HSDB Summary Beryllium Oxide

The following information was generated from the 

Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB),

a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system

(http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on January 27, 2009.

Query: Records containing  the word disease  

Singular and plural forms were searched.The chemical name beryllium was

identified.

The following terms were added from ChemIDplus:

glucinum

glucinium

CAS Registry Number: 7440-41-7

3

NAME: BERYLLIUM OXIDE

HSN: 1607

RN: 1304-56-9

NOTE:

      This record contains information specific to the title compound.
For

      general information on the toxicity and environmental fate of
beryllium

      ion and beryllium compounds, refer to the BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
record; for

      information on the metal itself, to the BERYLLIUM, ELEMENTAL
record.

HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS:

EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:

      Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the
carcinogenicity

      of beryllium and beryllium compounds. There is sufficient evidence
in

      experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and
beryllium

      compounds. Overall evaluation: Beryllium and beryllium compounds
are

      carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium
compounds/

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 58 103

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: B1; probable human
carcinogen. Based

      on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to
airborne

      beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity
in

      animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung
tumors

      in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and

      osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous
or

      intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2
(inadequate

      human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data)
using

      criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment.
Using the

      proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled
beryllium

      would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the
human

      carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined.
Studies

      regarding the potential carcinogenicity of ingested beryllium to
humans

      were not available. Increases in lung cancer mortality have been
observed

      in cohort mortality studies of beryllium processing workers ...
and in

      studies of entrants on the BCR. No increases in other types of
cancer were

      found, but increases in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory
disease were

      also observed. Newer studies ... have been considered as the basis
for a

      dose-response assessment, but share a limitatiion ... lack of
individul

      exposure monitoring or job history data that would support a more

      definitive exposure assessment. NIOSH has recently completed a
lung cancer

      case-control study nested within a cohort mortality study of
beryllium

      manufacturing workers at the Reading beryllium processing
facility. The

      study developed an exposure matrix and calculated airborne
exposure

      concentration and thus may provide the best available basis for a

      quantitative cancer estimate. ... Chronic oral studies of the
potential

      carcinogenicity of beryllium in animals were conducted at dose
levels

      below the /Maximum Tolerated Dose/, and therefore are inadequate
for the

      assessment of carcinogenicity. Beryllium has been shown to induce
lung

      cancer in rats exposed to beryllium by both inhalation and
intratracheal

      instillation and in monkeys by inhalation. Osteosarcomas have been

      produced in rabbits and possibly in mice by intravenous and
intramedullary

      injection using a variety of beryllium compounds and beryllium
metal. No

      tumors were produced by intracutaneous or percutaneous injections
of

      beryllium compounds. The majority of studies do not induce gene
mutation

      in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. Gene
mutations

      have been observed in mammalian cells cultured with beryllium
chloride.

      Culturing mammalian cells with beryllium chloride, beryllium
sulfate, or

      beryllium nitrate has resulted in clastogenic alterations. HUMAN

      CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA:
Sufficient.

      [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk
Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Available from:

      http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of
March

      15, 2000]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [

      American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists   TLVs
and BEIs.

      Threshold Limit Values for Chemical   Substances and Physical
Agents and

      Biological Exposure   Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2005, p. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

      Chronic beryllium disease is the pulmonary and systemic
granulomatous

      disease caused by exposure to beryllium by inhalation. In most
cases, the

      duration of exposure is several months to years. The interval
between

      initial exposure and the clinical manifestations of disease
varies. Some

      patients become symptomatic while actively working; others, as
late as 25

      years after their last exposure. The average latency period is 10
to 15

      years. Exertional dyspnea is the most common symptom of chronic
beryllium

      disease. Other symptoms are cough, fatigue, weight loss, chest
pain, and

      arthralgias. Physical findings may be entirely normal or may
include

      bibasilar crackles, lymphadenopathy, skin lesions,
hepatosplenomegaly, and

      clubbing. Signs of pulmonary hypertension may be present in
severe,

      long-standing disease. Parotid gland enlargement was reported in
one

      patient with chronic beryllium disease. /Beryllium and compounds/
[Rom,

      W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed.
Boston, MA:

      Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... ACUTE ILLNESS ... IN BERYLLIUM INDUSTRY ... REPORTED ...
/DURING/ ...

      PROCESSING OF BERYL ORE FOR PRODN OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE. ...
THIRTY-EIGHT

      CASES WITH FIVE DEATHS ... REPORTED. SYMPTOMS INCLUDE COUGH,
DYSPNEA,

      SUBSTERNAL PAIN, ANOREXIA, INCREASING FATIGUE, &amp; WEIGHT LOSS.

      [Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed.
Acton,

      Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 46]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      A CHRONIC PULMONARY CONDITION KNOWN AS 'BERYLLIOSIS' ... IS
FREQUENTLY

      FATAL ... PULMONARY X-RAYS DEMONSTRATED A MILIARY MOTTLING, &amp;

      INTERSTITIAL GRANULOMATOSIS WAS DIAGNOSED ... CAUSED BY BERYLLIUM
CMPD OF

      LOW SOLUBILITY, PARTICULARLY THE LOW FIRED OXIDE. ... NO
ESTABLISHED DOSE

      RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP ... [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of
the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health
Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.
(Multivolume

      work)., p. V23 185 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Two cases of human carcinomas by beryllium aerosols were reported.
In one

      case, an adult male had contact with the dust, vapors, and gases
of

      beryllium oxide and beryllium chloride for about 3 years. 3 years
after

      employment ceased, the worker had shadows in both pulmonary x-ray

      midfields. /14 years later/ autopsy confirmed the presence of
carcinoma in

      the right pulmonary upper lobe, with metastases ... [Niemoeller
HK;

      Internationales Archiv fur Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene
20: 180-6

      (1963)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... INSOLUBLE BERYLLIUM SUBSTANCES ... THE OXIDE ... INDUCE
EFFECTS ONLY

      AFTER PROTRACTED EXPOSURE OR LONG RESIDENCE TIME IN THE BODY.
[Clayton, G.

      D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology:

      Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons,

      1981-1982., p. 1541]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The Carcinogen Assessment Group (CAG), Office of Health and
Environmental

      Assessment in EPA'S Research and Development Office, has prepared
a list

      of chemical substances for which substantial or strong evidence
exists

      showing that exposure to these chemicals, under certain
conditions, causes

      cancer in humans, or can cause cancer in animal species which in
turn,

      makes them potentially carcinogenic in humans. Substances are
placed on

      the CAG list only if they have been demonstrated to induce
malignant

      tumors in one or more animal species or to induce benign tumors
that are

      generally recognized as early stages of malignancies, and/or if
positive

      epidemiologic studies indicated they were carcinogenic. Beryllium
oxide is

      on that list. [USEPA/CAG; The Carcinogen Assessment Group's List
of

      Carcinogens (7/14/80)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... 2 PERSONS WHO HAD ... CONSTANT EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM OXIDE FOR
5 YEARS

      SHOWED APPRECIABLE EXCRETION AFTER 6 YEARS' REMOVAL FROM CONTACT
... NO

      EVIDENCE OF PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT. [Browning, E. Toxicity of
Industrial

      Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p.
70]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      A severe chronic lung disease developed among employees of
fluorescent

      lamp plants where fluorescent powders containing finely divided
beryllium

      oxide were prepared and applied. [American Conference of
Governmental

      Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit
Values

      and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III.
Cincinnati,

      OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 134]**PEER REVIEWED**

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:

      ... Irritation /to/ eyes. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds as
(Be)/

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
June 1994.,

      p. 29]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Will burn skin and eyes. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of
Transportation.

      CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

MEDICAL  SURVEILLANCE:

      IN A STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL LIVER DISEASES, IT WAS NOTED THAT
BERYLLIUM

      WORKERS FREQUENTLY EXPERIENCE GRANULOMATOUS HEPATITIS WHICH CAN BE

      CONFIRMED BY A POSITIVE PATCH TEST WITH BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE OR
SULFATE, OR

      CONFIRMING THE PRESENCE OF BERYLLIUM IN THE TISSUES OR URINE.

      [POWELL-JACKSON P, DAVIS M; PRACTITIONER 223 (1333): 67
(1979)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... In relation specifically to
cancer

      hazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that
may ensure

      the early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may
preclude

      them. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular
when

      exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be
taken

      concerning additional tests that might become useful or mandatory.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G.
Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W.
Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems
of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23]**PEER REVIEWED**

PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE:

      ... THE RANGE OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES THAT COULD LEAD TO
OCCUPATIONAL

      EXPOSURE /OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE/ HAS EXPANDED. ... MINING,
EXTRACTION,

      REFINING, ALLOY MFR, METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS, MFR CERAMICS,
ELECTRONIC

      EQUIPMENT, NON-FERROUS FOUNDRY PRODUCTS, AEROSPACE EQUIPMENT,
TOOLS &amp;

      DIES ... [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic
Risk of

      Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International
Agency

      for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23
164

      (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PROCESSING &amp; MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES /WITH THE POTENTIAL FOR
EXPOSURE

      TO BERYLLIUM OXIDE/ INCLUDE ... BERYLLIUM-ALLOY MACHINING,
MOLDING,

      GRINDING, CUTTING &amp; FABRICATION AS WELL AS PROCESSES IN THE

      ELECTROPLATING AND ATOMIC ENERGY INDUSTRIES. [IARC. Monographs on
the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva:
World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 164 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

      

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Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.<p>The following Overview,
***

BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

LIFE SUPPORT: 

   o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures

       have been instituted.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: 

  0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE

   0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  All compounds of beryllium with the exception of the

         naturally occurring ore, beryl, should be considered

         potentially harmful, particularly when inhaled. Soluble

         beryllium compounds produce both acute and chronic

         toxicity.

     B)  Insoluble forms (Be alloys, intermetallics, BeO, ores)

         induce effects only after prolonged exposure. Chronic

         beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder; only

         about 1 in 20 of the most heavily exposed worker groups

         has ever been affected.

