HSDB Summary of Elemental Beryllium

The following information was generated from the 

Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB),

a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system

(http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on January 27, 2009.

Query: Records containing  the word disease  

Singular and plural forms were searched.The chemical name beryllium was

identified.

The following terms were added from ChemIDplus:

glucinum

glucinium

CAS Registry Number: 7440-41-7

1

NAME: BERYLLIUM, ELEMENTAL

HSN: 512

RN: 7440-41-7

NOTE:

      This record contains information for beryllium in its zero valence
state

      only. For general information on the toxicity and environmental
fate of

      beryllium ion and beryllium compounds, refer to the BERYLLIUM
COMPOUNDS

      record; for compound-specific information, refer to the
appropriate

      individual records, e.g., beryllium oxide, beryllium sulfate, etc.

HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS:

TOXICITY SUMMARY:

      Exposure of people to relatively high concentrations of beryllium
(greater

      than 100 ug cu m) causes acute beryllium disease, characterized by

      chemical pneumonitis. ... Some people inhaling low concentrations
of

      beryllium develop chronic beryllium disease, a granulomatous lung
disease

      characterized by dyspnea, cough, reduced pulmonary function, and a
variety

      of other symptoms, including weight loss. ... The lack of a
dose-response

      relationship between the extent of exposure and development of the

      disease, long latency period between exposure and onset, and the
low

      incidence among beryllium-exposed individuals suggests that the
disease is

      immune mediated. ... Occupational risk associated with exposure to

      beryllium-containing alloys has been documented for individuals
exposed to

      beryllium-copper and beryllium-nickel alloys. Beryllium is a
suspected

      human carcinogen, based on results of animal data. Epidemiologic
evidence

      relating beryllium exposure to cancer in humans is inadequate to

      demonstrate or refute that beryllium is carcinogenic in humans,
and the

      International Agency for Research on Cancer lists the evidence for

      beryllium induced carcinogenicity in humans as "limited". ... The

      pulmonary effects of inhaled beryllium have also been evaluated in
a

      variety of laboratory animal species. ... monkeys exposed to
relatively

      high concentrations of beryllium compounds developed symptoms and

      histopathological findings consistent with acute beryllium
disease. ...

      Granulomatous lung disease has also been produced in guinea pigs
exposed

      to beryllium compounds by inhalation or by intratracheal
instillation. ...

      Repeated inhalation of beryllium-containing materials, including
soluble

      beryllium compounds by various strains of laboratory rats has
resulted in

      development of inflammatory and proliferative changes,
granulomatous lung

      changes, and the development of lung tumors. Although beryllium-
exposed

      rats have developed various degrees of granulomatous lung disease,
none

      have developed immunopathological responses in lung or beryllium

      hypersensitivity. ... studies have shown that several strains of
mice

      inhaling beryllium develop pulmonary lesions with features
consistent with

      chronic beryllium disease. Lung lesions consisted of infiltration
of

      lymphocytes into the lung interstitium, development of
microgranulomas

      consisting of T lymphocytes and macrophages, and the presence of
some

      pulmonary fibrosis. Under certain exposure conditions, increased
numbers

      of lymphocytes were recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from
exposed

      animals. [Chang, L.W. (ed.). Toxicology of Metals. Boca Raton, FL:
Lewis

      Publishers, 1996, p. 929-30]**PEER REVIEWED**

EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:

      WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: B1; probable human
carcinogen. Based

      on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to
airborne

      beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity
in

      animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung
tumors

      in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and

      osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous
or

      intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2
(inadequate

      human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data)
using

      criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment.
Using the

      proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled
beryllium

      would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the
human

      carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined.
Studies

      regarding the potential carcinogenicity of ingested beryllium to
humans

      were not available. Increases in lung cancer mortality have been
observed

      in cohort mortality studies of beryllium processing workers ...
and in

      studies of entrants on the BCR. No increases in other types of
cancer were

      found, but increases in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory
disease were

      also observed. Newer studies ... have been considered as the basis
for a

      dose-response assessment, but share a limitatiion ... lack of
individul

      exposure monitoring or job history data that would support a more

      definitive exposure assessment. NIOSH has recently completed a
lung cancer

      case-control study nested within a cohort mortality study of
beryllium

      manufacturing workers at the Reading beryllium processing
facility. The

      study developed an exposure matrix and calculated airborne
exposure

      concentration and thus may provide the best available basis for a

      quantitative cancer estimate. ... Chronic oral studies of the
potential

      carcinogenicity of beryllium in animals were conducted at dose
levels

      below the /Maximum Tolerated Dose/, and therefore are inadequate
for the

      assessment of carcinogenicity. Beryllium has been shown to induce
lung

      cancer in rats exposed to beryllium by both inhalation and
intratracheal

      instillation and in monkeys by inhalation. Osteosarcomas have been

      produced in rabbits and possibly in mice by intravenous and
intramedullary

      injection using a variety of beryllium compounds and beryllium
metal. No

      tumors were produced by intracutaneous or percutaneous injections
of

      beryllium compounds. The majority of studies do not induce gene
mutation

      in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. Gene
mutations

      have been observed in mammalian cells cultured with beryllium
chloride.

      Culturing mammalian cells with beryllium chloride, beryllium
sulfate, or

      beryllium nitrate has resulted in clastogenic alterations. HUMAN

      CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA:
Sufficient.

      [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk
Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Available from:

      http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of
March

      15, 2000]**QC REVIEWED**

      Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the
carcinogenicity

      of beryllium and beryllium compounds. There is sufficient evidence
in

      experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and
beryllium

      compounds. Overall evaluation: Beryllium and beryllium compounds
are

      carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium
compounds/

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 58 103

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
[American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.
Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

      THE ATTACK RATE FOR ACUTE PNEUMONITIS IN AN ORE REDUCTION
OPERATION WITH

      HIGHER EXPOSURES, WAS GREATER THAN 10% IN 1950, VERSUS 3% IN ALL

      EMPLOYEES. SYMPTOMS FROM A FRANK EXPOSURE MAY APPEAR IN A FEW HR,
&amp;

      RECOVERY IN FROM 1 TO 12 WK, RARELY WITH ANY RESIDUAL. THE TYPICAL
SIGNS

      OF CHEMICAL PNEUMONITIS APPEAR AS ANOREXIA, WEIGHT LOSS, WEAKNESS
&amp;

      VARYING DEGREES OF CYANOSIS. THE PHYSICAL SIGNS INCLUDE LOWERED
VITAL

      CAPACITY, FINE TO COARSE SIBILANT RALES, &amp; RAPID PULSE. X-RAY
FINDINGS

      ARE USUALLY A PERIBRONCHIAL HAZINESS &amp; PUNCTATE INFILTRATION

      THROUGHOUT THE LOWER LUNG FIELDS, OR IN SEVERE CASES,
CONSOLIDATION.

      [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and

      Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley

      Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1551]**PEER REVIEWED**

      FUMES OF BERYLLIUM ... IN REFINING OR MFR PRODUCE METAL FUME
FEVER,

      CORYZA, BRONCHITIS. ... [Thienes, C., and T.J. Haley. Clinical
Toxicology.

      5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1972., p. 186]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      DEATH MAY RESULT FROM SHORT EXPOSURE TO VERY LOW CONCN OF THE
ELEMENT

      &amp; ITS SALTS. CONTACT DERMATITIS, CHEMICAL CONJUNCTIVITIS,
CORNEAL

      BURNS, NON HEALING ULCERATION AT SITE OF INJURY, SUBCUTANEOUS
NODULES MAY

      OCCUR FOLLOWING EXPOSURE. ACUTE: PNEUMONITIS MAY RESULT FROM
SINGLE

      EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM &amp; OCCASIONALLY IS FATAL. CHRONIC:
PULMONARY

      GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE MAY APPEAR IN 3 MO TO 15 YR, OFTEN AFTER
SHORT

      EXPOSURE TO LOW CONCN. UNCERTAINTY AS TO COMPLETE RECOVERY. DEATH
RATE

      ABOUT 25%. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck
Co., Inc.,

      1983., p. 166]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... CHRONIC ... TOXICITY /CAUSED BY AIRBORNE DUST OF BERYLLIUM/
... IN

      SOME CASES YR AFTER CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE ... HEART
ENLARGEMENT

      &amp; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE ... ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER &amp;
SPLEEN ...

      CELLULAR INFILTRATION IN INTERSTICES OF VARIOUS ORGANS &amp;
TISSUES,

      &amp; CALCIFIC INCLUSIONS IN CELLS &amp; TISSUES. [Venugopal, B.
and T.D.

      Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press,
1978., p.

      46]**PEER REVIEWED**

      IN MEN OCCUPATIONALLY BERYLLIUM EXPOSED (LESS THAN 8 NG BE/CU M,
4-6

      HR/DAY), BERYLLIUM CONCN IN BLOOD &amp; URINE SHOWED MEAN INCR OF
A FACTOR

      OF 4 OVER CONTROL SUBJECTS. BERYLLIUM SPECIFIC STIMULATION OF
THYMUS

      DERIVED LYMPHOCYTES OF THE EXPOSED MEN WAS INCR SIGNIFICANTLY.
[STIEFEL T

      ET AL; ARCH TOXICOL 45 (2): 81 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ACUTE ... 1. INHALATION- ACUTE PNEUMONITIS ... CHEST PAIN,
BRONCHIAL

      SPASM, FEVER, DYSPNEA, CYANOSIS, COUGH, BLOOD TINGED SPUTUM, &amp;
NASAL

      DISCHARGE. RIGHT HEART FAILURE MAY OCCUR AS RESULT OF INCR
PULMONARY

      ARTERIAL RESISTANCE. ONSET OF SYMPTOMS ... 2-5 WK AFTER EXPOSURE
OF 1-20

      DAYS. ... 2. SKIN CONTACT ... ACUTE DERMATITIS FROM CONTACT WITH
DUST

      SIMULATES FIRST &amp; SECOND DEGREE BURNS. 3. EYE CONTACT- DUST

      CONTAMINATION CAUSES ACUTE CONJUNCTIVITIS WITH CORNEAL MACULAE
&amp;

      DIFFUSE ERYTHEMA. [Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed.

      Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 225]**PEER REVIEWED**

      CHRONIC ... 1. INHALATION ... WT LOSS &amp; MARKED DYSPNEA ... 3
MO TO 11

      YR AFTER FIRST EXPOSURE. DISEASE ... DOWNHILL COURSE OR MAY BE
MARKED BY

      EXACERBATIONS &amp; REMISSIONS. RIGHT HEART FAILURE ... FEVER IS
VARIABLE.

      ... 2. SKIN CONTACT- ECZEMATOUS DERMATITIS WITH MACULOPAPULAR,

      ERYTHEMATOUS, VESICULAR RASH ... IN LARGE PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS
EXPOSED TO

      BERYLLIUM DUSTS. [Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed.
Norwalk,

      CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 225]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... 60 ... CASES OF CHRONIC BERYLLIUM DISEASE ... 18 PATIENTS HAD
DIED: 13

      FROM COR PULMONALE, 1 ... RESP INSUFFICIENCY, 1 ... CARDIAC
ARREST, 1 ...

      VIRUS PNEUMONIA, 1 ... RENAL INSUFFICIENCY &amp; 1 ... UNSTATED
CAUSE.

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 25

      (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      IN CHRONIC SYSTEMIC BERYLLIUM POISONING ... THERE MAY BE CLINICAL

      RESEMBLANCE TO BOECK'S SARCOID. RARELY THIS MAY BE ACCOMPANIED BY

      CALCIFICATION OF CORNEA IN FORM OF BAND KERATOPATHY SUCH AS
DEVELOPS IN

      HYPERCALCEMIA ... [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed.
Springfield,

      IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 145]**PEER REVIEWED**

      OCULAR IRRITATION FROM INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE ... CONJUNCTIVITIS ...
SCARCELY

      EVER INVOLVING CORNEA. HYPEREMIA OF CONJUNCTIVA &amp; EDEMA OF
LIDS ...

      FROM EXPOSURE TO DUST OR DIRECT CONTAMINATION BY PARTICLES ...
CAUSE

      RATHER PERSISTENT BURNING SENSATION &amp; PHOTOPHOBIA ... RECOVERY
...

      5-10 DAYS. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed.
Springfield, IL:

      Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 144]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... STUDIED THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER IN WORKERS IN TWO SEPARATE
BERYLLIUM

      COMPANIES BUT COULD NOT CONCLUDE THAT CANCER AT ANY PARTICULAR
SITE COULD

      BE CORRELATED WITH THE WORKER'S EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM. [IARC.
Monographs

      on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva:

      World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on
Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 25 (1972)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      BECAUSE OF DELAY IN ONSET, CASES OF CHRONIC BERYLLIUM DISEASE FROM
OLD

      EXPOSURES CONTINUE TO DEVELOP. [Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy.
Industrial

      Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc.,
1974.,

      p. 57]**PEER REVIEWED**

      THE LACK OF SIGNIFICANT ORAL ABSORPTION, ALONG WITH OTHER EVIDENCE

      INCLUDING THE TOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM, SUGGESTS THAT THE AIRBORNE
CONCN ARE

      MOST HAZARDOUS. [Casarett, L.J., and J. Doull. Toxicology: The
Basic

      Science of Poisons. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., 1975., p.

      462]**PEER REVIEWED**

      We examined the prevalence of beryllium sensitization in relation
to work

      process and beryllium exposure measurements in a beryllia ceramics
plant

      that had operated since 1980. We interviewed 136 employees (97.8%
of the

      workforce), ascertained beryllium sensitization with the beryllium

      lymphocyte proliferation blood test, and reviewed historical
industrial

      hygiene measurements. Of eight beryllium-sensitized employees
(5.9%), six

      (4.4% of participating employees) had granulomatous disease on

      transbronchial lung biopsy. Machinists had a sensitization rate of
14.3%

      compared to a rate of 1.2% among other employees. Machining had

      significantly higher general area and breathing zone measurements
than did

      other processes in the time period in which most
beryllium-sensitized

      cases had started machining work. Daily weighted average estimated
of

      exposure for machining processes also exceeded estimates for other
work

      processes in that time period, with a median daily weighted
average of 0.9

      ug/cu m. Machining process daily weighted averages accounted for
the

      majority of daily weighted averages exceeding the 2.0 ug/cu m OSHA

      standard, with 8.1% of machining daily weighted averages above the

      standard. [Kreiss K et al; Am J Industrial Med 30 (1): 16-25
(1996)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      The first case of chronic beryllium disease at the Rocky Flats

      Environmental Technology Site (Rocky Flats) was diagnosed in a
machinist

      in 1984. Rocky Flats, located 16 miles northwest of Denver, CO, is
part of

      the US DOE nuclear weapons complex. Research and development
operations

      using beryllium began at Rocky Flats in 1953, and beryllium
production

      operations began in 1957. Exposures could have occurred during
foundry

      operations, casting, shearing, rolling, cutting, welding,
machining,

      sanding, polishing, assembly, and chemical analysis operations.
The

      Beryllium Health Surveillance Program (BHSP) was established in
June 1991

      at Rocky Flats to provide health surveillance for beryllium
exposed

      employees using the Lymphocyte Proliferation Test to identify
sensitized

      individuals. Of the 29 cases of chronic beryllium disease and 76
cases of

      beryllium sensitization identified since 1991, several cases
appear to

      have had only minimal opportunistic exposures to beryllium, since
they

      were employed in admin functions rather than primary beryllium
operations.

      In conjunction with other health surveillance programs, a
questionnaire

      and interview are admin to obtain detailed work and health
histories.

