus subject to the 
Act, including the antifraud provisions.
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    While section 206 applies to all investment advisers,\14\ our other 
antifraud rules adopted under section 206 apply only to advisers 
registered or required to be registered under the Advisers Act.\15\ In 
1996, Congress enacted the National Securities Markets Improvements Act 
(``NSMIA''), which delegated to state securities authorities 
responsibility for regulating smaller advisers (which would no longer 
register with us).\16\ Although Congress intended that we continue to 
apply our general antifraud authority under section 206 to state-
registered advisers,\17\ we decided not to apply the prophylactic 
provisions of our rules under section 206(4) to advisers not registered 
(or required to be registered) with us because we concluded that these 
matters had become more appropriately issues for state regulators. 
Accordingly, in 1997, we amended the rules we had adopted under section 
206(4) to limit their application to advisers registered or required to 
be registered with us,\18\ and our more recently adopted rules under 
section 206(4) have also been limited in scope to advisers registered 
or required to be registered with us.\19\ We believe, however, that it 
may be appropriate to apply proposed rule 206(4)-8 to all investment 
advisers because the rule is designed broadly to define the making of 
materially false or misleading statements as a fraudulent, deceptive or 
manipulative practice, and to prohibit other practices that defraud or 
deceive pool investors, rather than designed to prohibit a specific 
practice.
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    \14\ See, e.g., SEC v. K.L. Group, LLC, et al., Litigation 
Release No. 19117 (Mar. 3, 2005) (``KL Group''); SEC v. Barry Alan 
Bingham and Bingham Capital Management, Litigation Release No. 19345 
(Aug. 23, 2005); SEC v. Conrad P. Seghers and James R. Dickey, 
Litigation Release No. 18749 (June 17, 2004); SEC v. Ryan J. 
Fontaine and Simpleton Holdings Corporation a/k/a Signature 
Investments Hedge Fund, Litigation Release No. 17864 (Nov. 26, 
2002); SEC v. Edward Thomas Jung, et al., Litigation Release No. 
17417 (Mar. 15, 2002).
    \15\ See rules 206(4)-1 through 7 under the Advisers Act [17 CFR 
275.206(4)-1 through 7].
    \16\ Pub. L. No. 104-290, 110 Stat. 3416 (1996) (codified in 
scattered sections of the U.S. Code). NSMIA generally allocated 
regulatory authority to state securities authorities for advisers 
that did not manage a registered investment company and that had 
less than $25 million of assets under management. Section 203A of 
the Advisers Act prohibits these smaller advisers from registering 
with the Commission.
    \17\ See S. Rep. No. 293, 104th Cong., 2d Sess. 3-4 (1996) 
(``1996 Senate Report'') at 4 (``Both the Commission and the states 
will be able to continue bringing antifraud actions against 
investment advisers regardless of whether the investment adviser is 
registered with the state or the SEC.''). The Commission has brought 
such actions against state-registered advisers. See, e.g., In the 
Matter of James William Fuller, Investment Advisers Act Release No. 
1842 (Oct. 4, 1999).
    \18\ See Rules Implementing Amendments to the Investment 
Advisers Act of 1940, Investment Advisers Act Release No. 1633 (May 
15, 1997) [62 FR 28112 (May 22, 1997)].
    \19\ See Proxy Voting by Investment Advisers, Investment 
Advisers Act Release No. 2106 (Jan. 31, 2003) [68 FR 6585 (Feb. 7, 
2003)]; Compliance Programs of Investment Companies and Investment 
Advisers, Investment Advisers Act Release No. 2204 (Dec. 17, 2003) 
[68 FR 74713 (Dec. 24, 2003)].
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    We request comment on this aspect of the proposed rule. Commenters 
who believe certain advisers to pools should not be subject to the rule 
should please explain in detail which advisers should be exempt, and 
why such an exemption would be appropriate.
3. Pooled Investment Vehicles
    The proposed rule would not distinguish among types of pooled 
investment vehicles and is designed to protect investors both in 
investment companies and in pools that are excluded from the definition 
of investment company under section 3(a) of the Investment Company Act 
of 1940 (``Company Act'') \20\ by reason of either section 3(c)(1) or 
3(c)(7) of the Company Act.\21\ We believe that most of the pooled 
investment vehicles privately offered to investors are organized under 
one or the other of these two provisions.
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    \20\ 15 U.S.C. 80a. Unless otherwise noted, when we refer to the 
Company Act, or any paragraph of the Company Act, we are referring 
to 15 U.S.C. 80a of the United States Code, at which the Company Act 
is codified.
    \21\ Company Act section 3(c)(1) or (7). Section 3(c)(1) 
excludes from the definition of investment company an issuer the 
securities (other than short-term paper) of which are beneficially 
owned by not more than 100 persons and that is not making or 
proposing to make a public offering of its securities. Section 
3(c)(7) excludes from the definition of investment company an issuer 
the outstanding securities of which are owned exclusively by persons 
who, at the time of acquisition of such securities, are ``qualified 
purchasers'' and that is not making or proposing to make a public 
offering of its securities. ``Qualified purchaser'' is defined in 
section 2(a)(51) of the Company Act generally to include a natural 
person (or a company owned by two or more related natural persons) 
who owns not less than $5,000,000 in investments; a person, acting 
for its own account or accounts of other qualified purchasers, who 
owns and invests on a discretionary basis, not less than 
$25,000,000; and a trust whose trustee, and each of its settlors, is 
a qualified purchaser.
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    Like section 206, the new antifraud rule would apply to all 
advisers regardless of the investment strategy they employ, or the 
structure of the type of pooled investment vehicle they manage. As a 
result, the rule would apply to investment advisers subject to section 
206 of the Advisers Act with respect to all pooled investment vehicles 
that they advise, such as hedge funds, private equity funds, venture 
capital funds, and other types of privately offered pools that invest 
in securities, as well as investment companies that are offered to the 
public.\22\ Defrauding investors in any of these pools is equally 
unacceptable.
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    \22\ We have brought enforcement actions under the Advisers Act 
against advisers to these types of funds. See, e.g., In the Matter 
of Thayer Capital Partners, et al., Investment Advisers Act Release 
No. 2276 (Aug. 12, 2004) (private equity fund); SEC v. Michael A. 
Liberty, et al., Litigation Release No. 19601 (Mar. 8, 2006) 
(venture capital fund); In the Matter of Askin Capital Management, 
L.P and David J. Askin, Investment Advisers Act Release No. 1492 
(May 23, 1995).
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    We request comment on the scope of the proposed rule. We are 
proposing to include only investment companies and companies that 
qualify for the exclusions provided by sections 3(c)(1) and 3(c)(7) of 
the Company Act, but request comment on whether the rule should apply 
to companies excluded from the definition of investment company by 
other provisions in section 3(c) of the Company Act. Commenters 
suggesting we broaden the scope of the proposed rule should please 
indicate which types of companies should be included and why. 
Conversely, commenters favoring limiting the application of the rule so 
as to exclude certain pools, as we are proposing to do in the 
Securities Act rules we propose in this Release,\23\ should please 
explain to us how we should draw distinctions among pools in this 
regard, and why those distinctions are appropriate.
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    \23\ See Section III.B.4 of this Release.
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B. Prohibition on False or Misleading Statements

    Under proposed rule 206(4)-8(a)(1), it would constitute a 
fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative act, practice, or course of 
business within the meaning of section 206(4) for any investment 
adviser to a pooled investment vehicle to make any untrue statement of 
a material fact to any investor or prospective investor in the pooled 
investment vehicle, or to omit to state a material fact necessary in 
order to make the statements made to any investor or prospective 
investor in the pooled investment vehicle, in the light of the 
circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.\24\ This 
wording, which is similar to that in many of our antifraud laws and 
rules,\25\

[[Page 403]]

prohibits false or misleading statements of material facts by 
investment advisers.
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    \24\ Proposed rule 206(4)-8(a)(1).
    \25\ See, e.g., sections 12 and 17 of the Securities Act; 
section 14 of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. 78n]; section 34 of the 
Company Act; rules 156, 159, and 610 under the Securities Act [17 
CFR 230.156, 230.159, 230.610]; rules 10b-5, 13e-3, 13e-4, and 15c1-
2 under the Exchange Act [17 CFR 240.10b-5, 240.13e-3, 240.13e-4, 
240.15c1-2]; and rule 17j-1 under the Company Act [17 CFR 270.17j-
1]). In addition, section 34(b) of the Company Act uses similar 
wording with respect to documents filed or transmitted pursuant to 
the Company Act; we believe that, as a general matter, most advisers 
that advise registered investment companies will, to a large extent, 
communicate with investors and prospective investors in those funds 
through documents that are already subject to section 34(b).
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    Unlike rule 10b-5 under the Exchange Act and other rules that focus 
on securities transactions, rule 206(4)-8 would not be limited to fraud 
in connection with the purchase and sale of a security.\26\ 
Accordingly, proposed rule 206(4)-8(a)(1) would prohibit advisers to 
pooled investment vehicles from making any materially false or 
misleading statements to investors in the pool regardless of whether 
the pool is offering, selling, or redeeming securities. Unlike 
violations of rule 10b-5, the Commission would not need to demonstrate 
that an adviser violating rule 206(4)-8 acted with scienter.\27\ There 
would be no private cause of action against an adviser under the 
proposed rule.\28\
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    \26\ Under the proposed rule, we could bring enforcement actions 
even when the facts of the case did not involve the offer, purchase 
or sale of a security. We have, however, brought a number of 
enforcement actions involving pools alleging violations of section 
10(b) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. 78j(b)], rule 10b-5 under the 
Exchange Act [17 CFR 240.10b-5], and section 17(a) of the Securities 
Act, when the alleged frauds were ``in connection with the purchase 
or sale of a security,'' or allegedly involved the ``offer or sale'' 
of a security. See, e.g., SEC v. Sharon E. Vaughn and Directors 
Financial Group, Ltd., Litigation Release No. 19589 (Mar. 3, 2006); 
SEC v. HMC International, LLC., et al., Litigation Release No. 19508 
(Dec. 21, 2005); In the Matter of Maxwell Investments, LLC, Gary J. 
Maxwell, and Bart D. Coon, Investment Advisers Act Release No. 2455 
(Dec. 1, 2005); Wood River, supra note 8; Bayou, supra note 8; SEC 
v. Jon E. Hankins, et al., Litigation Release No. 19283 (June 24, 
2005).
    \27\ See SEC v. Steadman, 967 F.2d 636, at 647 (D.C. Cir. 1992). 
The court in Steadman analogized section 206(4) of the Advisers Act 
to section 17(a)(3) of the Securities Act, which the Supreme Court 
had held did not require a finding of scienter, id. (citing Aaron v. 
SEC, 446 U.S. 680 (1980)); the Steadman court concluded that 
``scienter is not required under section 206(4).'' Id. In discussing 
section 17(a)(3) and its lack of a scienter requirement, the 
Steadman court observed that, similarly, a violation of section 
206(2) of the Advisers Act could rest on a finding of simple 
negligence. Id. at 643 note 5. For the same reason, the Commission 
would not need to demonstrate scienter under paragraph (a)(2) of the 
proposed rule. See Section II.C of this Release for a discussion of 
paragraph (a)(2).
    \28\ The Supreme Court has held that ``there exists a limited 
private remedy under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 to void an 
investment adviser's contract, but that the Act confers no other 
private causes of action, legal or equitable.'' Transamerica, supra 
note 6, at 24 (footnote omitted). Similarly, paragraph (a)(2) of the 
proposed rule would not create a new private right of action. See 
Section II.C of this Release for a discussion of paragraph (a)(2).
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    The effect of this provision of the rule would be to prohibit, for 
example, materially false or misleading statements regarding investment 
strategies the pooled investment vehicle will pursue (including 
strategies the adviser may pursue for the pool in the future), the 
experience and credentials of the adviser (or its associated persons), 
the risks associated with an investment in the pool, the performance of 
the pool or other funds advised by the adviser, the valuation of the 
pool or investor accounts in it, and practices the adviser follows in 
the operation of its advisory business such as how the adviser 
allocates investment opportunities.\29\
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    \29\ We have previously brought enforcement actions alleging 
these or similar types of frauds. We have brought actions alleging 
advisers' material misrepresentations or omissions regarding their 
background or experience. See, e.g., SEC v. EPG Global Private 
Equity Fund, Litigation Release No. 18577 (Feb. 17, 2004); SEC v. 
Peter W. Chabot, Chabot Investments, Inc., Sirens Investments, Inc., 
Sirens Synergy, The Synergy Fund, LLC, Litigation Release No. 18214 
(July 3, 2003); SEC v. Ashbury Capital Partners, L.P., Ashbury 
Capital Management, L.L.C., and Mark Yagalla, Litigation Release No. 
16770 (Oct. 17, 2000); SEC v. Michael Batterman, Randall B. 
Batterman III, and Dynasty Fund, Ltd., et al., Litigation Release 
No. 16615 (June 30, 2000). We have also brought enforcement actions 
alleging advisers' misrepresentations of the pool's performance. 
See, e.g., In the Matter of Evan Misshula, Investment Advisers Act 
Release No. 2524 (June 21, 2006); Bayou, supra note 8; K.L. Group, 
supra note 14; In the Matter of Samer M. El Bizri and Bizri Capital 
Partners, Inc., Investment Advisers Act Release No. 2250 (June 16, 
2004).
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    We request comment on these provisions of the proposed rule.