     C)  Acute beryllium poisoning (duration of less than 1

         year) consists of conjunctiva and mucous membrane

         irritation and occasionally of acute pneumonitis.

     D)  Diagnosis of chronic beryllium disease requires meeting

         the standards of the Massachusetts General study group,

         the patient must exhibit 4 to 6 findings and 1 of the

         first 2:

      1.  Epidemiologic evidence of exposure

      2.  Presence of beryllium in lung tissue, lymph nodes, or

          urine.

      3.  Consistent lower respiratory tract disease

      4.  Radiological findings of a fibronodular interstitial

          process

      5.  Restrictive or obstructive ventilatory defect or

          diminished CO diffusion

      6.  Consistent pathologic changes in lung and/or lymph

          node tissue

     E)  The signs and symptoms are usually nonspecific. Other

         types of respiratory disease, particularly sarcoid,

         must be ruled out.

   0.2.1.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE

     A)  Chronic beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder;

         only about 1 to 20 of the most heavily exposed worker

         groups is affected. Diagnosis requires history of

         exposure, compatible histologic findings, and

         quantitative tissue analysis. The signs and symptoms

         are usually nonspecific. Other types of respiratory

         disease, particularly sarcoid, must be ruled out.

  0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS

  0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR

   0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Chest pain related to dyspnea is a common presenting

         symptom. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and right sided heart

         failure may occur in advanced chronic illness.

  0.2.6 RESPIRATORY

   0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  ACUTE - Irritation, pneumonitis, dyspnea, pulmonary

         edema.

     B)  CHRONIC - Cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, and fibronodular

         x-ray changes are commonly seen. Subclinical diminution

         of pulmonary function occurs.

  0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC

   0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Fatigue, headache, and seizures may occur.

  0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL

   0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Nausea, vomiting, and a metallic taste may be noted.

  0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC

   0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  ACUTE - Skin irritation, contact dermatitis

     B)  CHRONIC - Granulomas, and skin ulcers indicate imbedded

         metal.

  0.2.15 MUSCULOSKELETAL

   0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Arthralgia has been reported.

  0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS

    A)  No data were available on embryotoxicity or

        teratogenicity of beryllium or beryllium compounds.

    B)  One case indicates that a woman with a body burden of

        beryllium may pass beryllium to the fetus. Risk to the

        infant for developing delayed toxicity is unknown. There

        may be evidence to suggest that pregnancy may increase

        susceptibility to the toxicity of beryllium.

  0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY

   0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY

     A)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-41-7 (IARC,

         2004):

      1)  IARC Classification

       a)  Listed as: Beryllium and beryllium compounds

       b)  Carcinogen Rating: 1

        1)  The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The

            exposure circumstance entails exposures that are

            carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when

            there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in

            humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be

            placed in this category when evidence of

            carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient

            but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity

            in experimental animals and strong evidence in

            exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through

            a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

   0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW

     A)  Whether beryllium compounds are carcinogenic in humans

         remains controversial.

  0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY

    A)  It is believed that beryllium interacts with DNA and

        causes gene mutation, chromosomal aberration and sister

        chromatic exchange in cultured somatic cells (Sharma et

        al, 2000).

LABORATORY: 

   A)  Specific assays for beryllium in lung and granuloma

       tissue are available. Peripheral lymphocyte or

       bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell transformation tests

       are useful in diagnosis and monitoring.

   B)  Chest x-ray may be abnormal, but CT-scan is more

       sensitive.

TREATMENT OVERVIEW: 

  0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE

    A)  Beryllium is thought to be poorly absorbed from the gut

        and usually presents no hazard if ingested.

    B)  Some compounds may be irritating and dilution is

        recommended.

    C)  DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to

        240 mL) of water or milk (not to exceed 4 ounces/120 mL

        in a child).

  0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE

    A)  INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for

        respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing

        develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,

        bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist

        ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled

        beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.

    B)  Bed rest and symptomatic treatment may be all that is

        required in mild forms of beryllium poisoning.

    C)  Corticosteroids may be a useful adjunct for controlling

        dyspnea and delaying the onset of right heart failure

        and pulmonary insufficiency after chronic exposure.

  0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE

    A)  OVERVIEW

     1)  Chronic granulomas are removed surgically.

RANGE OF TOXICITY: 

   A)  TLV - 0.002 mg/m(3).

ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES:

EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:

      Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the
carcinogenicity

      of beryllium and beryllium compounds. There is sufficient evidence
in

      experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and
beryllium

      compounds. Overall evaluation: Beryllium and beryllium compounds
are

      carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium
compounds/

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 58 103

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: B1; probable human
carcinogen. Based

      on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to
airborne

      beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity
in

      animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung
tumors

      in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and

      osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous
or

      intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2
(inadequate

      human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data)
using

      criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment.
Using the

      proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled
beryllium

      would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the
human

      carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined.
Studies

      regarding the potential carcinogenicity of ingested beryllium to
humans

      were not available. Increases in lung cancer mortality have been
observed

      in cohort mortality studies of beryllium processing workers ...
and in

      studies of entrants on the BCR. No increases in other types of
cancer were

      found, but increases in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory
disease were

      also observed. Newer studies ... have been considered as the basis
for a

      dose-response assessment, but share a limitatiion ... lack of
individul

      exposure monitoring or job history data that would support a more

      definitive exposure assessment. NIOSH has recently completed a
lung cancer

      case-control study nested within a cohort mortality study of
beryllium

      manufacturing workers at the Reading beryllium processing
facility. The

      study developed an exposure matrix and calculated airborne
exposure

      concentration and thus may provide the best available basis for a

      quantitative cancer estimate. ... Chronic oral studies of the
potential

      carcinogenicity of beryllium in animals were conducted at dose
levels

      below the /Maximum Tolerated Dose/, and therefore are inadequate
for the

      assessment of carcinogenicity. Beryllium has been shown to induce
lung

      cancer in rats exposed to beryllium by both inhalation and
intratracheal

      instillation and in monkeys by inhalation. Osteosarcomas have been

      produced in rabbits and possibly in mice by intravenous and
intramedullary

      injection using a variety of beryllium compounds and beryllium
metal. No

      tumors were produced by intracutaneous or percutaneous injections
of

      beryllium compounds. The majority of studies do not induce gene
mutation

      in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. Gene
mutations

      have been observed in mammalian cells cultured with beryllium
chloride.

      Culturing mammalian cells with beryllium chloride, beryllium
sulfate, or

      beryllium nitrate has resulted in clastogenic alterations. HUMAN

      CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA:
Sufficient.

      [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk
Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Available from:

      http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of
March

      15, 2000]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [

      American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists   TLVs
and BEIs.

      Threshold Limit Values for Chemical   Substances and Physical
Agents and

      Biological Exposure   Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2005, p. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

      OSTEOSARCOMAS WERE OBSERVED IN 4/6 RABBITS TREATED WITH A 1%
ISOTONIC

      SALINE SUSPENSION OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE (360 MG BE/RABBIT IN 20-26 IV

      INJECTIONS, 3 TIMES/WK) ... [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of
the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health
Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.
(Multivolume

      work)., p. V23 177 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ACUTE PNEUMONITIS ... WAS OBSERVED IN ANIMALS EXPOSED TO CERTAIN
GRADES OF

      BERYLLIUM OXIDE DUST; FLUORESCENT GRADE BERYLLIUM OXIDE,
CHARACTERIZED BY

      FINE PARTICLE SIZE OF LARGE SURFACE AREA, RESULTED IN LUNG INJURY,
WHEREAS

      BERYLLIUM OXIDE OF LARGER SIZE PARTICLES &amp; LOW SURFACE AREA
FAILED TO

      PRODUCE LUNG INJURY. [Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology:

      Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers,
1963.,

      p. 1006]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... BERYLLIUM OXIDE EATEN IN THE DIET AT A LEVEL OF 5% IS SO
POORLY

      ABSORBED THAT NO EFFECT ON GROWTH OCCURRED OVER LONG PERIODS OF
FEEDING

      ... [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene

      and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York:
John

      Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1545]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... RATS ... WERE GIVEN INTRATRACHEAL ADMIN OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE,
PRODUCED

      BY CALCINING BERYLLIUM HYDROXIDE FOR 10 HR AT 500 DEG C ... LUNG
TUMORS

      DEVELOPED AFTER 7-8 MO. IN CONTRAST, LUNG OF RATS TREATED WITH
BERYLLIUM

      OXIDE PRODUCED BY CALCINING BERYLLIUM HYDROXIDE FOR 10 HR AT 1600
DEG C

      ... SHOWED MINIMAL PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES. [IARC. Monographs on the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva:
World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 176 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      ... 20 YOUNG RHESUS MONKEYS ... /WERE GIVEN/ SINGLE INTRABRONCHIAL
AND/OR

      BRONCHOMURAL IMPLANTATION OF A 5% SUSPENSION OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE IN

      ISOTONIC SALINE. DURING APPROX 10 YR OBSERVATION, 3/20 ...
DEVELOPED

      PULMONARY ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMAS. [IARC. Monographs on the
Evaluation of

      the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health

      Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,
1972-PRESENT.