      These histories, along with other data, are utilized to estimate
the

      extent of an individual's exposure. [Stange AW et al; Toxicol 111
(1-3):

      213-24 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The occurrence of chronic beryllium disease in a precious metal
refinery

      was investigated. Five workers at a facility that refined and
reclaimed

      gold and silver from industrial scrap developed granulomatous lung
disease

      between 1972 and 1985. The patients were males, four Hispanics and
one

      black, aged 31 to 41 years. The original diagnosis was
sarcoidosis.

      Immunologic studies were performed on the four Hispanic patients
utilizing

      in-vitro proliferative responses of lymphocytes obtained by

      bronchoalveolar lavage. Hypersensitivity to beryllium salts was
found. The

      entire work force at the facility was surveyed by questionaire and
by

      review of prior X-rays and spirometry results for evidence of

      granulomatous lung disease. No current workers had radiographic or

      spirometric evidence suggestive of chronic beryllium disease.
Industrial

      hygiene air monitoring of the facility showed beryllium
concentrations of

      0.22 to 42.3 ug/cu m. Ten percent of the samples were in excess of
the

      current permissible exposure limit of 2.0 ug/cu m. [Cullen MR et
al; Am

      Review Resp Disease 135 (1): 201-8 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The effects of dusts of beryllium metal on the host's local and
systemic

      immune system were reviewed. A primary use for bronchoalveolar
lavage in

      berylliosis was in demonstrating a local immunologic response to

      beryllium. [Daniels RP; 3rd Int Workshop Immune Responses Induced
by

      Mineral Dusts p.109-119 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The definition of cor pulmonale is heart failure caused by lung
disease.

      Acute cor pulmonale is associated with disorders that induce
severe

      alveolar hypoxia including pulmonary edema associated with toxic
exposures

      to beryllium. Occupational exposures associated with emboli and

      obliterative lesions have also been identified as contributing to
the

      disease. Complications of the disease are difficult to treat when
the

      increase in pulmonary vascular resistance is due to blood vessel

      destruction as in cases of silicosis. The most definitive method
for

      detection, cardiac catheterization, is unsuitable for mass
screening.

      Other methods such as echo cardiography, x-rays, and physical
examination

      are appropriate only late in the progression of the disease.
[NIOSH;

      Occupational Respiratory Diseases (1986) DHHS Pub. NIOSH
86-102]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Six of 33 breathing zone air samples collected for beryllium
analysis

      showed levels exceeding the NIOSH evaluation criterion of 0.5

      micrograms/cubic meter. These samples ranged from 7.2 to 0.57
ug/cu m.

      Thirty three samples collected on beryllium machining equipment
were at or

      below 0.5 ug/cu m. [NIOSH; Health Hazard Evaluation Report No.

      HETA-84-510-1691, Rockwell International, Rocky Flats Plant,
Golden

      Colorado (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      This paper describes the beryllium exposure levels and refining
processes

      in a large beryllium factory operating since the 1930s. Lifetime
beryllium

      exposure histories were estimated for the 309 workers present at a
health

      survey conducted in 1977. Beryllium exposure levels in the plant
were high

      for many years, with some estimated exposure levels in excess of
100 ug/cu

      m. As late as 1975, there were exposures to beryllium above 10
ug/cu m in

      some jobs. After about 1977, the plant was in compliance with the

      permissible exposure limit of 2.0 ug/cu m. The median cumulative
exposure

      in this cohort was 65 ug/cu m years and the median duration of
exposure

      was 17 years. From these data a series of exposure parameters,
functions

      of the exposure histories that characterise biologically important

      dimensions of exposure were calculated for each worker. [Driebel D
et al;

      Br J Ind Med 45 (2): 83-92 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... We studied 110 subjects divided into three groups of subjects:

      beryllium disease patients (n=55), beryllium-sensitized patients
without

      disease (n=8), and control subjects (n=47). Evaluation incl
completion of

      a respiratory symptom questionnaire, clinical exam, chest
radiograph,

      spirometry, body plethysmographic lung volumes, and diffusing
capacity

      (DLCO). In the patient groups, we performed max exercise testing
with an

      indwelling arterial line. In addition, we examined BAL and
performed blood

      and BAL beryllium lymphocyte transformation tests (BeLT) as
measure of the

      beryllium-specific T cell-mediated response in these two
compartments. In

      beryllium disease patients we correlated the BAL cellular
constituents

      with clinical parameters indicative of disease severity. Beryllium
disease

      patients exhibited elevated numbers of white cells and lymphocytes
in BAL

      compared with both other groups; however, this lymphocytic
alveolitis was

      significantly obscured in smokers. the BAL cellular constituents

      correlated with BAL BeLT but not with the blood BeLT. BAL cellular

      constituents also correlated with the radiographic profusion of
small

      opacities, FEV1/FVC, DLCO, max achievable work load, VO2max, and
measures

      of gas exchange at rest and at max exercise. [Newman LS et al; Am
J Resp

      Critical Care Med 150 (1): 135-142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      In this letter to the editor and a reply, earlier reports of an
excess of

      lung cancer occurring among patients with beryllium disease were

      considered. Of the 689 patients in the study, 28 died of lung
cancer that

      developed after entry into the registry. Of the 689 patients, 235
were

      suffering from acute beryllium disease and 17 of these died of
lung

      cancer. All 17 of these patients had a history of employment at a
facility

      in Lorain, OH, where the exposure levels were high. The Lorain
facility

      had employed 61% of all patients who had acute beryllium disease
reported

      to the registry. There may have been a confounding factor in the
Lorain

      cohort which may have been cigarette smoking of another
carcinogen.

      Exposure to workers has been reduced more than 100 fold below
those that

      existed when the Lorain facility was in operation. In the
response, the

      authors of the original study indicated that the sparse numbers
make it

      difficult to draw any conclusions about lung cancer risk at Lorain
versus

      the other facilities. [Eisenbud M et al; J Nat Can Inst 85 (20):
1697-1699

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Of 18 new cases of beryllium sensitization, 12 had beryllium
disease,

      and three more developed pulmonary granulomas on lung biopsy over
the

      succeeding 2 yr. Beryllium-sensitized cases did not differ from
noncases

      in age, gender, race, ethnicity, smoking, most respiratory
symptoms,

      spirometric or radiographic abnormalities, or job tenure. The six

      sensitized cases without initial disease differed from beryllium
disease

      cases in having greater pack-years of smoking. Sensitization
occurred

      among workers with inadvertent or bystander exposure, such as a
secretary

      and security guard. However, beryllium sensitization risk was
higher for

      machinists (4.7%) and for persons reporting measured overexposure
(7.4%,

      odds ratio 5.1); exposure beginning before 1970 (3.6%, odds ratio
2.7);

      consistent beryllium exposure (3.4%); and sawing (4.7%) or band
sawing

      (6.0%) of beryllium metal. [Kreiss K et al; Am Rev Respir Dis 148
(4-1):

      985-91 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Nine new cases of biopsy-confirmed chronic beryllium disease were

      identified among 505 employees and ex-employees in a company that
had

      manufactured beryllia ceramics from 1958 to 1975. Of tests
commonly used

      in medical surveillance, only a confirmed blood beryllium
lymphocyte

      transformation test had a high positive predictive value for
beryllium

      disease (100%). However, two beryllium disease cases had either a
normal

      or inconsistently abnormal blood test and were identified for
diagnostic

      work-up by abnormal chest radiography. The only risk factor for
beryllium

      disease was beryllium exposure. Degree of exposure was assoc with
disease

      rates, which ranged from 2.9% to 15.8% for beryllia-exposed
subgroups.

      [Kreiss K et al; J Occup Med 35 (3): 267-274 (1993)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN OF MORTALITY PATTERNS AMONG WHITE MALES
ENTERED INTO

      BERYLLIUM CASE REGISTRY (BCR) WHILE ALIVE WITH A DIAGNOSIS OF
BERYLLIUM

      RELATED NONNEOPLASTIC RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS OR DISEASE. ANALYSES

      DEMONSTRATE AN EXCESSIVE RISK OF LUNG CANCER AMONG THOSE SUBJECTS
IN THE

      BERYLLIUM CASE REGISTRY WHO HAD BEEN PREVIOUSLY DIAGNOSED WITH
ACUTE

      CHEMICAL PNEUMONITIS OR BRONCHITIS SECONDARY TO SHORT-TERM
BERYLLIUM

      EXPOSURE. IN THE EVALUATION OF THE EXCESSIVE LUNG CANCER RISK IN
THIS

      POPULATION, CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE COMPETING EFFECTS
FROM

      THE HIGH CASE FATALITY RATE OF NONNEOPLASTIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE.
THIS

      EXCESSIVE RISK OF LUNG CANCER COULD NOT BE EXPLAINED ON THE BASIS
OF

      CIGARETTE SMOKING PER SE. THE FINDINGS OF THE PRESENT STUDY
UTILIZING

      SUBJECTS IN THE BERYLLIUM CASE REGISTRY ARE CONSISTENT WITH
RESULTS OF

      ANIMAL STUDIES THAT OVER 30 YR AGO FIRST DEMONSTRATED BERYLLIUM TO
BE A

      CARCINOGEN &amp; WITH NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES DEMONSTRATING
AN

      INCREASED RISK OF LUNG CANCER AMONG WORKERS OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED
TO

      BERYLLIUM &amp; ITS COMPOUNDS. /BERYLLIUM &amp; BERYLLIUM CMPD/
[INFANTE

      PF ET AL; ENVIRON RES 21 (1): 35-43 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Chronic beryllium disease is the pulmonary and systemic
granulomatous

      disease caused by exposure to beryllium by inhalation. In most
cases, the

      duration of exposure is several months to years. The interval
between

      initial exposure and the clinical manifestations of disease
varies. Some

      patients become symptomatic while actively working; others, as
late as 25

      years after their last exposure. The average latency period is 10
to 15

      years. Exertional dyspnea is the most common symptom of chronic
beryllium

      disease. Other symptoms are cough, fatigue, weight loss, chest
pain, and

      arthralgias. Physical findings may be entirely normal or may
include

      bibasilar crackles, lymphadenopathy, skin lesions,
hepatosplenomegaly, and

      clubbing. Signs of pulmonary hypertension may be present in
severe,

      long-standing disease. Parotid gland enlargement was reported in
one

      patient with chronic beryllium disease. /Beryllium and compounds/
[Rom,

      W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed.
Boston, MA:

      Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Nodular skin lesions have been described in patients with chronic

      beryllium disease whose beryllium exposure was by inhalation only,
not be

      direct skin contact. Biopsies in these cases have shown
noncaseating

      granulomas. Beryllium also causes contact dermatitis by both
direct

      irritation and sensitization. The use of patch testing has been
curtailed

      because of reports of exacerbations of respiratory disease related
to this

      test. Conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, and upper respiratory
tract

      involvement may accompany dermatitis. Beryllium ulcers caused by

      implantation of a soluble beryllium compound in a skin abrasion
and

      requiring curettage of the ulcer base for treatment have also been

      reported. /Beryllium and compounds/ [Rom, W.N. (ed.).
Environmental and

      Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and
Company,

      1992., p. 787]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Acting as a direct irritant, beryllium may cause acute
nasopharyngitis,

      tracheobronchitis, or chemical pneumonitis. The severity of the
clinical

      disease depends largely on the dose of beryllium exposure.
Chemical

      pneumonitis may be severe after a brief exposure to high
concentrations of

      beryllium or subacute in onset and course after prolonged exposure
to

      lower concentrations. Symptoms and signs are nonspecific,
identical to

      those found in any case of chemical pneumonitis secondary to a
lung

      irritant, and include dyspnea, cough, chest pain, blood-tinged
sputum,

      tachycardia, crackles, and in severe cases cyanosis. Radiographs
show

      diffuse or localized infiltrates, and pulmonary function tests
show

      reduced lung volumes and hypoxemia. /Beryllium and compounds/
[Rom, W.N.

      (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston,
MA:

      Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 786]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A case-control study on parental occupation and childhood cancer
carried

      out in Denver, CO, USA, included 252 cases of childhood cancer
diagnosed

      during 1976-83 and 222 population controls selected by
random-digit

      dialing. A job-exposure matrix was used to assign parental
exposures for

      six months or longer during the year prior to the child's birth on
the

      basis of job titles. Odds ratios were estimated for all cancers,
acute

      lymphocytic leukemia and brain cancer, after adjusting for age at

      diagnosis, year of diagnosis, sex, mother's age at time of birth,
maternal

      smoking during pregnancy, birth weight, birth order and indicators
of

      social class. When all cancers were considered, no association was
found

      between childhood cancer and exposure to beryllium or its
compounds for

      either the mother or the father (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.1-7.1;
based

      on two exposed cases; and 1.6;0.6-4.4; based on 17 exposed cases,

      respectively). When the exposures of the fathers were analyzed for

      specific types of cancer, an elevated odds ratio was found for
brain

      cancer (2.1; 0.6-7.6; 5 cases) but not for acute lymphocytic
leukemia

      (1.3; 0.3-5.9; 5 cases). Most of the subjects considered to have
been

      exposed to beryllium were electrical equipment assemblers and
installers

      (67%), metal processes and welders (20%). /Beryllium and beryllium

      compounds/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic
Risk of

      Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International
Agency

      for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58
75

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Exposure to beryllium compounds may cause an acute chemical
pneumonitis,

      tracheobronchitis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis and chronic
granulomatous

      pulmonary disease with systemic manifestations. The acute
pulmonary

      disease was first described in Germany in 1933 and the chronic
form in the

      USA in 1946. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/ [IARC. Monographs
on the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva:
World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 88 (1993)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      Acute beryllium disease, most frequently related to intense but
brief

      exposure, consists of respiratory tract irritation and dermatitis,

      sometimes with conjunctivitis. The respiratory tract symptoms
range from

      mild nasopharyngitis to a severe chemical pulmonitis, which may be
fatal.

      In fatal cases, histopathological findings in the lungs have
included

      interstitial oedema, cellular infiltration, elevated numbers of
plasma

      cells, alveolar cell proliferation or desquamation and, sometimes,

      interalveolar oedema, hyaline membranes and organizing pneumonia.

      /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/ [IARC. Monographs on the
Evaluation of

      the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health

      Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,
1972-PRESENT.

      (Multivolume work)., p. V58 88 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Chronic beryllium disease is a systemic disorder with primary

      manifestations in the lung, characterized by a decrease in
transfer factor

      with restrictive and obstructive ventilatory function.

      Histopathologically, the disease is characterized by non-caseating

      granuloma formation with giant cells, as in sarcoidosis, primarily
seen in

      the lungs but also in other tissues. Chest radiography usually
shows

      diffuse infiltrates and hilar adenopathy. An improvement in lung
function

      and even in lung radiographic findings was reported after a
significant

      decrease in the air concentration of beryllium due to improved
engineering

      and ventilation in plants. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/
[IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 88 (1993)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Although chronic beryllium disease has become rare since the
adoption of

      stringent industrial hygiene measures, sporadic cases are sill
reported,

      e.g., among workers in a precious metal refinery, where exposure
to

      beryllium did not exceed 2 ug/cu m. A conspicuous feature of
chronic

      beryllium disease is its occasional occurrence outside facilities
in which

      beryllium compounds are used: 10 cases /were reported/ among
people who

      had never worked in a beryllium plant but who lived within 1 km of
one;

      the best estimate of beryllium concentrations in the air in the
area was

      0.01-0.1 ug/cu m. In 1983, when the US registry for beryllium
diseases

      contained 622 cases of chronic beryllium disease, 65 had had no

      occupational exposure to beryllium, 42 could be attributed to air

      pollution (41 occurred in the vicinity of tow large production
plants and

      one in a woman living near a fluorescent-lamp plant) and 23 two
household

      exposure to dust brought home on work clothes. /Beryllium and
beryllium

      compounds/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic
Risk of

      Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International
Agency

      for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58
88

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      In a cohort study of 9225 male workers employed in seven beryllium

      processing facilities in the USA, the SMR for pneumoconiosis and
other

      respiratory diseases was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.21-1.80), that for
diseases of

      the heart was 1.06 (1.00-1.12) and that for chronic and
unspecified

      nephritis, renal failure and other renal sclerosis. /Beryllium and

      beryllium compounds/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health
Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.
(Multivolume

      work)., p. V58 89 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A nonsymptomatic form of chronic beryllium disease - typical
granulomatous

      changes in transbronchial biopsy specimens with positive
lymphocyte

      transformation tests - has been reported. /Beryllium and beryllium

      compounds/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic
Risk of

      Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International
Agency

      for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58
89

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium dermatitis may be typical contact dermatitis, localized
dermal

      ulceration or a subcutaneous granuloma. Ulceration of granulomas
develops

      after a particle of a beryllium-containing substance is introduced
into an

      abrasion, laceration or cut. People with beryllium-induced contact

      dermatitis react to patch testing. Patch testing may cause a flare
of the

      dermatitis in sensitized people; it may also induce beryllium
sensitivity.