C. Prohibition of Other Frauds

    We are also using our broad authority under section 206(4) to 
propose a prohibition against other fraud on investors in pooled 
investment vehicles by advisers to those pools. Proposed rule 206(4)-
8(a)(2) would make it a fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative act, 
practice, or course of business for any investment adviser to a pooled 
investment vehicle to ``otherwise engage in any act, practice, or 
course of business that is fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative with 
respect to any investor or prospective investor in the pooled 
investment vehicle.'' \30\ The language of this provision is drawn from 
the first sentence of section 206(4) and is designed to apply more 
broadly to deceptive conduct that may not involve statements.
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    \30\ Proposed rule 206(4)-8(a)(2).
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    We request comment on this provision.

D. No Fiduciary Duty Created

    Proposed rule 206(4)-8 would not create a fiduciary duty to 
investors or prospective investors in the pooled investment vehicle not 
otherwise imposed by law. Nor would the rule alter any duty or 
obligation an adviser has under the Advisers Act, any other federal law 
or regulation, or any state law or regulation (including state 
securities laws) to investors in a pooled investment vehicle it 
advises.\31\
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    \31\ For example, under the Uniform Limited Partnership Act, 
advisers who serve as general partners owe fiduciary duties to the 
limited partners. Unif. Limited Partnership Act Sec.  408 (2001).
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III. Amendments to Private Offering Rules Under the Securities Act

A. Offer and Sale of Securities Issued by Private Investment Pools

    Private offerings of securities issued by investment pools in the 
United States are made without compliance with the registration and 
prospectus delivery requirements of section 5 of the Securities Act 
\32\ in reliance on the private offering exemption provided by section 
4(2) of the Securities Act or in compliance with certain rules related 
to that section.
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    \32\ Section 5 of the Securities Act requires that the offer and 
sale of an issuer's securities comply with certain registration 
requirements, unless an exemption from registration is available for 
that transaction or class of securities.
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    Section 4(2) exempts from the registration requirements of the 
Securities Act any ``transaction by an issuer not involving a public 
offering.'' \33\ Before 1982, our rules generally required an issuer 
seeking to rely on section 4(2) to make a subjective determination that 
each offeree had sufficient knowledge and experience in financial and 
business matters to enable that offeree to evaluate the merits of the 
prospective investment or that such offeree was able to bear the 
economic risk of the investment.
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    \33\ In 1980, Congress enacted section 4(6) of the Securities 
Act to provide an additional offering exemption. Small Business 
Investment Incentive Act of 1980, Pub. L. 96-477, Sec.  602 (Oct. 
21, 1980) (codified at 15 U.S.C. 77d(6)). Section 4(6) provides an 
issuer exemption for offers and sales of securities to accredited 
investors if the issuer offers no more than $5 million of securities 
and does not engage in a general solicitation. At the same time, 
Congress enacted section 2(a)(15) of the Securities Act. Section 
2(a)(15)(i) establishes a statutory definition of the term 
``accredited investor'' used in section 4(6) that includes certain 
institutions. Section 2(a)(15)(ii) provides the Commission with 
statutory authority to adopt rules to further define any person 
(including any natural person) as an accredited investor based on 
``such factors as financial sophistication, net worth, knowledge, 
and experience in financial matters, or amount of assets under 
management.''
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    In part because of a degree of uncertainty as to the availability 
of the

[[Page 404]]

section 4(2) exemption,\34\ the Commission adopted Regulation D under 
the Securities Act in 1982 to establish non-exclusive ``safe harbor'' 
criteria for the section 4(2) private offering exemption.\35\ Rule 506 
of Regulation D is the safe harbor protection that privately offered 
investment pools typically rely upon in making offers and sales of 
their securities.\36\ An issuer may sell its securities under rule 506 
to an unlimited number of ``accredited investors'' \37\ without 
registration under the Securities Act, unless the issuer is subject to 
another restriction.\38\
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    \34\ In 1953, in discussing the private offering exemption, the 
U.S. Supreme Court stated that a private offering is an ``offering 
to those who are shown to be able to fend for themselves'' and that 
the availability of the private offering exemption ``turns on the 
knowledge of the offerees'' and is limited to situations in which 
the offerees have access to the kind of information afforded by 
registration under section 5 of the Securities Act. SEC v. Ralston 
Purina Co., 346 U.S. 119, 125, 126-27 (1953).
    \35\ Securities Act Release No. 6389 (Mar. 8, 1982) [47 FR 11251 
(Mar. 16, 1982)] (adopting Regulation D) (``1982 Adopting 
Release''). Rule 501(a) of Regulation D applies to offerings made 
under rules 505 and 506 of Regulation D and defines accredited 
investor to include a number of categories of investors.
    As noted, section 4(6) of the Securities Act also provides an 
exemption for certain offers and sales made to accredited investors. 
See supra note 33. The definition of accredited investor for 
purposes of section 4(6) is contained partly in section 2(a)(15)(i) 
of the Securities Act and partly in rule 215 under that Act. Rule 
215 contains the categories of accredited investors adopted by the 
Commission. Taken together, the accredited investor categories under 
section 4(6) are the same as under Regulation D. See Defining the 
Term ``Qualified Purchaser'' under the Securities Act of 1933, 
Securities Act Release No. 8041 (Dec. 19, 2001) [66 FR 66839 (Dec. 
27, 2001)] (``2001 Proposing Release'') (history of accredited 
investor concept).
    \36\ Most private pools rely on an exclusion from the definition 
of investment company under the Company Act provided by section 
3(c)(1) or section 3(c)(7) of the Company Act, both of which are 
premised on the absence of a public offering. See supra note 21 
(generally discusses such exclusions); 2003 Staff Study, supra note 
3 (staff discussion of exclusions and related interpretation of 
private offering).
    \37\ An issuer making a private offering under rule 506 also may 
have 35 non-accredited purchasers of its securities provided that 
each such purchaser has such knowledge and experience in financial 
and business matters that the purchaser is capable of evaluating the 
merits and risks of the prospective investment, or the issuer 
reasonably believes immediately prior to making any sale that such 
purchaser comes within this description. See rule 506(b)(2). Such 
non-accredited investors must receive certain disclosure required by 
Regulation D. See rule 502(b). Section 4(6), section 2(a)(15) and 
rule 215 do not include this provision.
    \38\ See Company Act section 3(c)(1), supra note 21. Private 
pools that rely on the exclusion from the definition of investment 
company provided by section 3(c)(1) of the Company Act (``3(c)(1) 
Pools'') may have no more than 100 beneficial owners, regardless of 
whether they are accredited investors under rule 501(a). In 
addition, issuers with more than 499 holders of record generally 
must register their securities under the Exchange Act. See Exchange 
Act section 12 [15 U.S.C. 78l] and rule 12g-1 [17 CFR 240.12g-1] 
under the Exchange Act.
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    Rule 501(a) of Regulation D defines the term ``accredited 
investor'' to include a natural person whose individual net worth, or 
joint net worth with the person's spouse, exceeds $1,000,000 at the 
time of the purchase,\39\ or whose individual income exceeds $200,000 
(or joint income with the person's spouse exceeds $300,000) in each of 
the two most recent years and who has a reasonable expectation of 
reaching the same income level in the year of investment.\40\ We 
adopted the $1,000,000 net worth and $200,000 income standards in 1982 
based on our view that these tests would provide appropriate and 
objective standards to meet our goal of ensuring that only such persons 
who are capable of evaluating the merits and risks of an investment in 
private offerings may invest in one.\41\
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    \39\ Rule 501(a)(5).
    \40\ Rule 501(a)(6).
    \41\ 1982 Adopting Release, supra note 35. See also Securities 
Act Release No. 6758 (Mar. 3, 1988) [53 FR 7866 (Mar. 10, 1988)] 
(adopting $300,000 joint income standard).
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    We recently have taken the opportunity to reconsider the standards 
we established to qualify persons as accredited investors under the 
safe harbor provided under Regulation D and our rules for certain small 
offerings. We note our staff's observation in its 2003 Staff Study that 
``inflation, along with the sustained growth in wealth and income of 
the 1990s, has boosted a substantial number of investors past the 
`accredited investor' standard.'' \42\ Based on analysis conducted by 
our Office of Economic Analysis (``OEA''), we also note that the 
increase in investor wealth is due in part to the increase in the 
values of personal residences since 1982. Accordingly, many individual 
investors today may be eligible to make investments in privately 
offered investment pools as accredited investors that previously may 
not have qualified as such for those investments. Moreover, private 
pools have become increasingly complex and involve risks not generally 
associated with many other issuers of securities.\43\ Not only do 
private pools often use complicated investment strategies, but there is 
minimal information available about them in the public domain. 
Accordingly, investors may not have access to the kind of information 
provided through our system of securities registration and therefore 
may find it difficult to appreciate the unique risks of these pools, 
including those with respect to undisclosed conflicts of interest, 
complex fee structures and the higher risk that may accompany such 
pools' anticipated returns.
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    \42\ 2003 Staff Study, supra note 3 at text accompanying note 
271.
    \43\ See generally 2003 Staff Study, id.
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    We note that natural persons may have indirect exposure to private 
pools as a result of their participation in pension plans and 
investment in certain pooled investment vehicles that invest in private 
pools. Such plans and vehicles are generally administered by entities 
of plan fiduciaries and registered investment professionals. This 
protection is not present in the case of natural persons who seek to 
invest in 3(c)(1) Pools outside of the structure of such pension plans 
and pooled investment vehicles. Moreover, while the existing net worth 
and income tests provide some investor protection, we believe that 
additional protections may be appropriate.
    The investor protections that we believe may be lacking with 
respect to 3(c)(1) Pools already exist for private pools that rely on 
the exclusion from the definition of investment company provided by 
section 3(c)(7) of the Company Act (``3(c)(7) Pools'').\44\ Natural 
persons who invest in such pools are required to own $5 million in 
certain investments at the time of their investment in the pool.\45\ In 
addition, for a 3(c)(7) Pool to rely on the safe harbor provided by 
Regulation D, the pool must limit the sale of its securities to 
qualified purchasers who also meet the definition of accredited 
investor. Accordingly, 3(c)(7) Pools are subject to a two-step approach 
that is designed to provide assurance that an investor has a level of 
knowledge and financial sophistication and the ability to bear the 
economic risk of the investment in such pools, as demonstrated by the 
investor's investment experience and also, for natural persons, that 
person's net worth or income.
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    \44\ See supra note 21.
    \45\ Company Act section 2(a)(51)(A). See also note 21 
(definition of ``qualified purchaser'' as it relates to natural 
persons). See 1996 Senate Report, supra note 17 at 10 (``The 
qualified purchaser pool reflects the Committee's recognition that 
financially sophisticated investors are in a position to appreciate 
the risks associated with investment pools that do not have the 
Investment Company Act's protections. Generally, these investors can 
evaluate on their own behalf matters such as the level of a fund's 
management fees, governance provisions, transactions with 
affiliates, investment risk, leverage, and redemptions rights.'').
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    We believe that such a two-step approach may provide important, 
additional investor protections to natural persons who invest in 
certain 3(c)(1) Pools. Accordingly, as discussed below, the proposed 
rules governing investments in such pools incorporate that approach.