      (Multivolume work)., p. V23 178 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      GUINEA PIGS SENSITIZED BY 12 BIWEEKLY INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS OF 10
UG

      BERYLLIUM SULFATE REACTED WITH DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY TO MAX
SUBTOXIC

      SKIN TEST DOSES OF 5 UG BERYLLIUM OXIDE, WITH PERSISTENT
GRANULOMATA &amp;

      SENSITIVITY PROPORTIONAL TO SOLUBILITY OF SALT. [MARX JJ JR,
BURRELL R; J

      IMMUNOL 111 (2): 590 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      GROUPS OF MALE &amp; FEMALE RATS &amp; HAMSTERS EXPOSED BY
INHALATION TO

      AEROSOL OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE PARTICLES CALCINED @ 1000 DEG C
DEMONSTRATED

      IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE IN BERYLLIUM INDUCED

      GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE &amp; IMPAIRMENT OF THIS FUNCTION BY
PHAGOCYTIZED

      BERYLLIUM OXIDE. [SANDERS CL ET AL; ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH 30 (11):
546

      (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A HIGH INCIDENCE OF OSTEOSARCOMA WAS REPORTED IN RABBITS AFTER
1-43

      INJECTIONS OF 20 MG BERYLLIUM OXIDE INTO RIGHT FEMUR MARROW. ...
GIVEN

      TWICE/WK IN ISOTONIC SALINE. OF 55 TREATED RABBITS, 1 DEVELOPED A

      CHONDROMA, 3 DEVELOPED OSTEOMAS, 15 ... OSTEOSARCOMAS, 2 ...

      CHONDROSARCOMAS, &amp; 7 ... OSTEOCHONDROSARCOMAS. [IARC.
Monographs on

      the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 178 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      GRANULOMATOUS PULMONARY LESIONS, RESEMBLING TO SOME EXTENT THE

      'BERYLLIOSIS' SEEN IN HUMANS, HAS BEEN PRODUCED AFTER EXPOSURE OF
GUINEA

      PIGS OR RATS TO BERYLLIUM OXIDE. ... OBSERVED OSTEOSCLEROSIS IN
RABBITS

      &amp; MICE INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY WITH BERYLLIUM OXIDE. [IARC.
Monographs

      on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva:

      World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on
Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 181 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      MONKEYS AND DOGS WERE EXPOSED TO ENVIRONMENT CONTAINING BERYLLIUM
OXIDE

      CALCINED AT 1400 DEG C. TWO YEARS AFTER EXPOSURE LUNG TISSUE WAS

      INVESTIGATED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, USING MORPHOMETRIC METHODS.
NO

      NEOPLASTIC OR GRANULOMATOUS PULMONARY LESIONS WERE OBSERVED IN THE

      ANIMALS, NOR WAS THE THICKNESS OF THE AIR BLOOD BARRIER CHANGED.
THE

      BERYLLIUM COMPOUND WAS STILL DEPOSITED IN THE LUNG AFTER TWO
YEARS.

      [CONRADI C ET AL; ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH 23 (5): 348 (1971)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      Two beagle dogs were exposed ... to ... fumes containing beryllium
oxide,

      beryllium fluoride and beryllium chloride. The lung tissue was
examined

      ... after a three year post exposure period. Beryllium particles
and small

      agglomerates ... were deposited in lysosomes in the cytoplasm of

      histiocytes in the interstitium of the septa. ... The lesions were
more

      typical of the classical reaction to a foreign body than
immunologic in

      character and represented an early form of chronic beryllium
disease.

      [Robinson FR et al; Arch Environ Health 17: 193-203 (1968)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      ... EARLY PULMONARY CHANGES IN GUINEA PIGS THAT WERE
MORPHOLOGICALLY

      SIMILAR TO A CHARACTERISTIC DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY, AFTER THE
ANIMALS

      HAD RECEIVED LOW-CALCINED BERYLLIUM OXIDE INTRATRACHEALLY. ...
/ALSO/

      DISPLAYED DERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE. THE TISSUE

      REACTIONS INDUCED BY BERYLLIUM CMPD SHOULD BE CONSIDERED
IMMUNOLOGIC

      REACTIONS OF THE DELAYED OR TUBERCULIN TYPE. [Clayton, G. D. and
F. E.

      Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume
2A, 2B,

      2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p.

      1547]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... STUDIES SHOWED THAT BERYLLIUM IN EXTREMELY LOW IN VITRO
CONCENTRATIONS

      (1.8X10-6 TO 1.2X10-3 MOLES) SUBSTANTIALLY INHIBITED A NUMBER OF

      METABOLICALLY CRITICAL ENZYMES MG ACTIVATED ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE,
THE CA

      ACTIVATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE, &amp; HYALURONIDASE; SUCCINIC

      DEHYDROGENASE, HOWEVER, WAS ACTIVATED. ... SHOWED BERYLLIUM TO
DECREASE

      RATIO OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS TO FREE CHOLESTEROL OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN
ACUTELY

      POISONED DOGS &amp; TO INCREASE MARKEDLY THE RATIO OF URIC ACID TO

      CREATININE IN URINE. THE ALTERED RATIOS PARALLELED CLOSELY THE
COURSE OF

      BERYLLIUM EXPOSURE. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.).
Patty's

      Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology.
3rd ed.

      New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1546]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Granulomatous lung disease was produced in strain 2 but not strain
13

      guinea pigs by endotracheal injection of beryllium oxide (BeO),
although

      isolated multinucleated giant cells containing crystalline
material were

      found in lung of both strains. Disease was also produced in (2 x
13) Fl

      hybrids, but of a milder form than in strain 2. In BeO treated
strain 2

      and F1 animals, challenge with beryllium salts produced delayed

      hypersensitivity skin reactivity, and in vitro, enhanced tritiated

      thymidine uptake and lymphokine production by lymph node cells. No

      evidence was found for involvement of humoral immunity in the
disease.

      Responses were not seen in BeO treated strain 13 guinea pigs, and

      immunization of animals with BeO in complete Freund's adjuvant
produced

      similar immunologic findings. [Barna BP et al; Int Arch Allergy
Appl

      Immunol 73 (1): 42-8 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Both sol and less sol beryllium cmpd caused pronounced
inflammation

      changes in the rat lung at 0.4 mg/cu m. The sclerosis from
beryllium oxide

      had diffuse focal character, whereas beryllium chloride (BeCl2)
induced

      sclerosis was focal. At 0.03 mg/cu m the intoxication was mild.
The

      animals during 12-24 mo period showed diffuse focal BeO and focal

      sclerosis BeCl2. All the animals showed pronounced immune changes
in the

      lung tissue. At 0.0008 mg/cu m, no intoxication was observed. The
animal

      survival was similar to that in the control. The blastomogenic
effect of

      the Be cmpd was dose dependent. The latent period of neoplasm
development

      increased with decreasing concn. BeO and BeCl2, at a concn lower
than

      equal to max permissible concn (0.008 and 0.004 mg/cu m) showed
marked

      allergic (autoimmune) and blastomogenic effects. [Litvinov NW et
al; Gig

      Tr Prof Zabol 1: 34-7 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of beryllium seen following

      intratracheal administration of beryllium chloride and beryllium
oxide on

      different days of pregnancy were seen by increased no of fetal
deaths, and

      reduction in the number of litters and their wt. The embryotoxic
and

      teratogenic action of Be was seen during both early and late
pregnancy.

      The reproduction was adversely affected more by the sol chloride
than that

      by the oxide. The Be level in the placenta (1-20 days) was 3.5-5
fold

      following BeCl2 administration and 25-35 fold after BeO. The
embryonic

      levels of Be were 8.4-11.7 and 15.3-16 fold higher compared to
those in

      the control. [Selivanova LN, Savinova TB; Gig Sanit 8: 44-6
(1986)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      A study was performed to assess whether beagle dogs might be good
models

      for the study of beryllium induced lung diseases. Two types of
beryllium

      oxide (BeO) were tested; one was calcined at 500 deg C and the
other at

      1000 deg C. Both were administered to beagle dogs as aerosols. One
group

      served as a control group (air inhalation only); four other groups

      received high (approximately 50 micrograms per kilogram body
weight) and

      low (approximately 20 ug/kg) doses of BeO calcined at 500 deg C or
1000

      deg C. At 30, 60, 90, 180, and 210 days after exposure to BeO
aerosols,

      cells were collected from the dogs by bronchoalveolar lavage and
the

      percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes were determined. In
addition,

      the mitogenic responses of blood lymphocytes and lavage cells
collected at

      210 days were determined with either phytohemagglutinin or
beryllium

      sulfate (BeSO4) as mitogen. The percentage of neutrophils in the
lavage

      fluid was significantly elevated only at 30 days with exposure to
either

      dose of 500 deg C BeO, and the percentage of lymphocytes in the
fluid was

      significantly elevated in samples from all times with exposure to
the high

      dose of this BeO form. BeO calcined at 1000 deg C elevated lavage

      lymphocytes only in high dose at 30 days. No significant effect of
1000

      deg C BeO exposure on mitogenic response of any lymphocytes was
seen. In

      contrast, peripheral blood lymphocytes from the 500 deg C BeO
exposed

      groups were significantly stimulated by BeSO4 compared with the

      phytohemagglutinin exposed cells. [Harmesen AG et al; Inhalation
Toxicol

      Research Institute Annual Report: Lung Cellular Response and
Lymphocyte

      Blastogenesis in Beagle Dogs Exposed to Beryllium Oxide
(1985-86)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      An in vitro study of the toxicity of beryllium sulfate (BeSO4) and

      beryllium oxide (BeO) toward pulmonary alveolar macrophages from
beagle

      dogs was reported. Two end points were quantified, cell viability

      (trypan-blue exclusion) and Fo receptor dependent phagocytosis
(uptake of

      antibody coated sheep erythrocytes). Two types of BeO were used,
calcined

      at either 500 deg C or 1000 deg C, in addition to BeSO4. Cell
viability

      was established after 20 hours of incubation of 10(6) cells with
10(-2) to

      10(-8) molar (M) beryllium compound, and phagocytosis was measured
after 1

      hour further incubation with antibody covered sheep erythrocytes.
BeSO4

      was the most toxic to the cells, followed by BeO calcined at 500
deg C.