      /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/ [IARC. Monographs on the
Evaluation of

      the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health

      Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,
1972-PRESENT.

      (Multivolume work)., p. V58 89 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The pregnancy of a 25 year old women who worked in a
fluorescent-tube

      factory in 1942-44 /was described/. She displayed signs of
radiographic

      changes in lungs, cyanosis and dyspnoea in the seventh month of
her second

      pregnancy in 1950. No beryllium was detected in a lung biopsy. The
woman

      was treated with adrenocorticotrophic hormone and steroids and
delivered a

      2.75 kg child seven weeks later. Twenty-four hour specimens of the
urine

      of the infant collected on the second and third day after birth
contained

      0.4 and 0.015 ug Be. The child became severely hypoglycemic after
48 hours

      but was subsequently released from the hospital. /Beryllium and
beryllium

      compounds/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic
Risk of

      Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International
Agency

      for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58
92

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A subset of people covered by the 1980 US National Natality and
Fetal

      Mortality Surveys for indications of adverse effects related to
maternal

      or paternal occupational exposures to beryllium, as assessed from
a

      job-exposure matrix. Paternal occupational exposure was associated
with

      3170 stillbirths, 552 preterm deliveries and 371 babies small for

      gestational age; the corresponding odds ratios (with 95% CI) were:
1.0

      (0.7-1.3), 1.0 (0.5-2.0) and 0.9 (0.5-1.7), respectively. Maternal

      exposure to beryllium was not associated with these end-points.
/Beryllium

      and beryllium compounds/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of
the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health
Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.
(Multivolume

      work)., p. V58 92 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MEDICAL  SURVEILLANCE:

      IN A STUDY OF OCCUPATIONAL LIVER DISEASES, IT WAS NOTED THAT
BERYLLIUM

      WORKERS FREQUENTLY EXPERIENCE GRANULOMATOUS HEPATITIS WHICH CAN BE

      CONFIRMED BY A POSITIVE PATCH TEST WITH BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE OR
SULFATE, OR

      CONFIRMING THE PRESENCE OF BERYLLIUM IN THE TISSUES OR URINE.

      [POWELL-JACKSON P, DAVIS M; PRACTITIONER 223 (1333): 67
(1979)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Laser ion mass analysis (LIMA) was tested as a method for
diagnosing

      chronic beryllium disease (CBD). Fourteen patients satisfied the

      diagnostic criteria for chronic beryllium disease. Five patients
were

      included who had incomplete evidence of chronic beryllium disease
and 13

      control subjects were also examined. Beryllium was detected in 13
of the

      14 definite cases. The negative result with a positive bulk
analysis was

      surprising, and a repeat test gave a positive result. The
beryllium

      lymphocyte transformation test (BeLT) test was positive in 8 of 10
tested,

      and all eight were laser ion mass analysis positive. Both
beryllium

      lymphocyte transformation test negative cases were laser ion mass
analysis

      positive. In the suspect group only one case was laser ion mass
analysis

      positive. The beryllium lymphocyte transformation test was
negative in all

      four patients tested. Of the 13 control patients, beryllium was
absent in

      the two with normal lungs, one with tuberculotic lung, and seven
with

      sarcoidosis lungs. Both samples of coal workers pneumoconiosis
were laser

      ion mass analysis positive. [Williams WJ, Kelland D; J Clin Pathol
39 (8):

      900-1 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A study was performed to assess the value of the lymphocyte
transformation

      test (LTT) as a diagnostic tool in the surveillance of individuals
exposed

      to beryllium /for/ 20 years. Analysis of venous blood showed that
three

      beryllium exposed workers had a positive lymphocyte transformation
test

      following stimulation for 4 days with three or five different
beryllium

      concentrations. After 6 days, similar results were obtained. Two
of the

      workers with positive lymphocyte transformation test had a
diagnosis of

      diffuse granulomatous lung disease consistent with chronic
berylliosis.

      Lymphocyte transformation test can be a valuable aid in the
differential

      diagnosis of granulomatous lung diseases in beryllium exposed
individuals,

      especially since the other differential diagnostic criteria are
all based

      on nonspecific clinical and epidemiological measurements. The
lymphocyte

      transformation test should therefore be included in the medical

      surveillance program of beryllium workers. [Bargon J et al; Eur J
Resp

      Diseases 669 (146): 211-5 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Since inhalation of this element can induce chronic beryllium
disease

      ... an antibody assay was developed to screen workers for internal

      exposure to beryllium. Exposure is indicated by a titer of
antibodies

      greater than two standard deviations above a normal population
control.

      ... [Clarke SM et al; Toxicol Industrial Health 11 (4): 399-411

      (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... In relation specifically to
cancer

      hazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that
may ensure

      the early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may
preclude

      them. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular
when

      exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be
taken

      concerning additional tests that might become useful or mandatory.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G.
Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W.
Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems
of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23]**PEER REVIEWED**

      At present, laboratory tests are not available to determine
susceptibility

      to beryllium sensitization and the potential to develop chronic
beryllium

      disease. Individuals with pulmonary impairment in the moderate or
severe

      category of either volume, flow, or diffusion should be carefully

      evaluated before assignment to areas of high potential risk of
exposure.

      Both preplacement and annual surveillance examinations should
include 1. A

      detailed medical and pulmonary history. 2. A 14" X 17" PA chest

      radiograph. 3. Pulmonary function measurements, including FVC and
FEV. 4.

      Additional pulmonary function parameters such as carbon monoxide
diffusion

      capacity. Greater frequency of these measurements increases the

      sensitivity of the parameter and improves early identification of
subtle

      changes. /Beryllium and compounds/ [Zenz, C., O.B. Dickerson, E.P.

      Horvath. Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO., 1994, p.

      479]**PEER REVIEWED**

PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE:

      NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that
14,000

      workers (740 of these are female) are potentially exposed to
beryllium in

      the USA(1). Occupational exposure to beryllium may be through
inhalation

      of airborne dust and dermal contact with beryllium at workplaces
where it

      is produced or used(SRC). Limited monitoring data indicate that
the

      general population will be exposed to beryllium via inhalation of
ambient

      air, and ingestion of contaminated food and drinking water. The
most

      probable human exposure would be occupational exposure(SRC). [(1)
NIOSH;

      National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      The influence of aerosol suspension from clothing on personal
monitor

      exposure estimates was investigated in a beryllium facility.
Samples of

      100% cotton and 100% Nomex fabrics used at the beryllium facility
were

      tested. The deposition of airborne beryllium into fabrics was

      significantly enchanced by electrostatic attraction on cotton but
not on

      Nomex fabrics. Both fabrics collected more beryllium in motion
than on

      stationary units. Personal monitors mounted in front of fabrics
collected

      more beryllium when the fabrics were agitated than when monitors
were

      placed in the positions of the nose and mouth. The air
concentrations

      increased as fabric load increased, but leveled off at high fabric
load

      concentrations. Resuspension from cotton was higher than from
Nomex.

      Resuspension of aerosol from garments can cause erroneously high
exposure

      measurements from chest mounted personal monitors. [Bohne JE,
Cohen BS; Am

      Ind Hyg Assoc J 46 (2): 73-9 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Workshirts worn by employees at a beryllium refinery resuspended
beryllium

      containing dust. The old shirts resuspended significantly higher

      quantities of beryllium to the air than did the washed and
unwashed new

      shirts. A considerable fraction of the Be measured in air was
respirable.

      [Cohen BS, Positano R; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47 (5): 255-8
(1986)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Fourteen dental casting alloys were analyzed for release of nickel
and

      beryllium into acidic salivary soln in vitro. Corrosion rates at
varying

      pH levels and time in soln were calc over a 120 day period and the

      possible significance of these rates to allergic reactions or
other health

      hazards were postulated. When the beryllium levels were analyzed
for these

      alloys they were much higher than expected. In each of the alloys,
since

      the nickel cmpd was often 66-78% of the cmpd and the beryllium
level a max

      of 2%, the differences in magnitude of nickel vs beryllium concn
might be

      expected to be on the order of 30/1 or greater. The differences
were

      closer to 8/1. Nickel and beryllium containing dental casting
alloys have

      the potential to be a significant hazard to the lab technician,
dentist

      and patient. [Covington JS et al; J Prosthet Dent 54 (1): 127-36

      (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      OSHA estimates that approx 25,000 workers are exposed to
beryllium. Among

      these are beryllium ore miners, beryllium alloy makers and
fabricators,

      phosphorus manufacturers, ceramic workers, missile technicians,
nuclear

      reactor workers, electric and electronic equipment workers and
jewelers.

      /Beryllium/ [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals
and  

      Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data  
Corporation,

      1985., p. 126]**PEER REVIEWED**

BODY BURDEN:

      STORAGE OF BERYLLIUM IN ALL MAJOR TISSUE SITES IS OF LONG
DURATION,

      PARTICULARLY IN THE PULMONARY LYMPH NODES &amp; BONE. HENCE
ELIMINATION OF

      BERYLLIUM FROM THE BODY IS EXTREMELY SLOW, &amp; THE LAST 5%
REQUIRING

      MANY MONTHS OR YEARS TO DISAPPEAR COMPLETELY FROM THESE LATTER TWO
SITES.

      [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and

      Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley

      Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1546]**PEER REVIEWED**

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

      

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Portions of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) database have been provided
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sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation
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Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.<p>The following Overview,
***

BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

LIFE SUPPORT: 

   o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures

       have been instituted.

CLINICAL EFFECTS: 

  0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE

   0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  All compounds of beryllium with the exception of the

         naturally occurring ore, beryl, should be considered

         potentially harmful, particularly when inhaled. Soluble

         beryllium compounds produce both acute and chronic

         toxicity.

     B)  Insoluble forms (Be alloys, intermetallics, BeO, ores)

         induce effects only after prolonged exposure. Chronic

         beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder; only

         about 1 in 20 of the most heavily exposed worker groups

         has ever been affected.

     C)  Acute beryllium poisoning (duration of less than 1

         year) consists of conjunctiva and mucous membrane

         irritation and occasionally of acute pneumonitis.

     D)  Diagnosis of chronic beryllium disease requires meeting

         the standards of the Massachusetts General study group,

         the patient must exhibit 4 to 6 findings and 1 of the

         first 2:

      1.  Epidemiologic evidence of exposure

      2.  Presence of beryllium in lung tissue, lymph nodes, or

          urine.

      3.  Consistent lower respiratory tract disease

      4.  Radiological findings of a fibronodular interstitial

          process

      5.  Restrictive or obstructive ventilatory defect or

          diminished CO diffusion

      6.  Consistent pathologic changes in lung and/or lymph

          node tissue

     E)  The signs and symptoms are usually nonspecific. Other

         types of respiratory disease, particularly sarcoid,

         must be ruled out.

   0.2.1.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE

     A)  Chronic beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder;

         only about 1 to 20 of the most heavily exposed worker

         groups is affected. Diagnosis requires history of

         exposure, compatible histologic findings, and

         quantitative tissue analysis. The signs and symptoms

         are usually nonspecific. Other types of respiratory

         disease, particularly sarcoid, must be ruled out.

  0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS

  0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR

   0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Chest pain related to dyspnea is a common presenting

         symptom. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and right sided heart

         failure may occur in advanced chronic illness.

  0.2.6 RESPIRATORY

   0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  ACUTE - Irritation, pneumonitis, dyspnea, pulmonary

         edema.

     B)  CHRONIC - Cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, and fibronodular

         x-ray changes are commonly seen. Subclinical diminution

         of pulmonary function occurs.

  0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC

   0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Fatigue, headache, and seizures may occur.

  0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL

   0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Nausea, vomiting, and a metallic taste may be noted.

  0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC

   0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  ACUTE - Skin irritation, contact dermatitis

     B)  CHRONIC - Granulomas, and skin ulcers indicate imbedded

         metal.

  0.2.15 MUSCULOSKELETAL

   0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Arthralgia has been reported.

  0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS

    A)  No data were available on embryotoxicity or

        teratogenicity of beryllium or beryllium compounds.

    B)  One case indicates that a woman with a body burden of

        beryllium may pass beryllium to the fetus. Risk to the

        infant for developing delayed toxicity is unknown. There

        may be evidence to suggest that pregnancy may increase

        susceptibility to the toxicity of beryllium.

  0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY

   0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY

     A)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-41-7 (IARC,

         2004):

      1)  IARC Classification

       a)  Listed as: Beryllium and beryllium compounds

       b)  Carcinogen Rating: 1

        1)  The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The

            exposure circumstance entails exposures that are

            carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when

            there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in

            humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be

            placed in this category when evidence of

            carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient

            but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity

            in experimental animals and strong evidence in

            exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through

            a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

   0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW

     A)  Whether beryllium compounds are carcinogenic in humans

         remains controversial.

  0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY

    A)  It is believed that beryllium interacts with DNA and

        causes gene mutation, chromosomal aberration and sister

        chromatic exchange in cultured somatic cells (Sharma et

        al, 2000).

LABORATORY: 

   A)  Specific assays for beryllium in lung and granuloma

       tissue are available. Peripheral lymphocyte or

       bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell transformation tests

       are useful in diagnosis and monitoring.

   B)  Chest x-ray may be abnormal, but CT-scan is more

       sensitive.

TREATMENT OVERVIEW: 

  0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE

    A)  Beryllium is thought to be poorly absorbed from the gut

        and usually presents no hazard if ingested.

    B)  Some compounds may be irritating and dilution is

        recommended.

    C)  DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to

        240 mL) of water or milk (not to exceed 4 ounces/120 mL

        in a child).

  0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE

    A)  INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for

        respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing

        develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,

        bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist

        ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled

        beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.

    B)  Bed rest and symptomatic treatment may be all that is

        required in mild forms of beryllium poisoning.

    C)  Corticosteroids may be a useful adjunct for controlling

        dyspnea and delaying the onset of right heart failure

        and pulmonary insufficiency after chronic exposure.

  0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE

    A)  OVERVIEW

     1)  Chronic granulomas are removed surgically.

RANGE OF TOXICITY: 

   A)  TLV - 0.002 mg/m(3).

ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES:

TOXICITY SUMMARY:

      Exposure of people to relatively high concentrations of beryllium
(greater

      than 100 ug cu m) causes acute beryllium disease, characterized by

      chemical pneumonitis. ... Some people inhaling low concentrations
of

      beryllium develop chronic beryllium disease, a granulomatous lung
disease

      characterized by dyspnea, cough, reduced pulmonary function, and a
variety

      of other symptoms, including weight loss. ... The lack of a
dose-response

      relationship between the extent of exposure and development of the

      disease, long latency period between exposure and onset, and the
low

      incidence among beryllium-exposed individuals suggests that the
disease is

      immune mediated. ... Occupational risk associated with exposure to

      beryllium-containing alloys has been documented for individuals
exposed to

      beryllium-copper and beryllium-nickel alloys. Beryllium is a
suspected

      human carcinogen, based on results of animal data. Epidemiologic
evidence

      relating beryllium exposure to cancer in humans is inadequate to

      demonstrate or refute that beryllium is carcinogenic in humans,
and the

      International Agency for Research on Cancer lists the evidence for

      beryllium induced carcinogenicity in humans as "limited". ... The

      pulmonary effects of inhaled beryllium have also been evaluated in
a

      variety of laboratory animal species. ... monkeys exposed to
relatively

      high concentrations of beryllium compounds developed symptoms and

      histopathological findings consistent with acute beryllium
disease. ...