[[Page 405]]

B. Proposed Rules 509 and 216

    For the reasons discussed above, we are proposing two rules under 
the Securities Act. As proposed, rules 509 and 216 would define a new 
category of accredited investor (``accredited natural person'') that 
would apply to offers and sales of securities issued by certain 3(c)(1) 
Pools (defined in the proposed rules as ``private investment 
vehicles'') to accredited investors under Regulation D and section 
4(6).\46\ The term accredited natural person would mean any natural 
person who meets either the net worth or income test specified in rule 
501(a) or rule 215, as applicable, and who owns at least $2.5 million 
in investments, as defined in the proposed rules. The term would apply 
for purposes of ascertaining whether a person is an accredited investor 
at the time of that person's purchase of securities of private 
investment vehicles. As proposed, the rules would not alter the 
criteria for investments by natural persons described in rule 501(a)(4) 
and rule 215(d).
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    \46\ Our proposed definition would be the same for purposes of 
section 4(6) and Regulation D private offerings. Accordingly, except 
as noted, we do not discuss the rules separately.
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    Rule 501(a) generally provides that the term ``accredited 
investor'' means a person who is or who the issuer reasonably believes 
comes within any of the categories specified in the rule. Proposed rule 
509(a) incorporates this concept. We note that a similar provision is 
not included under section 4(6), section 2(a)(15) or rule 215,\47\ and 
therefore proposed rule 216 does not incorporate this concept. We 
solicit comments on this approach.
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    \47\ See supra note 37.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Except as modified by the application of the proposed definition of 
accredited natural person, all other provisions of Regulation D, and 
sections 4(6) and 2(a)(15) and rule 215, would continue to apply to the 
offer and sale of securities issued by private investment vehicles. The 
application of the proposed rules and the definitions used in the 
proposed rules are discussed more fully below.
1. Application of Proposed Rules to Private Investment Vehicles
    The proposed rules would apply solely to the offer and sale of 
securities issued by private investment vehicles, as defined in the 
proposed rules.\48\ The proposed rules would not apply to offers and 
sales of securities issued by private funds not meeting the proposed 
definition of the term private investment vehicle, including venture 
capital funds, as defined in the proposed rules and discussed 
below.\49\
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    \48\ Proposed rule 509(a); proposed rule 216(a).
    \49\ See infra section III.B.4.
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    The proposed rules would define the term private investment vehicle 
to mean an issuer that would be an investment company (as defined in 
section 3(a) of the Company Act) but for the exclusion provided by 
section 3(c)(1) of that Act.\50\ The proposed rules would apply to 
private investment vehicles that rely on the safe harbor provisions of 
Regulation D in connection with the offer and sale of their securities. 
The proposed rules would also apply to offerings of private investment 
vehicles made in reliance on section 4(6) of the Securities Act.
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    \50\ Proposed rule 509(b)(1); proposed rule 216(b)(1).
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    We are not including 3(c)(7) Pools within the definition of private 
investment vehicle because offers and sales of securities issued by 
3(c)(7) Pools must be made to qualified purchasers (as that term is 
defined by section 2(a)(51)(A) of the Company Act) who are also 
accredited investors under Regulation D. As noted, 3(c)(7) Pools 
already are subject to investor protections with higher thresholds than 
the ones that we propose today.\51\ Commenters who suggest that we 
increase the net worth and income amounts specified under Regulation D 
for natural persons in response to comments solicited below in 
connection with the proposed definition of accredited natural person, 
however, are asked to comment on whether, if we adopt such an approach, 
the net worth and income amounts specified under Regulation D for 
natural persons should also be increased for 3(c)(7) Pools.
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    \51\ See supra notes 44 and 45 and accompanying text.
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2. Definition of Accredited Natural Person
    As proposed, the term accredited natural person would include any 
natural person who meets the requirements specified in the current 
definition of accredited person, as that term relates to natural 
persons,\52\ and would add a requirement that such person also must own 
(individually, or jointly with the person's spouse) not less than $2.5 
million (as adjusted every five years for inflation \53\) in 
investments at the time of purchase of securities issued by private 
investment vehicles under Regulation D or section 4(6).\54\ The 
proposed rules would not alter the criteria for investments by natural 
persons described in rule 501(a)(4) and rule 215(d). The proposed 
definition is similar in design to the two-step approach for 3(c)(7) 
Pools.\55\ The proposed definition is consistent with our goal of 
providing an objective and clear standard to use in ascertaining 
whether a purchaser of a private investment vehicle's securities is 
likely to have sufficient knowledge and experience in financial and 
business matters to enable that purchaser to evaluate the merits and 
risks of a prospective investment, or to hire someone who can.
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    \52\ See section 2(a)(15) and rules 215 and 501(a).
    \53\ Proposed rule 509(c)(6); proposed rule 216(c)(6).
    \54\ See discussion of the terms private investment vehicle and 
investments elsewhere in this release.
    \55\ See supra notes 44 and 45 and accompanying text.
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    We also are proposing to amend paragraphs (a)(5) and (a)(6) of rule 
501 and paragraphs (e) and (f) of rule 215 to provide a cross-reference 
to our proposed definition of accredited natural person in proposed 
rule 509 and proposed rule 216, as applicable. Such a cross-reference 
would alert persons reading rules 501 and 215 to the existence of the 
proposed rules for sales of securities issued by private investment 
vehicles.
    We solicit comment on whether retaining the existing definition of 
accredited investor as it relates to natural persons and adding an 
additional requirement for that term that uses the amount and type of a 
natural person's investments (individually, or jointly with the 
person's spouse) is an appropriate standard by which to measure whether 
that person is likely to have sufficient knowledge and financial 
sophistication to evaluate the merits of a prospective investment in a 
private investment vehicle and to bear the economic risk of such an 
investment.
    Solely in the context of investments in private investment 
vehicles, if we adopt rules using the two-step approach that we propose 
today, commenters are asked whether we should increase (or decrease) 
the amounts specified for the net worth and income criteria applicable 
to natural persons under the Regulation D definition of accredited 
investor. Commenters are also solicited for their views on whether (and 
why) we should use a standard based solely on the objective net worth 
and income tests specified in the existing rules under Regulation D and 
rule 215 for offers and sales of securities issued by private 
investment vehicles to natural persons, rather than adding the proposed 
additional criteria based on investments.\56\ In responding to both or 
either of these requests, we ask commenters to discuss what they

[[Page 406]]

believe the appropriate levels for the net worth and income criteria 
should be, if different than set forth in our accredited investor 
rules. For example, OEA estimates that the levels used in those rules, 
adjusted for inflation, would have been approximately $1.9 million (net 
worth), $388,000 (individual income) and $582,000 (joint income) as of 
July 1, 2006.\57\ Commenters who believe that changing the applicable 
levels under either the proposed two-step approach or the current 
definition are requested to suggest alternate levels and to explain why 
it would be appropriate to use the suggested approach and changed 
levels. We also request that commenters explain in their response why 
their suggestions would address our interest in providing an objective 
and clear standard for ascertaining whether a purchaser of a private 
investment vehicle's securities is likely to have sufficient knowledge 
and financial sophistication to enable that purchaser to evaluate the 
merits of a prospective investment in a private investment vehicle and 
to bear the economic risk of such an investment.
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    \56\ See supra notes 39 and 40 and accompanying text.
    \57\ OEA estimated these levels using the Personal Consumption 
Expenditures Chain-Type Price Index, as published by the Department 
of Commerce, available at http://www.bea.gov.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have specified $2.5 million for the amount of investments that a 
person would be required to own under the proposed definition. As 
proposed, this dollar amount would be adjusted for inflation on April 
1, 2012, and every five years thereafter, to reflect any changes in the 
value of the Personal Consumption Expenditures Chain-Type Price Index 
(or any successor index thereto), as published by the Department of 
Commerce, from December 31, 2006.\58\ OEA estimates that approximately 
1.3% of United States households would qualify for accredited natural 
person status based on owning $2.5 million in investments.\59\ It 
estimates that in 1982, when Regulation D was adopted, approximately 
1.87% of U.S. households qualified for accredited investor status. It 
further estimates that by 2003 that percentage increased by 350% to 
approximately 8.47% of households. By incorporating the proposed 
requirement for $2.5 million of investments owned by the natural person 
at the time of purchase, that percentage would decrease to 1.3% of 
households that would qualify for accredited natural person status, a 
percentage below 1982 levels. We believe that this result is 
appropriate given the increasing complexity of financial products, in 
general, and hedge funds, in particular, over the last decade. In 
addition, we note that the proposed level is less than required for 
qualified purchasers in 3(c)(7) Pools. We believe that the proposed 
amount therefore would establish a bright-line standard that addresses 
our concerns about the increase in individual wealth and income, but 
that maintains separate requirements for private investment vehicles, 
3(c)(7) Pools and investments in all other private offerings.\60\ We 
generally solicit comment on this approach.
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    \58\ Each adjustment would be rounded to the nearest multiple of 
$100,000.
    We have selected the above-referenced index following 
discussions with the Federal Reserve Bank and our conclusion that 
that index is a widely used and broad indicator of inflation in the 
U.S. economy.
    \59\ This estimate was prepared by OEA using data from the 1983 
and 2004 Federal Reserve Surveys of Consumer Finance (``Federal 
Reserve Surveys''). The Federal Reserve Survey is conducted 
triennially. The 1983 and 2004 Federal Reserve Surveys used year-end 
1982 and 2003 values, respectively. More information regarding the 
Federal Reserve Surveys may be obtained at http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss2/scfindex.html
.

    \60\ See supra note 21.
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    In particular, commenters are asked to comment on our proposal to 
adjust the amount every five years and the methodology that we have 
used for this purpose in the proposed rules. Should the time period 
between adjustments be longer or shorter than five years? Is the 
methodology (calculation based on the proposed index and time period) 
used in the proposed rules appropriate? Commenters responding to these 
questions who believe that a different methodology and/or time period 
would be appropriate for us to use are asked to provide rule text for 
their suggestion. They also are asked to explain why their suggestion 
would be more appropriate. We also request commenters' views on our 
data. Is there a more appropriate data set to use that would support 
another amount or is there a more appropriate way to interpret the data 
that we used?
    We also solicit comment on our proposal to use $2.5 million as the 
level of investments that an accredited natural person must own. Should 
we use another level that is higher or lower than proposed? For 
example, as discussed previously, natural persons seeking to invest in 
3(c)(7) Pools must own $5 million in investments at the time of 
purchase. Also, investment advisers may charge a natural person client 
a performance fee if the adviser reasonably believes that the client 
has a net worth (together with assets held jointly with the client's 
spouse) of more than $1.5 million at the time that the client enters 
into a contract with the adviser.\61\ Is one of these levels more 
appropriate than the proposed $2.5 million? Commenters responding to 
this request who believe that a different amount would be more 
appropriate are asked to specify that amount and explain why they 
believe that it is a more appropriate measure of a natural person's 
investment experience, financial knowledge and sophistication. Such 
commenters are asked to suggest rule text reflecting their view.
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    \61\ See rule 205-3(a) and (d)(1)(i)(A) (performance fee 
prohibition of the Advisers Act does not apply to qualified clients, 
defined to include a natural person with more than $1.5 million of 
net worth (together with assets held jointly with the person's 
spouse) at the time that the natural person enters into a contract 
with the adviser).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that our proposed rules would not grandfather current 
accredited investors who would not meet the new accredited natural 
person standard so that they could make future investments in private 
investment pools, even those in which they currently are invested. 
Commenters are asked to comment on whether such a grandfathering 
provision is necessary and/or appropriate and why.
    We also solicit comment on whether employees of private investment 
vehicles or their investment advisers (collectively ``pool employees'') 
should be subject to the same accredited natural person standard. Would 
applying such a standard to pool employees preclude many of them from 
investing in such pools? We are aware that many private investment 
vehicles currently offer and sell their interests to pool employees who 
do not meet the current accredited investor standard. We note that such 
private investment vehicles may: (i) Rely on rule 506, which allows for 
35 non-accredited purchasers, provided that the pool employees meet the 
condition in rule 506(b)(2)(ii) and receive the information required by 
rule 502(b); (ii) make an offering pursuant to section 4(2) of the 
Securities Act; or (iii) rely on rule 701 under the Securities Act, 
which provides an exemption from registration for offers and sales of 
securities to certain natural persons pursuant to certain compensatory 
benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation. We also are aware 
that many private pools provide equity incentive compensation to pool 
employees through contractual arrangements in employment agreements not 
subject to direct regulation under the federal securities laws. For 
example, a private pool manager may allocate a portion of the pool's 
interest in the performance fee, or ``carry,'' payable by the pool, to 
certain

