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TECHNICAL AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT AND DOCKET REVIEW FOR OSHA’S
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF COSTS, BENEFITS, AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS FOR
OSHA’S PROPOSED STANDARD FOR WALKING AND WORKING SURFACES

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FINAL REPORT

TASK ORDER NO. 11

CONTRACT NO. GS10F0125P

Submitted to:

OSHA

Directorate of Evaluation and Analysis

Office of Regulatory Analysis

U.S. Department of Labor

200 Constitution Ave., N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20210

Submitted by:

Eastern Research Group, Inc.

110 Hartwell Ave.

Lexington, MA 02421

July 27, 2007Contents

  TOC \o "1-3" \u  Tables		  PAGEREF _Toc171485035 \h  iiii 

Figures	  PAGEREF _Toc171485036 \h  iiii 

1.	INTRODUCTION	  PAGEREF _Toc171485037 \h  1-1 

2.	INDUSTRY PROFILE	  PAGEREF _Toc171485038 \h  2-1 

2.1	PROFILE OF GENERAL INDUSTRY ESTABLISHMENTS AND EMPLOYMENT	  PAGEREF
_Toc171485039 \h  2-1 

2.2	PROFILE OF POTENTIALLY AFFECTED SMALL ENTITIES	  PAGEREF
_Toc171485040 \h  2-12-2 

2.3	EMPLOYEES USING FALL PROTECTION	  PAGEREF _Toc171485041 \h  2-12-37 

2.4	WAGE RATES	  PAGEREF _Toc171485042 \h  2-12-47 

3.	COST ANALYSIS	  PAGEREF _Toc171485043 \h  3-1 

3.1	COST METHODOLOGY	  PAGEREF _Toc171485044 \h  3-1 

3.1.1	OMB Guidance and National Consensus Standards	  PAGEREF
_Toc171485045 \h  3-13-2 

3.1.2	OSHA Standards and Existing Consensus Standards	  PAGEREF
_Toc171485046 \h  3-13-6 

3.1.3	OSHA Requirements Equivalent to National Consensus Standards	 
PAGEREF _Toc171485047 \h  3-13-9 

3.1.4	OSHA Requirements More Stringent Than National Consensus Standards
  PAGEREF _Toc171485048 \h  3-13-13 

3.1.5	Grandfather Clauses	  PAGEREF _Toc171485049 \h  3-13-14 

3.1.6	Current Compliance Rates	  PAGEREF _Toc171485050 \h  3-13-18 

3.1.7	Compliance Met By Least Cost Method	  PAGEREF _Toc171485051 \h 
3-13-20 

3.2	PARAGRAPH-BY-PARAGRAPH REVIEW	  PAGEREF _Toc171485052 \h  3-13-20 

3.2.1	§1910.21 Scope	  PAGEREF _Toc171485053 \h  3-13-22 

3.2.2	§1910.22 General Requirements	  PAGEREF _Toc171485054 \h  3-13-23


3.2.3	§1910.23 Ladders	  PAGEREF _Toc171485055 \h  3-13-23 

3.2.4	§1910.24 Step Bolts and Manhole Steps	  PAGEREF _Toc171485056 \h 
3-13-27 

3.2.5	§1910.25 Stairs and Stairways	  PAGEREF _Toc171485057 \h  3-13-30


3.2.6	§1910.26 Dockboards	  PAGEREF _Toc171485058 \h  3-13-32 

3.2.7	§1910.27 Scaffolds	  PAGEREF _Toc171485059 \h  3-13-33 

3.2.8	§1910.28 Duty to Have Fall Protection	  PAGEREF _Toc171485060 \h 
3-13-36 

3.2.9	§1910.29 Fall Protection Systems and Criteria	  PAGEREF
_Toc171485061 \h  3-13-41 

3.2.10	§1910.30 Training Programs	  PAGEREF _Toc171485062 \h  3-13-42 

3.2.11	§1910.140 Subpart I: Fall Protection	  PAGEREF _Toc171485063 \h 
3-13-42 

3.3	COST ESTIMATION	  PAGEREF _Toc171485064 \h  3-13-43 

3.3.1	Supporting Data	  PAGEREF _Toc171485065 \h  3-13-43 

3.3.2	§1910.22 General Requirements	  PAGEREF _Toc171485066 \h  3-13-45


3.3.3	§1910.23 Ladders	  PAGEREF _Toc171485067 \h  3-13-46 

3.3.4	§1910.24 Step Bolts and Manhole Steps	  PAGEREF _Toc171485068 \h 
3-13-48 

3.3.5	§1910.27 Scaffolds and Rope Descent Systems	  PAGEREF
_Toc171485069 \h  3-13-50 

3.3.6	§1910.28 Duty to Have Fall Protection	  PAGEREF _Toc171485070 \h 
3-13-52 

3.3.7	§1910.29 Fall Protection Systems and Criteria	  PAGEREF
_Toc171485071 \h  3-13-53 

3.3.8	§1910.30 Training Programs	  PAGEREF _Toc171485072 \h  3-13-56 

3.3.9	§1910.140 Subpart I: Fall Protection	  PAGEREF _Toc171485073 \h 
3-13-59 

3.4	COST SUMMARY	  PAGEREF _Toc171485074 \h  3-13-60 

3.5	REFERENCES	  PAGEREF _Toc171485075 \h  3-13-64 

4.	BENEFITS	  PAGEREF _Toc171485076 \h  4-1 

4.1	PROFILE OF FALL ACCIDENTS	  PAGEREF _Toc171485077 \h  4-1 

4.1.1	Fall Fatalities	  PAGEREF _Toc171485078 \h  4-1 

4.1.2	Fall Injuries	  PAGEREF _Toc171485079 \h  4-14-4 

4.2	FATALITIES AND INJURIES PREVENTABLE BY THE DRAFT SUBPART D AND I
STANDARDS	  PAGEREF _Toc171485080 \h  4-14-10 

4.2.1	Fatalities Prevented	  PAGEREF _Toc171485081 \h  4-14-10 

4.2.2	Injuries Prevented	  PAGEREF _Toc171485082 \h  4-14-12 

4.3	REFERENCES	  PAGEREF _Toc171485083 \h  4-14-14 

5.	ECONOMIC IMPACTS	  PAGEREF _Toc171485084 \h  5-1 

5.1	ECONOMIC IMPACTS – ALL ESTABLISHMENTS	  PAGEREF _Toc171485085 \h 
5-1 

5.2	SMALL ENTITY IMPACTS	  PAGEREF _Toc171485086 \h  5-15-15 

 

Tables

  TOC \h \z \t "Table Heading" \c    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485087"  Table
1-1.	Draft OSHA Subpart D and I Standards	  PAGEREF _Toc171485087 \h 
1-1  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485088"  Table 2-1.	Profile of General Industry
Establishments Covered by Subparts D and I	  PAGEREF _Toc171485088 \h 
2-12-4  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485089"  Table 2-2.	Profile of General Industry
SBA-Defined Small Business Entities	  PAGEREF _Toc171485089 \h  2-12-16 


  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485090"  Table 2-3.	Profile of General Industry
Entities With Fewer Than 20 Employees	  PAGEREF _Toc171485090 \h 
2-12-27  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485091"  Table 2-4.	Estimated Number of Employees
Using Fall Protection Equipment	  PAGEREF _Toc171485091 \h  2-12-38  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485092"  Table 2-5.	Wage Rates in Affected
Industries	  PAGEREF _Toc171485092 \h  2-12-48  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485093"  Table 3-1.	Subpart D Requirements and
National Consensus Standards	  PAGEREF _Toc171485093 \h  3-13-12  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485094"  Table 3-2.	Paragraphs with Grandfather
Provisions	  PAGEREF _Toc171485094 \h  3-13-17  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485095"  Table 3-3.	Compliance with Current 29
CFR 1910 Requirements	  PAGEREF _Toc171485095 \h  3-13-19  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485096"  Table 3-4.	Paragraphs of the Draft
Standard To Be Analyzed for Cost Impacts	  PAGEREF _Toc171485096 \h 
3-13-21  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485097"  Table 3-5.	Manhole Steps	  PAGEREF
_Toc171485097 \h  3-13-28  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485098"  Table 3-6.	Fraction of Businesses
Providing Regular Safety Training	  PAGEREF _Toc171485098 \h  3-13-44  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485099"  Table 3-7.	Training Requirements Under
Draft §1910.23	  PAGEREF _Toc171485099 \h  3-13-46  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485100"  Table 3-8.	2002 Industry Turnover Rates	
 PAGEREF _Toc171485100 \h  3-13-47  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485101"  Table 3-9.	Estimated Certification Costs
  PAGEREF _Toc171485101 \h  3-13-52  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485102"  Table 3-10.	First Year Costs for Draft
Rule by Paragraph and Industry	  PAGEREF _Toc171485102 \h  3-13-61  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485103"  Table 3-11.	Recurring Costs for Draft
Rule by Paragraph and Industry	  PAGEREF _Toc171485103 \h  3-13-62  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485104"  Table 3-12.	Annualized Costs for Draft
Rule by Paragraph and Industry	  PAGEREF _Toc171485104 \h  3-13-63  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485105"  Table 4-1.	Fatalities from Falls -
General Industry, 2003 & 2004	  PAGEREF _Toc171485105 \h  4-14-2  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485106"  Table 4-2.	Fatal Falls by Type and
Industry Sector, 1992 to 2002	  PAGEREF _Toc171485106 \h  4-14-5  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485107"  Table 4-3.	Injuries From Falls - General
Industry, 2003 (Lost Work Day Cases per 10,000 Workers)	  PAGEREF
_Toc171485107 \h  4-14-5  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485108"  Table 4-4.	Falls by Type and Sector,
2003	  PAGEREF _Toc171485108 \h  4-14-9  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485109"  Table 4-5.	Fatalities Potentially
Prevented by the Subparts D and I Draft Standards	  PAGEREF
_Toc171485109 \h  4-14-13  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485110"  Table 4-6.	Nonfatal Lost-Workday
Injuries Potentially Prevented by the Subparts D and I Draft Standards	 
PAGEREF _Toc171485110 \h  4-14-14  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485111"  Table 5-1.	Summary of Cost Impacts for
Draft Subpart D & I Standards	  PAGEREF _Toc171485111 \h  5-15-3  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485112"  Table 5-2.	Economic Impacts by 4-Digit
NAICS Industry	  PAGEREF _Toc171485112 \h  5-15-4  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485113"  Table 5-3.	Compliance Costs by 2-Digit
NAICS: SBA Small Entities	  PAGEREF _Toc171485113 \h  5-15-16  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485114"  Table 5-4.	Compliance Costs by 2-Digit
NAICS: Entities with Fewer than 20 Employees	  PAGEREF _Toc171485114 \h 
5-15-17  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485115"  Table 5-5.	Economic Impacts by 4-Digit
NAICS: SBA Small Business Entities	  PAGEREF _Toc171485115 \h  5-15-18  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc171485116"  Table 5-6.	Economic Impacts by 4-Digit
NAICS: Entities with Fewer Than 20 Employees     				  PAGEREF
_Toc171485116 \h  5-15-35  

 

Figures

  TOC \h \z \t "Figure Heading" \c    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc168486435" 
Figure 3-1.	Regulatory Baseline Through Time	  PAGEREF _Toc168486435 \h 
3-13-5  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc168486436"  Figure 3-2.	Cost Methodology Logic Flow
– OSHA Standard Equivalent to National Consensus standard	  PAGEREF
_Toc168486436 \h  3-13-11  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc168486437"  Figure 3-3.	Cost Methodology Logic Flow
– OSHA Requirements Exceed Consensus  Standard	  PAGEREF _Toc168486437
\h  3-13-15  

 SECTION ONE

INTRODUCTION

OSHA’s Subpart D covers General Industry safety requirements for
walking and working surfaces, including ladders, stairways, platforms,
floors, and ramps. The regulation was first promulgated in 1971 and was
based on a number of American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
voluntary consensus standards. The draft proposed standard updates these
requirements to conform to current ANSI standards and recognized
industry safe work practices.  In addition, the proposal reorganizes the
safety provisions to permit more flexibility in compliance by
eliminating many overly specific requirements in favor of more
performance-oriented requirements.  The draft standard clarifies
employers’ responsibilities for guarding against fall hazards and for
otherwise providing fall protection equipment. It also adds new
requirements for training in the use of fall protection equipment and
about falls and other walking and working surface hazards, and provides
for additional hazard inspections of steps, ladders, and surfaces.  OSHA
has prepared a new draft section, §1910.140, to be added to Subpart I
covering personal fall protection equipment. Table 1-1 shows the
individual sections and paragraphs contained in the draft Subpart D and
I standards, dated May 2007.