      Granulomatous lung disease has also been produced in guinea pigs
exposed

      to beryllium compounds by inhalation or by intratracheal
instillation. ...

      Repeated inhalation of beryllium-containing materials, including
soluble

      beryllium compounds by various strains of laboratory rats has
resulted in

      development of inflammatory and proliferative changes,
granulomatous lung

      changes, and the development of lung tumors. Although beryllium-
exposed

      rats have developed various degrees of granulomatous lung disease,
none

      have developed immunopathological responses in lung or beryllium

      hypersensitivity. ... studies have shown that several strains of
mice

      inhaling beryllium develop pulmonary lesions with features
consistent with

      chronic beryllium disease. Lung lesions consisted of infiltration
of

      lymphocytes into the lung interstitium, development of
microgranulomas

      consisting of T lymphocytes and macrophages, and the presence of
some

      pulmonary fibrosis. Under certain exposure conditions, increased
numbers

      of lymphocytes were recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from
exposed

      animals. [Chang, L.W. (ed.). Toxicology of Metals. Boca Raton, FL:
Lewis

      Publishers, 1996, p. 929-30]**PEER REVIEWED**

EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:

      WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: B1; probable human
carcinogen. Based

      on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to
airborne

      beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity
in

      animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung
tumors

      in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and

      osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous
or

      intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2
(inadequate

      human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data)
using

      criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment.
Using the

      proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled
beryllium

      would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the
human

      carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined.
Studies

      regarding the potential carcinogenicity of ingested beryllium to
humans

      were not available. Increases in lung cancer mortality have been
observed

      in cohort mortality studies of beryllium processing workers ...
and in

      studies of entrants on the BCR. No increases in other types of
cancer were

      found, but increases in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory
disease were

      also observed. Newer studies ... have been considered as the basis
for a

      dose-response assessment, but share a limitatiion ... lack of
individul

      exposure monitoring or job history data that would support a more

      definitive exposure assessment. NIOSH has recently completed a
lung cancer

      case-control study nested within a cohort mortality study of
beryllium

      manufacturing workers at the Reading beryllium processing
facility. The

      study developed an exposure matrix and calculated airborne
exposure

      concentration and thus may provide the best available basis for a

      quantitative cancer estimate. ... Chronic oral studies of the
potential

      carcinogenicity of beryllium in animals were conducted at dose
levels

      below the /Maximum Tolerated Dose/, and therefore are inadequate
for the

      assessment of carcinogenicity. Beryllium has been shown to induce
lung

      cancer in rats exposed to beryllium by both inhalation and
intratracheal

      instillation and in monkeys by inhalation. Osteosarcomas have been

      produced in rabbits and possibly in mice by intravenous and
intramedullary

      injection using a variety of beryllium compounds and beryllium
metal. No

      tumors were produced by intracutaneous or percutaneous injections
of

      beryllium compounds. The majority of studies do not induce gene
mutation

      in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. Gene
mutations

      have been observed in mammalian cells cultured with beryllium
chloride.

      Culturing mammalian cells with beryllium chloride, beryllium
sulfate, or

      beryllium nitrate has resulted in clastogenic alterations. HUMAN

      CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA:
Sufficient.

      [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk
Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Available from:

      http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of
March

      15, 2000]**QC REVIEWED**

      Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the
carcinogenicity

      of beryllium and beryllium compounds. There is sufficient evidence
in

      experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and
beryllium

      compounds. Overall evaluation: Beryllium and beryllium compounds
are

      carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium
compounds/

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 58 103

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
[American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.
Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

      OSTEOSARCOMAS WERE OBSERVED IN 8/40 RABBITS THAT RECEIVED IMPLANTS
IN THE

      BONE-MARROW CAVITY OF GELATIN PELLETS CONTAINING 25 MG BERYLLIUM
METAL

      &amp; IV INJECTIONS OF 1% BERYLLIUM METAL SUSPENDED IN SALINE. NO
CONTROLS

      WERE USED. (IT IS NOT CLEAR FROM THE TEXT WHETHER THE SAME ANIMALS

      RECEIVED BOTH TREATMENTS OR NOT). [IARC. Monographs on the
Evaluation of

      the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health

      Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,
1972-PRESENT.

      (Multivolume work)., p. V23 178 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      SPARINGLY SOLUBLE BERYLLIUM ... IS NOT TOXIC WHEN FED TO RATS AS
5% OF

      DIET. ... [Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in
Mammals, 2.

      New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p. 47]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium metal was administered by intratracheal instillation to
the rat

      causing lung cancer (adeno and squamous cell carcinomas). [Groth
DH et al;

      Environ Res 21: 63 (1980) as cited in Kuschner M; The
Carcinogenicity of

      Beryllium, Environ Health Perspect 40: 101-5 (1981)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      Oral administration of beryllium for one year produced liver
bleeding,

      enlargement of the spleen, peritonitis, inactive ovaries, retarded

      oviducts, ovarian follicle degeneration, air succulitis, grey
pigmentation

      of the liver, a sedative effect and increased bone fractures in
poultry.

      [Humphreys, D.J. Veterinary Toxicology. 3rd ed. London, England:
Bailliere

      Tindell, 1988., p. 25]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Twelve groups of 35 female Wistar rats, three months old, were
treated

      with a single intratracheal instillation of 0.5 or 2.5 mg
beryllium metal

      (100% Be), passivated beryllium metal (99% Be, 0.26% Cr (as
chromate)),

      beryllium-aluminum alloy (62% Be, 38% Al), beryllium-copper alloy
(4% Be,

      96% Cu), beryllium-copper-cobalt alloy (2.4 Be, 0.4% Co, 96% Cu)
or

      beryllium-nickel alloy (2.2% Be, 97.8% Ni), with geometric mean
particle

      sizes of 1-2 um, suspended in 0.4 ml isotonic saline, followed by
0.2 ml

      saline. Forty control animals were instilled with 0.6 ml saline.
The rats

      were killed when moribund or 18 months after instillation. The
first lung

      neoplasm appeared 8-10 months after instillation. Lung neoplasm,
mostly

      adenocarcinomas and adenomas, were found in 2/21 rats treated with
the low

      dose and in 9/16 rats given the high dose of beryllium metal, in
7/20

      animals treated with the low dose and in 9/26 treated with the
high dose

      of passivated beryllium metal, and in 1/21 treated with the low
dose and

      in 4/24 given the high dose of beryllium-aluminum alloy. No lung
tumor

      occurred in 39 controls or in the groups treated with other
alloys. The

      incidence of lung neoplasms was significantly (p   <  0.008)
increased

      over that in controls (using Fisher's exact test, one-tailed) in
the

      groups that received 2.5 mg beryllium metal or 0.5 mg and 2.5 mg

      passivated beryllium metal. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of
the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health
Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.
(Multivolume

      work)., p. V58 77 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Male F344/N-rats were exposed nose only to 0, 4.7, 8.6, 42, or
150

      mg/cu m beryllium aerosols and an aerosol of strontium-85 tagged
fused

      aluminosilicate particles for 14 to 30 min. Initial lung burdens
were

      determined by whole body strontium-85 counting. Beryllium lung
burdens

      were determined periodically up to 365 days post dosing also by
whole body

      counting of fused aluminosilicate particles assoc strontium-85
activity.

      Beryllium pulmonary clearance rates were determined from the data.

      Selected rats were killed 8, 16, 40, 90, 210, or 365 days after
dosing and

      the lungs were removed and lavaged. Lavagate cellularity, protein
content

      and lactate-dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase activity were
determined.

      The lungs were examined for histopathological changes. Exposure to
the

      8.6, 4.7, 42, and 150 mg/cu m beryllium aerosols produced initial
lung

      burdens of 0.32, 1.8, 10, and 100 ug, respectively. Pulmonary
clearance of

      beryllium from rats with initial lung burdens of 1.8, 10, and 100
ug could

      be described by single component negative exponential functions
and

      clearance half-lives of 380, 280, and 250 days, respectively.
Beryllium

      clearance in the 0.32 ug initial lung burden group could not be
accurately

      determined because of wide variability in the data. Strontium-85
activity

      accumulated progressively in the lungs in a dose dependent manner.

      Clearance of strontium-85/fused aluminosilicate particles was

      significantly impaired in the 10 and 100 ug initial lung burden
groups. No

      treatment related changes were seen in 0.32 ug initial lung burden
rats.

      Minimal chronic inflammation and type-II cell hyperplasia was seen
in 1.8

      ug initial lung burden rats after 210 and 365 days. The lungs of
10 and

      100 ug initial lung burden rats showed minimal to mild acute and
chronic

      inflammation and alveolar epithelial hyperplasia. Fibrosis was
seen after

      40 days in some 100 ug initial lung burden rats. Lavagate total

      cellularity, neutrophil counts, protein content, and
lactate-dehydrogenase

      and beta-glucuronidase activity were generally incr in rats
showing

      histologically evident lung damage. [Finch GL et al; Inhal Toxicol
6 (3):

      205-224 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... To conduct pre-natal studies, the pregnant rats were selected
at 12,

      14, 16, 18 and 20 days of gestation and exposed to beryllium (iv)
at 0.316

      mg/kg dose once only. Animals were observed for full term
delivery.

      Animals exposed on day 12-16 showed fetal resorption when
sacrificed on

      day 24 (post EDD), however, the rats exposed on day 18 and 20
showed

      viable fetuses which were delivered by a cesarian operation. These
pups

      died within 24 hr of cesarian. Glycogen contents were measured in
the

      liver of these pups which showed a significant decr. In post-natal

      studies, the mothers were exposed to beryllium on day 1 after
parturition

      (post-partum). Young ones were allowed to suckle the mothers for
different

      days and thereafter these were studied for various parameters.
Glycogen

      contents in the liver of adult control rats were incr during first
10 days

      (p.p.) but when these animals were exposed to beryllium, contents
were

      decr on day 8 and 10, however the activity of
glucose-6-phosphatase was

      incr. In the weaning control pups the level of glycogen in liver
remained

      static but the pups which were fed on mother's milk showed marked
decr.

      This decr was less in 2 days suckled pups and was more in 8 and 10
days

      old pups. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric studies also reveal
the

      presence of beryllium in the liver of pups. Level of fasting blood
sugars

      was significantly decr in pups and adult mothers exposed to
beryllium. It

      is interesting to note that 10 days old weaning pups showed more
decr

      fasting blood sugars. [Prakash AO et al; International J Toxicol,

      Occupational and Environ Health 1 (1): 262-3 (1991]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      This study attempted to determine whether factors which influence
the

      solubility of beryllium and nickel also influence their toxicity.
Both

      Chinese hamster ovary cells and rat lung epithelial cells were
used in

      these studies. Chinese hamster ovary cells were more resistant to
cell

      killing by beryllium sulfate than lung epithelial cells. Beryllium
sulfate

      proved more toxic than either of the beryllium metal particle
sizes used.

      Beryllium (II) was less toxic in LEC than beryllium (V) because
smaller

      particles would have greater solubility. The cell cycle had but
little

      influence on the toxicity of beryllium sulfate or beryllium metal,

      suggesting there is no single stage of the cell cycle when cells
are more

      sensitive to killing from beryllium. ... The data in general
indicated

      that factors influencing toxicity incl chemical composition and
altered

      solubility. Solubility incr the biological availability of metal
ions.

      [Brooks AL et al; Ann Rep Inhal Toxicol Res Inst, Report No.
LMF-120:

      371-373 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ECOTOXICITY VALUES:

      Tlm Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 150 ug/l/96 hr (soft
water)

      /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Schwitzgebel K et al;
Trace

      Element Discharge from Coal-fired Power Plants Vol II: 146 (1975)
as cited

      in Nat'l Research Council Canada; Data Sheets on Selected Toxic
Elements

      p.15 (1982) NRCC No. 19252]**PEER REVIEWED**

METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS:

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION:

      ... STORAGE OF ABSORBED BERYLLIUM TAKES PLACE IN BONES ... THERE
IS SOME

      RETENTION OF A TRANSIENT NATURE BY LIVER, KIDNEY AND LUNG. ...
[Browning,

      E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York:

      Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p. 69]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... TISSUE CONTENT OF PERSONS SUFFERING FROM ACUTE ... POISONING
IS ...

      HIGHER THAN THAT SHOWN BY CHRONIC CASES. IN FIVE CHRONIC CASES ...
AMT

      VARIED UP TO 0.99 UG/100 G IN THE LUNG, UP TO 0.68 IN LIVER, UP TO
10 IN

      LYMPH NODES, UP TO 0.7 IN SPLEEN. ... [Browning, E. Toxicity of
Industrial

      Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p.
71]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      ... ANIMAL STUDIES SHOW THAT BE MOVES OUT OF LUNG AND MAY LATER
RETURN

      THERE. ALL STUDIES INDICATE BERYLLIUM IS SO POORLY ABSORBED
THROUGH GUT

      THAT INGESTION IS NOT A HAZARD. [Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy.
Industrial

      Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc.,
1974.,

      p. 56]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PROLONGED EXCRETION CAN FOLLOW EVEN SLIGHT EXPOSURE; BERYLLIUM HAS
BEEN

      DETECTED IN URINE UP TO 10 YR AFTER CESSATION OF EXPOSURE.
[Browning, E.

      Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts,

      1969., p. 70]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ORGAN DISTRIBUTION OF BERYLLIUM APPEARS ... DOSE DEPENDENT: 2.5 HR
AFTER

      ... IV INJECTION TO RATS, SMALL DOSES ... TAKEN UP PREFERENTIALLY
IN

      SKELETON, &amp; HIGHER DOSES ... PREFERENTIALLY IN LIVER.
BERYLLIUM WAS

      LATER MOBILIZED FROM LIVER &amp; TRANSFERRED TO SKELETON.
BERYLLIUM IS

      EXCRETED PARTLY IN URINE. BECAUSE OF COLLOIDAL BINDING IN PLASMA,

      BERYLLIUM DOES NOT CROSS GLOMERULAR MEMBRANE, &amp; IT IS EXCRETED
VIA THE

      TUBULES. PROPORTION OF INTRATRACHEALLY INJECTED BERYLLIUM EXCRETED
IN

      URINE WAS 20-69%. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic

      Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).,
p. V23

      182 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM CROSSES THE PLACENTA ONLY TO A SMALL EXTENT. [IARC.
Monographs

      on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva:

      World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on
Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 190 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      Absorption of ingested beryllium probably only occurs in the
acidic milieu

      of the stomach, where it is in the ionized form, but passes
through the

      intestinal tract as precipitated phosphate. [Doull, J.,
C.D.Klassen, and

      M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New
York:

      Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 591]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ABSORPTION ... FROM DIGESTIVE TRACT IS SLIGHT (ABOVE 0.006% OF
THAT

      INGESTED) ... [National Research Council. Drinking Water &amp;
Health

      Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977., p.
233]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      The ultimate site of accumulation of beryllium is the skeleton.
[IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 24 (1980)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      INTRATRACHEALLY DEPOSITED BERYLLIUM ALSO IS RETAINED IN THE LUNG
AND PART

      OF IT IS DEPOSITED IN THE BONE. ... PARENTERALLY ADMINISTERED
BERYLLIUM IS

      STORED ULTIMATELY IN THE BONE. [Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey.
Metal

      Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p.
45]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      EXCRETION OF UNABSORBED DIETARY BERYLLIUM IS FECAL IN RATS &amp;
OTHER

      ANIMALS; 96% OF A SINGLE DIETARY DOSE IS EXCRETED WITHIN 24 HR
&amp; THE

      REST SLOWLY OVER A PERIOD OF 4-5 WK. [Venugopal, B. and T.D.
Luckey. Metal

      Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p.
45]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PARENTERALLY INJECTED &amp; INHALED BERYLLIUM SALTS, AS WELL AS
BERYLLIUM

      ABSORBED FROM DIGESTIVE TRACT, ARE EXCRETED VERY SLOWLY IF AT ALL;
LESS

      THAN 1% IS EXCRETED IN URINE &amp; FECES WITHIN 1ST 24 HR, BUT
FECAL

      EXCRETION IS PERSISTENT IN BARELY DETECTABLE AMT &amp; IS EXTENDED
OVER A

      LONG PERIOD. [Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in
Mammals, 2.