[[Page 407]]

of its employees. We request comment on whether any or all of the four 
different ways that we believe that private pools may compensate pool 
employees are sufficient to permit pool employees who are not 
accredited natural persons to receive securities issued by a private 
investment vehicle. Commenters who believe that they are not are asked 
to explain why not. We also request comment on whether we should add to 
the list of accredited natural persons certain ``knowledgeable 
employees,'' consistent with the concept of ``knowledgeable employees'' 
eligible to invest in private investment pools in accordance with rule 
3c-5 under the Company Act.\62\
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    \62\ Under rule 3c-5, knowledgeable employees include executive 
officers, directors, trustees, general partners and advisory board 
members of a 3(c)(1) Pool or a 3(c)(7) Pool , and those who serve in 
similar capacities. The rule also includes certain other employees 
of the private fund or its management affiliate who participate in 
investment activities and have performed such functions for at least 
12 months.
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3. Definition of Investments
    We have based the proposed definition of investments in the 
proposed rules on the definition of that term set forth in rule 2a51-1 
under the Company Act.\63\ Including this definition would provide a 
bright-line standard for ascertaining an investor's status as an 
accredited natural person.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \63\ Proposed rule 509(b)(3); proposed rule 216(b)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have modified the proposed definition of investments to the 
extent that certain provisions of rule 2a51-1 would not be relevant to 
a definition that applies solely to natural persons. For example, rule 
2a51-1 generally refers to qualified purchaser \64\ and section 3(c)(7) 
Pools. These terms generally are not relevant to the definition of 
accredited natural person because the proposed definition relates only 
to natural persons and would not involve investments in 3(c)(7) Pools. 
We solicit comment on whether we have made appropriate modifications to 
the term investments for purposes of the proposed definition. If not, 
commenters are asked to discuss any changes that they believe would be 
appropriate and why they believe that they would be appropriate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ The term ``qualified purchaser'' includes both 
institutional investors and natural persons that meet the conditions 
of section 2(a)(51)(A) of the Company Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the treatment in the proposed rules of investments a 
natural person may own jointly with a spouse or that are part of a 
shared community interest is different from the treatment of such 
investments under rule 2a51-1. Rule 2a51-1 permits all of such 
investments to be included in the determination of whether a natural 
person is a qualified purchaser for purposes of section 
2(a)(51)(A).\65\ We believe that, for purposes of determining whether a 
natural person, acting on that person's own behalf (and not jointly 
with a spouse), should be able to qualify as an accredited natural 
person, a natural person's investments should include only a portion of 
the amount of any investments owned jointly, or of any investments 
which ownership is shared, with the person's spouse. Accordingly, the 
proposed rules provide that the investments of a natural person seeking 
to make an investment in a private investment vehicle on his or her own 
behalf may include only 50 percent of: (a) Any of such person's 
investments held jointly with that person's spouse; and (b) any 
investments in which the natural person shares a community property or 
similar shared ownership interest with that person's spouse.\66\ We 
believe that including only half of these categories of investments is 
typical of the division of assets of natural persons and their spouses 
made for other purposes. Where spouses make a joint investment in a 
private investment vehicle, the full amount of all of their investments 
(whether made jointly or separately) may be included for purposes of 
determining whether each spouse is an accredited natural person. We 
seek comment on this amount and the approach generally, including the 
feasibility of implementing it. In addition, the proposed rules would 
provide that the aggregate amount of investments owned and invested on 
a discretionary basis by the natural person is the fair market value of 
such investments.\67\ We intend the value of a natural person's 
investments to be calculated on a per investment basis. We solicit 
comment on whether this is clear.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ Rule 2a51-1(g)(2).
    \66\ Proposed rule 509(c)(4); proposed rule 216(c)(4).
    \67\ Proposed rule 509(c)(2); proposed rule 216(c)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted previously, one reason for the rise in the net worth of 
natural persons is the increase in the value of personal residences 
since 1982. We believe that such an increase should not be relevant in 
evaluating whether an investor may qualify as an accredited investor 
for purposes of sales under Regulation D or section 4(6) of securities 
issued by private investment vehicles. Moreover, the value of a 
person's personal residence or place of business, or real estate held 
in connection with a trade or business, bears little or no relationship 
to that person's knowledge and financial sophistication. Accordingly, 
the proposed definition, like rule 2a51-1 on which it is modeled, would 
not include, as an investment held for investment purposes, real estate 
that is used by a natural person or certain family members for personal 
purposes or as a place of business, or in connection with a trade or 
business.\68\ Is this treatment of real estate appropriate? Commenters 
who respond to this question are asked to discuss whether they believe 
that any such real estate should be counted as an investment held for 
investment purposes under the proposed rules and why. We solicit 
comment on our concern about the effect of increased housing values on 
the application of the definition of accredited investor solely in 
connection with the offer and sale of private investment companies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ Proposed rule 509(c)(1)(i); proposed rule 216(c)(1)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We solicit comment on whether our proposed definition of 
investments captures the universe of relevant investments that should 
be included for purposes of the proposed definition. Should any 
investments included in our proposed definition be excluded? Are there 
any investments that are not reflected in our definition that should be 
included? Commenters are asked to explain the basis for any exclusion 
or inclusion that they recommend.
    Our proposed definition of ``prospective accredited natural 
person'' refers to securities ``issued by'' a private investment 
vehicle rather than the reference to securities ``of'' a 3(c)(7) Pool 
under the parallel definition in rule 2a51-1 under the Company Act. The 
use of securities ``of'' an issuer could be misinterpreted to refer to 
the portfolio securities held by a private pool and not the securities 
issued by that pool. Rule 2a51-1 was not meant to be subject to such an 
interpretation and neither are our proposed rules.
4. Proposed Exclusion for Venture Capital Pools
    The proposed rules specifically would not apply to the offer and 
sale of securities issued by venture capital funds. As defined in the 
proposed rules, the term venture capital fund would have the same 
meaning as the definition of business development company in section 
202(a)(22) of the Advisers Act.\69\

[[Page 408]]

In the Small Business Investment Incentive Act of 1980, Congress 
generally modeled the definition of business development company on the 
capital formation activities of venture capital funds.\70\ Both venture 
capital funds and business development companies provide capital to 
small businesses. They also often provide managerial assistance to 
these small businesses.\71\ In proposing to exclude the offer and sale 
of securities issued by venture capital funds from the application of 
the proposed definition, therefore, we recognize the benefit that 
venture capital funds play in the capital formation of small 
businesses.
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    \69\ Proposed rule 509(b)(2); proposed rule 216(b)(2). See 
section 202(a)(22) of the Advisers Act. Section 202(a)(22) defines 
the term business development company to mean any company which is 
described in section 2(a)(48) of the Company Act, infra note 72, and 
which complies with section 55 of the Company Act, except that, in 
contrast to business development companies under the Company Act, a 
business development company under the Advisers Act: (i) is 
prohibited from acquiring any assets (except those described by 
section 55(a)(1) through (7) of the Company Act which include 
securities issued by ``eligible portfolio companies'') unless at 
least 60 percent of its total assets are invested in assets 
described by 55(a)(1) through (6) (for purposes of this release 
``section 55(a) assets'') (compared to 70 percent for Company Act 
business development companies); (ii) does not have to be a closed-
end company or be subject to the provisions of sections 55 through 
65 of the Company Act; and (iii) may purchase section 55(a) assets 
from any person. A business development company defined in section 
202(a)(22) must offer managerial assistance to companies that are 
counted against its 60 percent requirement.
    The Company Act generally defines eligible portfolio companies 
to be domestic companies that are not (i) investment companies or 
(ii) companies that would be investment companies but for the 
exclusions provided by section 3(c) of the Company Act. Company Act 
sections 2(a)(46)(A) and (B). See generally Definition of Eligible 
Portfolio Company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, Company 
Act Release No. 27538 (Oct. 25, 2006) [71 FR 64086 (Oct. 31, 2006)] 
(adoption of new definition of the term eligible portfolio company). 
See also Definition of Eligible Portfolio Company under the 
Investment Company Act of 1940, Company Act Release No. 27539 (Oct. 
25, 2006) [71 FR 64093 (Oct. 31, 2006)] (proposal to include 
additional domestic, non-financial companies within the definition 
of the term eligible portfolio company).
    \70\ See H.R. Rep. No. 1341, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 21 (1980) 
(``1980 House Report'').
    \71\ See id. at 21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that the term business development company is also defined 
in section 2(a)(48) of the Company Act.\72\ We solicit comment on 
whether defining venture capital fund with reference to the definition 
provided in the Advisers Act is appropriate. Would it be more 
appropriate to define venture capital fund with reference to the 
definition provided in the Company Act? Would it be more appropriate to 
define venture capital funds in terms of their investment objective and 
strategy (e.g., investing in and developing start-up and early phase 
businesses)? Alternatively, would it be more appropriate to define 
private investment vehicles to be 3(c)(1) Pools that do not permit 
their investors to redeem their interests in the pools within a 
specified period of time (``holding period'')? \73\ Would such an 
approach cause most 3(c)(1) Pools to simply extend their holding 
periods sufficient to avoid application of the proposed rules? We 
request comment on how this would affect investors, including those 
with respect to any possible adverse effect on investors that might 
result from such extension of holding periods. For example, how would 
taking such an approach impact natural persons who might have more 
current needs for assets invested in the pool? If we followed this 
approach, should we also include a provision that would allow private 
investment vehicles to redeem securities in the case of emergencies, 
such as the death or serious illness of an investor, or other 
unforeseeable events? \74\ If we adopted this approach, would two years 
be appropriate,\75\ or would a shorter (e.g., one year) or longer 
(e.g., four year) holding period be more appropriate?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ See section 2(a)(48) of the Company Act. Section 2(a)(48) 
defines business development company for purposes of the Company Act 
as any closed-end company which securities are registered under the 
Securities Act and: (i) Is organized under the laws of, and has its 
principal place of business in, any State or States; (ii) is 
operated for the purpose of making investments in section 55(a) 
assets, see supra note 69, (iii) is prohibited from making any 
purchases of any assets (except those described by section 55(a)(1) 
through (7) of the Company Act) unless the value of the company's 
assets invested in section 55(a) assets at the time of any new 
purchase constitutes at least 70 percent of the value of its total 
assets; (iv) offers managerial assistance to issuers of section 
55(a) assets that it purchases; and (v) has elected to be subject to 
the provisions of sections 55 through 65 of the Company Act. In 
addition, Company Act business development companies are generally 
required to purchase section 55(a) assets from their issuers or 
close affiliates.
    \73\ See, e.g., Registration Under the Advisers Act of Certain 
Hedge Fund Advisers, Investment Advisers Act Release No. 2333 (Dec. 
2, 2004) [69 FR 72054 (Dec. 10, 2004)] (generally defined ``private 
fund'' to mean any ``company: (i) That would be an investment 
company under section 3(a) of the * * * Company Act but for the 
[exclusion] provided from that definition by either section 3(c)(1) 
or 3(c)(7) of [the Company] Act * * *; (ii) That permits its owners 
to redeem any portion of their ownership interests within two years 
of the purchase of such interests; and (iii) Interests in which are 
or have been offered based on the investment advisory skills, 
ability or expertise of the investment adviser.'').
    \74\ Id.
    \75\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We particularly solicit the views of commenters on the different 
types of investments made by venture capital funds, as currently 
operating in the market, and business development companies, as defined 
under the Advisers Act.\76\ We note that there currently are venture 
capital funds that invest significantly in offshore markets or other 
private pools. If we were to adopt a definition of venture capital fund 
based on either of the statutory definitions of business development 
company, should we modify that definition to include venture capital 
funds that invest a significant amount of their assets in foreign 
securities and other private pools?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ See supra note 69.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We request comment on whether excluding venture capital funds from 
the application of the proposed rules is appropriate at all. If so, 
would applying the proposed definition to them affect their ability to 
raise capital? Are there other policy reasons for excluding venture 
capital funds? For example, are there aspects of such funds that make 
them more appropriate investments for less wealthy investors?

IV. General Request for Comment

    The Commission requests comment on the rules proposed in this 
Release, suggestions for additions to the rules, whether any changes 
are necessary or appropriate to implement the objectives of our 
proposed rules and what those changes might be, and comment on other 
matters that might have an effect on the proposals contained in this 
Release. For purposes of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement 
Fairness Act of 1996, the Commission also requests information 
regarding the potential impact of the proposed rules on the economy on 
an annual basis. Commenters should provide empirical data to support 
their views.