Table 1-1.	Draft OSHA Subpart D and I Standards

19l0.21 Scope, application, and definitions.

1910.21 (a) Scope and application. 

1910.21 (b) Definitions.



1910.22 General requirements.

1910.22 (a) Surface conditions.  

1910.22 (b) Application of loads. 

1910.22 (c) Access and egress.

1910.22 (d) Maintenance and repair. 



1910.23 Ladders. 

1910.23 (a) Application.    

1910.23 (b) General requirements for all ladders.  

1910.23 (c) Portable ladders.

1910.23 (d) Fixed Ladders.

1910.23 (e) Mobile ladder stands and mobile ladder stand platforms
(Mobile ladder stands and platforms). 



1910.24 Step bolts and manhole steps.

1910.24 (a) Step bolts

1910.24 (b) Manhole steps



1910.25 Stairways. 

1910.25 (a) General requirements. 

1910.25 (b) Standard stairs.

1910.25 (c) Spiral stairways.

1910.25 (d) Ship stairs. 

1910.25 (e) Alternating tread-type stairs.



1910.26 Dockboards (bridge plates).



1910.27 Scaffolds and rope descent systems.

1910.27 (a) Scaffolds.

1910.27 (b) Rope descent systems.



1910.28 Duty to have fall protection.

1910.28 (a) General.   

1910.28 (b) Protection from fall hazards.   

1910.28 (c) Protection from falling objects. 



1910.29 Fall protection systems criteria and practices.

1910.29 (a) General. 

1910.29 (b) Guardrail systems.

1910.29 (c) Safety net systems.  

1910.29 (d) Designated areas. 

1910.29 (e) Covers. 

1910.29 (f) Handrail and stair rail systems. 

1910.29 (g) Cages, wells, and platforms used with fixed ladders.

1910.29 (h) Qualified climber.  

1910.29 (i) Ladder safety systems.

1910.29 (j) Personal fall protection systems.

1910.29 (k) Protection from falling objects.

1910.29 (l) Grab handles.



1910.30 Training Program.  

1910.30 (a) Fall hazards.  

1910.30 (b) Equipment hazards.  

1910.30 (c) Retraining.  



1910.140 Fall Protection

1910.140 (a) Scope and application.

1910.140 (b) Definitions.

1910.140 (c) General requirements.

1910.140 (d) Personal fall arrest systems.

1910.140 (e) Positioning systems.



This document presents the benefit assessment and a cost and economic
impact analysis of these draft standards. Section Two presents a profile
of the affected industries, while Section Three provides an assessment
of compliance costs likely to be imposed by the draft standard. An
analysis of the prospective benefits is presented in Section Four.
Finally, Section Five contains an analysis of industry-specific economic
impacts resulting from promulgation of the draft standards.SECTION TWO

INDUSTRY PROFILE

This section presents a profile of the industries affected by OSHA’s
draft General Industry Subpart D and I standards. Section 2.1 provides
statistics describing the numbers of establishments and employees in the
covered industries, while Section 2.2 shows estimates of the numbers of
employees in such industries that use fall protection equipment.
Finally, Section 2.3 provides industry-specific estimates of the
production worker and supervisor wage rates used in the cost analysis.

PROFILE OF GENERAL INDUSTRY ESTABLISHMENTS AND EMPLOYMENT

Table 2-1 provides economic profile statistics for the 4-digit NAICS
industries covered by the draft standard. Based on U.S. Census’
Statistics of U.S. Businesses for 2003, the table shows that 6.4 million
establishments and 106.5 million employees fall under the purview of the
draft standards.  ERG also used the Census data on payroll and receipts
from the same source to estimate average revenues per establishment in
2003 for each 4-digit NAICS industry. The methodology for deriving these
estimates is discussed in Section Five.

Parts of the draft standard that cover ladders, scaffolds, and other
working surfaces are most likely to directly affect workers engaged in
maintenance and related activities. To estimate the numbers of such
employees, ERG relied on data from Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS)
Occupational Employment Statistics Survey (OES) that document employment
by detailed occupation on a 4-digit NAICS industry basis. ERG used these
data to estimate the numbers of employees in construction and in
maintenance, installation, and repair occupations in each industry and
the overall number of production workers. The BLS data represent the
only source of industry-specific statistics on detailed occupational
employment totals. Because industry employment totals reported by the
OES are not identical to those estimated by the U.S. Census, ERG used
the ratios of production to total employment as reported by OES and
total employment as reported by the Census to estimate the numbers of
production workers and workers in maintenance-related occupations for
each NAICS industry covered by the draft Subpart D & I standards. These
estimates are also shown in Table 2-1. As the table shows, an estimated
27.6 million workers are employed in production occupations, while an
estimated 5.3 million are employed in construction, installation, and
maintenance and repair occupations.

PROFILE OF POTENTIALLY AFFECTED SMALL ENTITIES

ERG also developed profiles of small entities in the industries covered
by the draft OSHA standards. First, ERG used the Small Business
Administration’s (SBA) small business criterion for each industry and
the Census’s Statistics of U. S. Business data on employment, payroll,
and receipts by entity size to estimate the numbers of entities and
associated employment meeting the SBA definitions. Where the SBA small
business criterion was specified as a revenue threshold, ERG used the
Census data to associate that revenue with a given employment size. The
resultant SBA employment-size criteria are shown in the first column in
Table 2-2. The table shows the numbers of entities and employees and
average receipts per entity for those that meet the given size
criterion. The numbers of at-risk workers are estimated assuming the
same percentage of total employment as shown in Table 2-1.  ERG also
used the Census’s Statistics of U.S. Businesses data to develop a
profile of entities that employ fewer than 20 employees. These estimates
are shown in Table 2-3..Table 2-1.	Profile of General Industry
Establishments Covered by Subparts D and I

Table 2-1.	Profile of General Industry Establishments Covered by
Subparts D and I

NAICS	NAICS Description	Establish-ments	 Average Receipts per
Establish-ment [a]	Total Employ-ment	Production Employ-ment [b]
Employment in Construction, Installation, Maintenance, and Repair
Occupations







Number	Share of Prod. Employment

1131	Timber Tract Operations	621	$2,496,758 	5,515	NA	NA	NA

1132	Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products	316	$4,906,603 
2,283	NA	NA	NA

1133	Logging	10,977	$141,249 	68,020	59,760	3,496	5.90%

1141	Fishing	2,042	$759,298 	6,234	NA	NA	NA

1142	Hunting and Trapping	432	$3,589,089 	2,711	NA	NA	NA

1153	Support Activities for Forestry	1,762	$879,958 	14,969	NA	NA	NA

2111	Oil and Gas Extraction	7,493	$206,925 	83,447	34,001	14,176	41.70%

2211	Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution	9,986
$155,266 	543,782	254,698	177,903	69.80%

2212	Natural Gas Distribution	2,626	$590,437 	87,452	41,880	29,531
70.50%

2213	Water, Sewage and Other Systems	5,801	$267,279 	44,704	24,885
11,367	45.70%

3111	Animal Food Manufacturing	1,805	$858,995 	47,338	34,250	3,298	9.60%

3112	Grain and Oilseed Milling	827	$1,874,833 	54,918	41,922	6,298
15.00%

3113	Sugar and Confectionery Product Manufacturing	1,868	$830,025 
79,630	57,468	6,327	11.00%

3114	Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food Manufacturing
1,781	$870,571 	163,763	135,871	14,264	10.50%

3115	Dairy Product Manufacturing	1,681	$922,360 	134,287	104,187	9,473
9.10%

3116	Animal Slaughtering and Processing	4,004	$387,234 	499,898	450,583
23,614	5.20%

3117	Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging	764	$2,029,433 	39,580
31,814	1,555	4.90%

3118	Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing	11,514	$134,661 	317,040
221,746	14,282	6.40%

3119	Other Food Manufacturing	3,030	$511,712 	159,544	113,655	9,708
8.50%

3121	Beverage Manufacturing	3,082	$503,078 	131,331	83,980	11,756	14.00%

3122	Tobacco Manufacturing	130	$11,926,820 	23,830	15,987	2,609	16.30%

3131	Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills	569	$2,724,932 	58,668	52,188	7,570
14.50%

3132	Fabric Mills	1,654	$937,416 	136,456	112,865	12,492	11.10%

3133	Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric Coating Mills	1,617
$958,866 	59,714	44,213	2,796	6.30%

3141	Textile Furnishings Mills	2,901	$534,466 	107,011	86,938	5,800
6.70%

3149	Other Textile Product Mills	4,388	$353,347 	80,515	61,821	3,116
5.00%

3151	Apparel Knitting Mills	786	$1,972,629 	45,060	38,291	3,526	9.20%

3152	Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing	11,343	$136,691 	232,156	175,476
2,372	1.40%

3159	Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing	1,247
$1,243,373 	26,438	20,448	376	1.80%

3161	Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing	261	$5,940,562 	8,448	6,725
299	4.40%

3162	Footwear Manufacturing	343	$4,520,369 	18,163	14,333	433	3.00%

3169	Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing	915	$1,694,521 
17,502	13,454	201	1.50%

3211	Sawmills and Wood Preservation	4,229	$366,632 	112,316	97,371	9,828
10.10%

3212	Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing	1,906
$813,477 	110,969	92,596	12,467	13.50%

3219	Other Wood Product Manufacturing	10,673	$145,272 	300,699	244,590
36,453	14.90%

3221	Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills	635	$2,441,711 	154,903	124,237
29,050	23.40%

3222	Converted Paper Product Manufacturing	4,821	$321,611 	327,329
257,204	19,599	7.60%

3231	Printing and Related Support Activities	36,024	$43,040 	700,221
443,006	12,401	2.80%

3241	Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing	2,299	$674,418 	98,334
63,895	16,312	25.50%

3251	Basic Chemical Manufacturing	2,353	$658,940 	170,579	104,023	21,520
20.70%

3252	Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing	1,059	$1,464,104 	100,336	64,943	10,773	16.60%

3253	Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing	915	$1,694,521 	31,194	19,807	4,669	23.60%

3254	Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing	1,825	$849,582 	251,855
93,302	11,836	12.70%