      New York: Plenum Press, 1978., p. 46]**PEER REVIEWED**

      THERE SEEMS TO BE NO HOMEOSTATIC REGULATORY MECHANISM FOR
BERYLLIUM;

      BERYLLIUM ACCUMULATES IN MAMMALIAN TISSUE WITH AGE. [Venugopal, B.
and

      T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press,
1978.,

      p. 46]**PEER REVIEWED**

      CIRCULATING BERYLLIUM WAS CARRIED TO ALL TISSUES, &amp; ANALYSES
FOLLOWING

      ADMIN NORMALLY YIELDED MEASURABLE LEVELS IN MOST ORGANS. ON
SHORT-TERM

      BASIS (2.5 HR AFTER IV INJECTION) ORGAN DISTRIBUTION WAS DOSE
DEPENDENT,

      FAVORING SKELETON FOR SMALLER DOSES ... &amp; LIVER FOR LARGER
DOSES ...

      PART OF ABSORBED BERYLLIUM /FOLLOWING IV INJECTION/ ESTIMATED AT
20-69%,

      WAS EXCRETED IN URINE. PLASMA BERYLLIUM DID NOT PASS THE
GLOMERULUS &amp;

      MECHANISM OF EXCRETION WAS TUBULAR, WITH SOME DAMAGE INFLICTED
UPON

      TUBULAR EPITHELIUM IN THE COURSE OF SECRETION. [Friberg, L.,
Nordberg,

      G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology
of

      Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V.,

      1986., p. 102]**PEER REVIEWED**

      IT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED THAT HILAR NODES AND LUNG OF CITY DWELLERS
AND

      COAL MINERS CONTAIN BERYLLIUM IN DETECTABLE AMT. [Hamilton, A.,
and H. L.

      Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing
Sciences

      Group, Inc., 1974., p. 57]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The solubility of two industrial forms of beryllium, ie, particles
of

      metal powder and particles of hot pressed beryllium, was
investigated

      using in vivo and in vitro models. In the in vivo model, baboons
and rats

      were used and were injected via the trachea with amounts of
beryllium

      equivalent to 100, 500 and 1000 fold the maximum permissible
concentration

      (MPC) recommended by the USA Occupational Safety and Health

      Administration. In vivo experiments showed that in both species
the daily

      beryllium solubility rates were about 5-6 for metal particles and
that in

      rats the daily beryllium solubility rate was about 5 during the 10
months

      of the experiment with baboons, urinary excretion of beryllium was

      proportional to the amount administred. With regard to results for
the in

      vitro models, the outcome of the acellular dissolution test using
a serum

      simulant was not consistent with the in vivo results, though a
cellular

      model using cultured macrophages showed the same trends in the
dissolution

      rates for the two forms of beryllium as those observed in vivo.
This

      result suggests that a cellular rather than an acellular
dissolution model

      would be better at predicting solubility of beryllium compounds in
the

      lungs. [Andre S et al; Hum Toxicol 6 (3): 233-40 (1987)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE:

      INHALED BERYLLIUM HAS INITIAL PULMONARY HALF-LIFE OF ABOUT 0.5-6
MONTHS,

      BUT A PARTICULATE RESIDUUM TENDS TO REMAIN IN LUNGS FOR LONG
PERIODS. ...

      SOME ACCUMULATION IN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES. PULMONARY
DEPOSITION

      &amp; CLEARANCE MAY COME TO AN EQUILIBRIUM. [Friberg, L.,
Nordberg, G.F.,

      Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of
Metals.

      2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,
1986.,

      p. 95]**PEER REVIEWED**

      An accidental exposure of 25 persons to beryllium dust was used to
follow

      up trace analysis and clin parameters over a period of 10 mo. The
Be

      clearance shows a biol half-time in the range of 2-8 wk. [Zorn H
et al;

      Toxicol Environ Chem 12 (3-4): 163-71 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The disappearance of beryllium from the lungs of rats 3-171 days
after

      exposure to 800 mg/cu m metallic beryllium aerosol (mass median

      aerodynamic diameter, 1.4 um; geometric mean standard deviation,
1.9) by

      nose-only inhalation once for 50 min was reported to fit best a

      first-order kinetic model with a half-time of 240 days. [IARC.
Monographs

      on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.
Geneva:

      World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on
Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 86 (1993)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

MECHANISM OF ACTION:

      BERYLLIUM WAS FOUND TO HAVE AN AFFINITY FOR THE INTRACELLULAR
PARTICLES OF

      RAT LIVER, THE MITOCHONDRIA, OVER A WIDE RANGE OF ADMIN DOSES,
FROM 0.084

      TO 111 UMOL/KG BODY WEIGHT. WHEN THE BERYLLIUM CONTAINING
MITOCHONDRIA

      WERE EXAMINED FURTHER, BERYLLIUM APPEARED ASSOCIATED WITH THE
LYSOSOMAL

      FRACTION. THE TOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM COULD BE ACCOUNTED FOR THROUGH
ITS

      EFFECT ON LYSOSOMES WITH RELEASE OF CELL DESTROYING ENZYMES.
[Clayton, G.

      D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology:

      Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons,

      1981-1982., p. 1547]**PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM PROTEIN COMPLEXES FORMED IN VIVO ARE ANTIGENIC &amp;
PROVOKE A

      CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE IN ... MAN. IMMUNE STATUS APPEARS TO

      INFLUENCE DEVELOPMENT OF PULMONARY BERYLLIOSIS IN BERYLLIUM
EXPOSED

      SUBJECTS. [Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett
and

      Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986.,
p.

      592]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE WAS INHIBITED IN VIVO AS WAS

      PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE OF LIVER AND OF MUSCLE. EXTENT AND DURATION OF

      INHIBITION PARALLELED DOSE ... SUGGESTING THAT THESE INHIBITORY
ACTIONS OF

      BERYLLIUM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE TOXIC ACTION OF BERYLLIUM.
[Patty, F.

      (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology.
2nd ed.

      New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1008]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      ... WHILE BERYLLIUM DID INHIBIT REPLICATION OF DNA IN REGENERATING
RAT

      LIVERS, IT DID NOT BECOME ATTACHED TO DNA. ... PERHAPS INTERFERED
WITH

      NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM ON TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL. [Friberg, L.,
Nordberg,

      G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology
of

      Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V.,

      1986., p. 110]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The mechanism of beryllium's action in producing acute disease is
a direct

      toxic effect on the mucosa of the tracheobronchial tree, with
resulting

      edema, inflammation, and necrosis. The effect on the lung is
chemical

      pneumonitis. In the pathogenesis of chronic beryllium disease, a

      beryllium-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction plays a
central

      role. It is likely that beryllium-specific CD4+ cells proliferate
through

      the interleukin-2 receptor pathway in response to beryllium acting
as an

      antigen, either alone or as a hapten. Beryllium acts as a class II

      restricted antigen and not as a nonspecific mitogen. Individual

      susceptibility to beryllium may be related to individual
differences in

      CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses to beryllium inhalation.
Lymphokines

      are then released by activated lymphocytes and may initiate and
perpetuate

      the formation of granulomas and lead to macrophage recruitment.
Transport

      of beryllium itself or beryllium as a hapten to sites outside the
lung

      most likely accounts for extrapulmonary granulomas, possibly
caused by

      local beryllium-specific CD4+ cells. This mechanism would account
for the

      universal finding of pulmonary involvement in beryllium disease,
with

      variable evidence of granulomas outside the lung. Beryllium has
been

      detected many years after the last exposure in tissues, including
lung,

      thoracic lymph nodes, liver, spleen, skin, and muscle. Excretion
of

      beryllium occurs slowly by the renal route. /Beryllium and
compounds/

      [Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed.
Boston,

      MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 785]**PEER REVIEWED**

INTERACTIONS:

      CONCOMITANT EXPOSURE TO ACID (HYDROFLUORIC) FUMES MAY INCREASE
TOXIC

      EFFECT. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co.,
Inc.,

      1983., p. 166]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The effects of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and
2,3-dimercaptopropane

      sulfonate on body beryllium burden, hepatic lipid peroxidation,

      glutathione, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and some biochemical
variables

      of porphyrin metabolism were studied in beryllium-poisoned rats.
It was

      observed that beryllium poisoning is assoc with a slight incr in
lipid

      peroxidation, significant depletion of alkaline phosphatase and
elevation

      of acid phosphatase activities in the liver and incr beryllium
concn in

      blood and other soft organs. Evidence is presented that both

      meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and 2,3-dimercaptopropane
sulfonate

      during concomitant admin prevented most of the above
beryllium-induced

      biochemical alterations. Tissue beryllium concn and
histopathological

      lesions in liver and kidneys were also significantly less marked
following

      simultaneous admin of 2,3-dimercaptopropane sulfonate compared to

      beryllium-exposed controls; meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid was

      comparatively less effective. [Mathur S et al; J Appl Toxicol 14
(4):

      263-267 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      An Ayurvedic medicine, Liv-52 has been studied as a prophylactic
against

      beryllium induced toxicity in rats. Admin of beryllium per se
caused

      severe degenerative and necrotic changes in liver, kidney, lungs
and

      spleen. Its admin reduced glycogen content, activity of alkaline

      phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase in these organs. On the
contrary,

      activities of acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were incr

      significantly. In Liv-52 primed rats, significant recoupment was
observed

      in all the parameters. [Mathur S et al; Biomed Environ Sci 7 (2):
180-97

      (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The efficacy of three common polyaminocarboxylic acids in the
treatment of

      experimental beryllium intoxication was investigated in male rats.

      N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine triacetic acid was more
effective than

      calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid in reducing the

      beryllium concn of the blood, kidneys, and spleen and reducing

      beryllium-induced inhibition of hepatic alkaline phosphatase
activity.

      N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine triacetic acid was also most
effective

      in reducing histopathological lesions in the liver and spleen.
Compared to

      these two chelators, the third amino chelator, calcium trisodium

      diethylene triaminopentaacetic acid produced severe deleterious
effects in

      the liver and systemic toxicity. [Mathur S et al; Hum Exp Toxicol
12 (1):

      19-24 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

PHARMACOLOGY:

INTERACTIONS:

      CONCOMITANT EXPOSURE TO ACID (HYDROFLUORIC) FUMES MAY INCREASE
TOXIC

      EFFECT. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co.,
Inc.,

      1983., p. 166]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The effects of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and
2,3-dimercaptopropane

      sulfonate on body beryllium burden, hepatic lipid peroxidation,

      glutathione, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and some biochemical
variables

      of porphyrin metabolism were studied in beryllium-poisoned rats.
It was

      observed that beryllium poisoning is assoc with a slight incr in
lipid

      peroxidation, significant depletion of alkaline phosphatase and
elevation

      of acid phosphatase activities in the liver and incr beryllium
concn in

      blood and other soft organs. Evidence is presented that both

      meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and 2,3-dimercaptopropane
sulfonate

      during concomitant admin prevented most of the above
beryllium-induced

      biochemical alterations. Tissue beryllium concn and
histopathological

      lesions in liver and kidneys were also significantly less marked
following

      simultaneous admin of 2,3-dimercaptopropane sulfonate compared to

      beryllium-exposed controls; meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid was

      comparatively less effective. [Mathur S et al; J Appl Toxicol 14
(4):

      263-267 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      An Ayurvedic medicine, Liv-52 has been studied as a prophylactic
against

      beryllium induced toxicity in rats. Admin of beryllium per se
caused

      severe degenerative and necrotic changes in liver, kidney, lungs
and

      spleen. Its admin reduced glycogen content, activity of alkaline

      phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase in these organs. On the
contrary,

      activities of acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were incr

      significantly. In Liv-52 primed rats, significant recoupment was
observed

      in all the parameters. [Mathur S et al; Biomed Environ Sci 7 (2):
180-97

      (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The efficacy of three common polyaminocarboxylic acids in the
treatment of

      experimental beryllium intoxication was investigated in male rats.

      N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine triacetic acid was more
effective than

      calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid in reducing the

      beryllium concn of the blood, kidneys, and spleen and reducing

      beryllium-induced inhibition of hepatic alkaline phosphatase
activity.

      N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine triacetic acid was also most
effective

      in reducing histopathological lesions in the liver and spleen.
Compared to

      these two chelators, the third amino chelator, calcium trisodium

      diethylene triaminopentaacetic acid produced severe deleterious
effects in

      the liver and systemic toxicity. [Mathur S et al; Hum Exp Toxicol
12 (1):

      19-24 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE:

PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE:

      NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that
14,000

      workers (740 of these are female) are potentially exposed to
beryllium in

      the USA(1). Occupational exposure to beryllium may be through
inhalation

      of airborne dust and dermal contact with beryllium at workplaces
where it

      is produced or used(SRC). Limited monitoring data indicate that
the

      general population will be exposed to beryllium via inhalation of
ambient

      air, and ingestion of contaminated food and drinking water. The
most

      probable human exposure would be occupational exposure(SRC). [(1)
NIOSH;

      National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      The influence of aerosol suspension from clothing on personal
monitor

      exposure estimates was investigated in a beryllium facility.
Samples of

      100% cotton and 100% Nomex fabrics used at the beryllium facility
were

      tested. The deposition of airborne beryllium into fabrics was

      significantly enchanced by electrostatic attraction on cotton but
not on

      Nomex fabrics. Both fabrics collected more beryllium in motion
than on

      stationary units. Personal monitors mounted in front of fabrics
collected

      more beryllium when the fabrics were agitated than when monitors
were

      placed in the positions of the nose and mouth. The air
concentrations

      increased as fabric load increased, but leveled off at high fabric
load

      concentrations. Resuspension from cotton was higher than from
Nomex.

      Resuspension of aerosol from garments can cause erroneously high
exposure

      measurements from chest mounted personal monitors. [Bohne JE,
Cohen BS; Am

      Ind Hyg Assoc J 46 (2): 73-9 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Workshirts worn by employees at a beryllium refinery resuspended
beryllium

      containing dust. The old shirts resuspended significantly higher

      quantities of beryllium to the air than did the washed and
unwashed new

      shirts. A considerable fraction of the Be measured in air was
respirable.

      [Cohen BS, Positano R; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47 (5): 255-8
(1986)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Fourteen dental casting alloys were analyzed for release of nickel
and

      beryllium into acidic salivary soln in vitro. Corrosion rates at
varying

      pH levels and time in soln were calc over a 120 day period and the

      possible significance of these rates to allergic reactions or
other health

      hazards were postulated. When the beryllium levels were analyzed
for these

      alloys they were much higher than expected. In each of the alloys,
since

      the nickel cmpd was often 66-78% of the cmpd and the beryllium
level a max

      of 2%, the differences in magnitude of nickel vs beryllium concn
might be

      expected to be on the order of 30/1 or greater. The differences
were

      closer to 8/1. Nickel and beryllium containing dental casting
alloys have

      the potential to be a significant hazard to the lab technician,
dentist

      and patient. [Covington JS et al; J Prosthet Dent 54 (1): 127-36

      (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      OSHA estimates that approx 25,000 workers are exposed to
beryllium. Among

      these are beryllium ore miners, beryllium alloy makers and
fabricators,

      phosphorus manufacturers, ceramic workers, missile technicians,
nuclear

      reactor workers, electric and electronic equipment workers and
jewelers.