V. Paperwork Reduction Act

A. Proposed Rule 206(4)-8

    The proposed rule, titled 206(4)-8 Pooled Investment Vehicles, 
would not impose a new ``collection of information'' within the meaning 
of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995.\77\ Proposed rule 206(4)-8 
would make it a fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative act, practice, 
or course of business for an investment adviser to a pooled investment 
vehicle to make any untrue statement of material fact or to omit to 
state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made 
not misleading to any investor or prospective investor in the pooled 
investment vehicle. The proposed rule would also make it a fraudulent, 
deceptive or manipulative act, practice, or course of business within 
the meaning of section 206(4) for any investment adviser to certain 
pooled investment vehicles to otherwise engage in any act, practice, or 
course of

[[Page 409]]

business that is fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative with respect to 
any investor or prospective investor in the pooled investment vehicle. 
The proposed rule would not create any filing, reporting, 
recordkeeping, or disclosure requirements for investment advisers 
subject to the rule and accordingly there would be no ``collection of 
information'' under the Paperwork Reduction Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ 44 U.S.C. 3501 to 3520.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Proposed Rules 509 and 216

    Certain provisions of proposed rules 509 and 216 contain 
``collection of information'' requirements within the meaning of the 
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 [44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.], and the 
Commission is submitting the proposed collection of information to the 
Office of Management and Budget (``OMB'') for review in accordance with 
44 U.S.C. 3507(d) and 5 CFR 1320.11. The title for the collection of 
information is ``Form D.'' An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a 
person is not required to respond to, a collection of information 
unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
    Form D (OMB Control No. 3235-0076) was adopted pursuant to sections 
2(a)(15), 3(b), 4(2), 19(a) and 19(c)(3) of the Securities Act [15 
U.S.C. 77b(15), 77c(b), 77d(2), 77s(a) and 77s(c)(3)].
    We recently have taken the opportunity to reconsider the standards 
we established to qualify persons as accredited investors under the 
safe harbor provided under Regulation D and our rules for certain small 
offerings. We note our staff's observation in its 2003 Staff Study that 
``inflation, along with the sustained growth in wealth and income of 
the 1990s, has boosted a substantial number of investors past the 
`accredited investor' standard.'' \78\ Based on analysis conducted by 
OEA, we also note that the increase in investor wealth is due in part 
to the increase in the values of personal residences since 1982. 
Accordingly, many individual investors today may be eligible to make 
investments in privately offered investment pools as accredited 
investors that previously may not have qualified as such for those 
investments. Moreover, private pools have become increasingly complex 
and involve risks not generally associated with many other issuers of 
securities.\79\ Not only do private pools often use complicated 
investment strategies, but there is minimal information available about 
them in the public domain. Accordingly, investors may not have access 
to the kind of information provided through our system of securities 
registration and therefore may find it difficult to appreciate the 
unique risks of these pools, including those with respect to 
undisclosed conflicts of interest, complex fee structures and the 
higher risk that may accompany such pools' anticipated returns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ 2003 Staff Study, supra note 3 at text accompanying note 
271.
    \79\ See generally 2003 Staff Study, id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that natural persons may have indirect exposure to private 
pools as a result of their participation in pension plans and 
investment in certain pooled investment vehicles that invest in private 
pools. Such plans and vehicles are generally administered by entities 
of plan fiduciaries and registered investment professionals. This 
protection is not present in the case of natural persons who seek to 
invest in 3(c)(1) Pools outside of the structure of such pension plans 
and pooled investment vehicles. Moreover, while the existing net worth 
and income tests provide some investor protection, we believe that 
additional protections may be appropriate.
    The investor protections that we believe may be lacking with 
respect to 3(c)(1) Pools already exist for 3(c)(7) Pools.\80\ Natural 
persons who invest in such pools are required to own $5 million in 
certain investments at the time of their investment in the pool.\81\ In 
addition, for a 3(c)(7) Pool to rely on the safe harbor provided by 
Regulation D, the pool must limit the sale of its securities to 
qualified purchasers who also meet the definition of accredited 
investor. Accordingly, 3(c)(7) Pools are subject to a two-step approach 
that is designed to provide assurance that an investor has a level of 
knowledge and financial sophistication and the ability to bear the 
economic risk of the investment in such pools, as demonstrated by the 
investor's investment experience and also, for natural persons, that 
person's net worth or income.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ See supra note 21.
    \81\ See supra note 45.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that such a two-step approach may provide important, 
additional investor protections to natural persons who invest in 
certain 3(c)(1) Pools. Accordingly, the proposed rules governing 
investments in such pools incorporate that approach.
    Form D contains collection of information requirements. The issuers 
likely to be affected by the proposed rules are companies relying on 
section 3(c)(1) of the Company Act and filing with the Commission on 
Form D a notice of sale of securities. Compliance with the notice 
requirements of Form D is mandatory to the extent that a company elects 
to make an offering of securities in reliance on an exemption under 
Regulation D or section 4(6). Responses to the notice requirements are 
not confidential.
    We estimate that if the proposed rules are adopted, the estimated 
burden for responding to the collection of information in Form D would 
not increase for most companies because the information required in the 
form would not change. The number of eligible accredited investors 
available to invest in issuers relying on section 3(c)(1) of the 
Company Act and registering with the Commission on Form D, however, 
would likely decrease. Such a decrease in accredited investors may 
result in either issuers reducing the number of offerings they make, or 
increasing the number of non-accredited investors in their pools.\82\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ We note that an issuer electing to use the rule 506 
exemption would not be able to sell to more than 35 non-accredited 
investors. See supra note 37.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The currently approved collection of information in Form D is 
17,500 hours. We estimate that there may be 20 fewer filings as a 
result of the proposed rules.\83\ Accordingly, we estimate the proposed 
rules would reduce the annual aggregate information collection burden 
under Form D by 20 hours \84\ for a total of 17,480 hours.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ In fiscal year 2006, 19,250 filings were submitted to the 
Commission on Form D. Form D does not contain sufficient information 
to allow the Commission to determine whether a filer is an operating 
company, a 3(c)(7) Pool or a 3(c)(1) Pool. Of the 19,250 filings on 
Form D, we estimate that 20%, or 3,850 filings, were made by 3(c)(1) 
and 3(c)(7) Pools. Of those 3,850 filings, we estimate that 10%, or 
385 filings, were made by filers that are 3(c)(1) Pools. Of the 
filers that are 3(c)(1) Pools, we estimate that 5% might not make 
new offerings as a result of our proposed rules, resulting in an 
estimated decrease of 20 filings on Form D.
    \84\ An estimated reduction of 20 filings on Form D at 1 hour 
each (20 x 1 = 20). We estimate that each filer spends approximately 
1 hour in preparing a filing on Form D.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We request comment on the accuracy of our estimates. Pursuant to 44 
U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(B), the Commission solicits comments to: (i) Evaluate 
whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the 
proper performance of the functions of the agency, including whether 
the information will have practical utility; (ii) evaluate the accuracy 
of the Commission's estimate of burden of the proposed collection of 
information; (iii) determine whether there are ways to enhance the 
quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and 
(iv) evaluate whether there are ways to minimize the burden of the 
collection of information on those who are to respond, including 
through the use of automated collection

[[Page 410]]

techniques or other forms of information technology.
    Persons submitting comments on the collection of information 
requirements should direct the comments to the Office of Management and 
Budget, Attention: Desk Officer for the Securities and Exchange 
Commission, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Washington, 
DC 20503, and should send a copy of their comments to Nancy M. Morris, 
Secretary, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street, NE., 
Washington, DC 20549-1090, with reference to File No. S7-25-06. 
Requests for materials submitted to OMB by the Commission with regard 
to this collection of information should be in writing, refer to File 
No. S7-25-06, and be submitted to the Securities and Exchange 
Commission, Records Management, Office of Filing and Information 
Services, 100 F Street, NE., Washington, DC 20549. OMB is required to 
make a decision concerning the collection of information between 30 and 
60 days after publication of this Release. Consequently, a comment to 
OMB is best assured of having its full effect if OMB receives it within 
30 days after publication of this Release.

VI. Cost-Benefit Analysis

A. Proposed Rule 206(4)-8

    The Commission is sensitive to costs imposed by our rules and the 
benefits that derive from them, and is considering the costs and 
benefits of proposed rule 206(4)-8. The proposed rule would make it a 
fraudulent, deceptive or manipulative act, practice, or course of 
business within the meaning of section 206(4) for any investment 
adviser to a pooled investment vehicle to make any untrue statement of 
a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order 
to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under 
which they were made, not misleading, to any investor or prospective 
investor in the pooled investment vehicle. The proposed rule would also 
make it a fraudulent, deceptive or manipulative act, practice, or 
course of business within the meaning of section 206(4) for any 
investment adviser to a pooled investment vehicle to otherwise engage 
in any act, practice, or course of business that is fraudulent, 
deceptive, or manipulative with respect to any investor or prospective 
investor in the pooled investment vehicle. For the reasons discussed 
below, we do not believe that the proposed rule would require advisers 
to incur new or additional costs.
    Investment advisers to pooled investment vehicles should not be 
making untrue statements or omitting material facts or otherwise be 
engaged in fraud with respect to investors or prospective investors in 
pooled investment vehicles today, because federal authorities, state 
authorities and private litigants often can, and do, seek redress from 
the adviser for the untrue statements or omissions, or other frauds. In 
most cases, the conduct that the rule would prohibit is already 
prohibited by federal securities statutes,\85\ other federal statutes 
(including federal wire fraud statutes),\86\ as well as state law.\87\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ See, e.g., section 10(b) of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. 
78j(b)] and section 17(a) of the Securities Act which would apply 
when the false statements are made ``in connection with the purchase 
or sale of a security'' or involve the ``offer or sale'' of a 
security, and section 34(b) of the Company Act which makes it 
unlawful ``to make any untrue statement of a material fact in any 
registration statement, application, report, account, record, or 
other document filed or transmitted pursuant to [the Company Act] * 
* *''.
    \86\ See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. 1341 (Frauds and swindles) and 18 
U.S.C. 1343 (Fraud by wire, radio, or television) which make it a 
criminal offense to use the mails or to communicate by means of 
wire, having devised a scheme to defraud or for obtaining money or 
property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, and 18 U.S.C. 
1957 (Engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from 
specified unlawful activity) which makes it a criminal racketeering 
offense to engage or attempt to engage in a transaction in 
criminally derived property of a value greater than $10,000.
    \87\ See, e.g., Metro Communications Corp. BVI v. Advanced 
Mobilecomm Technologies, et al., 854 A.2d 121,156 (Del. Ch. 2004) 
(court held that plaintiff-former member of LLC had sufficiently 
alleged a common law fraud claim based on allegation that series of 
reports by LLC's managers contained misleading statements; court 
stated that ``[i]n the usual fraud case, the speaking party who is 
subject to an accusation of fraud is on the opposite side of a 
commercial transaction from the plaintiff, who alleges that but for 
the material misstatements or omissions of the speaking party he 
would not have contracted with the speaking party'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that there are costs involved in assuring that 
communications to investors and prospective investors do not contain 
untrue or misleading statements and preventing other frauds. Advisers 
have incurred, and will continue to incur, these costs due to the 
prohibitions and deterrent effect of the law and rules that would apply 
under these circumstances. While each of the provisions noted above may 
have different limitation periods, apply in different factual 
circumstances, or require the government (or a private litigant) to 
prove different states of mind than the proposed rule, we believe that 
the multiple prohibitions against fraud, and the consequences under 
both criminal and civil law for fraud, should currently cause an 
adviser to take the precautions it deems necessary to refrain from such 
conduct.
    Furthermore, prior to Goldstein, advisers operated with the 
understanding that the Advisers Act prohibited the same conduct that 
would be prohibited by the proposed rule. Accordingly, we do not 
believe that advisers to pooled investment vehicles would need to take 
steps or alter their business practices in such a way that would 
require them to incur new or additional costs as a result of the 
adoption of the proposed rule.
    We also recognize that the proposed rule, if adopted, may cause 
some advisers to pay more attention to the information they present to 
better guard against making an untrue or misleading statement to an 
investor or prospective investor and to reevaluate measures that are 
intended to prevent fraud. As a consequence, some advisers might seek 
guidance, legal or otherwise, and more closely review the information 
that they disseminate to investors and prospective investors and the 
antifraud related policies and procedures they have implemented. While 
increased concern about making false statements or committing fraud 
could be attributable to the new rule, advisers should already be 
incurring these costs to ensure truthfulness and prevent fraud, 
regardless of the proposed rule, because of the myriad of laws or 
regulations that may already apply.
    The principal benefit of the rule is that it would clearly enable 
the Commission to bring enforcement actions under the Advisers Act, if 
an adviser to a pooled investment vehicle disseminates false or 
misleading information to investors or prospective investors or 
otherwise commits fraud with respect to any investor or prospective 
investor. Our enforcement actions permit us to protect fund investor 
assets by stopping ongoing frauds,\88\ barring persons that have 
committed certain specified violations or offenses from being 
associated with an investment adviser,\89\ imposing penalties,\90\ 
seeking court orders to protect fund assets,\91\ and to order 
disgorgement of ill-gotten gains.\92\ Moreover, we believe that 
proposed rule 206(4)-8 would deter advisers to pooled

[[Page 411]]

investment vehicles from engaging in fraudulent conduct with respect to 
investors in those pools and would provide investors with greater 
confidence when investing in pooled investment vehicles.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \88\ See section 203(k) (Commission authority to issue cease and 
desist orders).
    \89\ See section 203(f) (Commission authority to bar a person 
from being associated with an investment adviser).
    \90\ See section 203(i) (Commission authority to impose civil 
penalties).
    \91\ See section 209(d) (Commission authority to seek 
injunctions and restraining orders in federal court).
    \92\ See section 203(j) (Commission authority to order 
disgorgement).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We request comment on the assumptions on which we base our 
preliminary conclusion that advisers that would be subject to the new 
rule would not incur additional costs if we determined to adopt the 
rule as proposed. We encourage commenters to discuss any potential 
costs and benefits that we did not consider in our discussion above. We 
request commenters to provide analysis and empirical data to support 
their statements regarding any costs or benefits associated with 
proposed rule 206(4)-8.