3255	Paint, Coating, and Adhesive Manufacturing	1,963	$789,856 	68,327
38,746	3,026	7.80%

3256	Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing	2,307
$672,079 	109,363	70,344	7,038	10.00%

3259	Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing	2,825	$548,845
	109,721	67,127	7,954	11.80%

3261	Plastics Product Manufacturing	12,652	$122,549 	746,211	593,468
42,810	7.20%

3262	Rubber Product Manufacturing	2,367	$655,043 	175,181	143,578	17,523
12.20%

3271	Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing	1,573	$985,688 	59,900
46,227	4,215	9.10%

3272	Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing	2,162	$717,154 	111,613
90,303	9,246	10.20%

3273	Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing	9,391	$165,103 	206,058
164,157	31,536	19.20%

3274	Lime and Gypsum Product Manufacturing	373	$4,156,800 	16,827	13,801
3,134	22.70%

3279	Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing	2,947	$526,124 
73,246	56,964	9,519	16.70%

3311	Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing	876	$1,769,962 
125,871	99,694	28,412	28.50%

3312	Steel Product Manufacturing from Purchased Steel	828	$1,872,568 
52,401	41,325	5,133	12.40%

3313	Alumina and Aluminum Production and Processing	585	$2,650,404 
66,644	54,890	8,566	15.60%

3314	Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing	1,001
$1,548,938 	63,008	47,638	5,994	12.60%

3315	Foundries	2,435	$636,750 	171,769	145,405	16,259	11.20%

3321	Forging and Stamping	2,786	$556,528 	122,595	94,092	7,347	7.80%

3322	Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing	1,537	$1,008,775 	60,349	43,918
2,558	5.80%

3323	Architectural and Structural Metals Manufacturing	13,180	$117,639 
365,532	269,533	40,337	15.00%

3324	Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container Manufacturing	1,583	$979,461 
87,234	66,744	9,676	14.50%

3325	Hardware Manufacturing	856	$1,811,316 	56,766	42,847	1,791	4.20%

3326	Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing	1,751	$885,486 	59,312	44,574
3,089	6.90%

3327	Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and Bolt
Manufacturing	25,151	$61,647 	356,838	273,531	11,414	4.20%

3328	Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied Activities	6,175
$251,091 	135,161	106,408	6,967	6.50%

3329	Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	6,388	$242,719 
274,479	190,529	17,528	9.20%

3331	Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery Manufacturing	2,888
$536,872 	172,356	117,139	11,882	10.10%

3332	Industrial Machinery Manufacturing	4,196	$369,515 	144,793	74,444
9,413	12.60%

3333	Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing	2,357
$657,822 	103,749	52,046	5,338	10.30%

3334	Ventilation, Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Commercial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing	1,795	$863,781 	152,354	113,686
12,116	10.70%

3335	Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing	8,777	$176,653 	181,119
128,073	5,033	3.90%

3336	Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing	938
$1,652,971 	91,856	63,561	6,077	9.60%

3339	Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing	6,508	$238,243 
282,913	167,349	16,235	9.70%

3341	Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing	1,562	$992,629 
170,349	41,360	4,296	10.40%

3342	Communications Equipment Manufacturing	1,984	$781,495 	167,421
60,439	4,970	8.20%

3343	Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing	568	$2,729,730 	24,808
14,021	892	6.40%

3344	Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing	5,193
$298,572 	386,824	182,308	12,479	6.80%

3345	Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments
Manufacturing	5,217	$297,199 	403,693	134,209	13,092	9.80%

3346	Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media	902
$1,718,943 	36,390	14,442	940	6.50%

3351	Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing	1,234	$1,256,472 	61,102
43,590	3,110	7.10%

3352	Household Appliance Manufacturing	360	$4,306,907 	90,803	69,791
3,658	5.20%

3353	Electrical Equipment Manufacturing	2,488	$623,186 	146,860	95,420
7,386	7.70%

3359	Other Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing	2,301
$673,832 	161,228	113,039	8,284	7.30%

3361	Motor Vehicle Manufacturing	367	$4,224,759 	211,454	176,934	28,964
16.40%

3362	Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing	2,142	$723,850 
132,617	104,740	9,747	9.30%

3363	Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing	5,651	$274,374 	688,390	542,193
60,134	11.10%

3364	Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing	1,584	$978,843 	375,169
146,705	36,239	24.70%

3365	Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing	194	$7,992,199 	24,757	17,040
3,579	21.00%

3366	Ship and Boat Building	1,739	$891,597 	133,395	98,671	29,888	30.30%

3369	Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing	826	$1,877,102 	40,931
29,046	2,462	8.50%

3371	Household and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet
Manufacturing	16,421	$94,421 	365,907	299,359	18,686	6.20%

3372	Office Furniture (including Fixtures) Manufacturing	4,221	$367,327 
153,696	113,501	7,889	7.00%

3379	Other Furniture Related Product Manufacturing	1,074	$1,443,656 
44,811	33,047	1,348	4.10%

3391	Medical Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing	11,896	$130,337 
305,850	194,288	6,691	3.40%

3399	Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing	19,525	$79,410 	401,994	264,389
19,624	7.40%

4231	Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	25,974	$59,694 	364,349	160,604	52,010	32.40%

4232	Furniture and Home Furnishing Merchant Wholesalers	13,768	$112,615 
162,438	57,494	4,905	8.50%

4233	Lumber and Other Construction Materials Merchant Wholesalers	17,976
$86,253 	236,395	119,663	12,460	10.40%

4234	Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	36,388	$42,610 	702,604	154,908	81,988	52.90%

4235	Metal and Mineral (except Petroleum) Merchant Wholesalers	10,730
$144,500 	147,174	74,791	3,778	5.10%

4236	Electrical and Electronic Goods Merchant Wholesalers	31,394	$49,388
	468,927	100,339	33,587	33.50%

4237	Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	19,021	$81,514 	212,074	61,528	15,609	25.40%

4238	Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers	62,223
$24,918 	688,366	244,134	138,160	56.60%

4239	Miscellaneous Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	36,550	$42,421 
330,393	157,490	14,742	9.40%

4241	Paper and Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers	12,864	$120,529 
214,916	59,837	3,230	5.40%

4242	Drugs and Druggists' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers	7,672	$202,097 
251,697	37,323	2,056	5.50%

4243	Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions Merchant Wholesalers	17,307
$89,587 	196,618	60,456	564	0.90%

4244	Grocery and Related Product Wholesalers	35,244	$43,993 	756,617
420,425	19,472	4.60%

4245	Farm Product Raw Material Merchant Wholesalers	7,259	$213,595 
65,259	38,474	1,613	4.20%

4246	Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers	13,082	$118,521 
145,635	53,865	5,954	11.10%

4247	Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers	7,702
$201,310 	104,741	48,330	7,692	15.90%

4248	Beer, Wine, and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
4,309	$359,825 	168,966	72,763	2,304	3.20%

4249	Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	33,419	$46,395 
383,167	153,546	6,883	4.50%

4251	Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers	39,655	$39,099 
263,524	57,465	14,689	25.60%

4411	Automobile Dealers	52,278	$29,658 	1,289,685	521,890	348,572	66.80%

4412	Other Motor Vehicle Dealers	16,222	$95,579 	148,173	58,246	44,124
75.80%

4413	Automotive Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores	58,489	$26,509 
483,300	216,707	150,253	69.30%

4421	Furniture Stores	28,318	$54,753 	264,889	67,370	5,055	7.50%

4422	Home Furnishings Stores	37,075	$41,820 	295,828	62,102	29,593
47.70%

4431	Electronics and Appliance Stores	47,746	$32,474 	419,321	82,484
58,931	71.40%

4441	Building Material and Supplies Dealers	66,890	$23,180 	1,014,414
230,837	38,870	16.80%

4442	Lawn and Garden Equipment and Supplies Stores	20,858	$74,335 
175,358	73,027	17,840	24.40%

4451	Grocery Stores	96,964	$15,990 	2,594,727	517,946	4,914	0.90%

4452	Specialty Food Stores	26,477	$58,560 	149,605	51,449	1,842	3.60%

4453	Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores	29,141	$53,206 	139,449	14,770	252
1.70%

4461	Health and Personal Care Stores	82,447	$18,806 	969,863	55,367
4,057	7.30%

4471	Gasoline Stations	119,464	$12,979 	936,492	121,941	44,259	36.30%

4481	Clothing Stores	90,490	$17,134 	1,116,324	50,340	2,177	4.30%

4482	Shoe Stores	27,352	$56,686 	187,975	1,558	42	2.70%

4483	Jewelry, Luggage, and Leather Goods Stores	30,170	$51,392 	163,128
16,593	2,426	14.60%

4511	Sporting Goods, Hobby, and Musical Instrument Stores	42,614	$36,384
	401,682	38,298	14,383	37.60%

4512	Book, Periodical, and Music Stores	19,230	$80,629 	201,314	7,028
338	4.80%

4521	Department Stores	9,366	$165,544 	1,368,609	70,777	13,789	19.50%

4529	Other General Merchandise Stores	32,592	$47,573 	1,156,571	167,470
21,739	13.00%

4531	Florists	22,022	$70,406 	113,270	23,934	88	0.40%

4532	Office Supplies, Stationery, and Gift Stores	43,127	$35,952 
323,759	29,558	12,660	42.80%

4533	Used Merchandise Stores	17,872	$86,755 	128,664	20,275	2,110	10.40%

4539	Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers	44,623	$34,746 	253,588	42,325
16,235	38.40%

4541	Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses	16,049	$96,610 	264,868
33,570	2,624	7.80%

4542	Vending Machine Operators	5,613	$276,231 	62,907	33,086	14,765
44.60%

4543	Direct Selling Establishments	32,417	$47,829 	244,062	118,944
36,556	30.70%

4811	Scheduled Air Transportation	3,169	$489,267 	498,398	174,845	63,511
36.30%

4812	Nonscheduled Air Transportation	2,309	$671,497 	35,401	21,286	6,643
31.20%

4831	Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation	1,310
$1,183,578 	48,735	21,311	1,904	8.90%

4832	Inland Water Transportation	620	$2,500,785 	18,594	14,872	1,030
6.90%

4841	General Freight Trucking	60,227	$25,744 	986,673	792,600	49,076
6.20%

4842	Specialized Freight Trucking	51,354	$30,192 	436,613	347,499	25,787
7.40%

4851	Urban Transit Systems	971	$1,596,794 	48,224	38,850	5,802	14.90%

4852	Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation	486	$3,190,302 	17,861
11,406	1,146	10.00%

4853	Taxi and Limousine Service	6,962	$222,707 	64,547	43,485	2,350
5.40%

4854	School and Employee Bus Transportation	4,464	$347,331 	183,731
158,335	6,756	4.30%

4855	Charter Bus Industry	1,246	$1,244,371 	28,549	23,027	1,742	7.60%

4859	Other Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation	3,128	$495,680 
55,037	39,881	1,681	4.20%

4861	Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil	307	$5,050,445 	7,430	4,425
2,155	48.70%

4862	Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas	1,912	$810,924 	27,682
14,201	6,142	43.20%

4869	Other Pipeline Transportation	514	$3,016,511 	5,891	4,454	1,293
29.00%

4871	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Land	615	$2,521,116 	9,577
5,065	564	11.10%

4872	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Water	1,745	$888,531 	11,218
4,387	286	6.50%

4879	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Other	172	$9,014,457 	1,728
804	257	32.00%