      Effective concentrations which reduced viability by 50% were
0.000094M,

      and 0.0057M for BeSO4, BeO calcined at 500 deg C, and BeO calcined
at 1000

      deg C, respectively. [Finch GL et al; Inhalation Toxicol Research

      Institute Annual Report: The Cytotoxicity of Beryllium Cmpd to
Cultured

      Canine Alveolar Macrophages p.286-90 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Two groups of male Wistar rats, 10 weeks of age, were instilled

      intratracheally with beryllium oxide (low-temperature fired 900
deg C; 1

      mg as Be) or arsenic trioxide (1 mg as As) once a week for 15
weeks. A

      group of 16 rats served as untreated controls. All rats in the

      beryllium-treated group, 19 in the arsenic-treated group and all
of the

      controls survived the treatment period and were observed for life.
Two

      malignant (one squamous-cell carcinoma and one adenocarcinoma) and
four

      benign lung adenomas (three suspected of malignancy) were found in
rats

      treated with beryllium, and one malignant lung tumor (a
squamous-cell

      carcinoma) was found in those treated with arsenic; no lung tumor
was

      observed in the control group. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation
of the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health
Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.
(Multivolume

      work)., p. V58 80 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A group of 20 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received an
intrabronchial

      intubation and/or a bronchomural injection (unspecified) of
beryllium

      oxide particulates suspended in sterile physiological saline. The
first

      bronchogenic tumor was detected about 4.5 years after first
treatment. In

      the course of the following year, two additional monkeys developed
tumors,

      which were highly anaplastic, with adenomatous and epidermoid
patterns.

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 80

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Young, adult, male and female white rabbits (number unspecified)
were

      given intravenous injections of either a highly purified beryllium
oxide

      or a calcined phosphor containing beryllium oxide, zinc oxide and
silica

      mixed in a molar ratio of 1:1:1, as 1% suspensions in
physiological

      saline. The particles of the powders were smaller than 1 um. The
beryllium

      oxide-treated group received a total of 360-700 mg Be/rabbit in
20-26

      injections, and the phosphor group received 64-90 mg Be/rabbit in
17-25

      injections. The compounds were given three times a week over
approximately

      six to nine weeks. One year or more after the first injection, six
animals

      given beryllium oxide and three given calcined phosphor were still
alive.

      The first tumor was found 11.5 months after the start of the
experiment.

      Osteosarcomas were found in all six beryllium oxide-treated
rabbits ...;

      some were metastases and some were multiple primary tumors.
Osteosarcomas

      were found in 2/3 rabbits given the phosphor. About 50 untreated
rabbits

      kept for similar or longer periods developed no malignant tumor.
[IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 81 (1993)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Ten adult, male rabbits receiving two intravenous injections per
week for

      10 weeks of 5 ml of a 1% suspension of zinc beryllium silicate
containing

      3.36% beryllium oxide (total dose, 1 g zinc beryllium silicate or
33.6 mg

      beryllium oxide). Five rabbits developed osteogenic sarcomas 9-11
months

      after the injection period. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of
the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health
Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.
(Multivolume

      work)., p. V58 82 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Osteosarcomas were induced in 3/20 rabbits 15-18 months after
single

      intravenous injections of beryllium oxide (total dose, 1 g/rabbit)
as a 1%

      suspension in saline. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health
Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.
(Multivolume

      work)., p. V58 82 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Of 55 rabbits that received 1-43 injections of 10 mg beryllium
oxide as a

      1% suspension in isotonic saline into the marrow of the right
femur twice

      weekly (20 mg/week), one developed a chondroma, three developed
osteomas,

      15 developed chondrosarcomas and seven developed
osteochondrosarcomas. The

      average time between the last injection and the appearance of a
tumor was

      85 days. The period of observation was one to two years. [IARC.
Monographs

      on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva:

      World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on
Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 83 (1993)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      After intramedullary administration of beryllium oxide (purity,
dose and

      dose schedule unspecified) (particle size, approximately 4 um) in
gelatin

      into the femur, 5/20 rabbits developed osteogenic sarcomas with
lung

      metastases during an observation period of 24 months. The first
tumor was

      observed 13 months after injection. [IARC. Monographs on the
Evaluation of

      the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health

      Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,
1972-PRESENT.

      (Multivolume work)., p. V58 84 91993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Three groups of 10 male rabbits (strain unspecified), six weeks of
age,

      received implants of pellets of hydroxypropylcellulose mixed with

      beryllium oxide into the distal metaphysis of the right femur as
follows:

      Group 1, into the internal callus one week after production of an

      artificial fracture at a dose of 300 mg; Group 2, into the
bone-marrow

      cavity at a dose of 300 mg; and Group 3, into the bone-marrow
cavity at a

      dose of 50 mg. A further group of 10 rabbits served as untreated
controls.

      At 56 weeks, osteosarcomas had developed in 10/10 rabbits in Group
1, in

      7/10 rabbits in Group 2 and 1/10 rabbits in Group 3. tumors
appeared

      significantly earlier in Group 1 than in the other groups, and 80%
of

      animals with osteosarcomas had lung metastases. [IARC. Monographs
on the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva:
World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 84 (1993)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      After oral exposure of male and female rats to a single
intratracheal dose

      of 0.2 mg beryllium oxide (fired at 960 deg C in one study and 500
deg C

      in a second), no effect was noted in repeated breeding trails on

      fertility, postnatal viability or growth over 15 months. In fact,

      beryllium-treated rats tended to produce more litters over time
than did

      controls. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic
Risk of

      Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International
Agency

      for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58
92

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      IN PREVIOUS STUDIES, AUTHORS FOUND THAT ENDOTRACHEAL ADMIN OF
BERYLLIUM

      OXIDE (BEO) PRODUCED CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY &amp; GRANULOMATOUS
LUNG

      DISEASES IN STRAIN 2 BUT NOT STRAIN 13 GUINEA PIGS. THIS REPORT
DESCRIBES

      PHENOTYPIC &amp; FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF BRONCHIAL LAVAGE CELLS FROM
BOTH

      GUINEA PIG STRAINS AFTER BEO EXPOSURE. IN BEO TREATED STRAIN 2
ANIMALS,

      THE PERCENTAGE OF T (ER+)3 LYMPHOCYTES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY (P LESS
THAN

      0.05) ELEVATED ABOVE NORMAL BY 2 WK AFTER BEO EXPOSURE, WHILE T

      LYMPHOCYTES WERE NOT INCREASED IN STRAIN 13. BEO EXPOSED STRAIN 2
ALVEOLAR

      MACROPHAGES DEMONSTRATED ENHANCED KILLING OF LISTERIA
MONOCYTOGENES &amp;

      ENHANCED CHEMILUMINESCENCE, WHILE ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES OF STRAIN
13 HAD

      RESPONSES BELOW CONTROLS. FINDINGS SUPPORT THE PRESENCE OF BEO
INDUCED

      CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGIC ACTIVITY IN STRAIN 2 ANIMALS &amp; SUGGEST
BEO

      TOXICITY TO LAVAGE CELLS IN STRAIN 13. [BARNA BP ET AL; INT ARCH
ALLERGY

      APPL IMMUNOL 73 (1): 49-55 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Dogs previously exposed to aerosols of 500 or l000 deg C calcined

      beryllium oxide to achieve an initial lung burden of either 50 or
17 ug/kg

      body weight were exposed a second time to beryllium oxide calcined
at 500

      deg C, 2.5 years after the first exposure, to achieve an initial
lung

      burden of about 50 ug/kg body wt. Immune responses of peripheral
blood and

      lung lymphocytes were measured at 0, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150,
165, 180,

      and 210 dpe and incubated with 10% dog serum showed a large number
of

      positive responses in both blood and lung. Histologic lesions were

      characterized by perivascular and interstitial infiltrates of
lymphocytes

      and macrophages with progression to patchy granulomatous pneumonia

      accompanied by focal septal fibrosis. We conclude that Be induced

      granulomatous and fibrotic lung lesions are accompanied by
Be-specific

      immune responses within the lung but these changes do not appear
to be

      cumulative if enough time has elapsed between exposures. [Haley PJ
et al;

      Environ Res 59 (2): 400-15 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The histologic and immunologic responses of canine lungs to
aerosolized

      beryllium oxide were investigated. Beagle-dogs were exposed to
high dose

      (50 ug/kg of body weight) or low dose (l7 ug/kg) levels of
beryllium oxide

      calcined at either 500 or 1000 deg C. One group of dogs was
examined up to

      365 days after exposure for lung histology and biochemical assay
to

      determine the fate of inhaled beryllium oxide. A second group
underwent

      bronchopulmonary lavage for lung lymphocyte analysis for up to 22
months

      after exposure. Histopathologic examination revealed
peribronchiolar and

      perivascular lymphocytic histiocytic inflammation, peaking at 64
days

      after beryllium oxide exposure. Lymphocytes were initially well

      differentiated, but progressed to lymphoblastic cells, and
aggregated in

      lymphofollicular nodules or microgranulomas over time. Alveolar

      macrophages were large, and filled with intracytoplasmic material.

      Cortical and paracortical lymphoid hyperplasia of the
tracheobronchial

      nodes was found. Lung lymphocyte concentrations were increased at
3 months

      and returned to normal in both dose groups given 500 deg treated
beryllium

      chloride. N o significant elevations in lymphocyte concentrations
were

      found on dogs given 1000 degree treated beryllium oxide. Lung
retention

      was higher in the 500 degree treated beryllium oxide group. The
lesions

      found in dog lungs closely resembled those found in humans with
chronic

      beryllium disease: severe granulomas, lymphoblast transformation,

      increased pulmonary lymphocyte concentrations, and variation in
beryllium

      sensitivity. /It was/ concluded that the canine model for
berylliosis may

      provide insight into this disease. [Haley PJ et al; Laboratory

      Investigation 61 (2): 219-27 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Granulomatous lung disease was produced in strain 2 but not strain
13

      guinea pigs by endotracheal injection of beryllium oxide, although

      isolated multinucleated giant cells containing crystalline
material were

      found in lungs of both strains. Disease was also produced in (2 x
13) F1

      hybrids, but of a milder form than in strain 2. In beryllium
oxide-treated

      strain 2 and F1 animals, challenge with beryllium salts produced
delayed

      hypersensitivity skin reactivity, and in vitro, enhanced tritiated

      thymidine uptake and lymphokine production by lymph node cells. No

      evidence was found for involvement of humoral immunity in the
disease.