B. Proposed Rules 509 and 216

    The Commission is sensitive to the costs and benefits that result 
from its rules. We recently have taken the opportunity to reconsider 
the standards we established to qualify persons as accredited investors 
under the safe harbor provided under Regulation D and our rules for 
certain small offerings. We note our staff's observation in its 2003 
Staff Study that ``inflation, along with the sustained growth in wealth 
and income of the 1990s, has boosted a substantial number of investors 
past the `accredited investor' standard.'' \93\ Based on analysis 
conducted by OEA, we also note that the increase in investor wealth is 
due in part to the increase in the values of personal residences since 
1982. Accordingly, many individual investors today may be eligible to 
make investments in privately offered investment pools as accredited 
investors that previously may not have qualified as such for those 
investments. Moreover, private pools have become increasingly complex 
and involve risks not generally associated with many other issuers of 
securities.\94\ Not only do private pools often use complicated 
investment strategies, but there is minimal information available about 
them in the public domain. Accordingly, investors may not have access 
to the kind of information provided through our system of securities 
registration and therefore may find it difficult to appreciate the 
unique risks of these pools, including those with respect to 
undisclosed conflicts of interest, complex fee structures and the 
higher risk that may accompany such pools' anticipated returns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ 2003 Staff Study, supra note 3 at text accompanying note 
271.
    \94\ See generally 2003 Staff Study, id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that natural persons may have indirect exposure to private 
pools as a result of their participation in pension plans and 
investment in certain pooled investment vehicles that invest in private 
pools. Such plans and vehicles are generally administered by entities 
of plan fiduciaries and registered investment professionals. This 
protection is not present in the case of natural persons who seek to 
invest in 3(c)(1) Pools outside of the structure of such pension plans 
and pooled investment vehicles. Moreover, while the existing net worth 
and income tests provide some investor protection, we believe that 
additional protections may be appropriate.
    The investor protections that we believe may be lacking with 
respect to 3(c)(1) Pools already exist for 3(c)(7) Pools.\95\ Natural 
persons who invest in such pools are required to own $5 million in 
certain investments at the time of their investment in the pool.\96\ In 
addition, for a 3(c)(7) Pool to rely on the safe harbor provided by 
Regulation D, the pool must limit the sale of its securities to 
qualified purchasers who also meet the definition of accredited 
investor. Accordingly, 3(c)(7) Pools are subject to a two-step approach 
that is designed to provide assurance that an investor has a level of 
knowledge and financial sophistication and the ability to bear the 
economic risk of the investment in such pools, as demonstrated by the 
investor's investment experience and also, for natural persons, that 
person's net worth or income.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \95\ See supra note 21.
    \96\ See supra note 45.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that such a two-step approach may provide important, 
additional investor protections to natural persons who invest in 
certain 3(c)(1) Pools. Accordingly, the proposed rules governing 
investments in such pools incorporate that approach.
    We have identified certain costs and benefits that may result from 
the proposed rules. We encourage commenters to identify, discuss, 
analyze, and supply relevant data regarding these or any additional 
costs and benefits.
    We believe that the proposed rules would benefit those investors 
who are currently accredited investors and would meet the proposed 
accredited natural person standard. The revised eligibility standard 
may benefit those accredited investors who would meet the definition of 
accredited natural person by increasing the competition among 3(c)(1) 
Pools for their investment money. Such competition may result in lower 
fees. We request comment on the nature and extent of the benefits to 
investors that would result from increasing the accredited investor 
standards for natural persons investing in certain 3(c)(1) Pools.
    The proposed rules may impose certain costs on affected 3(c)(1) 
Pools. These costs may include administrative compliance costs, such as 
the costs related to amending investor questionnaires and other 
administrative documents and procedures. These costs also could include 
expenses for computer time, legal and accounting fees, and information 
technology staff. Under the proposed rules, sponsors of an affected 
3(c)(1) Pool would need to prepare and review new administrative 
documents and procedures, and implement such new procedures, in order 
to determine if prospective investors in the 3(c)(1) Pool would meet 
the revised accredited investor standards we propose for natural 
persons in connection with the offer or sale of securities issued by 
those pools. We expect the costs involved in complying with these 
proposed requirements would be minimal based on our understanding that 
many sponsors of 3(c)(1) Pools also sponsor 3(c)(7) Pools. We note that 
to the extent a sponsor of a 3(c)(1) Pool also sponsors a 3(c)(7) Pool 
that sponsor would already have systems in place and would be familiar 
with the process of evaluating investor eligibility. We solicit comment 
on our understanding and conclusion that the costs would be minimal. We 
also solicit comment on the administrative and legal costs that a 
sponsor of 3(c)(1) Pools that does not also sponsor 3(c)(7) Pools would 
incur in setting up and implementing new systems and procedures to 
evaluate investor eligibility. Commenters who believe that the proposed 
rules would impose more than minimal costs are solicited to discuss the 
costs of compliance that the proposed rules would impose. Commenters 
are asked to explain why they believe that the proposed rules would 
impose such costs and to quantify the costs of compliance with the 
proposed rules.
    The proposed rules would shrink the pool of accredited investors 
eligible to invest in 3(c)(1) Pools.\97\ Such a decrease in the 
investor base may increase competition among 3(c)(1) Pools which could 
lower profits and thereby possibly result in some sponsors of 3(c)(1) 
Pools not offering new 3(c)(1) Pools or some potential sponsors of

[[Page 412]]

such pools not entering the business. While we recognize that there are 
costs associated with such a decrease in the investor pool and 
potential new pools, we believe that these costs would be justified by 
the potential benefits of investor protection, and possibly lower fees 
resulting from increased competition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \97\ See supra note 59 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, to the extent that a 3(c)(1) Pool has more than 35 
investors who do not meet the increased accredited investor standards 
for natural persons in our proposed rules, the 3(c)(1) Pool would not 
be able to rely on the exclusion from registration under rule 506 of 
Regulation D of the Securities Act. The 3(c)(1) Pool, however, may 
still be able to rely on section 4(2) of the Securities Act. We request 
comment on the number of 3(c)(1) Pools that would be able to rely on 
section 4(2) of the Securities Act.
    The proposed rules may also result in costs to investors. It is 
possible that the proposed rules could result in a diminishment of the 
universe of 3(c)(1) Pools available to investors. We believe, however, 
that such a diminishment, were it to take place, may result in 
increased competition among 3(c)(1) Pools which, in turn, may result in 
lower fees for investors.
    Our proposed definition may also result in costs to previously 
accredited investors who would not meet the proposed accredited natural 
person standards. Since the proposed definition of accredited natural 
person is not precisely correlated with actual investment 
sophistication, to the extent that a sophisticated investor would no 
longer be considered accredited, his or her investment opportunities 
would decrease. We believe, that to the extent that our proposed 
definition captures financial sophistication for investors in 3(c)(1) 
Pools better than the accredited investor definition alone, the 
benefits would still justify the costs. We request comment on the 
nature and extent of the costs to private pools and investors that 
would result from our proposed revisions to the accredited investor 
standards for natural persons investing in certain 3(c)(1) Pools.
    We request comments on all aspects of this cost-benefit analysis, 
including identification of any additional costs or benefits of the 
proposed rules. Commenters are requested to provide empirical data and 
other factual support for their views to the extent possible.

VII. Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis

A. Certification for Proposed Rule 206(4)-8

    Section 3(a) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act requires the 
Commission to undertake an Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis of 
the proposed rule on small entities unless the Commission certifies 
that the proposed rule, if adopted, would not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.\98\ Pursuant 
to section 605(b) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, the Commission 
hereby certifies that proposed rule 206(4)-8 would not, if adopted, 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities.\99\ Proposed rule 206(4)-8 would make it a fraudulent, 
deceptive, or manipulative act, practice, or course of business for an 
investment adviser to a pooled investment vehicle to make any untrue 
statement of material fact or to omit to state a material fact 
necessary to make the statements made not misleading to any investor in 
the pooled investment vehicle. The proposed rule would also make it a 
fraudulent, deceptive or manipulative act, practice, or course of 
business within the meaning of section 206(4) for any investment 
adviser to certain pooled investment vehicles to otherwise engage in 
any act, practice, or course of business that is fraudulent, deceptive, 
or manipulative with respect to any investor or prospective investor in 
the pooled investment vehicle. The rule is intended to provide the 
Commission with clear enforcement authority under the Advisers Act for 
false or misleading statements or other frauds committed by investment 
advisers with respect to investors in pooled investment vehicles. The 
conduct the rule would prohibit is already prohibited, in most cases, 
by laws other than the Advisers Act. As such, we do not believe that 
the proposed rule would have any economic impact on an investment 
adviser to a pooled investment vehicle, regardless of whether the 
investment adviser is a small entity. Accordingly, the Commission 
certifies that proposed rule 206(4)-8 would not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \98\ 5 U.S.C. 603(a).
    \99\ 5 U.S.C. 605(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission encourages written comments regarding this 
certification. The Commission requests that commenters describe the 
nature of any impact on small businesses and provide empirical data to 
support the extent of the impact.

B. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis for Proposed Rules 509 and 
216

    This Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis has been prepared in 
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 603, and relates to the Commission's proposed 
rules 509 and 216 under the Securities Act that would revise the 
definition of accredited investor as it relates to natural persons. 
These proposed rules would apply solely to the offer and sale of 
certain privately offered investment pools specified in the rules. The 
proposed rules are designed to provide assurance that natural persons 
who invest in 3(c)(1) Pools have a level of knowledge and financial 
sophistication and the ability to bear the economic risk of the 
investment in such pools.
1. Reasons for, and Objectives of, Proposed Rules
    We recently have taken the opportunity to reconsider the standards 
we established to qualify persons as accredited investors under the 
safe harbor provided under Regulation D and our rules for certain small 
offerings. We note our staff's observation in its 2003 Staff Study that 
``inflation, along with the sustained growth in wealth and income of 
the 1990s, has boosted a substantial number of investors past the 
`accredited investor' standard.'' \100\ Based on analysis conducted by 
OEA, we also note that the increase in investor wealth is due in part 
to the increase in the values of personal residences since 1982. 
Accordingly, many individual investors today may be eligible to make 
investments in privately offered investment pools as accredited 
investors that previously may not have qualified as such for those 
investments. Moreover, private pools have become increasingly complex 
and involve risks not generally associated with many other issuers of 
securities.\101\ Not only do private pools often use complicated 
investment strategies, but there is minimal information available about 
them in the public domain. Accordingly, investors do not have access to 
the kind of information provided through our system of securities 
registration and therefore may find it difficult to appreciate the 
unique risks of these pools, including those with respect to 
undisclosed conflicts of interest, complex fee structures and the 
higher risk that may accompany such pools' anticipated returns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \100\ 2003 Staff Study, supra note 3 at text accompanying note 
271.
    \101\ See generally 2003 Staff Study, id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We note that natural persons may have indirect exposure to private 
pools as a result of their participation in

[[Page 413]]