4881	Support Activities for Air Transportation	5,052	$306,905 	140,613
87,192	42,264	48.50%

4882	Support Activities for Rail Transportation	904	$1,715,140 	25,229
21,125	6,722	31.80%

4883	Support Activities for Water Transportation	2,353	$658,940 	82,481
68,359	7,232	10.60%

4884	Support Activities for Road Transportation	8,277	$187,325 	61,087
42,771	5,565	13.00%

4885	Freight Transportation Arrangement	16,481	$94,077 	173,248	49,277
1,609	3.30%

4889	Other Support Activities for Transportation	1,414	$1,096,525 
21,946	16,480	1,228	7.50%

4921	Couriers	9,090	$170,571 	489,256	352,504	13,371	3.80%

4922	Local Messengers and Local Delivery	5,073	$305,635 	44,856	20,187
321	1.60%

4931	Warehousing and Storage	12,518	$123,861 	543,330	322,768	18,390
5.70%

5111	Newspaper, Periodical, Book, and Directory Publishers	22,179
$69,908 	705,388	88,857	6,611	7.40%

5112	Software Publishers	9,157	$169,323 	344,238	2,446	1,805	73.80%

5121	Motion Picture and Video Industries	18,914	$81,976 	257,498	14,408
1,504	10.40%

5122	Sound Recording Industries	3,293	$470,843 	26,299	1,977	314	15.90%

5151	Radio and Television Broadcasting	9,688	$160,042 	254,582	4,402
1,988	45.20%

5152	Cable and Other Subscription Programming	684	$2,266,793 	31,819
8,242	7,827	95.00%

5161	Internet Publishing and Broadcasting	2,038	$760,788 	35,606	204	48
23.50%

5171	Wired Telecommunications Carriers	27,607	$56,163 	855,199	258,056
252,527	97.90%

5172	Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite)	13,020
$119,085 	266,279	19,983	19,370	96.90%

5173	Telecommunications Resellers	2,726	$568,777 	36,635	73	16	21.90%

5174	Satellite Telecommunications	698	$2,221,327 	14,618	3,027	2,957
97.70%

5175	Cable and Other Program Distribution	5,383	$288,034 	234,117	84,967
82,105	96.60%

5179	Other Telecommunications	708	$2,189,953 	8,307	220	52	23.80%

5181	Internet Service Providers and Web Search Portals	5,365	$289,000 
70,910	1,361	1,050	77.20%

5182	Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services	14,278	$108,593 
403,000	14,729	5,486	37.20%

5191	Other Information Services	4,289	$361,503 	55,407	2,527	412	16.30%

5211	Monetary Authorities - Central Bank	63	$24,610,898 	21,798	889	480
53.90%

5221	Depository Credit Intermediation	114,195	$13,578 	2,081,714	15,989
3,976	24.90%

5222	Nondepository Credit Intermediation	52,612	$29,470 	719,435	4,871
1,821	37.40%

5223	Activities Related to Credit Intermediation	35,256	$43,978 	313,081
2,765	1,345	48.70%

5231	Securities and Commodity Contracts Intermediation and Brokerage
45,431	$34,128 	529,806	566	566	100.00%

5232	Securities and Commodity Exchanges	75	$20,673,154 	7,312	40	40
100.00%

5239	Other Financial Investment Activities	39,491	$39,262 	364,523	3,624
1,072	29.60%

5241	Insurance Carriers	31,166	$49,749 	1,509,446	11,555	5,097	44.10%

5242	Agencies, Brokerages, and Other Insurance Related Activities
139,003	$11,154 	883,742	3,198	1,010	31.60%

5259	Other Investment Pools and Funds	3,299	$469,987 	32,849	1,064	590
55.50%

5311	Lessors of Real Estate	114,255	$13,570 	523,420	223,259	122,272
54.80%

5312	Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	82,841	$18,716 	298,550
37,829	20,347	53.80%

5313	Activities Related to Real Estate	70,873	$21,877 	566,306	176,689
102,683	58.10%

5321	Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing	11,319	$136,981 	172,400
80,613	25,433	31.50%

5322	Consumer Goods Rental	33,400	$46,422 	269,099	39,922	7,327	18.40%

5323	General Rental Centers	5,351	$289,756 	34,137	14,277	5,949	41.70%

5324	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Rental and
Leasing	13,110	$118,267 	151,799	74,866	37,619	50.20%

5331	Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted
Works)	2,403	$645,230 	29,027	1,403	586	41.70%

5411	Legal Services	181,534	$8,541 	1,182,581	7,727	865	11.20%

5412	Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services
114,078	$13,591 	1,325,118	33,446	10,491	31.40%

5413	Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services	106,199	$14,600 
1,235,421	122,564	55,622	45.40%

5414	Specialized Design Services	30,390	$51,020 	117,358	12,754	1,944
15.20%

5415	Computer Systems Design and Related Services	101,536	$15,270 
1,058,987	28,132	18,519	65.80%

5416	Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services	122,838
$12,622 	838,381	52,262	17,923	34.30%

5417	Scientific Research and Development Services	15,349	$101,015 
615,740	40,862	12,070	29.50%

5418	Advertising and Related Services	37,464	$41,386 	419,342	39,542
8,180	20.70%

5419	Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	71,482
$21,691 	547,318	24,082	2,823	11.70%

5511	Management of Companies and Enterprises	47,432	$32,689 	2,879,156
273,130	85,061	31.10%

5611	Office Administrative Services	24,431	$63,464 	444,049	42,473
13,892	32.70%

5612	Facilities Support Services	3,458	$448,377 	157,524	35,470	21,311
60.10%

5613	Employment Services	40,522	$38,263 	3,902,177	1,984,709	284,367
14.30%

5614	Business Support Services	34,649	$44,748 	760,099	41,326	7,884
19.10%

5615	Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services	25,683	$60,370 	283,664
11,196	2,114	18.90%

5616	Investigation and Security Services	22,920	$67,648 	747,088	62,888
49,230	78.30%

5617	Services to Buildings and Dwellings	157,734	$9,830 	1,532,778
1,358,973	47,058	3.50%

5619	Other Support Services	20,891	$74,218 	343,542	122,051	21,868
17.90%

5621	Waste Collection	8,434	$183,838 	177,699	142,159	14,917	10.50%

5622	Waste Treatment and Disposal	2,555	$606,844 	61,771	41,186	11,129
27.00%

5629	Remediation and Other Waste Management Services	7,409	$209,271 
100,747	72,643	53,351	73.40%

6111	Elementary and Secondary Schools	20,864	$74,314 	804,249	81,261
10,476	12.90%

6112	Junior Colleges	909	$1,705,706 	93,922	5,607	1,603	28.60%

6113	Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools	3,400	$456,025 
1,435,661	120,506	41,696	34.60%

6114	Business Schools and Computer and Management Training	7,652
$202,625 	65,719	1,265	476	37.60%

6115	Technical and Trade Schools	7,365	$210,521 	93,120	7,125	2,996
42.00%

6116	Other Schools and Instruction	30,849	$50,261 	232,919	6,591	1,871
28.40%

6117	Educational Support Services	5,383	$288,034 	51,025	1,326	302
22.80%

6211	Offices of Physicians	207,386	$7,476 	1,960,503	21,972	2,898	13.20%

6212	Offices of Dentists	119,307	$12,996 	772,603	13,869	0	0.00%

6213	Offices of Other Health Practitioners	107,983	$14,359 	519,636
9,055	793	8.80%

6214	Outpatient Care Centers	25,494	$60,818 	630,293	17,076	4,722	27.70%

6215	Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories	10,887	$142,416 	212,680	6,573
788	12.00%

6216	Home Health Care Services	18,556	$83,557 	811,504	7,622	939	12.30%

6219	Other Ambulatory Health Care Services	8,810	$175,992 	220,582
18,267	2,493	13.60%

6221	General Medical and Surgical Hospitals	5,504	$281,702 	4,807,453
289,952	62,241	21.50%

6222	Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals	656	$2,363,547 	213,158
16,330	5,153	31.60%

6223	Specialty (except Psychiatric and Substance Abuse) Hospitals	727
$2,132,719 	189,146	10,055	2,458	24.40%

6231	Nursing Care Facilities	16,810	$92,236 	1,682,671	184,936	20,706
11.20%

6232	Residential Mental Retardation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Facilities	28,207	$54,968 	514,567	23,415	5,641	24.10%

6233	Community Care Facilities for the Elderly	17,887	$86,682 	590,546
70,633	11,960	16.90%

6239	Other Residential Care Facilities	6,210	$249,676 	158,171	6,780
2,279	33.60%

6241	Individual and Family Services	50,248	$30,857 	935,356	49,128	6,105
12.40%

6242	Community Food and Housing, and Emergency and Other Relief Services
12,403	$125,009 	150,528	13,909	3,183	22.90%

6243	Vocational Rehabilitation Services	8,308	$186,626 	328,661	81,160
3,549	4.40%

6244	Child Day Care Services	70,967	$21,848 	774,125	20,416	1,467	7.20%

7111	Performing Arts Companies	9,138	$169,675 	131,313	9,037	3,608
39.90%

7112	Spectator Sports	4,268	$363,282 	107,847	18,698	6,118	32.70%

7113	Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events	5,382
$288,087 	98,685	20,709	3,884	18.80%

7114	Agents and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers, and Other
Public Figures	3,376	$459,267 	15,506	159	0	0.00%

7115	Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers	16,959	$91,426 	41,216
1,830	310	16.90%

7121	Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions	6,740	$230,043 
119,999	13,808	3,910	28.30%

7131	Amusement Parks and Arcades	3,011	$514,941 	133,433	13,505	6,524
48.30%

7132	Gambling Industries	2,191	$707,662 	167,884	19,774	5,109	25.80%

7139	Other Amusement and Recreation Industries	62,926	$24,640 	1,017,102
214,790	42,336	19.70%

7211	Traveler Accommodation	51,475	$30,121 	1,753,708	647,632	72,535
11.20%

7212	RV (Recreational Vehicle) Parks and Recreational Camps	7,209
$215,077 	37,135	11,757	3,734	31.80%

7213	Rooming and Boarding Houses	2,578	$601,430 	12,905	3,481	562	16.20%

7221	Full-Service Restaurants	200,371	$7,738 	4,091,133	70,472	3,685
5.20%

7222	Limited-Service Eating Places	234,374	$6,615 	3,640,644	190,526
4,493	2.40%

7223	Special Food Services	31,290	$49,552 	552,810	50,410	5,098	10.10%

7224	Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)	48,050	$32,268 	351,316	7,629
577	7.60%

8111	Automotive Repair and Maintenance	165,437	$9,372 	891,878	718,194
474,164	66.00%

8112	Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance	13,856
$111,900 	130,454	72,329	63,464	87.70%

8113	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except
Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance	24,096	$64,346 
173,894	127,219	74,478	58.50%

8114	Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance	25,195	$61,539 
108,422	79,898	36,288	45.40%

8121	Personal Care Services	101,459	$15,282 	551,686	9,334	322	3.40%

8122	Death Care Services	22,125	$70,078 	146,974	36,217	2,539	7.00%

8123	Dry-cleaning and Laundry Services	41,520	$37,343 	370,411	259,326
6,906	2.70%

8129	Other Personal Services	39,606	$39,148 	240,889	130,607	4,513	3.50%

8131	Religious Organizations	174,219	$8,900 	1,654,780	235,572	34,735
14.70%

8132	Grantmaking and Giving Services	14,799	$104,770 	137,920	4,929	929
18.90%

8133	Social Advocacy Organizations	11,950	$129,748 	109,264	6,572	919
14.00%

8134	Civic and Social Organizations	32,084	$48,326 	327,720	23,092	3,168
13.70%

8139	Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations
65,621	$23,628 	522,874	55,668	17,974	32.30%

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 

 	Totals	6,460,256	 	106,518,243	27,698,295	5,342,672	19.30%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2003; Bureau
of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, 2003.