      Responses were not seen in beryllium oxide treated strain 13
guinea pigs,

      and immunization of animals with beryllium oxide in complete
Freund's

      adjuvant produced similar immunologic findings. [Barna BP et al;
Int Arch

      Allergy Appl Immunol 73 (1): 42-8 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Fischer 344 rats were exposed for 1 hr to an aerosol of beryllium
oxide

      generated at a temperature of 560 degrees C. An initial lung
burden of 500

      + or - 4.1 ng beryllium was achieved. Animals were killed at 2.5
hr, and

      2, 12, and 21 days postexposure. Bronchopulmonary lavage fluids
were

      analyzed biochemically for enzymes, protein, lipids, and sialic
acid, and

      cytologically to determine the composition of the free alveolar
cell

      population. Nonspecific phacytosis of yeast was measured in
adherent

      macrophages. There were increases in all the biochemical
parameters by 2

      days postexposure, which peaked by Day 5 and then began to return
to

      control levels. The cytological response on Days 2 and 5 was
characterized

      by polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration and a depression in
macrophage

      number and phagocytic activity. By Day 12, increased numbers of
newly

      recruited macrophages with supranormal phagocytic activity
populated the

      lung. During the same period, there was a reduction in lavage
protein and

      lipid levels, perhaps due to a restoration of normal clearance
mechanisms.

      Tissue morphological changes correlated well with the cytological
and

      biochemical alterations. [Hart BA et al ; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
75 (3):

      454-65 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Fifty milligrams samples of beryllium chloride, beryllium nitrate,

      beryllium oxide, gallium chloride, gallium nitrate, gallium-oxide,

      antimony-chloride, antimony oxide, antimony pentachloride,

      antimony-pentoxide were dissolved in distilled water and diluted
serially

      two fold for the assays; both negative and positive controls were
used.

      The Salmonella mutagenicity assays used the (TA100) and
(TA98)-strains and

      were conducted in the presence of rat liver-S9. In the rec assay,
DNA

      damaging activity was exhibited by beryllium chloride, beryllium
nitrate,

      gallium chloride, gallium nitrate, antimony chloride, antimony

      pentachloride, antimony pentoxide. None of the tested compounds
were

      mutagenic to Salmonella and only antimony chloride, antimony
trioxide,

      beryllium chloride, and beryllium nitrate significantly induced
sister

      chromatid exchanges. [Kuroda K et al; Mutation Research 264 (4):
163-70

      (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS:

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION:

      ... 2 PERSONS WHO HAD ... CONSTANT EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM OXIDE FOR
5 YEARS

      SHOWED APPRECIABLE EXCRETION AFTER 6 YEARS' REMOVAL FROM CONTACT
... NO

      EVIDENCE OF PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT. [Browning, E. Toxicity of
Industrial

      Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p.
70]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      ... DISTRIBUTION OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE ... VARIES WITH THE METHOD OF
ITS

      PREPN: AFTER INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE PREPD
BY

      CALCINING ALPHA-BE(OH)2 FOR 10 HR @ 500 DEG C WAS FOUND IN HIGH
CONCN IN

      LIVER, KIDNEYS &amp; BONES OF RATS, WHEREAS PREPN BY CALCINING

      ALPHA-BE(OH)2 FOR 10 HR @ 1600 DEG C ... REMAINED MAINLY IN THE
LUNG.

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 182

      (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... RABBITS GIVEN BERYLLIUM OXIDE ... IV A YEAR OR MORE BEFORE
BEING

      KILLED OR DYING FROM OSTEOSARCOMA. RELATIVELY HIGH AMT OF THE
METAL WERE

      FOUND IN THE RETICULO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OF LIVER &amp; SPLEEN. THE
LUNG

      ALSO CONTAINED HIGH CONCN. THE LEVELS IN BONE, KIDNEY &amp; HEART
WERE

      MUCH LOWER. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic Risk

      of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,
p. V1 23

      (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... THE SKELETAL DEPOSITION OF BERYLLIUM FROM THE ... LOW FIRED
OXIDE,

      INHALED FOR 40 TO 100 DAYS BY DOGS, SHOWED ... 0.6% ... OF THAT
RETAINED

      IN THE LUNG ... 0.6% ... IN THE LIVER; AND ... 397% ... IN THE
PULMONARY

      LYMPH NODES. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's
Industrial

      Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New
York:

      John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1545]**PEER REVIEWED**

      RATS &amp; HAMSTERS WERE EXPOSED BY INHALATION TO AEROSOL OF
BERYLLIUM

      OXIDE PARTICLES CALCINED @ 1000 DEG C. INITIAL ALVEOLAR DEPOSITS
WERE

      12-160 UG BERYLLIUM. ALVEOLAR RETENTION HALF-LIFE FOR BERYLLIUM
OXIDE WAS

      APPROX 6 MO. ONLY PULMONARY LYMPH NODES ACCUM DETECTABLE AMT OF
BERYLLIUM.

      [SANDERS CL ET AL; ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH 30 (11): 546 (1975)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      RATS AND HAMSTERS WERE EXPOSED TO AEROSOLS OF HIGH FIRED BERYLLIUM
OXIDE

      FOR 3 HOURS AND EXAMINED FOR 63 DAYS AFTER EXPOSURE. FROM 77 TO
85% OF THE

      BERYLLIUM OXIDE WAS DEPOSITED IN THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE AND 15
TO 23%

      IN THE ALVEOLAR REGION, AMOUNTING TO 150 UG OF BERYLLIUM IN RATS
AND 20 UG

      IN THE ALVEOLI OF HAMSTERS. THE PARTICLES WERE STRONGLY RETAINED
IN

      ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES WITH ONLY 12-21% OF ALVEOLAR DEPOSITED
BERYLLIUM

      OXIDE BEING CLEARED FROM THE ALVEOLI IN 63 DAYS. [SANDERS CL ET
AL;

      REPORT; ISS BNWL-1818 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beagle dogs were exposed, nose only, to aerosols of isotope (7)Be
tagged

      beryllium oxide calcined at 500 or 1000 deg C to achieve initial
lung

      burdens of 17, 39, or 60 micrograms per kilogram. Selected dogs
were

      killed 8, 32, 64, 180 days, and 1 or 2 years after exposure. The
tissue

      distribution of (7)Be was determined. Urine and feces samples were
also

      analyzed for (7)Be. Lung and tracheobronchial lymph node tissue
were taken

      for histopathological examination. Tissue distribution and

      histopathological studies on dogs killed through day 180 were
completed.

      Beryllium oxide calcined at 500 deg C was cleared more rapidly
from the

      lungs than beryllium chloride calcined at 1000 deg C; 85 versus
43% being

      cleared after 180 days, respectively. Most of the cleared (7)Be
went to

      the liver, blood, and carcass. Tissue distribution of (7)Be was
not

      influenced by the initial lung burden. Most of the (7)Be found in
the

      carcass of dogs exposed to 500 deg C treated beryllium oxide and
killed at

      day 64 was compartmentalized to bone. Perivascular, interstitial,
and

      intraalveolar accumulations of lymphocytes and macrophages,
occasionally

      accompanied by multifocal areas of interstitial fibrosis,
microgranuloma

      formation, and exudative inflammation were the major histological
changes

      seen in the exposed dogs. The lesions tended to be more severe in
dogs

      sampled at 64 and 180 days after exposure and in dogs exposed to
beryllium

      oxide calcined at 500 deg C. [Finch GL et al; Annual Report of the

      Inhalation Toxicol Research Institute: Toxicokinetics of Beryllium

      Following Acute Inhalation of BeO by Beagle Dogs (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      The effects of type of cmpd administered, isotope carrier, and
animal

      development were studied on beryllium absorption from the
gastrointestinal

      (GI) tract of rats. (7)Be labeled salts, with and without isotope
carrier

      (9)Be (0.25-6 mg/kg), were administered via the stomach. Beryllium

      accumulation in the liver was 4-12 fold and in the kidney 16-37
fold less

      than that in the skeleton. The accumulation of beryllium depended
on the

      type of cmpd. In 1, 2, and 4 wk old and adult rats, the major amt
of

      beryllium was observed in the skeleton, liver, and kidney.
Beryllium

      chloride administration (with and without the carrier) showed 8
fold

      higher organ accumulation than that in 1 mo old and adult rats,
and

      beryllium fluoride accumulation was 1.5 fold higher in 1, 2, and 4
wk old

      rats than that in the adult animals. The isotope carrier had no
effect on

      the level of accumulation in rats of different age groups.
Beryllium oxide

      was higher than that of the hydroxide and beryllium fluoride was
absorbed

      approx 15-20 fold higher than the chloride, sulfate, and nitrate
and

      210-260 fold higher than the hydroxide. [Bugryshev PF et al; Gig
Tr Prof

      Zabol 6: 52-3 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beagle dogs inhaled radiolabeled beryllium oxide particles that
were

      calcined at either 500 or 1000 deg C, resulting in either high
(mean of 50

      ug/kg body wt) or low (mean of 17 ug/kg body wt) initial lung
burdens

      (ILBs) of both preparations of beryllium oxide. Levels of
beryllium in

      whole body, tissue, and excreta were measured by external
gamma-ray

      counting. Dogs were euthanized in pairs at 8, 32, 64, and 180 days
after

      exposure to determine beryllium distribution in tissues. Beryllium
oxide

      calcined at 1000 deg C was retained more tenaciously in the lungs
(62% of

      the initial lung burdens retained at 180 days after exposure).
Most of the

      beryllium that was cleared from the lungs and not excreted was

      translocated to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes, skeleton, liver,
and

      blood. More beryllium was translocated to the skeleton and liver
at 180

      days after inhalation of beryllium oxide prepared at 500 deg C
than at

      1000 deg C. The predominant mode of excretion at early times after

      exposure was through the feces, with urinary excretion assuming

      predominance at later times. [Finch GL et al; Fundam Appl Toxicol
15 (2):