      /Beryllium/ [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals
and  

      Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data  
Corporation,

      1985., p. 126]**PEER REVIEWED**

BODY BURDEN:

      STORAGE OF BERYLLIUM IN ALL MAJOR TISSUE SITES IS OF LONG
DURATION,

      PARTICULARLY IN THE PULMONARY LYMPH NODES &amp; BONE. HENCE
ELIMINATION OF

      BERYLLIUM FROM THE BODY IS EXTREMELY SLOW, &amp; THE LAST 5%
REQUIRING

      MANY MONTHS OR YEARS TO DISAPPEAR COMPLETELY FROM THESE LATTER TWO
SITES.

      [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and

      Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley

      Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1546]**PEER REVIEWED**

ARTIFICIAL POLLUTION SOURCES:

      Beryllium's production and use in beryllium-copper alloys,

      microelectronics, aerospace technology, as a solid-propellant in
rocket

      fuels(1), in aircraft brakes, X-ray windows, and neutron
reflectors(2),

      may result in its release to the environment through various waste

      streams(SRC). [(1) Lewis RJ Jr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical
Dictionary

      12th ed NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co p. 139 (1993) (2) Ashford
RD;

      Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals: Properties,
Production,

      Uses. London, England: Wavelength Publ, Ltd. p.12 (1994)]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      Beryllium enters the environment principally from coal combustion.
Be

      contents in the ashes from a Czechoslovakian power plant were
determined

      (coarse   >  20 mm) and fine (2.0 to 0.2 mm) fraction from dump,
and fine

      (0.2 mm) fraction from electrostatic precipitators). Acidic and
alkali

      aqueous extracts of these ashes contained various concentrations
of Be (1

      to 17% of total concentrations). Wastewater showned 3.15 and 3.4
ug Be/l.

      Thus, secondary long term beryllium pollution emerges from the
slag and

      ash dumps. [Kubiznakova J; Water Air Soil Pollut 34 (4): 363-68

      (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS:

      URBAN AIR METAL PARTICLE CONCENTRATION IN THE US 1964-1965.
POLLUTANT

      BERYLLIUM; AVERAGE CONCN LESS THAN 0.0005 UG/CU M; MAX CONCN 0.010
UG/CU

      M. /TOTAL BERYLLIUM/ [Doull, J., C.D. Klaassen, and M. D. Amdur
(eds.).

      Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan
Publishing

      Co., 1980., p. 411]**PEER REVIEWED**

      At a beryllium extraction plant in Ohio, concentrations were

      /approximately/ 2 mg/cu m over a 7 year period. /Total beryllium/
[USEPA;

      Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium p.C-2 USEPA
440/5-80-024

      (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS:

CERCLA REPORTABLE QUANTITIES:

      Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify
the

      National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a
release of

      this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or
greater than

      its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number
of the

      NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area
(202)

      426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required
is stated

      in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). /Beryllium powder/ [40 CFR
302.4

      (7/1/95)]**PEER REVIEWED**

RCRA REQUIREMENTS:

      P015; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when beryllium, as a
commercial

      chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an

      off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing
chemical

      intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to
federal

      and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a
hazardous

      waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or
any

      residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from
the

      cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste.
Generators

      of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial
exclusion from

      hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)). [40 CFR 261.33

      (7/1/95)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS:

      Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or
suspected to

      cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in
1990,

      directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply
reduce

      routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to
establish and

      phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission
sources

      that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Beryllium is
included on

      this list. [Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1)
Public Law

      101-549 Nov. 15, 1990]**QC REVIEWED**

FEDERAL DRINKING WATER STANDARDS:

      EPA 4 ug/l[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and
Risk

      Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking
Water

      Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC REVIEWED**

STATE DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES:

      (AZ) ARIZONA 0.007 ug/l[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State
Toxicology

      and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal

      Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC
REVIEWED**

      (MN) MINNESOTA 0.08 ug/l[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State
Toxicology

      and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal

      Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC
REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

MOLECULAR FORMULA:

      Be **PEER REVIEWED**

MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

      9.012 [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
76th ed.

      Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-44]**PEER
REVIEWED**

COLOR/FORM:

      GRAY METAL, CLOSE-PACKED HEXAGONAL STRUCTURE [Budavari, S. (ed.).
The

      Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals.

      Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 194]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      A GRAYISH-WHITE, HARD LIGHT METAL [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties
of

      Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1984.,

      p. 421]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A hard, brittle, gray-white solid. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical

      Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C.
U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

ODOR:

      Odorless [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -

      Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

BOILING POINT:

      2970 Deg C [USEPA; Health Assessment Document for Beryllium p.3-6
(1987)

      EPA 600 8-84-026F]**PEER REVIEWED**

MELTING POINT:

      1287 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of

      Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co.,

      Inc., 1996., p. 194]**PEER REVIEWED**

DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

      1.85 at 20 deg C [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation.
CHRIS -

      Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

HEAT OF COMBUSTION:

      -28,000 BTU/LB= -15,560 CAL/G= -652X10+5 JOULES/KG [U.S. Coast
Guard,

      Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data.
Volume II.

      Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p.
]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

SOLUBILITIES:

      INSOL IN COLD WATER, MERCURY; SLIGHTLY SOL IN HOT WATER; SOL IN
DILUTE

      ACIDS AND ALKALIES [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics.

      67th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1986-87., p. B-75]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      INSOL IN NITRIC ACID [American Conference of Governmental
Industrial

      Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and
Biological

      Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of

      Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 56]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Soluble in acid and alkaline solutions. [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC
Handbook of

      Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc.,

      1995-1996., p. 4-44]**PEER REVIEWED**

VAPOR PRESSURE:

      10 MM HG @ 1860 DEG C [Sunshine, I. (ed.). CRC Handbook of
Analytical

      Toxicology. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1969., p.
702]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

      HEAT CAPACITY AT CONSTANT PRESSURE: (30 DEG C) 0.437 CAL/G/DEG C;
LATENT

      HEAT OF FUSION: 3.5 KCAL/MOL; BRINELL HARDNESS: 60-125; HAS HIGH

      PERMEABILITY TO X-RAYS; ANISOTROPIC; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES SIMILAR
TO

      ALUMINUM; METAL RESISTANT TO ATTACK BY ACID DUE TO FORMATION OF A
THIN

      OXIDE FILM. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia
of

      Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck
and Co.,

      Inc., 1996., p. 194]**PEER REVIEWED**

      DUCTILITY IS SUFFICIENT AT 1000 DEG C TO PERMIT BERYLLIUM TO BE
SWAGED;

      REACTS WITH OTHER ELEMENTS ONLY AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES: AT 700
DEG C

      OXIDATION IS NOTICEABLE, AT 1000 DEG C, RAPID [Clayton, G. D. and
F. E.

      Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume
2A, 2B,

      2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p.

      1538]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Resistant to oxidation at ordinary temperatures; high heat
capacity and

      thermal conductivity. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed
Chemical

      Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co.,
1993, p.

      139]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING:

HAZARDS SUMMARY:

      The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of beryllium
stem

      from its toxicologic properties and flammability. Toxic primarily
by

      inhalation and dermal contact (as fumes, aerosolized salt
solutions, or

      finely divided dust), exposure to this odorless, grayish-white
metal may

      occur from its use as an alloy or metal in materials for
manufacturing

      aircraft and spacecraft, nuclear reactors, electrical equipment,
and

      electronic components. Effects from exposure may include contact
burns to

      the skin and eyes, skin ulceration, nausea, headache, weakness,
chest

      pain, shortness of breath, fever, bronchitis, acute pneumonitis,
and

      possibly death from heart failure. The OSHA PEL and ACGIH TLV are
set at a

      TWA of 2 ug/cu m. Adequate local exhaust ventilation is necessary
to

      prevent inhalation of, and skin contact with beryllium. In
activities or

      situations where over-exposure is possible, workers should wear a

      self-contained breathing with full face piece. Protective clothing
also

      should be worn, including protective suits (preferably disposable,

      one-piece and close fitting at ankles and wrists), gloves, hair
covering,

      and over shoes. If contact should occur, immediately remove
contaminated

      clothing and flush affected skin or eyes with running water for at
least

      15 minutes. While Smoking, drinking, and eating in beryllium work
areas

      should be prohibited. Finely divided beryllium dust presents the
greatest

      fire hazard, forming mixtures in air that can ignite explosively
when

      exposed to heat, sparks, or flame. For fires involving beryllium,

      extinguish with water spray, fog, or standard foam. Wear a
self-contained

      breathing apparatus and protective clothing when fighting such
fires.

      Beryllium should be stored in dry areas, away from acids, alkalis,

      chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizable materials, and sources of
ignition,

      including any sparking or arcing electrical apparatus. Shipping

      regulations and other DOT regulatory requirements should be
consulted

      before transport. For small dry spills, collect beryllium and
place in a

      clean, dry container for later disposal. For large spills, first
dike the

      area, then wet down material with water for later disposal. Before

      implementing land disposal of waste beryllium, consult with
environmental

      regulatory agencies for guidance. Also, recovering and recycling
of

      beryllium is an alternative to its disposal. **PEER REVIEWED**

DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES:

      /GUIDE 134: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ Fire or
Explosion:

      Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by heat, sparks or
flames.

      When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors,

      outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Contact with metals may
evolve

      flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.
/Beryllium

      powder/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency
Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C.
2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 134: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ Health:
TOXIC;

      inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause
severe

      injury or death. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or
toxic

      gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive
and/or

      toxic and cause pollution. /Beryllium powder/ [U.S. Department of

      Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book
for First

      Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 134: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ Public
Safety: CALL

      Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate
precautionary

      measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75
feet) in

      all directions. Stay upwind. Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Keep out of

      low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Beryllium powder/ [U.S.
Department

      of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book
for

      First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous
Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 134: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ Protective

      Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus

      (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically
recommended

      by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal
protection.

      Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited
protection

      in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations
when

      direct contact with the substance is possible. /Beryllium powder/
[U.S.

      Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A
Guide

      book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC
REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 134: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ Evacuation:
Large

      spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100
meters (330

      feet). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a
fire,

      ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also,
consider

      initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
/Beryllium

      powder/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency
Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C.
2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 134: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ Fire: Small
fires:

      Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Large
fires:

      Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from
fire area

      if you can do it without risk. Use water spray or fog; do not use
straight

      streams. Do not get water inside containers. Dike fire control
water for

      later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks
or

      car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use
unmanned hose

      holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding
quantities of

      water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case
of rising

      sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS
stay

      away from tanks engulfed in fire. /Beryllium powder/ [U.S.
Department of

      Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book
for First

      Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 134: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ Spill or
Leak:

      Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for
spills

      and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no
smoking,

      flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Stop leak if you can
do it

      without risk. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material
unless

      wearing appropriate protective clothing. Prevent entry into
waterways,

      sewers, basements or confined areas. Use clean non-sparking tools
to

      collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic
containers for

      later disposal. /Beryllium powder/ [U.S. Department of
Transportation.

      2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First
Responders

      During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials

      Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 134: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE/ First Aid:
Move

      victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give

      artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use

      mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance;
give

      artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with
a

      one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer

      oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated
clothing

      and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush
skin or

      eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin
contact,

      avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and
quiet.

      Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to
substance

      may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the
material(s)

      involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Beryllium
powder/

      [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response
Guidebook. A

      Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a
Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC
REVIEWED**

FIRE POTENTIAL:

      FINELY DIVIDED BERYLLIUM BURNS IN AIR. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E.
Clayton

      (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B,
2C:

      Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p.
1538]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATION:

      Health: 3. 3= Materials that, on short exposure, could cause
serious

      temporary or residual injury, including those requiring protection
from

      all bodily contact. Fire fighters may enter the area only if they
are

      protected from all contact with the material. Full protective
clothing,

      incl self-contained breathing apparatus, coat, pants, gloves,
boots and

      bands around legs, arms and waist should be provided. No skin
surface

      should be exposed. [Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials.
12 ed.

      Quincy,  MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p.
49-27]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      Flammability: 1. 1= Materials that must be preheated before
ignition will

      occur, such as class IIIB combustible liquids and solids and
semi-solids

      whose flash point exceeds 200 deg F (93.4 deg C), as well as most
ordinary

      combustible materials. Water may cause frothing if it sinks below
the

      surface of the burning liquid and turns to steam. However, a water
fog

      that is gently applied to the surface of the liquid will cause a
frothing

      which will extinguish the fire. [Fire Protection Guide to
Hazardous

      Materials. 12 ed. Quincy,  MA: National Fire Protection
Association,

      1997., p. 49-27]**QC REVIEWED**

      Reactivity: 0. 0= Includes materials that are normally stable,
even under

      fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal
fire

      fighting procedures may be used. [Fire Protection Guide to
Hazardous

      Materials. 12 ed. Quincy,  MA: National Fire Protection
Association,

      1997., p. 49-27]**QC REVIEWED**

FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES:

      If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using
agent

      suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not
burn or

      burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog.
Use foam,

      dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers
and

      water sources. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency
Handling of

      Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC:
Association

      of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 141]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      In case of fire, smother with dry sand, dry clay, dry ground
limestone, or

      use approved Class D extinguishers. DO NOT use carbon dioxide or

      halogenated extinguishing agents. DO NOT use water. [Fire
Protection Guide

      to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy,  MA: National Fire
Protection

      Association, 1997., p. 49-27]**QC REVIEWED**

TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS:

      COMBUSTION YIELDS BERYLLIUM OXIDE FUME, WHICH IS TOXIC IF INHALED.
[U.S.

      Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous
Chemical

      Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office,

      1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS & POTENTIAL:

      Powdered beryllium ignites on heating in a mixture of carbon
dioxide and

      nitrogen gas. [Armour, M.A. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals
Disposal Guide.

      Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1991., p. 61]**PEER REVIEWED**

HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES:

      MOLTEN LITHIUM @ 180 DEG C ATTACKS ... BERYLLIUM ... SEVERELY.
[Fire

      Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy,  MA:
National Fire

      Protection Association, 1997., p. 491-109]**QC REVIEWED**

      FINELY DIVIDED OR AMALGAMATED METAL REACTS WITH HYDROGEN CHLORIDE,
DIL

      SULFURIC ACID &amp; DIL NITRIC ACID; ATTACKED BY STRONG BASES WITH

      EVOLUTION OF HYDROGEN GAS. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New
Jersey:

      Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 166]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Mixtures of powdered beryllium with carbon tetrachloride or

      trichloroethylene will flash on heavy impact. [Bretherick, L.
Handbook of

      Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA:
Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.,

      1990, p. 85]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Warm beryllium incandesces in fluorine or chlorine. [Bretherick,
L.

      Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA:

      Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 86]**PEER REVIEWED**

      REACTS WITH ACIDS AND ALKALIES TO LIBERATE HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
HYDROGEN GAS.

      [Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy,  MA:

      National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 49-27]**QC
REVIEWED**

      Acids, caustics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, molten
lithium.

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,
1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

      ... REACTION BETWEEN BERYLLIUM &amp; VAPORS OF PHOSPHORUS PROCEEDS
WITH

      INCANDESCENCE. [Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12
ed.

      Quincy,  MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p.
491-30]**QC

      REVIEWED**

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH:

      NIOSH considers beryllium to be a potential occupational
carcinogen.