[a] Estimated based on 2002 receipts and payroll data from US Census
Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2002 and payroll data from U.S.
Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2003. Receipts are not
reported for 2003, but were estimated assuming the ratio of receipts to
payroll remained unchanged between 2002 and 2003.

[b] Based on the employment share of workers employed in building and
grounds; construction; installation, maintenance, and repair;
production; and material moving occupations as reported by BLS,
Occupational Employment Statistics.



Table 2-2.	Profile of General Industry SBA-Defined Small Business
Entities

Table 2-2.	Profile of General Industry SBA-Defined Small Business
Entities

NAICS	NAICS DESCRIPTION	SBA Employment Size Criterion [a]	Entities [b]
Average Receipts per Entity [c]	Total Employees	Estimated Employment in
At-Risk Occupations [d]

1131	Timber Tract Operations	500	549	$1,142,876 	2,635	NA

1132	Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products	500	252	$709,698 
1,210	NA

1133	Logging	500	10,876	$795,879 	52,205	2,683

1141	Fishing	20	1,961	$388,850 	9,413	NA

1142	Hunting and Trapping	20	408	$227,947 	1,958	NA

1153	Support Activities for Forestry	100	1,676	$580,446 	8,045	NA

2111	Oil and Gas Extraction	500	6,183	$4,376,463 	29,678	5,042

2211	Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution	20	680
$5,775,052 	3,264	1,068

2212	Natural Gas Distribution	20	411	$6,965,463 	1,973	666

2213	Water, Sewage and Other Systems	100	4,855	$184,365 	23,304	5,926

3111	Animal Food Manufacturing	500	1,171	$8,882,904 	5,621	392

3112	Grain and Oilseed Milling	500	449	$17,387,198 	2,155	247

3113	Sugar and Confectionery Product Manufacturing	500	1,669	$3,728,665 
8,011	637

3114	Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food Manufacturing	500
1,256	$9,996,387 	6,029	525

3115	Dairy Product Manufacturing	500	1,071	$13,808,295 	5,141	363

3116	Animal Slaughtering and Processing	500	3,247	$6,979,877 	15,586	736

3117	Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging	500	638	$7,394,878 	3,062
120

3118	Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing	500	10,402	$1,281,319 	49,930
2,249

3119	Other Food Manufacturing	500	2,482	$7,272,577 	11,914	725

3121	Beverage Manufacturing	500	2,500	$4,847,666 	12,000	1,074

3122	Tobacco Manufacturing	500	89	$12,093,036 	427	47

3131	Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills	500	339	$5,527,895 	1,627	210

3132	Fabric Mills	500	1,301	$4,355,136 	6,245	572

3133	Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric Coating Mills	500	1,447
$3,983,444 	6,946	325

3141	Textile Furnishings Mills	500	2,644	$2,024,960 	12,691	688

3149	Other Textile Product Mills	500	4,182	$1,484,746 	20,074	777

3151	Apparel Knitting Mills	500	702	$3,571,977 	3,370	264

3152	Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing	500	11,002	$1,832,714 	52,810	540

3159	Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing	500	1,187
$1,696,432 	5,698	81

3161	Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing	500	239	$3,653,714 	1,147	41

3162	Footwear Manufacturing	500	296	$2,229,891 	1,421	34

3169	Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing	500	887	$1,855,206 
4,258	49

3211	Sawmills and Wood Preservation	500	3,712	$4,250,230 	17,818	1,559

3212	Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing	500
1,427	$5,443,841 	6,850	770

3219	Other Wood Product Manufacturing	500	9,656	$2,395,089 	46,349	5,619

3221	Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills	750	305	$228,330,418 	1,464	275

3222	Converted Paper Product Manufacturing	750	3,213	$26,128,109 	15,422
923

3231	Printing and Related Support Activities	500	34,017	$1,581,950 
163,282	2,892

3241	Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing	500	1,002	$14,905,653 
4,810	798

3251	Basic Chemical Manufacturing	500	1,021	$14,525,432 	4,901	618

3252	Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing	500	613	$17,972,373 	2,942	316

3253	Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing	500	616	$6,799,748 	2,957	443

3254	Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing	500	1,279	$10,838,150 
6,139	289

3255	Paint, Coating, and Adhesive Manufacturing	500	1,457	$5,777,881 
6,994	310

3256	Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing	500
1,957	$6,773,088 	9,394	605

3259	Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing	500	2,021
$5,916,182 	9,701	703

3261	Plastics Product Manufacturing	500	9,490	$5,297,875 	45,552	2,613

3262	Rubber Product Manufacturing	500	1,716	$4,388,066 	8,237	824

3271	Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing	500	1,295	$2,499,565 
6,216	437

3272	Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing	500	1,764	$2,116,722 	8,467
701

3273	Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing	500	5,160	$4,540,501 
24,768	3,791

3274	Lime and Gypsum Product Manufacturing	500	234	$3,803,349 	1,123	209

3279	Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing	500	2,427
$2,580,861 	11,650	1,514

3311	Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing	750	757
$64,519,041 	3,634	820

3312	Steel Product Manufacturing from Purchased Steel	1000	673
$21,184,749 	3,230	316

3313	Alumina and Aluminum Production and Processing	750	441	$58,161,776 
2,117	272

3314	Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing	750
792	$26,643,712 	3,802	362

3315	Foundries	500	2,017	$4,832,266 	9,682	916

3321	Forging and Stamping	500	2,380	$5,188,885 	11,424	685

3322	Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing	500	1,338	$3,270,840 	6,422	272

3323	Architectural and Structural Metals Manufacturing	500	11,997
$2,960,607 	57,586	6,355

3324	Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container Manufacturing	500	1,196
$5,121,201 	5,741	637

3325	Hardware Manufacturing	500	711	$4,189,419 	3,413	108

3326	Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing	500	1,518	$3,526,629 	7,286
380

3327	Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and Bolt
Manufacturing	500	24,524	$1,400,139 	117,715	3,765

3328	Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied Activities	500	5,514
$2,220,369 	26,467	1,364

3329	Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	500	5,578	$3,216,169 
26,774	1,710

3331	Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery Manufacturing	500
2,465	$4,472,410 	11,832	816

3332	Industrial Machinery Manufacturing	500	3,808	$3,874,176 	18,278
1,188

3333	Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing	500	2,053
$4,372,235 	9,854	507

3334	Ventilation, Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Commercial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing	500	1,371	$5,394,282 	6,581	523

3335	Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing	500	8,280	$2,152,281 	39,744
1,104

3336	Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing	500
697	$5,795,246 	3,346	221

3339	Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing	500	5,517	$3,869,682 
26,482	1,520

3341	Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing	1000	1,472
$53,286,040 	7,066	178

3342	Communications Equipment Manufacturing	750	1,735	$33,823,068 	8,328
247

3343	Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing	750	545	$15,895,919 	2,616
94

3344	Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing	500
4,318	$4,798,391 	20,726	669

3345	Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments
Manufacturing	500	4,256	$4,389,099 	20,429	663

3346	Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media	500	818
$2,855,474 	3,926	101

3351	Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing	500	1,085	$4,232,506 
5,208	265

3352	Household Appliance Manufacturing	500	249	$9,265,006 	1,195	48

3353	Electrical Equipment Manufacturing	500	1,989	$3,901,931 	9,547	480

3359	Other Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing	500	1,786
$5,492,854 	8,573	440

3361	Motor Vehicle Manufacturing	1000	300	$795,437,988 	1,440	197

3362	Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing	500	1,828	$5,049,191 
8,774	645

3363	Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing	500	4,161	$6,928,857 	19,973
1,745

3364	Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing	1000	1,243	$96,053,172 
5,966	576

3365	Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing	1000	142	$53,341,947 	682	99

3366	Ship and Boat Building	500	1,573	$4,229,489 	7,550	1,692

3369	Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing	500	751	$3,388,571 
3,605	217

3371	Household and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet
Manufacturing	500	15,731	$1,375,538 	75,509	3,856

3372	Office Furniture (including Fixtures) Manufacturing	500	3,938
$2,873,054 	18,902	970

3379	Other Furniture Related Product Manufacturing	500	925	$4,225,519 
4,440	134

3391	Medical Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing	500	10,998	$1,789,335 
52,790	1,155

3399	Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing	500	18,772	$2,111,921 	90,106
4,399

4231	Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	100	18,668	$3,745,925 	89,606	12,791

4232	Furniture and Home Furnishing Merchant Wholesalers	100	11,781
$3,418,623 	56,549	1,707

4233	Lumber and Other Construction Materials Merchant Wholesalers	100
11,955	$4,745,187 	57,384	3,025

4234	Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	100	27,600	$2,965,196 	132,480	15,459

4235	Metal and Mineral (except Petroleum) Merchant Wholesalers	100	7,458
$5,755,237 	35,798	919

4236	Electrical and Electronic Goods Merchant Wholesalers	100	20,678
$4,930,623 	99,254	7,109

4237	Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	100	11,390	$4,270,527 	54,672	4,024

4238	Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers	100	45,371
$3,065,116 	217,781	43,710

4239	Miscellaneous Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	100	32,932
$2,704,259 	158,074	7,053

4241	Paper and Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers	100	9,978	$3,488,818 
47,894	720

4242	Drugs and Druggists' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers	100	5,907
$4,516,017 	28,354	232

4243	Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions Merchant Wholesalers	100	15,559
$3,701,988 	74,683	214

4244	Grocery and Related Product Wholesalers	100	28,149	$5,720,582 
135,115	3,477

4245	Farm Product Raw Material Merchant Wholesalers	100	4,464
$10,867,852 	21,427	530

4246	Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers	100	8,916
$3,834,533 	42,797	1,750

4247	Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers	100	5,008
$15,837,469 	24,038	1,765

4248	Beer, Wine, and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
100	3,079	$7,597,809 	14,779	202

4249	Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	100	26,619
$2,699,874 	127,771	2,295

4251	Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers	100	37,588
$2,471,219 	180,422	10,057

4411	Automobile Dealers	20	33,011	$2,143,003 	158,453	42,826

4412	Other Motor Vehicle Dealers	100	14,790	$2,851,025 	70,992	21,140

4413	Automotive Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores	100	34,382	$955,303 
165,034	51,307

4421	Furniture Stores	100	20,426	$1,304,367 	98,045	1,871

4422	Home Furnishings Stores	100	27,754	$867,165 	133,219	13,326

4431	Electronics and Appliance Stores	20	29,377	$605,261 	141,010	19,817

4441	Building Material and Supplies Dealers	100	46,537	$1,744,734 
223,378	8,559

4442	Lawn and Garden Equipment and Supplies Stores	100	17,363	$1,313,780
	83,342	8,479

4451	Grocery Stores	100	67,757	$1,100,252 	325,234	616

4452	Specialty Food Stores	100	21,328	$549,863 	102,374	1,261

4453	Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores	100	25,715	$905,634 	123,432	223