      231-41 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE:

      ALVEOLAR RETENTION HALF-LIFE FOR BERYLLIUM OXIDE WAS APPROX 6 MO.
[SANDERS

      CL ET AL; ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH 30 (11): 546 (1975)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

INTERACTIONS:

      Fifty albino mice were injected transthoracically with 1.8
micrograms of

      radioactive (7)beryllium sulfate (BeSO4). After 1 month, 25 mice
were

      injected subcutaneously with 600 micrograms metyrapone on 3 days.
Ten male

      NIH-guinea pigs received 70 micrograms (7)beryllium oxide (BeO) by

      transthoracic injection. In both experiments, urine samples were
collected

      daily and radioactivity determined. After 1 month, half the guinea
pigs

      received 20 mg/day of metyrapone subcutaneously for 3 days. In a
third

      experiment, male albino guinea pigs received 2 mg radioactive
beryllium

      via intratracheal injection. One month later, half the guinea pigs

      received a 100 mg metyrapone and 100 mg cholesterol pellet daily
for 3

      days. The other half received a cholesterol pellet only. In all
three

      experiments, animals were sacrificed after 3 to 4 weeks, and
tissues were

      examined for beryllium content. In the first experiment the
metyrapone

      treated animals had a higher beryllium content in the liver and a
lower

      content in the skeleton. Females not treated with metyrapone had

      significantly lower beryllium content in the skeleton and
significantly

      higher beryllium content in liver than control males.
Approximately 75 and

      60% of the beryllium was excreted in the urine in the first and
second

      experiment, respectively. [Clary JJ et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
23 (3):

      365 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

PHARMACOLOGY:

INTERACTIONS:

      Fifty albino mice were injected transthoracically with 1.8
micrograms of

      radioactive (7)beryllium sulfate (BeSO4). After 1 month, 25 mice
were

      injected subcutaneously with 600 micrograms metyrapone on 3 days.
Ten male

      NIH-guinea pigs received 70 micrograms (7)beryllium oxide (BeO) by

      transthoracic injection. In both experiments, urine samples were
collected

      daily and radioactivity determined. After 1 month, half the guinea
pigs

      received 20 mg/day of metyrapone subcutaneously for 3 days. In a
third

      experiment, male albino guinea pigs received 2 mg radioactive
beryllium

      via intratracheal injection. One month later, half the guinea pigs

      received a 100 mg metyrapone and 100 mg cholesterol pellet daily
for 3

      days. The other half received a cholesterol pellet only. In all
three

      experiments, animals were sacrificed after 3 to 4 weeks, and
tissues were

      examined for beryllium content. In the first experiment the
metyrapone

      treated animals had a higher beryllium content in the liver and a
lower

      content in the skeleton. Females not treated with metyrapone had

      significantly lower beryllium content in the skeleton and
significantly

      higher beryllium content in liver than control males.
Approximately 75 and

      60% of the beryllium was excreted in the urine in the first and
second

      experiment, respectively. [Clary JJ et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
23 (3):

      365 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE:

PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE:

      ... THE RANGE OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES THAT COULD LEAD TO
OCCUPATIONAL

      EXPOSURE /OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE/ HAS EXPANDED. ... MINING,
EXTRACTION,

      REFINING, ALLOY MFR, METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS, MFR CERAMICS,
ELECTRONIC

      EQUIPMENT, NON-FERROUS FOUNDRY PRODUCTS, AEROSPACE EQUIPMENT,
TOOLS &amp;

      DIES ... [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic
Risk of

      Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International
Agency

      for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23
164

      (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PROCESSING &amp; MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES /WITH THE POTENTIAL FOR
EXPOSURE

      TO BERYLLIUM OXIDE/ INCLUDE ... BERYLLIUM-ALLOY MACHINING,
MOLDING,

      GRINDING, CUTTING &amp; FABRICATION AS WELL AS PROCESSES IN THE

      ELECTROPLATING AND ATOMIC ENERGY INDUSTRIES. [IARC. Monographs on
the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva:
World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 164 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

NATURAL POLLUTION SOURCES:

      MINERAL: BROMELLITE; COMPOSITION: BERYLLIUM OXIDE; GEOLOGICAL
OCCURRENCE:

      VEINS; GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION: SWEDEN. /FROM TABLE/ [IARC.
Monographs on

      the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva: World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 162 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

ARTIFICIAL POLLUTION SOURCES:

      ... ROCKET EXHAUST PRODUCTS ... /CONSISTED/ OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE,
BERYLLIUM

      FLUORIDE &amp; BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E.
Clayton

      (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B,
2C:

      Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p.
1547]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCONCENTRATION:

      Bioconcentration of 100 fold can occur under constant exposure.
Not

      significant in spill conditions. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of

      Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II.
Washington,

      D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER
REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL WATER CONCENTRATIONS:

      BERYLLIUM IS NOT LIKELY TO BE FOUND IN NATURAL WATER IN GREATER
THAN TRACE

      AMT, BECAUSE OF THE RELATIVE INSOLUBILITY OF BERYLLIUM OXIDES
&amp;

      HYDROXIDES @ NORMAL PH RANGE OF SUCH WATER. [National Research
Council.

      Drinking Water &amp; Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National
Academy

      Press, 1977., p. 233]**PEER REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS:

ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS:

      Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or
suspected to

      cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in
1990,

      directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply
reduce

      routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to
establish and

      phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission
sources

      that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Beryllium oxide is

      included on this list. [Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect.
112 (b)

      (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990]**QC REVIEWED**

FEDERAL DRINKING WATER STANDARDS:

      EPA 4 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State
Toxicology and

      Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal
Drinking

      Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC REVIEWED**

STATE DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES:

      (AZ) ARIZONA 0.007 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water;
Federal-State

      Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State
and

      Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      (MN) MINNESOTA 0.08 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water;
Federal-State

      Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State
and

      Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC

      REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

MOLECULAR FORMULA:

      Be-O **PEER REVIEWED**

MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

      25.01 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals,

      Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,
Inc.,

      1996., p. 197]**PEER REVIEWED**

COLOR/FORM:

      WHITE HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of
Chemistry and

      Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p.

      4-44]**PEER REVIEWED**

      LIGHT, AMORPHOUS POWDER [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An

      Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse
Station, NJ:

      Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 197]**PEER REVIEWED**

ODOR:

      Odorless [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -

      Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

BOILING POINT:

      APPROX 3900 DEG C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and

      Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p.

      4-44]**PEER REVIEWED**

MELTING POINT:

      2530 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of

      Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co.,

      Inc., 1996., p. 197]**PEER REVIEWED**

DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

      3.01 [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
76th ed.

      Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-44]**PEER
REVIEWED**

SOLUBILITIES:

      2 UG/100 ML IN WATER @ 30 DEG C; SOL IN CONCN SULFURIC ACID, FUSED

      POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and

      Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p.

      4-44]**PEER REVIEWED**

      SLOWLY SOL IN CONCN ACIDS OR FIXED ALKALI HYDROXIDES [Budavari, S.
(ed.).

      The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals.

      Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 197]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES:

      INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.719, 1.733 [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook
of

      Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc.,

      1995-1996., p. 4-44]**PEER REVIEWED**

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

      AFTER IGNITION IT IS ALMOST INSOL IN WATER, CONCN ACIDS &amp; SOLN
OF

      FIXED ALKALI HYDROXIDES [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An

      Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse
Station, NJ:

      Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 197]**PEER REVIEWED**

      HARDNESS: 9 [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic Risk

      of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,
p. V1 18

      (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PURE (100%) BERYLLIUM OXIDE INSULATES ELECTRICALLY LIKE A CERAMIC,
BUT

      CONDUCTS HEAT LIKE A METAL. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index -
An

      Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse
Station, NJ:

      Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 197]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Linear coefficient of thermal expansion = 5X10-6 1/K [Gerhartz, W.
(exec

      ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol
A1:

      Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4
26]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Specific heat = 1.00 J/g-K at 292 K [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.).
Ullmann's

      Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield
Beach, FL:

      VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4 26]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Thermal conductivity = 264 W/m-K at room temperature [Gerhartz, W.
(exec

      ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol
A1:

      Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4
26]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Electrical resistence = 1X10+16 ohm-m at room temperature
[Gerhartz, W.

      (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th
ed.Vol A1:

      Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4
26]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING:

HAZARDS SUMMARY:

      The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of beryllium
oxide

      stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic primarily by
inhalation and

      dermal contact, exposure to this odorless, white, crystalline
substance

      may occur from the processing (machining, molding, grinding,
cutting, and

      fabrication) of beryllium oxide-containing glass and ceramics used
in the

      manufacture of electronic equipment, aerospace equipment, and
non-ferrous

      foundry products. Effects from exposure may include contact burns
to the

      skin and eyes, skin ulceration, headache, weakness, chest pain,
shortness

      of breath, pulmonary edema, and possibly death from heart failure.
The

      OSHA PEL and ACGIH TLV are set at a TWA of 2 ug/cu m. Engineering
control

      of process equipment (eg, enclosure and local exhaust ventilation)
should

      be used to prevent inhalation and skin contact with beryllium
oxide. In

      activities where over-exposure is possible, workers should wear a

      self-contained breathing apparatus. Protective clothing should
also be

      worn, including protective suits, (preferably disposable,
one-piece, and

      close-fitting at the ankles and wrists), goggles, gloves, hair
covering,

      and overshoes. Work clothes should not be taken home for
laundering.

      Beryllium oxide is not flammable. Shipping regulations and other
DOT

      regulatory requirements should be consulted before transport. In
cleaning

      spills of beryllium oxide, use a wet mop, or vacuum cleaner
equipped with

      a high efficiency particulate filter. Do not dry sweep, dry mop,
or use

      any such method that could disperse the dust. Before implementing
land

      disposal of beryllium oxide waste, consult with environmental
regulatory

      agencies for guidance. **PEER REVIEWED**

DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES:

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
Health:

      TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may
cause

      severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause
severe

      burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact
or

      inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive
and/or

      toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be
corrosive

      and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S.

      Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A
Guide

      book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC
REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
Fire or

      Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may

      decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
Some are

      oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing,
etc.).

      Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers
may

      explode when heated. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of

      Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book
for First

      Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
Public

      Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an
immediate

      precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all
directions for at

      least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75
feet)

      for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep
out of low

      areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S.

      Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A
Guide

      book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC
REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

      Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained
breathing

      apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is
specifically

      recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no
thermal

      protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides
limited

      protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill

      situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
/Beryllium

      compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency
Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C.
2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

      Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved
in a

      fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also,
consider

      initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
/Beryllium

      compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency
Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C.
2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
Fire:

      Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry
chemical,

      CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from
fire area

      if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later
disposal;

      do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer
loads:

      Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or
monitor

      nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with
flooding

      quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw
immediately in

      case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration
of tank.

      ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. /Beryllium compound,
NOS/

      [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response
Guidebook. A

      Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a
Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC
REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
Spill

      or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares,
sparks or

      flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or
spilled

      material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak
if you

      can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers,
basements or

      confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other

      non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET
WATER

      INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of

      Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book
for First

      Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/
First

      Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical
service. Give

      artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use

      mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;
give

      artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with
a

      one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer

      oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated
clothing

      and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush
skin or

      eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin
contact,

      avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and
quiet.

      Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to
substance

      may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the
material(s)

      involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Beryllium
compound,

      NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C.
2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:

      ... Irritation /to/ eyes. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds as
(Be)/

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
June 1994.,

      p. 29]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Will burn skin and eyes. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of
Transportation.

      CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

FIRE POTENTIAL:

      NOT FLAMMABLE [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation.
CHRIS -

      Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS:

      Toxic beryllium oxide fume may form in fire. [U.S. Coast Guard,
Department

      of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II.
Washington,

      D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER
REVIEWED**

HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES:

      ... CAN REACT EXPLOSIVELY WITH MAGNESIUM WHEN HEATED. [Fire
Protection

      Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy,  MA: National Fire
Protection

      Association, 1997., p. 491-112]**QC REVIEWED**

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING:

      The following types of respirators should be selected under the
prescribed

      concentrations: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where
there is

      no REL, at any detectable concentrations: Any self-contained
breathing

      apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressure-demand

      or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that
has a

      full face piece and is operated in pressure-demand or other
positive

      pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained
breathing

      apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure
mode.

      Escape: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a

      high-efficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate escape-type,

      self-contained breathing apparatus. /Beryllium &amp; cmpd (as Be)/
[NIOSH.

      NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication
No.

      94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, June
1994., p.

      29]**PEER REVIEWED**

      WEAR GOGGLES &amp; SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS. [U.S. Coast
Guard,

      Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data.
Volume II.

      Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p.
]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent
/should be

      available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting.
... In

      animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits
(preferably

      disposable, one-piece &amp; close-fitting at ankles &amp; wrists),
gloves,

      hair covering &amp; overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves
&amp;

      gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be
assumed to

      provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may
be

      necessary when working with particulates or gases, &amp;
disposable

      plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ...
/should be/

      of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be
worn

      outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H.
Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.
Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.
33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.
8]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

PREVENTIVE MEASURES:

      SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in
industry

      is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing
contact

      lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors
including

      the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the
exposure,

      the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the
lenses.

      However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or
corrosive

      properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be
harmful to

      the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be
worn. In

      any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even
when

      contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**

      SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such
a

      manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel
who

      handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to
ascertain the

      completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented
before the

      decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the
workers.

      **PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage
of food

      or of food &amp; beverage containers or utensils, &amp; the
application of

      cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel
should

      remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which

      carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands,
preferably

      using dispensers of liq detergent, &amp; rinse ... thoroughly.

      Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning
the

      skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard
procedure can be

      recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided.
Safety

      pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.
Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling
Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel
should

      remove their outdoor clothes &amp; wear protective suits
(preferably

      disposable, one-piece &amp; close-fitting at ankles &amp; wrists),
gloves,

      hair covering &amp; overshoes. ... clothing should be changed
daily but

      ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ...
/also,/

      workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves
&amp;

      gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be
assumed to

      provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may
be

      necessary when working with particulates or gases, &amp;
disposable

      plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of
distinctive

      color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of
lab.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G.
Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W.
Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems
of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth
&amp;

      purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood.

      Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care &amp;
vapors

      evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice
should

      be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... &amp; when
new

      fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means
for

      decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic
powders can be

      handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove
boxes should

      be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be
adequate, so

      that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological
safety

      cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ...
provided

      that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air
flow at

      the face opening of the cabinet, &amp; contaminated air plenums
that are

      under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow
hoods or

      safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working
area

      towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or
fume

      cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg,
with

      fume bomb) &amp; label fixed to it, giving date of test &amp; avg
air-flow

      measured. This test should be repeated periodically &amp; after
any

      structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H.
Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.
Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.
33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.
9]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or
biochem

      lab also apply to microbiological &amp; cell-culture labs ...
Special

      consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method
of

      administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin
by

      topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should
be

      performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be
kept

      under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires
special

      equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other
than in

      the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be
carried

      out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is
fitted

      with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning
mixer &amp;

      hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets,
special

      protective clothing &amp;, possibly, respirators may be required.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G.
Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W.
Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems
of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied
to skin,

      animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms &amp; sides
&amp;

      fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given,
filter tops

      should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals
that

      received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning
facilities

      should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used,
to avoid

      moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that
cages

      are decontaminated, &amp; monitoring methods are necessary.
Situations may

      exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended,

      depending on type &amp; amt of carcinogen &amp; efficiency with
which it

      can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.
Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.
33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.
10]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ...
contamination in

      lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should
be

      carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors
&amp;

      benches, &amp; ... interior of fume hoods &amp; airducts. As well
as

      regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of

      spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab
atmospheres for

      chem such as nitrosamines. Methods ... should ... where possible,
be

      simple &amp; sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R.,
H.

      Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B.

      Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical
Carcinogens in

      the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications
No. 33.

      Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.,
p.

      10]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious
contamination has

      occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab
personnel

      engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of

      permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance
workers

      are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be
taken to

      avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning
labs,

      procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or
dispersal of

      dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency

      particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially,
should be

      used. Sweeping, brushing &amp; use of dry dusters or mops should
be

      prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be
re-used

      ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent
to

      laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to
laundry

      personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,
E.Boyland,

      G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L.
Tomatis, and

      W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory:
Problems

      of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where
carcinogens

      are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate
labels.

      Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently

      displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific
Investigator or

      other person who can advise in an emergency &amp; who can inform
others

      (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11]**PEER REVIEWED**

SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS:

      No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material
for

      transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in
conformance

      ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described,
packaged,

      marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or
authorized

      by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49
CFR

      171.2 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic
principles

      for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for

      individual substances and a number of recommendations for good
practice

      are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A
general index

      of technical names has also been compiled. This index should
always be

      consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to
be used

      when shipping any substance or article. [IMDG; International
Maritime

      Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.6079

      (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt
...

      should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be
transported in

      securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves
be

      placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not
open

      when dropped &amp; will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both
bottle

      &amp; the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ...
National

      post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies &amp;
airlines

      have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These

      authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the
following

      procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a
securely

      sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be
enclosed

      in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand
chem

      attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space
between

      primary &amp; secondary container should be filled with absorbent

      material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen
&amp; is

      sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container
in the

      event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then
be

      enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary
container

      &amp; the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity
of

      shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest &amp; most
secure form

      of transport &amp; notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is
not

      received when expected, carrier should be informed so that
immediate

      effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be
consulted to

      avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.
Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling
Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER REVIEWED**

STORAGE CONDITIONS:

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as

      practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that
only small

      quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens
should be

      kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof
refrigerator or

      freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears

      appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing
quantity of

      carcinogen &amp; date it was acquired ... Facilities for
dispensing ...

      should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano,

      R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A.
Griesemer,

      A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical
Carcinogens

      in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific
Publications No.

      33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer,
1979., p.

      13]**PEER REVIEWED**

CLEANUP METHODS:

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate
arrestor

      (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of
carcinogen in

      exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes
or animal

      rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can
be

      transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance
staff is

      avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags
immediately

      after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ...
The

      sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ...
should be

      placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid
should be

      secured &amp; the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles
should

      be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not
contaminated

      ... The plastic bag should also be sealed &amp; labelled. ...
Broken

      glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by
chemical

      destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical
Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.
Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling
Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**

DISPOSAL METHODS:

      SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial

      (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant

      revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue
(including

      waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for
guidance

      on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of
disposal

      that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds
&amp;

      specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been
tested on

      all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail
methods

      &amp; recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14]**PEER REVIEWED**

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS:

OSHA STANDARDS:

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg:2
ug/cu m.

      /Beryllium and compounds/ [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC
REVIEWED**

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling
Concentration: 5

      ug/cu m. /Beryllium and compounds/ [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable maximum peak
above the

      acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hour shift.
Concentration: 25

      ug/cu m. Maximum Duration: 30 minutes. /Beryllium and compounds/
[29 CFR

      1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES:

      8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term
Exposure

      Limit (STEL): 0.01 mg/cu m /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/  [
American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists   TLVs and BEIs.

      Threshold Limit Values for Chemical   Substances and Physical
Agents and

      Biological Exposure   Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2005, p. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [

      American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists   TLVs
and BEIs.