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,
1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING:

      Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: At
concentrations

      above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable

      concentration: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing

      apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a
pressure-demand

      or other positive pressure-mode. Any supplied-air respirator that
has a

      full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other

      positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary
self-contained

      breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure

      mode. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)

      Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing
Office,

      1997., p. 29]**QC REVIEWED**

      Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from
suddenly

      occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any
air-purifying,

      full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate
filter. Any

      appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
[NIOSH. NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.
29]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      BUREAU OF MINES APPROVED RESPIRATOR; CLEAN WORK CLOTHES DAILY;
GLOVES; EYE

      PROTECTION. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS
-

      Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

      As an added precaution glove boxes or high-power fume cabinets are

      recommendable and for high-risk assignments such as maintenance
work on

      exhaust ducts or furnaces, respirators should be used. /Beryllium/

      [Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the
Toxicity of

      Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988., p.

      107]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin
contact.

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,
1997., p.

      29]**QC REVIEWED**

      Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. [NIOSH.
NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.
29]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any

      possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this
is

      irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye

      protection. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS
(NIOSH)

      Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing
Office,

      1997., p. 29]**QC REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent
/should be

      available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting.
... In

      animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits
(preferably

      disposable, one-piece &amp; close-fitting at ankles &amp; wrists),
gloves,

      hair covering &amp; overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves
&amp;

      gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be
assumed to

      provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may
be

      necessary when working with particulates or gases, &amp;
disposable

      plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ...
/should be/

      of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be
worn

      outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H.
Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.
Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.
33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.
8]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

PREVENTIVE MEASURES:

      IF ... AVG DAILY CONCN IS GREATER THAN 2 UG/CU M BUT LESS THAN 5,

      CONTRACTOR SHOULD ... SUBMIT PLANS FOR ... CORRECTION; IF GREATER
THAN 5

      IT SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO EXIST FOR MORE THAN 60 DAYS. IF AN
INDIVIDUAL

      CONCN EXCEEDS 25 UG/CU M ... RESPIRATORY MASKS SHOULD BE WORN. ...

      [Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York:

      Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p. 82]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Work areas should be monitored to limit and control levels of
exposure.

      Personnel samplers are recommended. Good housekeeping, proper
maintenance

      and engineering control of processing equipment and technology are

      essential. The importance of safe work practices and personal
hygiene

      should be stressed. When beryllium levels exceed the accepted
standards,

      the workers should be provided with respiratory protective devices
of the

      appropriate class, as determined on the basis of the actual or
projected

      atmospheric concn of airborne beryllium at the worksite. [Sittig,
M.

      Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and   Carcinogens, 1985.
2nd ed.

      Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data   Corporation, 1985., p. 128]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in
industry

      is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing
contact

      lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors
including

      the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the
exposure,

      the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the
lenses.

      However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or
corrosive

      properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be
harmful to

      the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be
worn. In

      any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even
when

      contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**

      Dusts and fumes from beryllium processes must be rigidly
controlled. No

      beryllium is allowable in air. [Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of
Poisoning.

      12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 225]**PEER
REVIEWED**

      Effective venting devices installed directly at the source of
developing

      dust or fumes are necessary. [Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel
(eds.).

      Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY:
Marcel

      Dekker, Inc. 1988., p. 107]**PEER REVIEWED**

      SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such
a

      manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel
who

      handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to
ascertain the

      completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented
before the

      decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the
workers.

      **PEER REVIEWED**

      The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift.
[NIOSH. NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.
29]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated
should be

      removed and replaced. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical
Hazards. DHHS

      (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government
Printing

      Office, 1997., p. 29]**QC REVIEWED**

      Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change
into

      uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. [NIOSH.
NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.
29]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks,
flames, and

      other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources
and

      sewers. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of

      Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC:
Association

      of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 141]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from
burning

      material. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material.
... Do

      not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal
protective

      equipment. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling
of

      Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC:
Association

      of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994., p. 141]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in
industry

      is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing
contact

      lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors
including

      the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the
exposure,

      the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the
lenses.

      However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or
corrosive

      properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be
harmful to

      the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be
worn. In

      any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even
when

      contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage
of food

      or of food &amp; beverage containers or utensils, &amp; the
application of

      cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel
should

      remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which

      carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands,
preferably

      using dispensers of liq detergent, &amp; rinse ... thoroughly.

      Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning
the

      skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard
procedure can be

      recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided.
Safety

      pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.
Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling
Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel
should

      remove their outdoor clothes &amp; wear protective suits
(preferably

      disposable, one-piece &amp; close-fitting at ankles &amp; wrists),
gloves,

      hair covering &amp; overshoes. ... clothing should be changed
daily but

      ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ...
/also,/

      workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves
&amp;

      gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be
assumed to

      provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may
be

      necessary when working with particulates or gases, &amp;
disposable

      plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of
distinctive

      color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of
lab.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G.
Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W.
Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems
of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth
&amp;

      purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood.

      Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care &amp;
vapors

      evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice
should

      be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... &amp; when
new

      fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means
for

      decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic
powders can be

      handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove
boxes should

      be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be
adequate, so

      that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological
safety

      cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ...
provided

      that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air
flow at

      the face opening of the cabinet, &amp; contaminated air plenums
that are

      under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow
hoods or

      safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working
area

      towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or
fume

      cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg,
with

      fume bomb) &amp; label fixed to it, giving date of test &amp; avg
air-flow

      measured. This test should be repeated periodically &amp; after
any

      structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H.
Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.
Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.
33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.
9]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or
biochem

      lab also apply to microbiological &amp; cell-culture labs ...
Special

      consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method
of

      administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin
by

      topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should
be

      performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be
kept

      under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires
special

      equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other
than in

      the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be
carried

      out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is
fitted

      with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning
mixer &amp;

      hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets,
special

      protective clothing &amp;, possibly, respirators may be required.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G.
Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W.
Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems
of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:
International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied
to skin,

      animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms &amp; sides
&amp;

      fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given,
filter tops

      should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals
that

      received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning
facilities

      should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used,
to avoid

      moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that
cages

      are decontaminated, &amp; monitoring methods are necessary.
Situations may

      exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended,

      depending on type &amp; amt of carcinogen &amp; efficiency with
which it

      can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.
Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.
33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.
10]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ...
contamination in

      lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should
be

      carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors
&amp;

      benches, &amp; ... interior of fume hoods &amp; airducts. As well
as

      regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of

      spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab
atmospheres for

      chem such as nitrosamines. Methods ... should ... where possible,
be

      simple &amp; sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R.,
H.

      Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,
A.B.

      Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical
Carcinogens in

      the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications
No. 33.

      Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.,
p.

      10]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious
contamination has

      occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab
personnel

      engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of

      permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance
workers

      are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be
taken to

      avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning
labs,

      procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or
dispersal of

      dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency

      particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially,
should be

      used. Sweeping, brushing &amp; use of dry dusters or mops should
be

      prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be
re-used

      ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent
to

      laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to
laundry

      personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,
E.Boyland,

      G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L.
Tomatis, and

      W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory:
Problems

      of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where
carcinogens

      are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate
labels.

      Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently

      displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific
Investigator or

      other person who can advise in an emergency &amp; who can inform
others

      (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11]**PEER REVIEWED**

STABILITY/SHELF LIFE:

      RESISTANT TO OXIDATION AT ORDINARY TEMPERATURES [American
Conference of

      Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold
Limit

      Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:
American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p.
56]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS:

      No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material
for

      transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in
conformance

      ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described,
packaged,

      marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or
authorized

      by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49
CFR

      171.2; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's
Electronic Code

      of Federal Regulations. Available from:
http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr/ as

      of February 15, 2006 ]**QC REVIEWED**

      The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods

      Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board
pursuant to

      IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry
carrier

      regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when
transporting

      hazardous materials. [International Air Transport Association.
Dangerous

      Goods Regulations. 47th Edition. Montreal, Quebec Canada. 2006.,
p.

      149]**QC REVIEWED**

      The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic
principles

      for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for

      individual substances and a number of recommendations for good
practice

      are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A
general index

      of technical names has also been compiled. This index should
always be

      consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to
be used

      when shipping any substance or article. [International Maritime

      Organization. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. London,
UK.

      2004., p. 74]**QC REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt
...

      should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be
transported in

      securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves
be

      placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not
open

      when dropped &amp; will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both
bottle

      &amp; the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ...
National

      post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies &amp;
airlines

      have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These

      authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the
following

      procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a
securely

      sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be
enclosed

      in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand
chem

      attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space
between

      primary &amp; secondary container should be filled with absorbent

      material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen
&amp; is

      sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container
in the

      event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then
be

      enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary
container

      &amp; the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity
of

      shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest &amp; most
secure form

      of transport &amp; notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is
not

      received when expected, carrier should be informed so that
immediate

      effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be
consulted to

      avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.
Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling
Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER REVIEWED**

STORAGE CONDITIONS:

      Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, location. Separate from
acids,

      bases, halocarbons, oxidizing materials. [Association of American

      Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface

      Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads,
Bureau

      of Explosives, 1994., p. 49-37]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as

      practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that
only small

      quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens
should be

      kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof
refrigerator or

      freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears

      appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing
quantity of

      carcinogen &amp; date it was acquired ... Facilities for
dispensing ...

      should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/
[Montesano,

      R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A.
Griesemer,

      A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical
Carcinogens

      in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific
Publications No.

      33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer,
1979., p.

      13]**PEER REVIEWED**

CLEANUP METHODS:

      Spillage Disposal: wear nitrile rubber gloves, eye protection,
self

      contained respirator and laboratory coat (wash after each job).
Scoop up

      and place in a large stoppered wide mouth bottle. Save for
recovery. Wash

      site with soap solution. [Armour, M.A. Hazardous Laboratory
Chemicals

      Disposal Guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1991., p.
61]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Place contaminated materials into appropriate containers for
disposal.

      [Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy,  MA:

      National Fire Protection Association, 1997., p. 49-27]**QC
REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate
arrestor

      (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of
carcinogen in

      exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes
or animal

      rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can
be

      transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance
staff is

      avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags
immediately

      after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ...
The

      sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ...
should be

      placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid
should be

      secured &amp; the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles
should

      be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not
contaminated

      ... The plastic bag should also be sealed &amp; labelled. ...
Broken

      glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by
chemical

      destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical
Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.
Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling
Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**

DISPOSAL METHODS:

      Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo)
containing this

      contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P015, must conform with
USEPA

      regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of
waste.

      [40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium (powder) waste should be converted into chemically inert
oxides

      using incineration and particulate collection techniques. ...
Recovery and

      recycle is an alternative to disposal for beryllium scrap and
pickle

      liquors containing beryllium. [Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and
Hazardous

      Chemicals and   Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes
Data  

      Corporation, 1985., p. 128]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Waste Disposal: Small Quantities. Wear nitrile rubber gloves,
laboratory

      coat and eye protection. Work in the fume hood. Dissolve the
compound in a

      minimum of 6 M hydrochloric acid (add concentrated acid to an
equal volume

      of cold water). Filter and treat the filtrate with a slight excess
of 6 M

      ammonium hydroxide (add 42 ml of concentrated ammonium hydroxide
to 58 ml

      of cold water)(about pH 8 to pHydrion paper). Boil and allow the

      coagulated precipitate to settle for about 12 hours. Filter and
dry.

      Recycle, return to supplier. [Armour, M.A. Hazardous Laboratory
Chemicals

      Disposal Guide. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1991., p.
61]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of
disposal

      that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds
&amp;

      specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been
tested on

      all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail
methods

      &amp; recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only.
/Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della
Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis
(eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of
Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency
for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14]**PEER REVIEWED**

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS:

OSHA STANDARDS:

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2
ug/cu m.

      [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling
Concentration: 5

      ug/cu m. [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable maximum peak
above the

      acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hour shift.
Concentration: 25

      ug/cu m. Maximum Duration: 30 minutes. [29 CFR 1910.1000
(7/1/98)]**QC

      REVIEWED**

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES:

      8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term
Exposure

      Limit (STEL): 0.01 mg/cu m /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ 
[American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.
Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/
[American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.
Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

      2008 Notice of Intended Changes: These substances, with their

      corresponding vaules and notations, comprise those for which (1) a
limit

      is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value
is

      proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal
of the

      Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the
proposals

      should be considered trial values during the period they are on
the NIC.

      These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and
will

      remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this
ratification.

      If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data
that

      changes its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee
may

      then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors
for

      adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that
change

      its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may
change its

      recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to
be either

      retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Substance: beryllium and
compounds,

      as Be; Time Weighted Avg  (TWA): 0.00005 mg/cu m, inhalable
fraction;

      Short Term Exposure Limit  (STEL): 0.0002 mg/cu m, inhalable
fraction;

      Notations: skin; sensitization; A1: Confirmed human carcinogen;
Molecular

      Weight: 9.01, varies; TLV Basis-Critical Effect(s): Sensitization,
chronic

      beryllium disease (berylliosis). /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/

      [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs
and BEIs.

      Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
and

      Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 62]**QC
REVIEWED**

NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS:

      NIOSH considers beryllium to be a potential occupational
carcinogen.

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,
1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

      NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to
carcinogens be

      limited to the lowest feasible concn. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide
to

      Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington,
D.C.

      U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      Recommended Exposure Limit: Not to exceed 0.0005 mg/cu m. [NIOSH.
NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.
97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.
28]**QC

      REVIEWED**

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH:

      NIOSH considers beryllium to be a potential occupational
carcinogen.

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,
1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

OTHER STANDARDS REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES:

      Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG): ERPG(1) Not
appropriate;

      ERPG(2) 25 ug/cu m (without serious, adverse effects) for up to 1
hr

      exposure; ERPG(3) 100 ug/cu m (not life threatening) up to 1 hr
exposure.

      [American Industrial Hygiene Association. The AIHA 1999 Emergency
Response

      Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level
Guides

      Handbook. American Industrial Hygiene Association. Fairfax, VA
1999., p.

      25]**QC REVIEWED**

MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION:

MAJOR USES:

      Structural material in space technology; ... in gyroscopes,
computer

      parts, inertial guidance systems; as additive in solid-propellant
rocket

      fuels; beryllium-copper alloys. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's
Condensed

      Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold
Co.,

      1993, p. 139]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Aircraft brakes; x-ray windows; neutron reflectors. [Ashford, R.D.

      Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals. London, England:
Wavelength

      Publications Ltd., 1994., p. 124]**PEER REVIEWED**

      SOURCE OF NEUTRONS WHEN BOMBARDED WITH ALPHA PARTICLES, YIELDS
ABOUT 30

      NEUTRONS PER MILLION ALPHA PARTICLES [Budavari, S. (ed.). The
Merck Index

      - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse

      Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 194]**PEER REVIEWED**

      SPACE OPTICS, MISSILE FUEL AND SPACE VEHICLES [Doull, J.,
C.D.Klassen, and

      M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New
York:

      Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 591]**PEER REVIEWED**

      COMPONENT OF ALLOYS-EG, WITH COPPER, NEUTRON MODERATOR IN NUCLEAR
WEAPONS

      &amp; TEST REACTORS, HEAT SINK MATERIAL IN AIRCRAFT BRAKES,
MATERIAL IN

      MFR OF AEROSPACE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS, MATERIAL IN MFR OF MIRRORS USED
IN

      SPACE OPTICS, METEORITE &amp; HEAT SHIELDING MATERIAL FOR
SPACECRAFT,

      SOLID ROCKET FUEL **PEER REVIEWED**

      Used in the production of brass. [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality
Criteria

      Doc: Beryllium p.A-1 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-024]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Navigational systems, aircraft/satellite structures, and missile
parts.