4461	Health and Personal Care Stores	100	42,459	$1,458,311 	203,803	852

4471	Gasoline Stations	100	65,785	$1,777,162 	315,768	14,923

4481	Clothing Stores	100	39,378	$561,576 	189,014	369

4482	Shoe Stores	100	6,618	$776,603 	31,766	7

4483	Jewelry, Luggage, and Leather Goods Stores	100	20,017	$702,974 
96,082	1,429

4511	Sporting Goods, Hobby, and Musical Instrument Stores	100	31,401
$670,441 	150,725	5,397

4512	Book, Periodical, and Music Stores	100	10,061	$551,426 	48,293	81

4521	Department Stores	100	367	$1,031,135 	1,762	18

4529	Other General Merchandise Stores	100	9,552	$666,201 	45,850	862

4531	Florists	100	21,089	$292,344 	101,227	79

4532	Office Supplies, Stationery, and Gift Stores	500	31,458	$534,665 
150,998	5,905

4533	Used Merchandise Stores	100	13,281	$393,348 	63,749	1,045

4539	Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers	100	35,549	$808,837 	170,635
10,924

4541	Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses	100	14,544	$1,504,758 
69,811	692

4542	Vending Machine Operators	100	4,887	$747,879 	23,458	5,506

4543	Direct Selling Establishments	20	23,770	$780,150 	114,096	17,089

4811	Scheduled Air Transportation	1500	638	$141,784,802 	3,062	390

4812	Nonscheduled Air Transportation	1500	2,155	$4,239,911 	10,344	1,941

4831	Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation	20	645
$1,580,880 	3,096	121

4832	Inland Water Transportation	500	537	$3,022,021 	2,578	143

4841	General Freight Trucking	500	50,289	$1,099,151 	241,387	12,006

4842	Specialized Freight Trucking	500	47,778	$872,540 	229,334	13,545

4851	Urban Transit Systems	100	609	$667,554 	2,923	352

4852	Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation	100	201	$733,003 	965	62

4853	Taxi and Limousine Service	500	6,813	$527,442 	32,702	1,191

4854	School and Employee Bus Transportation	100	2,936	$498,263 	14,093
518

4855	Charter Bus Industry	500	1,133	$1,251,470 	5,438	332

4859	Other Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation	500	2,827
$782,613 	13,570	414

4861	Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil	1500	62	$72,579,611 	298	86

4862	Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas	500	110	$21,963,747 	528	117

4869	Other Pipeline Transportation	500	28	$15,527,855 	134	30

4871	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Land	500	542	NA	2,602	153

4872	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Water	500	1,705	$517,600 
8,184	209

4879	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Other	100	163	$1,209,831 
782	116

4881	Support Activities for Air Transportation	100	3,452	$1,096,131 
16,570	4,980

4882	Support Activities for Rail Transportation	100	405	$1,535,050 
1,944	518

4883	Support Activities for Water Transportation	100	1,686	$1,424,893 
8,093	710

4884	Support Activities for Road Transportation	100	7,821	$476,486 
37,541	3,420

4885	Freight Transportation Arrangement	100	11,886	$1,138,845 	57,053
530

4889	Other Support Activities for Transportation	100	1,235	$839,050 
5,928	332

4921	Couriers	1500	3,309	$16,946,820 	15,883	434

4922	Local Messengers and Local Delivery	500	4,644	$572,010 	22,291	159

4931	Warehousing and Storage	100	5,055	$1,409,727 	24,264	821

5111	Newspaper, Periodical, Book, and Directory Publishers	500	16,277
$1,928,528 	78,130	732

5112	Software Publishers	500	6,475	$3,475,756 	31,080	163

5121	Motion Picture and Video Industries	500	15,259	$1,279,535 	73,243
428

5122	Sound Recording Industries	100	2,979	$762,754 	14,299	171

5151	Radio and Television Broadcasting	20	3,862	$485,582 	18,538	145

5152	Cable and Other Subscription Programming	500	368	$9,621,013 	1,766
435

5161	Internet Publishing and Broadcasting	500	1,779	$2,186,174 	8,539	12

5171	Wired Telecommunications Carriers	1500	3,058	$92,037,621 	14,678
4,334

5172	Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite)	1500	3,234
$22,837,472 	15,523	1,129

5173	Telecommunications Resellers	1500	2,442	$3,719,017 	11,722	5

5174	Satellite Telecommunications	1000	521	$9,346,282 	2,501	506

5175	Cable and Other Program Distribution	1000	1,404	$38,815,833 	6,739
2,363

5179	Other Telecommunications	1000	496	$5,517,367 	2,381	15

5181	Internet Service Providers and Web Search Portals	1000	4,771
$3,091,513 	22,901	339

5182	Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services	1000	8,072
$8,260,266 	38,746	527

5191	Other Information Services	1000	3,675	$1,749,768 	17,640	131

5211	Monetary Authorities - Central Bank	1000	24	$1,132,909,455 	115	3

5221	Depository Credit Intermediation	20	8,941	$1,270,864 	42,917	82

5222	Nondepository Credit Intermediation	100	20,441	$1,291,573 	98,117
248

5223	Activities Related to Credit Intermediation	20	22,444	$596,805 
107,731	463

5231	Securities and Commodity Contracts Intermediation and Brokerage	100
13,179	$1,493,257 	63,259	68

5232	Securities and Commodity Exchanges	100	50	$379,062 	240	1

5239	Other Financial Investment Activities	100	34,757	$1,057,762 
166,834	491

5241	Insurance Carriers	100	5,366	$3,168,078 	25,757	87

5242	Agencies, Brokerages, and Other Insurance Related Activities	20
120,559	$373,765 	578,683	661

5259	Other Investment Pools and Funds	20	1,962	$2,357,849 	9,418	169

5311	Lessors of Real Estate	100	96,438	$765,772 	462,902	108,135

5312	Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	100	74,966	$670,761 
359,837	24,523

5313	Activities Related to Real Estate	100	63,523	$550,761 	304,910
55,287

5321	Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing	500	4,720	$1,665,630 
22,656	3,342

5322	Consumer Goods Rental	100	14,006	$496,302 	67,229	1,831

5323	General Rental Centers	100	3,590	$620,133 	17,232	3,003

5324	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Rental and
Leasing	100	7,981	$1,412,358 	38,309	9,494

5331	Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted
Works)	100	2,031	$2,334,352 	9,749	197

5411	Legal Services	100	172,066	$659,072 	825,917	604

5412	Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services	500
100,618	$459,083 	482,966	3,824

5413	Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services	100	92,458
$807,520 	443,798	19,981

5414	Specialized Design Services	100	29,941	$512,358 	143,717	2,380

5415	Computer Systems Design and Related Services	500	90,809	$962,556 
435,883	7,622

5416	Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services	100
114,132	$540,802 	547,834	11,711

5417	Scientific Research and Development Services	100	10,902	$1,597,218 
52,330	1,026

5418	Advertising and Related Services	500	33,996	$1,057,913 	163,181
3,183

5419	Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	500	63,629
$583,110 	305,419	1,575

5511	Management of Companies and Enterprises	100	12,575	$1,697,913 
60,360	1,783

5611	Office Administrative Services	100	20,769	$935,461 	99,691	3,119

5612	Facilities Support Services	500	1,675	$2,154,580 	8,040	1,088

5613	Employment Services	100	18,938	$848,874 	90,902	6,624

5614	Business Support Services	100	28,306	$611,764 	135,869	1,409

5615	Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services	100	18,721	$452,056 
89,861	670

5616	Investigation and Security Services	100	17,603	$500,947 	84,494
5,568

5617	Services to Buildings and Dwellings	100	149,715	$346,135 	718,632
22,063

5619	Other Support Services	100	18,043	$896,376 	86,606	5,513

5621	Waste Collection	500	6,657	$1,527,677 	31,954	2,682

5622	Waste Treatment and Disposal	100	1,461	$1,398,778 	7,013	1,263

5629	Remediation and Other Waste Management Services	100	6,524	$972,892 
31,315	16,583

6111	Elementary and Secondary Schools	100	16,646	$1,235,911 	79,901
1,041

6112	Junior Colleges	500	534	$3,584,181 	2,563	44

6113	Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools	100	1,357
$1,922,448 	6,514	189

6114	Business Schools and Computer and Management Training	100	6,914
$662,399 	33,187	240

6115	Technical and Trade Schools	500	6,250	$884,881 	30,000	965

6116	Other Schools and Instruction	100	28,614	$301,602 	137,347	1,103

6117	Educational Support Services	100	4,814	$594,213 	23,107	137

6211	Offices of Physicians	100	181,818	$987,634 	872,726	1,290

6212	Offices of Dentists	100	114,618	$624,360 	550,166	0

6213	Offices of Other Health Practitioners	100	99,082	$348,018 	475,594
726

6214	Outpatient Care Centers	500	12,286	$2,271,434 	58,973	442

6215	Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories	500	6,974	$2,298,315 	33,475
124

6216	Home Health Care Services	20	8,000	$313,538 	38,400	44

6219	Other Ambulatory Health Care Services	100	5,266	$1,003,577 	25,277
286

6221	General Medical and Surgical Hospitals	20	151	$2,884,513 	725	9

6222	Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals	20	48	$2,159,950 	230	6

6223	Specialty (except Psychiatric and Substance Abuse) Hospitals	20	130
$1,079,779 	624	8

6231	Nursing Care Facilities	500	8,321	$4,087,881 	39,941	491

6232	Residential Mental Retardation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Facilities	100	6,072	$757,935 	29,146	319

6233	Community Care Facilities for the Elderly	100	12,194	$574,387 
58,531	1,185

6239	Other Residential Care Facilities	100	2,859	$779,896 	13,723	198

6241	Individual and Family Services	100	33,309	$593,541 	159,883	1,044

6242	Community Food and Housing, and Emergency and Other Relief Services
100	8,457	$1,002,250 	40,594	858

6243	Vocational Rehabilitation Services	100	3,782	$896,983 	18,154	196

6244	Child Day Care Services	100	56,076	$255,837 	269,165	510

7111	Performing Arts Companies	500	8,936	$1,028,610 	42,893	1,179

7112	Spectator Sports	100	3,858	$1,073,897 	18,518	1,051

7113	Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events	20	4,565
$642,123 	21,912	862

7114	Agents and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers, and Other
Public Figures	500	3,305	$904,200 	15,864	0

7115	Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers	500	16,928	$591,403 
81,254	610

7121	Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions	100	6,017
$643,344 	28,882	941

7131	Amusement Parks and Arcades	100	2,229	$594,344 	10,699	523

7132	Gambling Industries	500	1,683	$4,299,923 	8,078	246

7139	Other Amusement and Recreation Industries	100	56,071	$541,542 
269,141	11,203

7211	Traveler Accommodation	100	39,483	$673,188 	189,518	7,839

7212	RV (Recreational Vehicle) Parks and Recreational Camps	100	6,564
$465,630 	31,507	3,168

7213	Rooming and Boarding Houses	100	2,476	$444,598 	11,885	518

7221	Full-Service Restaurants	500	173,188	$596,549 	831,302	749

7222	Limited-Service Eating Places	100	149,306	$407,647 	716,669	884

7223	Special Food Services	100	13,110	$447,398 	62,928	580

7224	Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)	100	47,305	$300,218 	227,064
373

8111	Automotive Repair and Maintenance	100	151,661	$450,877 	727,973
387,025

8112	Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance	20	11,323
$372,100 	54,350	26,441

8113	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except
Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance	100	22,467	$620,143 
107,842	46,188

8114	Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance	500	24,002
$273,683 	115,210	38,560

8121	Personal Care Services	100	87,802	$188,655 	421,450	246

8122	Death Care Services	20	14,986	$502,885 	71,933	1,243

8123	Dry-cleaning and Laundry Services	20	32,496	$206,530 	155,981	2,908

8129	Other Personal Services	20	26,943	$242,567 	129,326	2,423

8131	Religious Organizations	20	156,574	$218,513 	751,555	15,776

8132	Grantmaking and Giving Services	20	11,353	$1,630,891 	54,494	367

8133	Social Advocacy Organizations	20	9,003	$443,538 	43,214	364

8134	Civic and Social Organizations	20	26,658	$276,788 	127,958	1,237

8139	Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations
20	58,608	$427,977 	281,318	9,671

 	 	 	 	 	 	 

 	Totals	 	4,896,755	 	23,504,424	1,404,692

[a] SBA criteria specified in dollar terms converted to size-class
definition based on average revenues of different size establishments.
Most restrictive criterion for 6-digit NAICS applied to the 4-digit
NAICS level.