      Threshold Limit Values for Chemical   Substances and Physical
Agents and

      Biological Exposure   Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2005, p. 14]**QC
REVIEWED**

      2005 Notice of Intended Changes: These substances, with their

      corresponding values and notations, comprise those for which (1) a
limit

      is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value
is

      proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal
of the

      Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the
proposals

      should be considered trial values during the period they are on
the NIC. 

      These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and
will

      remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this
ratification.

      If, during the year, the Committee neither finds nor receives any

      substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an
NIC TLV,

      the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH
Board of

      Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives
substantive

      data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the

      Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of
Directors

      for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC.
8  hr

      Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.00002 mg/cu m, inhalable fraction;
Notations:

      Skin, Sensitization, A1-Confirmed human carcinogen; TLV
Basis-Critical

      Effect(s): Sensitization; chronic beryylium disease (berylliosis).

      /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/  [ American Conference of
Governmental

      Industrial Hygienists   TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for
Chemical

      Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure   Indices.

      Cincinnati, OH, 2005, p. 61]**QC REVIEWED**

NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS:

      NIOSH recommends that beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as Be) be
regulated as

      a potential human carcinogen. /Beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as
Be)/

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
June 1994.,

      p. 28]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Not to exceed 0.0005 mg/cu m. /Beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as
Be)/

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
June 1994.,

      p. 28]**PEER REVIEWED**

MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION:

MAJOR USES:

      Electric heat sinks; electrical insulators; microwave oven
components;

      gyroscopes; military vehicle armor; rocket nozzles; crucibles;

      thermocouple tubing; laser structural components. [USEPA; Health

      Assessment Document for Beryllium p.3-4 (1978) EPA 600
8-84-026F]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Used in the production of beryllium oxide ceramics, some of which
have

      most unusual properties. [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's
Encyclopedia

      of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH

      Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4 26]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Electron tubes, resistor cores; windows in klystron tubes;
transistor

      mountings; high-temperature reactor systems; additive to glass,
ceramics

      and plastics; preparation of beryllium compounds; catalyst for
organic

      reactions. [Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Mullican (eds). Chemcyclopedia.

      Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1984., p. 141]**PEER
REVIEWED**

MANUFACTURERS:

      Brush Wellman Inc, Hq, 17876 St. Clair Ave, Cleveland, OH 4411o,
(216)

      486-4200; Production site: Elmore, OH 43416 [SRI. 1996 Directory
of

      Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI

      International, 1996., p. 466]**PEER REVIEWED**

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING:

      HEATING OF BERYLLIUM NITRATE OR HYDROXIDE [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.).
Hawley's

      Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand

      Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 141]**PEER REVIEWED**

      TREATING THE MINERAL BERYL AS FOLLOWS: FUSION WITH SODIUM
SILICO-FLUORIDE

      @ 700-800 DEG C, WITH CONVERSION INTO ... SODIUM FLUOBERYLLATE
&amp;

      PRECIPITATION BY MEANS OF CAUSTIC SODA FROM THE PURIFIED LEACHED
SOLN AS

      BERYLLIUM HYDROXIDE FROM WHICH THE ANHYDROUS CHLORIDE CAN BE
OBTAINED BY

      REACTION WITH CARBON &amp; CHLORINE @ 800 DEG C. [Browning, E.
Toxicity of

      Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,
1969., p.

      67]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Obtained directly from beryllium hydroxide by calcination or from
the

      basic carbonate, acetate, or sulfate by ignition. [Gerhartz, W.
(exec

      ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol
A1:

      Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4
26]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      In the primary industrial process, beryllium hydroxide extracted
from ore

      is dissolved in sulfuric acid. The solution is filtered and the
filtrate

      is concentrated by evaporation and unpon cooling high purity
beryllium

      sulfate, BeSO4.4H2O crystallizes. The salt is calcined at
carefully

      controlled temperatures between 1150 and 1450 deg C, selected to
give

      tailored properties of the beryllium oxide powders. [Kirk-Othmer

      Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York,
NY. John

      Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. VA4 150]**PEER REVIEWED**

GENERAL MANUFACTURING INFORMATION:

      ... ITS PROPERTY OF BEING SINTERIZED @ 1,400 DEG C MAKES IT
SUITABLE FOR

      MFR OF CERAMIC MATERIALS, SINCE IT CAN BE EITHER MOLDED OR APPLIED
AS A

      COATING TO A METAL OR OTHER BASE; SINTERING THEN PRODUCES A HARD
COHERENT

      MASS WITH A SMOOTH GLASSY SURFACE. [Browning, E. Toxicity of
Industrial

      Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p.
67]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      The higher the calcination temperature the more inert the
beryllium oxide.

      [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry.

      5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to
Present., p.

      VA4 26]**PEER REVIEWED**

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:

      BERYLLIUM OXIDE IS AVAILABLE IN THE USA AS A COMMERCIAL GRADE,
WITH A

      PURITY OF APPROX 99.5% AND A SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF 2.86-2.91. [IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 149
(1980)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Technical; CP; pure; single crystals [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.).
Hawley's

      Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand

      Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 141]**PEER REVIEWED**

LABORATORY METHODS:

SAMPLING PROCEDURES:

      IN REGARD TO MEASURING AIR LEVELS OF INSOLUBLE BERYLLIUM
SUBSTANCES SUCH

      AS BERYLLIUM OXIDE &amp; BERYLLIUM METAL DUST RECOMMENDED THAT
SAMPLING BE

      DONE WITH PREFILTERS TO ELIMINATE NONRESPIRABLE PARTICLES.
/BERYLLIUM AND

      CMPD/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

      Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure

      Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of
Governmental

      Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 56]**PEER REVIEWED**

SPECIAL REFERENCES:

SPECIAL REPORTS:

      GROTH DH; ENVIRON RES 21 (1): 56 (1980). A REVIEW WITH 30
REFERENCES ON

      THE CARCINOGENICITY OF BERYLLIUM, PARTICULARLY WITH RESPECT TO
OSTEOGENIC

      SARCOMAS &amp; LUNG NEOPLASMS.

      DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Beryllium (Update) TP-92/04
(1993)

      Leonard A, Lauwerys R; Mut Research 186 (1): 35-42 (1987). The

      mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of beryllium and
its cmpd

      are reviewed.

      Eisenbud M; Cleve Clin Q 51 (2): 441-7 (1984). The mutagenicity,

      carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of beryllium and bryllium
compounds

      were reviewed.

      Skilleter DN; Adv Mod Environ Toxicol 11: 61-8 (1987). The
occupational

      diseases caused by exposure to beryllium or beryllium compounds
are

      discussed.

      Reeves AL, Beryllium: Toxicological Research of the Last Decade;
Journal

      of the American College of Toxicology 8 (7): 1307-13 (1989).
Research on

      beryllium toxicity conducted in the 1980s was reviewed.
Investigations on

      beryllium toxicokinetics were also discussed.

      MacMahon B; The epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of

      beryllium in humans; J Occupat Med 36 (1): 15-24 (1994)

      A DISCUSSION ON THE LUNG CANCER INCIDENCE IN BERYLLIUM PRODUCTION
WORKERS

      IS PRESENTED.[GROTH ET AL; ENVIRON RES 21 (1): 63 (1980)]

      WHO working group, Beryllium; Environment Health Criteria 106: 181
(1990).

      Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation Data
concerning

      the fate of beryllium in the environment are limited.

      USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium (1980) EPA

      440/5-80-024

      USEPA; Health Assessment Document for Beryllium (1987) EPA
600/8-84-026F

      Meyer KC; Beryllium and Lung Disease; Chest 106 (3): 942-946
(1994)

      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information
System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Toxicological
Review in

      Adobe PDF. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the

      Substance File List as of April, 1998.

      U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services/National Toxicology

      Program; Tenth Report on Carcinogens. National Institutes of
Environmental

      Health Sciences. The Report on Carcinogens is an informational
scientific

      and public health document that identifies and discusses
substances

      (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may
pose a

      carcinogenic hazard to human health. Beryllium (7440-41-7) was
first

      listed in the Second Annual Report on Carcinogens (1981) as
reasonably

      anticipated to be a human carcinogen and then listed in the Tenth
Report

      on Carcinogens (2002) as a known human carcinogen. /Beryllium and

      Beryllium Compounds/ [ ]

SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS:

RELATED HSDB RECORDS:

      6899 [BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS]

      350 [BERYLLIUM HYDROXIDE] (analog)

SYNONYMS:

      BERYLLIA **PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM MONOXIDE **PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM OXIDE (BEO) **PEER REVIEWED**

      BROMELLETE [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS
-

      Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

      NATURAL BROMELLITE [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics,

      68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988., p.
B-76]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      THERMALOX 995 **PEER REVIEWED**

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:

      BERYLLIUM OXIDE IS AVAILABLE IN THE USA AS A COMMERCIAL GRADE,
WITH A

      PURITY OF APPROX 99.5% AND A SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF 2.86-2.91. [IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 149
(1980)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Technical; CP; pure; single crystals [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.).
Hawley's

      Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand

      Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 141]**PEER REVIEWED**

SHIPPING NAME/ NUMBER DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

      UN 1566; Beryllium compounds, NOS

      IMO 6.1; Beryllium compounds, NOS

STANDARD TRANSPORTATION NUMBER:

      49 232 16; Beryllium compounds, not otherwise specified

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 1607

LAST REVISION DATE: 20050624 

LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997

UPDATE HISTORY:

      Complete Update on 2005-06-24, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

      Field Update on 2005-01-27, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 2003-08-29, 0 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 01/24/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/31/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/18/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/30/2000, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/11/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/02/1999, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/11/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/27/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/15/1997, 55 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 10/23/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 06/18/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 01/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/25/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/28/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 09/28/1994, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 09/26/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/10/1993, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/27/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/21/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/09/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/26/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/01/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/08/1991, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 11/09/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 10/10/1990, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 08/23/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/12/1989, 66 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 02/10/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/08/1988, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 12/26/1984

Created 19830401 by GCF