pension plans and investment in certain pooled investment vehicles that 
invest in private pools. Such plans and vehicles are generally 
administered by entities of plan fiduciaries and registered investment 
professionals. This protection is not present in the case of natural 
persons who seek to invest in 3(c)(1) Pools outside of the structure of 
such pension plans and pooled investment vehicles. Moreover, while the 
existing net worth and income tests provide some investor protection, 
we believe that additional protections may be appropriate.
    The investor protections that we believe may be lacking with 
respect to 3(c)(1) Pools already exist for 3(c)(7) Pools.\102\ Natural 
persons who invest in such pools are required to own $5 million in 
certain investments at the time of their investment in the pool.\103\ 
In addition, for a 3(c)(7) Pool to rely on the safe harbor provided by 
Regulation D, the pool must limit the sale of its securities to 
qualified purchasers who also meet the definition of accredited 
investor. Accordingly, 3(c)(7) Pools are subject to a two-step approach 
which is designed to provide assurance that an investor has a level of 
knowledge and financial sophistication and the ability to bear the 
economic risk of the investment in such pools, as demonstrated by the 
investor's investment experience and also, for natural persons, that 
person's net worth or income. We believe that such a two-step approach 
may provide important, additional investor protections to natural 
persons who invest in certain 3(c)(1) Pools. Accordingly, the proposed 
rules governing investments in such pools incorporate that approach.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \102\ See supra note 21.
    \103\ See supra note 45.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Legal Basis
    The Commission is proposing new rules pursuant to authority set 
forth in sections 2(a)(15), 3(b), and 19(a) of the Securities Act of 
1933 [15 U.S.C. 77b(15), 77c(b), and 77s(a)].
3. Small Entities Subject to the Rule
    For purposes of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, an issuer is a 
``small business'' or ``small organization'' if it has total assets of 
$5 million or less as of the end of its most recent fiscal year.\104\ 
Approximately 19,250 filings on Form D were made in fiscal year 2006. 
Of these filings, we estimate that 385 were made by private issuers 
that are 3(c)(1) Pools.\105\ Of those filings made by 3(c)(1) Pools, we 
estimate that 50%, or 193, of them were made by issuers that are small 
businesses that would be affected by the proposed rules.\106\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \104\ 17 CFR 230.157.
    \105\ Form D does not contain sufficient information to allow 
the Commission to determine the number of filings on Form D that 
were made by 3(c)(1) Pools. Of the 19,250 filings on Form D, we 
estimate that 20%, or 3,850 filings, were made by filers that are 
3(c)(1) and 3(c)(7) Pools. Of those 3,850 filings, we estimate that 
10%, or 385 filings, were made by filers that are 3(c)(1) Pools.
    \106\ Form D also does not provide the Commission with 
sufficient information to determine the number of filings on Form D 
made by small businesses. We, therefore, estimate that 50% of 
3(c)(1) Pools are small businesses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance Requirements
    The proposed rules would require 3(c)(1) Pools to amend their 
administrative procedures to evaluate whether investors meet the 
eligibility standards of the proposed rules.
    The proposed rules would apply equally to private pools that are 
small entities and to other private pools. The Commission estimates 
that the proposed rules may result in some one-time formatting and 
ongoing costs and burdens that would be imposed on all affected private 
pools, but which may have a relatively greater impact on smaller firms. 
These include the costs related to amending investor questionnaires and 
other administrative documents and procedures, and implementing such 
procedures. These costs also could include expenses for computer time, 
legal and accounting fees, and information technology and compliance 
staff. However, many sponsors of 3(c)(1) Pools also sponsor 3(c)(7) 
Pools and therefore may already be familiar with the systems necessary 
to monitor the financial eligibility of investors. Commenters are 
solicited for their views on the effect the proposed rules would have 
on small entities.
5. Duplicative, Overlapping or Conflicting Federal Rules
    There are no rules that duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the 
proposed rules.
6. Significant Alternatives
    The Regulatory Flexibility Act directs us to consider significant 
alternatives that would accomplish our stated objective, while 
minimizing any significant adverse impact on small issuers. In 
connection with the proposed rules, the Commission considered the 
following alternatives: (i) The establishment of differing compliance 
or reporting requirements or timetables that take into account the 
resources available to small entities; (ii) the clarification, 
consolidation, or simplification of compliance and reporting 
requirements under the proposed rules for small entities; (iii) the use 
of performance rather than design standards; and (iv) an exemption from 
coverage of the proposed rules, or any part thereof, for small 
entities.
    With respect to the establishment of special compliance 
requirements or timetables under the proposals for small entities, we 
do not presently think this is feasible or appropriate. The proposed 
rules arise from the increase in investor wealth and private pool 
complexity since 1982 which underscores the need to strengthen investor 
protections. Excepting small entities from the proposed rules could 
compromise the overall effectiveness of the proposed rules. 
Nevertheless, we request comment on whether it is feasible or 
appropriate for small entities to have special requirements or 
timetables for compliance with the proposed rules. Should the proposed 
rules be altered to ease the regulatory burden on small entities?
    We do not believe that clarification, consolidation, or 
simplification of the compliance requirements is feasible. The proposed 
rules contain a straightforward two-step approach designed to help 
ensure that only investors that are capable of evaluating the merits 
and risks of investments in certain 3(c)(1) Pools may invest in such 
pools. We request comment on ways to clarify, consolidate, or simplify 
any part of the proposed rules.
    We do not believe that the use of performance rather than design 
standards is feasible. We are concerned that current standards 
established to qualify persons as accredited investors may be 
insufficient under certain circumstances. The proposed rules would 
revise the definition of accredited investor as it relates to natural 
persons and may provide important, additional investor protections to 
natural persons who invest in certain 3(c)(1) Pools.
    With respect to exempting small entities from coverage of these 
proposed rules, we believe such changes would be impracticable. We have 
endeavored throughout these proposed rules to minimize the regulatory 
burden on all affected private pools, including small entities, while 
meeting our regulatory objectives. Exemption from the proposals for 
private pools that are small entities would be inconsistent with the 
Commission's goal of investor protection.
7. Solicitation of Comments
    The Commission encourages the submission of written comments with 
respect to any aspect of this analysis.

[[Page 414]]

Comment is specifically requested on the number of small entities that 
would be affected by the proposed rules and the likely impact of the 
proposals on small entities. Commenters are asked to describe the 
nature of any impact and provide empirical data supporting the extent 
of the impact. These comments will be considered in the preparation of 
the Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, if the proposed rules are 
adopted, and will be placed in the same public file as comments on the 
proposed rules themselves.

VIII. Effects on Competition, Efficiency and Capital Formation

    Section 2(b) of the Securities Act requires the Commission, when 
engaging in rulemaking that requires it to consider or determine 
whether an action is necessary or appropriate in the public interest, 
to consider, in addition to the protection of investors, whether the 
action will promote efficiency, competition, and capital 
formation.\107\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \107\ 15 U.S.C. 77(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rules are designed to provide assurance that an 
accredited investor has a level of knowledge and financial 
sophistication and the ability to bear the economic risk of an 
investment in a 3(c)(1) Pool, as demonstrated by the investor's 
investment experience and also, for natural persons, that person's net 
worth or income. These proposed rules may affect efficiency. Since the 
proposed enhanced eligibility standards would result in a smaller pool 
of accredited investors eligible to invest in 3(c)(1) Pools, 
competition among private pools for investors may increase resulting in 
more efficient allocation of assets among private pools. The proposed 
standards, however, also may have an inefficient allocation result in 
certain circumstances. The proposed rules, for example, may result in 
certain investors who are knowledgeable and financially sophisticated 
but who do not meet the parameters of the proposed rules not being able 
to invest in 3(c)(1) Pools.
    Competition may also be affected by the proposed rules. They may 
promote competition by shrinking the pool of investors eligible to 
invest in 3(c)(1) Pools. Such a decrease in the investor base may 
increase competition among 3(c)(1) Pools which could lower profits and 
thereby possibly result in some sponsors of 3(c)(1) Pools not offering 
new 3(c)(1) Pools or some potential sponsors of such pools not entering 
the business.
    Finally, the proposed rules would affect capital formation by 
decreasing the pool of investors from which 3(c)(1) Pools would be able 
to obtain capital to start or increase the size of their private pools.
    We request comment on whether the proposed rules, if adopted, would 
promote efficiency, competition and capital formation. We specifically 
request comment on the effect a decrease in the eligible investor base 
will have on competition. Commenters are solicited for their views on 
the impact that applying the proposed rules would have on the ability 
of affected 3(c)(1) Pools to raise capital. For example, commenters are 
requested to discuss how much capital they believe that 3(c)(1) Pools 
historically have raised (total amount and percentage of assets of the 
pool) through the offer and sale of their securities to persons who 
would meet the current definition of accredited investor under 
Regulation D, but who would not meet the definition of accredited 
natural person. Commenters are requested to provide empirical data and 
other factual support for their views if possible.

IX. Statutory Authority

    We are proposing new rules 509 and 216 pursuant to our authority 
set forth in sections 2(a)(15), 3(b) and 19(a) of the Securities Act 
[15 U.S.C. 77b(15), 77c(b) and 77s(a)]. We are proposing new rule 
206(4)-8 pursuant to our authority set forth in sections 206(4) and 
211(a) of the Advisers Act [15 U.S.C. 80b-6(4) and 80b-11(a)].

List of Subjects

17 CFR Part 230

    Investment companies, Reporting and recordkeeping, Securities.

17 CFR Part 275

    Reporting and recordkeeping, Securities.

Text of Proposed Rules

    For the reasons set out in the preamble, Title 17, Chapter II of 
the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as follows:

PART 230--GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

    1. The general authority citation for Part 230 is revised to read 
as follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77b, 77c, 77d, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77r, 
77s, 77z-3, 77sss, 78c, 78d, 78j, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o, 78t, 78w, 78ll 
(d), 78mm, 80a-8, 80a-24, 80a-28, 80a-29, 80a-30, and 80a-37, unless 
otherwise noted.

* * * * *
    2. Section 230.215 is amended by revising paragraphs (e) and (f) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  230.215  Accredited investor.

* * * * *
    (e) Any natural person whose individual net worth, or joint net 
worth with that person's spouse, at the time of his purchase exceeds 
$1,000,000, except that Sec.  230.216 shall apply with respect to the 
sale of securities issued by a ``private investment vehicle'' as 
described therein;
    (f) Any natural person who had an individual income in excess of 
$200,000 in each of the two most recent years or joint income with that 
person's spouse in excess of $300,000 in each of those years and has a 
reasonable expectation of reaching the same income level in the current 
year, except that Sec.  230.216 shall apply with respect to the sale of 
securities issued by a ``private investment vehicle'' as described 
therein;
* * * * *
    3. By adding Sec.  230.216 before the undesignated section heading 
to read as follows:


Sec.  230.216  Accredited investor definition for investors in certain 
private investment vehicles.

    (a) Notwithstanding the definition of the term ``accredited 
investor'' in Sec.  230.215, in connection with the offer and sale of 
securities issued by an issuer that is a private investment vehicle, 
other than a venture capital fund, the term ``accredited investor'' as 
used in section 4(6) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77(d)(6)) 
with reference to a natural person for purposes of Sec.  230.215(e) or 
Sec.  230.215(f) (``accredited natural person'') shall mean a natural 
person who meets the requirements specified in Sec.  230.215(e) or 
Sec.  230.215(f), and who owns (individually, or jointly with that 
person's spouse) not less than $2.5 million (as adjusted for inflation) 
in investments.
    (b) Definitions. As used in this section, the following terms shall 
have the meanings indicated:
    (1) Private investment vehicle means any issuer that would be an 
investment company as defined in section 3(a) of the Investment Company 
Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(a)) but for the exclusion provided for in 
section 3(c)(1) (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(c)(1)) of that Act.
    (2) Venture capital fund has the same meaning as ``business 
development company'' in section 202(a)(22) of the Investment Advisers 
Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80b-2(a)(22)).
    (3) Investments means:
    (i) Securities (as defined by section 2(a)(1) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 
77b(a)(1))), other than securities issued by an issuer that is 
controlled by the prospective

[[Page 415]]