[b] U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2003.

[c] Estimated based on 2002 receipts and payroll data from U.S. Census
Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2002 and payroll data from U.S.
Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2003. Receipts are not
reported for 2003, but were estimated assuming the ratio of receipts to
payroll remained unchanged between 2002 and 2003.

[d] Assumes same share of production workers in construction,
installation, maintenance, and repair occupations as shown in Table 2-1.

Table 2-3.	Profile of General Industry Entities With Fewer Than 20
Employees

Table 2-3.	Profile of General Industry Entities With Fewer Than 20
Employees

NAICS	NAICS DESCRIPTION	Entities [a]	Average Receipts per Entity [b]
Total Employees	Estimated Employment in At-Risk Occupations [c]

1131	Timber Tract Operations	520	$869,348 	1,664	NA

1132	Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products	231	$544,580 	739
NA

1133	Logging	10,270	$576,414 	32,864	1,689

1141	Fishing	1,961	$388,850 	6,275	NA

1142	Hunting and Trapping	408	$227,947 	1,306	NA

1153	Support Activities for Forestry	1,558	$398,194 	4,986	NA

2111	Oil and Gas Extraction	5,755	$1,359,992 	18,416	3,129

2211	Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution	680
$5,775,052 	2,176	712

2212	Natural Gas Distribution	411	$6,965,463 	1,315	444

2213	Water, Sewage and Other Systems	4,692	$404,898 	15,014	3,818

3111	Animal Food Manufacturing	822	$2,377,317 	2,630	183

3112	Grain and Oilseed Milling	274	$2,689,555 	877	101

3113	Sugar and Confectionery Product Manufacturing	1,303	$644,906 	4,170
331

3114	Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food Manufacturing	751
$1,616,537 	2,403	209

3115	Dairy Product Manufacturing	674	$1,878,874 	2,157	152

3116	Animal Slaughtering and Processing	2,380	$1,264,455 	7,616	360

3117	Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging	401	$1,940,610 	1,283	50

3118	Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing	8,556	$369,129 	27,379	1,233

3119	Other Food Manufacturing	1,546	$1,520,323 	4,947	301

3121	Beverage Manufacturing	1,934	$919,518 	6,189	554

3122	Tobacco Manufacturing	68	$2,041,746 	218	24

3131	Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills	218	$843,917 	698	90

3132	Fabric Mills	848	$828,665 	2,714	248

3133	Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric Coating Mills	1,066
$1,143,946 	3,411	160

3141	Textile Furnishings Mills	2,250	$701,677 	7,200	390

3149	Other Textile Product Mills	3,423	$477,383 	10,954	424

3151	Apparel Knitting Mills	427	$798,214 	1,366	107

3152	Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing	8,707	$487,396 	27,862	285

3159	Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing	934	$426,392 
2,989	42

3161	Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing	187	$671,471 	598	21

3162	Footwear Manufacturing	224	$555,555 	717	17

3169	Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing	710	$516,939 	2,272
26

3211	Sawmills and Wood Preservation	2,683	$984,572 	8,586	751

3212	Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing	739
$1,145,483 	2,365	266

3219	Other Wood Product Manufacturing	7,184	$716,265 	22,989	2,787

3221	Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills	87	$2,257,490 	278	52

3222	Converted Paper Product Manufacturing	1,485	$1,495,040 	4,752	285

3231	Printing and Related Support Activities	28,377	$498,115 	90,806
1,608

3241	Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing	635	$2,978,713 	2,032	337

3251	Basic Chemical Manufacturing	565	$2,874,055 	1,808	228

3252	Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing	324	$4,213,498 	1,037	111

3253	Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing	431	$2,000,472 	1,379	206

3254	Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing	794	$1,978,409 	2,541	119

3255	Paint, Coating, and Adhesive Manufacturing	1,030	$1,531,229 	3,296
146

3256	Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing	1,406
$2,077,732 	4,499	290

3259	Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing	1,414
$1,333,381 	4,525	328

3261	Plastics Product Manufacturing	5,471	$1,065,124 	17,507	1,004

3262	Rubber Product Manufacturing	1,061	$956,137 	3,395	340

3271	Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing	975	$448,743 	3,120	220

3272	Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing	1,416	$533,484 	4,531	375

3273	Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing	3,318	$1,181,724 	10,618
1,625

3274	Lime and Gypsum Product Manufacturing	180	$1,079,526 	576	107

3279	Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing	1,817	$854,338 
5,814	756

3311	Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing	493	$3,750,832 
1,578	356

3312	Steel Product Manufacturing from Purchased Steel	359	$1,069,728 
1,149	113

3313	Alumina and Aluminum Production and Processing	215	$1,483,657 	688
88

3314	Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing	459
$1,288,432 	1,469	140

3315	Foundries	1,123	$797,552 	3,594	340

3321	Forging and Stamping	1,324	$1,061,894 	4,237	254

3322	Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing	958	$700,684 	3,066	130

3323	Architectural and Structural Metals Manufacturing	8,581	$792,940 
27,459	3,030

3324	Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container Manufacturing	637	$1,217,580 
2,038	226

3325	Hardware Manufacturing	449	$868,001 	1,437	45

3326	Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing	1,003	$816,987 	3,210	167

3327	Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and Bolt
Manufacturing	20,266	$515,060 	64,851	2,074

3328	Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied Activities	3,943
$573,898 	12,618	650

3329	Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	3,872	$762,313 	12,390
791

3331	Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery Manufacturing	1,629
$1,105,784 	5,213	359

3332	Industrial Machinery Manufacturing	2,597	$940,184 	8,310	540

3333	Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing	1,404
$954,994 	4,493	231

3334	Ventilation, Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Commercial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing	815	$1,087,860 	2,608	207

3335	Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing	6,263	$642,230 	20,042	557

3336	Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing	414
$1,284,626 	1,325	88

3339	Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing	3,731	$1,003,583 
11,939	685

3341	Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing	995	$1,221,212 
3,184	80

3342	Communications Equipment Manufacturing	947	$1,139,195 	3,030	90

3343	Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing	391	$944,852 	1,251	45

3344	Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing	2,548
$1,291,475 	8,154	263

3345	Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments
Manufacturing	2,965	$1,096,438 	9,488	308

3346	Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media	655
$847,888 	2,096	54

3351	Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing	725	$946,605 	2,320	118

3352	Household Appliance Manufacturing	163	$1,712,962 	522	21

3353	Electrical Equipment Manufacturing	1,366	$1,024,675 	4,371	220

3359	Other Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing	1,114
$1,306,330 	3,565	183

3361	Motor Vehicle Manufacturing	209	$2,490,791 	669	92

3362	Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing	1,138	$1,087,236 
3,642	268

3363	Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing	2,563	$1,151,651 	8,202	716

3364	Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing	725	$999,595 	2,320	224

3365	Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing	71	$1,587,447 	227	33

3366	Ship and Boat Building	1,150	$793,188 	3,680	825

3369	Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing	586	$836,443 	1,875
113

3371	Household and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet
Manufacturing	13,500	$439,938 	43,200	2,206

3372	Office Furniture (including Fixtures) Manufacturing	2,601	$746,938 
8,323	427

3379	Other Furniture Related Product Manufacturing	618	$810,271 	1,978
59

3391	Medical Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing	9,374	$470,332 	29,997
656

3399	Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing	15,182	$609,110 	48,582	2,372

4231	Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	16,101	$2,019,552 	51,523	7,355

4232	Furniture and Home Furnishing Merchant Wholesalers	10,346
$2,186,859 	33,107	1,000

4233	Lumber and Other Construction Materials Merchant Wholesalers	10,022
$2,752,068 	32,070	1,690

4234	Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	24,260	$1,639,411 	77,632	9,059

4235	Metal and Mineral (except Petroleum) Merchant Wholesalers	6,294
$3,716,861 	20,141	517

4236	Electrical and Electronic Goods Merchant Wholesalers	17,986
$2,895,439 	57,555	4,122

4237	Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	9,652	$2,198,017 	30,886	2,273

4238	Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers	39,360
$1,797,613 	125,952	25,280

4239	Miscellaneous Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	30,246	$1,754,193 
96,787	4,319

4241	Paper and Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers	8,727	$2,028,236 
27,926	420

4242	Drugs and Druggists' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers	5,223	$2,364,659
	16,714	137

4243	Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions Merchant Wholesalers	14,029
$2,035,566 	44,893	129

4244	Grocery and Related Product Wholesalers	24,206	$3,265,330 	77,459
1,993

4245	Farm Product Raw Material Merchant Wholesalers	3,754	$6,317,341 
12,013	297

4246	Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers	7,896	$2,421,522 
25,267	1,033

4247	Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers	3,873
$6,772,459 	12,394	910

4248	Beer, Wine, and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
2,132	$2,595,322 	6,822	93

4249	Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	24,025
$1,609,365 	76,880	1,381

4251	Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers	36,162
$1,979,137 	115,718	6,450

4411	Automobile Dealers	33,011	$2,143,003 	105,635	28,551

4412	Other Motor Vehicle Dealers	12,994	$1,644,945 	41,581	12,382

4413	Automotive Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores	32,013	$667,732 
102,442	31,848

4421	Furniture Stores	18,423	$833,318 	58,954	1,125

4422	Home Furnishings Stores	26,417	$654,254 	84,534	8,456

4431	Electronics and Appliance Stores	29,377	$605,261 	94,006	13,212

4441	Building Material and Supplies Dealers	40,587	$985,198 	129,878
4,977

4442	Lawn and Garden Equipment and Supplies Stores	15,611	$850,908 
49,955	5,082

4451	Grocery Stores	60,039	$641,582 	192,125	364

4452	Specialty Food Stores	20,138	$442,127 	64,442	793

4453	Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores	24,943	$771,492 	79,818	144

4461	Health and Personal Care Stores	39,200	$1,101,787 	125,440	525

4471	Gasoline Stations	60,424	$1,328,760 	193,357	9,138

4481	Clothing Stores	37,555	$436,851 	120,176	234

4482	Shoe Stores	6,184	$533,400 	19,789	4

4483	Jewelry, Luggage, and Leather Goods Stores	19,463	$572,849 	62,282
926

4511	Sporting Goods, Hobby, and Musical Instrument Stores	29,604
$491,512 	94,733	3,392

4512	Book, Periodical, and Music Stores	9,421	$393,689 	30,147	51

4521	Department Stores	349	$319,681 	1,117	11

4529	Other General Merchandise Stores	8,974	$462,042 	28,717	540

4531	Florists	20,389	$249,147 	65,245	51

4532	Office Supplies, Stationery, and Gift Stores	29,431	$334,619 
94,179	3,683

4533	Used Merchandise Stores	12,659	$317,731 	40,509	664

4539	Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers	33,960	$639,267 	108,672	6,957