      [USEPA; Health Assessment Document for Beryllium p.3-4 (1987) EPA

      600/8-84-026F]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium containing dental casting alloys [Covington JS et al; J
Prosthet

      Dent 54 (1): 127-36 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING:

      1. FUSION WITH SODIUM SILICO-FLUORIDE AT 700-800 DEG C ...
CONVERSION INTO

      WATER SOL SODIUM FLUOBERYLLATE ... PRECIPITATION BY ... CAUSTIC
SODA ...

      AS BERYLLIUM HYDROXIDE FROM WHICH ANHYDROUS CHLORIDE ... OBTAINED
... WITH

      CARBON AND CHLORINE AT 800 DEG C. 2. ADDITION OF STRONG SULFURIC
ACID TO

      FUSED, QUENCHED AND GROUND MINERAL WITH PRODUCTION OF (BERYLLIUM
SULFATE)

      WHICH IS THEN IGNITED TO FORM BERYLLIUM OXIDE; FROM THIS BERYLLIUM
METAL

      CAN BE OBTAINED BY DIRECT REDUCTION WITH CALCIUM. 3. ELECTROLYTIC

      REDUCTION OF MOLTEN BERYLLIUM SALTS SUCH AS THE CHLORIDE, FLUORIDE
AND

      OXYFLUORIDE. [Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed.
New

      York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p. 67]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Derivation: The ore is converted to the oxide or hydroxide, then
to the

      chloride or fluoride. The halide may be (a) reduced in a furnace
by

      magnesium metal, or (b) reduced by electrolysis. (c) Liquid-liquid

      extraction with an organophosphate chelating agent can be used as
a method

      of purification, or as an alternative process on the ore itself.
[Lewis,

      R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed.
New York,

      NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 139]**PEER REVIEWED**

GENERAL MANUFACTURING INFORMATION:

      World production was reported as approximately 250 tons annually.
[USEPA;

      Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium p.A-1 (1980) EPA

      440/5-80-024]**PEER REVIEWED**

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:

      GRADES OR PURITY: GRADE AA, 99.96+%; GRADE A, 99.87+%; NUCLEAR
GRADE.

      [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous

      Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing

      Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Technical grade, over 99.5% pure [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's

      Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand

      Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 139]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Hot-pressed or cold-pressed and sintered blocks; sheet (0.04");
tube;

      rods; wire; powder. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed
Chemical

      Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co.,
1993, p.

      139]**PEER REVIEWED**

CONSUMPTION PATTERNS:

      FABRICATED PRODUCTS FROM ALLOYS &amp; BERYLLIUM METAL FOR
ELECTRICAL USES

      (OTHER  THAN COMPONENTS), 37%; NUCLEAR REACTORS, 19%; AEROSPACE

      APPLICATIONS, 18%;  ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS, 16%; OTHER USES, 10%
(1977)

      **PEER REVIEWED**

      As an alloy and metal in nuclear reactors and aerospace
applications, 40%;

      as an alloy and oxide in electrical equipment, 35%; as an alloy
and oxide

      in electronic components, 17%; and as compounds and metal in other

      applications, 8% (1986). [BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL COMMODITY
SUMMARIES

      1987 p.20]**PEER REVIEWED**

      As an alloy and oxide in electronic components, 47%; as an alloy,
oxide,

      and metal in aerospace and defense applications, 29%; as an alloy
and

      oxide in electrical components, 19%; and as an alloy, metal, and
oxide in

      other applications, 5%. [Bureau of Mines. Mineral Commodity
Summaries 1991

      p. 24 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. PRODUCTION:

      (1977) 6.08X10+7 G (APPARENT CONSUMPTION) **PEER REVIEWED**

      (1982) 1.36X10+8 G (APPARENT CONSUMPTION) **PEER REVIEWED**

      (1986) 2.22x10+8 g [BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES
1987

      p.20]**PEER REVIEWED**

      (1989) 184 metric tons [Bureau of Mines. Mineral Commodity
Summaries 1991

      p. 24 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      (1989) 217 metric tons (consumption, reported) [Bureau of Mines.
Minerals

      Yearbook. Volume I. Metals and Minerals, 1989. Washington, DC:
U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1991 (Plus Updates)., p. 1]**PEER
REVIEWED**

U. S. IMPORTS:

      (1978) 6.61X10+5 G **PEER REVIEWED**

      (1983) 8.33X10+6 G **PEER REVIEWED**

      (1986) 6.80x10+7 g [BUREAU OF MINES, MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES
(1987)

      p.20]**PEER REVIEWED**

      (1989) 38 metric tons [Bureau of Mines. Mineral Commodity
Summaries 1991

      p. 24 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. EXPORTS:

      (1978) 3.71X10+7 G **PEER REVIEWED**

      (1983) 1.70X10+7 G **PEER REVIEWED**

      (1986) 4.54x10+7 g [BUREAU OF MINES, MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES
(1987)

      p.20]**PEER REVIEWED**

      (1989) 34 metric tons [Bureau of Mines. Mineral Commodity
Summaries 1991

      p. 24 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

LABORATORY METHODS:

CLINICAL LABORATORY METHODS:

      The determination of beryllium in urine samples by graphite
furnace AA

      spectrophotometry was presented. Urine samples from a total of 100

      occupationally exposed and control subjects were acid digested.
The

      solubilized beryllium was complexed with acetylacetone, extracted
into

      acetone at pH 8.5, then back extracted in 2% nitric acid. This
solvent

      extraction step eliminated the sample matrix background correction

      problem. Initial analyses of the resulting samples by AA gave a
beryllium

      concn range of 0.03 to 0.37 ng/mL. A calibration curve linear to
5.0 ng/mL

      beryllium was derived from beryllium spiked samples. Regression
analysis

      gave a calculated slope and intercept of 0.998 and 0.003,
respectively,

      with a correlation coefficient of 0.967. The min detection limit
was 0.03

      ng/mL at 99% confidence level. While 90% of the samples were found
to

      contain beryllium above the limit of detection, the beryllium in
60% of

      the control samples was close to the min detection limit. The
levels of

      beryllium obtained in this study were comparable with the
literature

      values. The authors conclude that the observed range of beryllium
levels

      was too low to be assoc with toxicological effects. [Thorat DD et
al;

      Analytical Letters 28 (11): 1947-1958 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS:

      APHA Method 3111A: Metals in Water - FLAA; Metals by Flame Atomic

      Absorption Spectrometry(3111); FLAA, water, detection limit 0.050
mg/l.

      [USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.0
NTIS

      PB-92-503093 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      APHA Method 3113A: Metals in Water - GFAA; Metals by
Electrothermal Atomic

      Absorption Spectrometry; GFAA, water, detection limit 0.20 ug/l.
[USEPA;

      EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.0 NTIS

      PB-92-503093 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      APHA Method 3120: Metals in Water by ICP; Metals by Plasma
Emission

      Spectroscopy; ICP, water, detection limit 0.30 ug/l. [USEPA; EMMI.

      Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.0 NTIS
PB-92-503093

      (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      APHA Method 3500-BE D: Beryllium in Water - Aluminum; 3500-Be
Beryllium;

      Spectrophotometer, water, detection limit 5.0 ug/l. [USEPA; EMMI.

      Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.0 NTIS
PB-92-503093

      (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      CLP Methods ILM01 S, ILM01 W : Inorganics - Soil, Inorganics -
Water;

      Inorganics Analysis, Multi-Media, Multi-Concentration;
Colorimetric

      determination, GFAA, ICP; soil, water; detection limits 1.0 ug/kg
and 5

      ug/l, respectively. [USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods
Index.

      Version 1.0 NTIS PB-92-503093 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      EMSLC Method 200.11: Metals in Fish Tissue by ICP; Determination
of Metals

      in Fish Tissue by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry; ICPMS,
edible

      fish tissue, detection limit 0.020 ug/g. [USEPA; EMMI.
Environmental

      Monitoring Methods Index. Version 1.0 NTIS PB-92-503093
(1992)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      EMSLC Method 200.8 S: Metals - ICP/MS; Determination of Trace
Metals in

      Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass
Spectrometry;

      ICPMS, dissolved element in ground water, surface water, drinking
water,

      and total elements in wastewater, sediments, sludges, and solid
waste

      samples, detection limit 0.10 mg/kg in sediments, sludges, etc.
and 0.30

      ug/l in waters. [USEPA; EMMI. Environmental Monitoring Methods
Index.

      Version 1.0 NTIS PB-92-503093 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A direct graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy method
for the

      analysis of beryllium in drinking water has been derived from a
method for

      determining beryllium in urine. Ammonium phosphomolybdate and
ascorbic

      acid were employed as matrix modifiers. The matrix modifiers
successfully

      eliminated common chemical interferences in water samples analyzed
for

      beryllium content, as well as interferences encountered during jar
testing

      of beryllium removal by alum coagulation. The method proved to be
a

      simple, accurate, and precise alternative to the method of
standard

      additions. Method detection limit was 0.03 ug/L, with a linear
calibration

      range of 0-6 ug/L. [Lytle DA et al; Am Water Works Assoc J 85 (2):
77-83

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A rapid and simple preconcentration method by selective absorption
using

      activated carbon as an adsorbent and acetylacetone as a complexing
agent

      is described for the determination of a trace amount of beryllium
by

      graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The

      beryllium-acetylacetonate complex is adsorbed easily onto
activated carbon

      at pH 8-10. The activated carbon which adsorbed the

      beryllium-acetylacetonate complex was separated and dispersed in
pure

      water. The resulting suspension was introduced directly into the
graphite

      furnace atomizer. The determination limit was 0.6 ng/L (S/N=3),
and the

      relative standard deviation at 0.25 ug/L was 3.0-4.0% (n=6). Not
only was

      there no interference from the major ions such as Na(I), K(I),
Mg(II),

      Ca(II), Cl-, and S042- in seawater but there was also no
interference from

      other minor ions. The proposed method was applied to the
determination of

      ng per mL levels of beryllium in seawater and rainwater. [Okutani
T et al;

      Anal Chem 65 (9): 1273-1276 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SAMPLING PROCEDURES:

      Analyte: Beryllium; Matrix: air; Sampler: Filter (0.8-um cellulose
ester

      membrane); Flow rate: 1 to 4 l/min; Vol: min: 25 l at 2 ug/cu m,
max: 1000

      l at 2 ug/cu m; Stability: stable /Beryllium and cmpds as Be/
[U.S.

      Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Centers

      for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and

      Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and
2 with

      1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing

      Office, February 1984., p. V1 7102-1]**PEER REVIEWED**

      IN REGARD TO MEASURING AIR LEVELS OF INSOLUBLE BERYLLIUM
SUBSTANCES SUCH

      AS BERYLLIUM OXIDE &amp; BERYLLIUM METAL DUST RECOMMENDED THAT
SAMPLING BE

      DONE WITH PREFILTERS TO ELIMINATE NONRESPIRABLE PARTICLES.
/BERYLLIUM AND

      CMPD/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

      Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure

      Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of
Governmental

      Industrial Hygienists, 1986., p. 56]**PEER REVIEWED**

SPECIAL REFERENCES:

SPECIAL REPORTS:

      GROTH DH; ENVIRON RES 21 (1): 56 (1980). A REVIEW WITH 30
REFERENCES ON

      THE CARCINOGENICITY OF BERYLLIUM, PARTICULARLY WITH RESPECT TO
OSTEOGENIC

      SARCOMAS &amp; LUNG NEOPLASMS.

      DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Beryllium (Update) TP-92/04
(1993)

      USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium (1980) EPA

      440/5-80-024

      USEPA; Health Assessment Document for Beryllium (1987) EPA
600/8-84-026F

      Leonard A, Lauwerys R; Mutat Research 186 (1): 35-42 (1987). The

      mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of beryllium and
its cmpd

      are reviewed.

      Eisenbud M; Cleve Clin 51 (2): 441-7 (1984). The mutagenicity,

      carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of beryllium and beryllium
compounds

      were reviewed.

      A DISCUSSION ON THE LUNG CANCER INCIDENCE IN BERYLLIUM PRODUCTION
WORKERS

      IS PRESENTED.[GROTH ET AL; ENVIRON RES 21 (1): 63 (1980)]

      Johnson JS et al; Evaluation of beryllium exposure assessment and
control

      programs at AWE, Cardiff Facility, Rocky Flats Plant, Oak Ridge
Y-12 Plant

      and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Phase 1; Govt Reports

      Announcements &amp; Index 2 (1996)

      MacMahon B; The epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of

      beryllium in humans; J Occupat Med 36 (1): 15-24 (1994)

      Meyer KC; Beryllium and Lung Disease; Chest 106 (3): 942-946
(1994)

      Skilleter DN; Adv Mod Environ Toxicol 11: 61-8 (1987). The
occupational

      diseases caused by exposure to beryllium or beryllium compounds
are

      discussed.

      Reeves AL, Beryllium: Toxicological Research of the Last Decade;
Journal

      of the American College of Toxicology 8 (7): 1307-13 (1989).
Research on

      beryllium toxicity conducted in the 1980s was reviewed.
Investigations on

      beryllium toxicokinetics were also discussed.

      WHO working group, Beryllium; Environment Health Criteria 106: 181
(1990).

      Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation Data
concerning

      the fate of beryllium in the environment are limited.

      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information
System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Toxicological
Review in

      Adobe PDF. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the

      Substance File List as of April, 1998.

      U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services/National Toxicology

      Program; Tenth Report on Carcinogens. National Institutes of
Environmental

      Health Sciences. The Report on Carcinogens is an informational
scientific

      and public health document that identifies and discusses
substances

      (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may
pose a

      carcinogenic hazard to human health. Beryllium (7440-41-7) was
first

      listed in the Second Annual Report on Carcinogens (1981) as
reasonably

      anticipated to be a human carcinogen and then listed in the Tenth
Report

      on Carcinogens (2002) as a known human carcinogen. [ ]

SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS:

RELATED HSDB RECORDS:

      6899 [BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS]

SYNONYMS:

      BERYLLIUM **PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM-9 **PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium dust **PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium metal **PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM METALLIC [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of
Transportation. CHRIS

      - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium, metal powder **PEER REVIEWED**

      GLUCINIUM [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck
Co., Inc.,

      1983., p. 166]**PEER REVIEWED**

      GLUCINUM [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic
Risk of

      Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International
Agency

      for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23
143

      (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:

      GRADES OR PURITY: GRADE AA, 99.96+%; GRADE A, 99.87+%; NUCLEAR
GRADE.

      [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous

      Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing

      Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Technical grade, over 99.5% pure [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's

      Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand

      Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 139]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Hot-pressed or cold-pressed and sintered blocks; sheet (0.04");
tube;

      rods; wire; powder. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed
Chemical

      Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co.,
1993, p.

      139]**PEER REVIEWED**

SHIPPING NAME/ NUMBER DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

      IMO 6.1; Beryllium powder

      UN 1567; Beryllium powder

STANDARD TRANSPORTATION NUMBER:

      49 232 16; Beryllium compounds, not otherwise specified

EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER:

      P015; An acute hazardous waste when a discarded commercial
chemical

      product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an
off-specification

      commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical
intermediate.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 512

LAST REVISION DATE: 20050624 

LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997

UPDATE HISTORY:

      Complete Update on 2005-06-24, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

      Field Update on 2005-01-29, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 2003-08-29, 0 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 10/16/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/31/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/18/2002, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/22/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/11/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/04/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/02/1999, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/11/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/15/1997, 70 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 06/18/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 06/06/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/09/1996, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/16/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/25/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/04/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 10/03/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 09/28/1994, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/10/1993, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/13/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/26/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/01/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/08/1991, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 11/09/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/23/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/12/1989, 85 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 04/23/1987

Created 19830315 by DS