accredited natural person that owns such securities, unless such issuer 
is:
    (A) An investment company, as defined in section 3(a) of the 
Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(a)), or a company that 
would be an investment company under section 3(a) but for the 
exclusions from that definition provided by sections 3(c)(1) through 
3(c)(9) of the Investment Company Act (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(c)(1) through 
3(c)(9)), or the exclusions provided by Sec.  270.3a-6 or Sec.  270.3a-
7 of this chapter, or a commodity pool;
    (B) A company that:
    (1) Files reports pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities 
Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); or
    (2) Has a class of securities that are listed on a ``designated 
offshore securities market'' as such term is defined by Regulation S 
under the Act (Sec. Sec.  230.901 through 230.904); or
    (C) A company with shareholders' equity of not less than $50 
million (determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting 
principles) as reflected on the company's most recent financial 
statements, provided that such financial statements present the 
information as of a date within 16 months preceding the date on which 
the prospective accredited natural person acquires the securities of a 
private investment vehicle;
    (ii) Real estate held for investment purposes;
    (iii) Commodity interests held for investment purposes. For 
purposes of this section, commodity interests means commodity futures 
contracts, options on commodity futures contracts, and options on 
physical commodities traded on or subject to the rules of:
    (A) Any contract market designated for trading such transactions 
under the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.) and the rules 
thereunder (17 CFR 1.1 through 190.10); or
    (B) Any board of trade or exchange outside the United States, as 
contemplated in Part 30 of the rules under the Commodity Exchange Act 
(17 CFR 30.1 through 30.12);
    (iv) Physical commodities held for investment purposes. For 
purposes of this paragraph, physical commodities means any physical 
commodity with respect to which a commodity interest is traded on a 
market specified in paragraph (b)(3)(iii) of this section;
    (v) To the extent not securities, financial contracts (as such term 
is defined in section 3(c)(2)(B)(ii) of the Investment Company Act of 
1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(c)(2)(B)(ii)) entered into for investment 
purposes; and
    (vi) Cash and cash equivalents (including foreign currencies) held 
for investment purposes. For purposes of this section, cash and cash 
equivalents include:
    (A) Bank deposits, certificates of deposit, bankers acceptances and 
similar bank instruments held for investment purposes; and
    (B) The net cash surrender value of an insurance policy.
    (4) Prospective accredited natural person means a natural person 
seeking to purchase a security issued by a private investment vehicle.
    (5) Related person means a natural person who is related to a 
prospective accredited natural person as a sibling, spouse or former 
spouse, or is a direct lineal descendant or ancestor by birth or 
adoption of the prospective accredited natural person, or is a spouse 
of such descendant or ancestor.
    (c) Solely for purposes of this section:
    (1) Investment purposes:
    (i) Real estate shall not be considered to be held for investment 
purposes by a prospective accredited natural person if it is used by 
the prospective accredited natural person or a related person for 
personal purposes or as a place of business, or in connection with the 
conduct of the trade or business of the prospective accredited natural 
person or a related person, provided that real estate owned by a 
prospective accredited natural person who is engaged primarily in the 
business of investing, trading or developing real estate in connection 
with such business may be deemed to be held for investment purposes. 
Residential real estate shall not be deemed to be used for personal 
purposes if deductions with respect to such real estate are not 
disallowed by section 280A of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. 
280A).
    (ii) A commodity interest or physical commodity owned, or a 
financial contract entered into, by the prospective accredited natural 
person who is engaged primarily in the business of investing, 
reinvesting, or trading in commodity interests, physical commodities or 
financial contracts in connection with such business may be deemed to 
be held for investment purposes.
    (2) Valuation. For purposes of determining whether a natural person 
is an accredited natural person, the aggregate amount of investments 
owned and invested on a discretionary basis by the natural person shall 
be the investments' fair market value on the most recent practicable 
date or their cost, provided that:
    (i) In the case of commodity interests, the amount of investments 
shall be the value of the initial margin or option premium deposited in 
connection with such commodity interests; and
    (ii) In each case, there shall be deducted from the amount of 
investments owned by the natural person the amounts specified in 
paragraph (c)(3) of this section, as applicable.
    (3) Deductions. In determining whether any natural person is an 
accredited natural person there shall be deducted from the amount of 
such person's investments the amount of any outstanding indebtedness 
incurred to acquire or for the purpose of acquiring the investments 
owned by such person.
    (4) Joint investments. In determining whether a natural person is 
an accredited natural person, there may be included in the amount of 
such person's investments any investments held individually and fifty 
percent of any investments (a) held jointly with such person's spouse, 
and (b) in which such person shares with such person's spouse a 
community property or similar shared ownership interest. In determining 
whether spouses who are making a joint investment in a private 
investment vehicle are accredited natural persons, there may be 
included in the amount of each spouse's investments any investments 
owned by the other spouse (whether or not such investments are held 
jointly). In each case, there shall be deducted from the amount of any 
such investments the amounts specified in paragraph (c)(3) of this 
section incurred by each spouse; and
    (5) Certain retirement plans and trusts. In determining whether a 
natural person is an accredited natural person, there may be included 
in the amount of such person's investments any investments held in an 
individual retirement account or similar account the investments of 
which are directed by and held for the benefit of such person.
    (6) Inflation adjustments.
    (i) On April 1, 2012, and on the 1st day of each subsequent 5-year 
period, the dollar amount in paragraph (a) of this section shall be 
adjusted by:
    (A) Dividing the annual value of the Personal Consumption 
Expenditures Chain-Type Price Index (or any successor index thereto), 
as published by the Department of Commerce, for the calendar year 
preceding the calendar year in which the adjustment is being made by 
the annual value of such index (or successor) for the calendar year 
ending December 31, 2006; and
    (B) Multiplying the dollar amount by the quotient obtained in 
paragraph (c)(6)(i)(A) of this section.

[[Page 416]]

    (ii) Rounding. If the adjusted dollar amount determined under 
paragraph (c)(6)(i) of this section for any period is not a multiple of 
$100,000, the amount so determined shall be rounded to the nearest 
multiple of $100,000.

    4. Section 230.501 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(5) and 
(a)(6) to read as follows:


Sec.  230.501  Definitions and terms used in Regulation D.

    (a) * * *
    (5) Any natural person whose individual net worth, or joint net 
worth with that person's spouse, at the time of his purchase exceeds 
$1,000,000, except that Sec.  230.509 shall apply with respect to the 
sale of securities issued by a ``private investment vehicle'' as 
described therein;
    (6) Any natural person who had an individual income in excess of 
$200,000 in each of the two most recent years or joint income with that 
person's spouse in excess of $300,000 in each of those years and has a 
reasonable expectation of reaching the same income level in the current 
year, except that Sec.  230.509 shall apply with respect to the sale of 
securities issued by a ``private investment vehicle'' as described 
therein;
* * * * *
    5. By adding Sec.  230.509 to read as follows:


Sec.  230.509  Private investment vehicle.

    (a) Notwithstanding the definition of the term ``accredited 
investor'' in Sec.  230.501, in connection with the offer and sale of 
securities issued by an issuer that is a private investment vehicle, 
other than a venture capital fund, the term ``accredited investor'' in 
Regulation D (Sec. Sec.  230.501 through 230.509) with reference to a 
natural person for purposes of Sec.  230.501(a)(5) or Sec.  
230.501(a)(6) (``accredited natural person'') shall mean a natural 
person who meets the requirements specified in Sec.  230.501(a)(5) or 
Sec.  230.501(a)(6), and who owns (individually, or jointly with that 
person's spouse) not less than $2.5 million in investments (as adjusted 
for inflation), or who the issuer reasonably believes meets such 
qualifications, at the time of the purchase.
    (b) Definitions. As used in this section, the following terms shall 
have the meanings indicated:
    (1) Private investment vehicle means any issuer that would be an 
investment company as defined in section 3(a) of the Investment Company 
Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(a)) but for the exclusion provided for in 
section 3(c)(1)(15 U.S.C. 80a-3(c)(1)) of that Act.
    (2) Venture capital fund has the same meaning as ``business 
development company'' in section 202(a)(22) of the Investment Advisers 
Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80b-2(a)(22)).
    (3) Investments means:
    (i) Securities (as defined by section 2(a)(1) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 
77b(a)(1))), other than securities issued by an issuer that is 
controlled by the prospective accredited natural person that owns such 
securities, unless such issuer is:
    (A) An investment company, as defined in section 3(a) of the 
Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(a)), or a company that 
would be an investment company under section 3(a) but for the 
exclusions from that definition provided by sections 3(c)(1) through 
3(c)(9) of the Investment Company Act (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(c)(1) through 
3(c)(9)), or the exclusions provided by Sec.  270.3a-6 or Sec.  270.3a-
7 of this chapter, or a commodity pool;
    (B) A company that:
    (1) Files reports pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities 
Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); or
    (2) Has a class of securities that are listed on a ``designated 
offshore securities market'' as such term is defined by Regulation S 
under the Act (Sec. Sec.  230.901 through 230.904); or
    (C) A company with shareholders' equity of not less than $50 
million (determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting 
principles) as reflected on the company's most recent financial 
statements, provided that such financial statements present the 
information as of a date within 16 months preceding the date on which 
the prospective accredited natural person acquires the securities of a 
private investment vehicle;
    (ii) Real estate held for investment purposes;
    (iii) Commodity interests held for investment purposes. For 
purposes of this section, commodity interests means commodity futures 
contracts, options on commodity futures contracts, and options on 
physical commodities traded on or subject to the rules of:
    (A) Any contract market designated for trading such transactions 
under the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.) and the rules 
thereunder (17 CFR 1.1 through 190.10); or
    (B) Any board of trade or exchange outside the United States, as 
contemplated in Part 30 of the rules under the Commodity Exchange Act 
(17 CFR 30.1 through 30.12);
    (iv) Physical commodities held for investment purposes. For 
purposes of this paragraph, physical commodities means any physical 
commodity with respect to which a commodity interest is traded on a 
market specified in paragraph (b)(3)(iii) of this section;
    (v) To the extent not securities, financial contracts (as such term 
is defined in section 3(c)(2)(B)(ii) of the Investment Company Act of 
1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(c)(2)(B)(ii)) entered into for investment 
purposes; and
    (vi) Cash and cash equivalents (including foreign currencies) held 
for investment purposes. For purposes of this section, cash and cash 
equivalents include:
    (A) Bank deposits, certificates of deposit, bankers acceptances and 
similar bank instruments held for investment purposes; and
    (B) The net cash surrender value of an insurance policy.
    (4) Prospective accredited natural person means a natural person 
seeking to purchase a security issued by a private investment vehicle.
    (5) Related person means a natural person who is related to a 
prospective accredited natural person as a sibling, spouse or former 
spouse, or is a direct lineal descendant or ancestor by birth or 
adoption of the prospective accredited natural person, or is a spouse 
of such descendant or ancestor.
    (c) Solely for purposes of this section:
    (1) Investment purposes:
    (i) Real estate shall not be considered to be held for investment 
purposes by a prospective accredited natural person if it is used by 
the prospective accredited natural person or a related person for 
personal purposes or as a place of business, or in connection with the 
trade or business of the prospective accredited natural person or a 
related person, provided that real estate owned by a prospective 
accredited natural person who is engaged primarily in the business of 
investing, trading or developing real estate in connection with such 
business may be deemed to be held for investment purposes. Residential 
real estate shall not be deemed to be used for personal purposes if 
deductions with respect to such real estate are not disallowed by 
section 280A of the Internal Revenue Code (26 V.S.C. 280A).
    (ii) A commodity interest or physical commodity owned, or a 
financial contract entered into, by the prospective accredited natural 
person who is engaged primarily in the business of investing, 
reinvesting, or trading in commodity interests, physical commodities or 
financial contracts in connection with such business may be deemed to 
be held for investment purposes.

[[Page 417]]

    (2) Valuation. For purposes of determining whether a natural person 
is an accredited natural personal the aggregate amount of investments 
owned and invested on a discretionary basis by the natural person shall 
be the investments' fair market value on the most recent practicable 
date or their cost, provided that:
    (i) In the case of commodity interests, the amount of investments 
shall be the value of the initial margin or option premium deposited in 
connection with such commodity interests; and
    (ii) In each case, there shall be deducted from the amount of 
investments owned by the natural person the amounts specified in 
paragraph (c)(3) of this section, as applicable.
    (3) Deductions. In determining whether any natural person is an 
accredited natural person there shall be deducted from the amount of 
such person's investments the amount of any outstanding indebtedness 
incurred to acquire or for the purpose of acquiring the investments 
owned by such person.
    (4) Joint investments. In determining whether a natural person is 
an accredited natural person, there may be included in the amount of 
such person's investments any investments held individually and fifty 
percent of any investments (a) held jointly with such person's spouse, 
and (b) in which such person shares with such person's spouse a 
community property or similar shared ownership interest. In determining 
whether spouses who are making a joint investment in a private 
investment vehicle are accredited natural persons, there may be 
included in the amount of each spouse's investments any investments 
owned by the other spouse (whether or not such investments are held 
jointly). In each case, there shall be deducted from the amount of any 
such investments the amounts specified in paragraph (c)(3) of this 
section incurred by each spouse; and
    (5) Certain retirement plans and trusts. In determining whether a 
natural person is an accredited natural person, there may be included 
in the amount of such person's investments any investments held in an 
individual retirement account or similar account the investments of 
which are directed by and held for the benefit of such person.
    (6) Inflation adjustments.
    (i) On April 1, 2012, and on the 1st day of each subsequent 5-year 
period, the dollar amount in paragraph (a) of this section shall be 
adjusted by:
    (A) Dividing the annual value of the Personal Consumption 
Expenditures Chain-Type Price Index (or any successor index thereto), 
as published by the Department of Commerce, for the calendar year 
preceding the calendar year in which the adjustment is being made by 
the annual value of such index (or successor) for the calendar year 
ending December 31, 2006; and
    (B) Multiplying the dollar amount by the quotient obtained in 
paragraph (c)(6)(i)(A) of this section.
    (ii) Rounding. If the adjusted dollar amount determined under 
paragraph (c)(6)(i) of this section for any period is not a multiple of 
$1 00,000, the amount so determined shall be rounded to the nearest 
multiple of $100,000.

PART 275--RULES AND REGULATIONS, INVESTMENT ADVISERS ACT OF 1940

    6. The authority citation for part 275 continues to read in part as 
follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 80b-2(a)(11)(F), 80b-2(a)(17), 80b-3, 80b-
4, 80b-4a, 80b-6(4), 80b-6a, and 80b-II, unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *
    7. Section 275.206(4)-8 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  206(4)-8  Pooled investment vehicles.

    (a) Prohibition. It shall constitute a fraudulent, deceptive, or 
manipulative act, practice, or course of business within the meaning of 
section 206(4) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 80b-6(4)) for any investment 
adviser to a pooled investment vehicle to:
    (1) Make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to 
state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in the 
light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, 
to any investor or prospective investor in the pooled investment 
vehicle; or
    (2) Otherwise engage in any act, practice, or course of business 
that is fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative with respect to any 
investor or prospective investor in the pooled investment vehicle.
    (b) Definition. For purposes of this section ``pooled investment 
vehicle'' means any investment company as defined in section 3(a) of 
the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(a)) or any company 
that would be an investment company under section 3(a) of that Act but 
for the exclusion provided from that definition by either section 
3(c)(1) or section 3(c)(7) of that Act (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(c)(1) or (7)).


    By the Commission.
    Dated: December 27, 2006.
Jill M. Peterson,
Assistant Secretary.
[FR Doc. E6-22531 Filed 1-3-07; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 8011-01-P