4541	Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses	13,335	$949,551 	42,672
423

4542	Vending Machine Operators	4,535	$468,988 	14,512	3,406

4543	Direct Selling Establishments	23,770	$780,150 	76,064	11,393

4811	Scheduled Air Transportation	410	$1,630,648 	1,312	167

4812	Nonscheduled Air Transportation	1,761	$850,128 	5,635	1,057

4831	Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation	645
$1,580,880 	2,064	81

4832	Inland Water Transportation	434	$817,507 	1,389	77

4841	General Freight Trucking	45,233	$452,783 	144,746	7,199

4842	Specialized Freight Trucking	43,742	$447,727 	139,974	8,267

4851	Urban Transit Systems	482	$274,333 	1,542	186

4852	Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation	164	$388,243 	525	34

4853	Taxi and Limousine Service	6,180	$279,575 	19,776	720

4854	School and Employee Bus Transportation	2,211	$213,307 	7,075	260

4855	Charter Bus Industry	769	$443,498 	2,461	150

4859	Other Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation	2,209	$274,687 
7,069	216

4861	Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil	23	$4,555,190 	74	21

4862	Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas	87	$6,942,692 	278	62

4869	Other Pipeline Transportation	19	$1,529,567 	61	13

4871	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Land	451	NA	1,443	85

4872	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Water	1,585	$301,262 	5,072
129

4879	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Other	144	NA	461	69

4881	Support Activities for Air Transportation	3,037	$648,330 	9,718
2,921

4882	Support Activities for Rail Transportation	323	$850,612 	1,034	275

4883	Support Activities for Water Transportation	1,408	$642,383 	4,506
395

4884	Support Activities for Road Transportation	7,259	$349,846 	23,229
2,116

4885	Freight Transportation Arrangement	10,897	$777,237 	34,870	324

4889	Other Support Activities for Transportation	1,125	$598,886 	3,600
201

4921	Couriers	2,831	$427,743 	9,059	248

4922	Local Messengers and Local Delivery	4,226	$344,375 	13,523	97

4931	Warehousing and Storage	3,781	$758,890 	12,099	410

5111	Newspaper, Periodical, Book, and Directory Publishers	13,651
$524,586 	43,683	409

5112	Software Publishers	4,884	$794,028 	15,629	82

5121	Motion Picture and Video Industries	14,076	$756,666 	45,043	263

5122	Sound Recording Industries	2,855	$475,078 	9,136	109

5151	Radio and Television Broadcasting	3,862	$485,582 	12,358	97

5152	Cable and Other Subscription Programming	315	$3,561,108 	1,008	248

5161	Internet Publishing and Broadcasting	1,520	$612,225 	4,864	7

5171	Wired Telecommunications Carriers	2,297	$1,194,239 	7,350	2,170

5172	Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite)	2,856
$677,465 	9,139	665

5173	Telecommunications Resellers	2,093	$877,847 	6,698	3

5174	Satellite Telecommunications	421	$1,146,838 	1,347	272

5175	Cable and Other Program Distribution	1,157	$769,072 	3,702	1,298

5179	Other Telecommunications	427	$729,121 	1,366	9

5181	Internet Service Providers and Web Search Portals	4,269	$380,692 
13,661	202

5182	Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services	6,049	$618,219 
19,357	263

5191	Other Information Services	3,264	$316,726 	10,445	78

5211	Monetary Authorities - Central Bank	10	NA	32	1

5221	Depository Credit Intermediation	8,941	$1,270,864 	28,611	55

5222	Nondepository Credit Intermediation	18,871	$706,460 	60,387	153

5223	Activities Related to Credit Intermediation	22,444	$596,805 	71,821
309

5231	Securities and Commodity Contracts Intermediation and Brokerage
12,434	$764,357 	39,789	42

5232	Securities and Commodity Exchanges	46	$447,659 	147	1

5239	Other Financial Investment Activities	33,353	$668,202 	106,730	314

5241	Insurance Carriers	4,689	$1,420,507 	15,005	51

5242	Agencies, Brokerages, and Other Insurance Related Activities
120,559	$373,765 	385,789	441

5259	Other Investment Pools and Funds	1,962	$2,357,849 	6,278	113

5311	Lessors of Real Estate	93,353	$614,103 	298,730	69,784

5312	Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	73,462	$533,572 	235,078
16,021

5313	Activities Related to Real Estate	59,698	$388,392 	191,034	34,638

5321	Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing	4,123	$739,046 	13,194
1,946

5322	Consumer Goods Rental	12,843	$337,056 	41,098	1,119

5323	General Rental Centers	3,294	$471,007 	10,541	1,837

5324	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Rental and
Leasing	7,170	$805,899 	22,944	5,686

5331	Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted
Works)	1,811	$1,190,522 	5,795	117

5411	Legal Services	164,606	$444,327 	526,739	385

5412	Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services
95,100	$268,789 	304,320	2,409

5413	Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services	84,707	$461,992 
271,062	12,204

5414	Specialized Design Services	29,234	$427,376 	93,549	1,549

5415	Computer Systems Design and Related Services	84,560	$395,264 
270,592	4,732

5416	Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services	109,948
$380,014 	351,834	7,521

5417	Scientific Research and Development Services	9,272	$712,340 	29,670
582

5418	Advertising and Related Services	31,248	$581,482 	99,994	1,951

5419	Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	59,146
$406,796 	189,267	976

5511	Management of Companies and Enterprises	6,751	$1,930,351 	21,603
638

5611	Office Administrative Services	18,029	$531,968 	57,693	1,805

5612	Facilities Support Services	1,139	$508,591 	3,645	493

5613	Employment Services	13,577	$391,201 	43,446	3,166

5614	Business Support Services	25,458	$386,643 	81,466	845

5615	Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services	17,750	$297,978 	56,800
423

5616	Investigation and Security Services	15,211	$313,413 	48,675	3,207

5617	Services to Buildings and Dwellings	140,502	$254,498 	449,606
13,803

5619	Other Support Services	16,425	$575,931 	52,560	3,346

5621	Waste Collection	5,694	$607,165 	18,221	1,530

5622	Waste Treatment and Disposal	1,286	$818,349 	4,115	741

5629	Remediation and Other Waste Management Services	5,675	$538,271 
18,160	9,617

6111	Elementary and Secondary Schools	8,367	$362,168 	26,774	349

6112	Junior Colleges	248	$816,332 	794	14

6113	Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools	954	$541,493 
3,053	89

6114	Business Schools and Computer and Management Training	6,377
$391,223 	20,406	148

6115	Technical and Trade Schools	5,401	$407,453 	17,283	556

6116	Other Schools and Instruction	26,349	$218,108 	84,317	677

6117	Educational Support Services	4,498	$384,107 	14,394	85

6211	Offices of Physicians	166,372	$655,614 	532,390	787

6212	Offices of Dentists	111,183	$567,136 	355,786	0

6213	Offices of Other Health Practitioners	96,344	$295,375 	308,301	470

6214	Outpatient Care Centers	8,298	$604,614 	26,554	199

6215	Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories	5,662	$888,498 	18,118	67

6216	Home Health Care Services	8,000	$313,538 	25,600	30

6219	Other Ambulatory Health Care Services	3,933	$480,933 	12,586	142

6221	General Medical and Surgical Hospitals	151	$2,884,513 	483	6

6222	Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals	48	$2,159,950 	154	4

6223	Specialty (except Psychiatric and Substance Abuse) Hospitals	130
$1,079,779 	416	5

6231	Nursing Care Facilities	2,217	$775,200 	7,094	87

6232	Residential Mental Retardation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Facilities	4,046	$285,693 	12,947	142

6233	Community Care Facilities for the Elderly	9,203	$248,230 	29,450
596

6239	Other Residential Care Facilities	1,877	$297,795 	6,006	87

6241	Individual and Family Services	27,310	$295,047 	87,392	570

6242	Community Food and Housing, and Emergency and Other Relief Services
6,774	$461,472 	21,677	458

6243	Vocational Rehabilitation Services	2,623	$389,888 	8,394	91

6244	Child Day Care Services	47,892	$151,471 	153,254	290

7111	Performing Arts Companies	7,819	$478,237 	25,021	688

7112	Spectator Sports	3,500	$549,064 	11,200	635

7113	Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events	4,565
$642,123 	14,608	575

7114	Agents and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers, and Other
Public Figures	3,204	$670,373 	10,253	0

7115	Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers	16,611	$552,518 
53,155	399

7121	Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions	5,261	$334,158 
16,835	549

7131	Amusement Parks and Arcades	1,897	$380,445 	6,070	297

7132	Gambling Industries	1,208	$664,341 	3,866	118

7139	Other Amusement and Recreation Industries	46,981	$316,694 	150,339
6,258

7211	Traveler Accommodation	31,843	$382,195 	101,898	4,215

7212	RV (Recreational Vehicle) Parks and Recreational Camps	6,085
$384,287 	19,472	1,958

7213	Rooming and Boarding Houses	2,405	$228,668 	7,696	335

7221	Full-Service Restaurants	130,156	$283,494 	416,499	375

7222	Limited-Service Eating Places	124,944	$244,075 	399,821	493

7223	Special Food Services	11,376	$272,192 	36,403	336

7224	Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)	43,640	$217,554 	139,648	229

8111	Automotive Repair and Maintenance	145,857	$374,199 	466,742	248,142

8112	Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance	11,323
$372,100 	36,234	17,627

8113	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except
Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance	21,243	$442,521 
67,978	29,115

8114	Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance	23,522	$231,606
	75,270	25,193

8121	Personal Care Services	84,303	$144,362 	269,770	157

8122	Death Care Services	14,986	$502,885 	47,955	829

8123	Dry-cleaning and Laundry Services	32,496	$206,530 	103,987	1,939

8129	Other Personal Services	26,943	$242,567 	86,218	1,615

8131	Religious Organizations	156,574	$218,513 	501,037	10,517

8132	Grantmaking and Giving Services	11,353	$1,630,891 	36,330	245

8133	Social Advocacy Organizations	9,003	$443,538 	28,810	242

8134	Civic and Social Organizations	26,658	$276,788 	85,306	825

8139	Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations
58,608	$427,977 	187,546	6,447

 	 	 	 	 	 

 	Totals	4,441,236	 	14,211,955	867,089

[a] U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2003.

[b] Estimated based on 2002 receipts and payroll data from U.S. Census
Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2002 and payroll data from U.S.
Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2003. Receipts are not
reported for 2003, but were estimated assuming the ratio of receipts to
payroll remained unchanged between 2002 and 2003.

[c] Assumes same share of production workers in construction,
installation, maintenance, and repair occupations as shown in Table 2-1.

NA: Data not available.

EMPLOYEES USING FALL PROTECTION

ERG estimated the numbers of workers using fall protection equipment by
extrapolating results obtained from OSHA’s 1999 PPE Cost Survey. This
establishment-based survey provided industry-specific estimates of the
numbers of workers who used various types of personal protective
equipment, including body harnesses and body belts. The survey reported
the percent of employees in each industry (SIC classification) that used
these equipment types. ERG extrapolated the survey findings by first
associating the SIC industries covered by the survey with 4-digit NAICS
industries and then multiplying the equipment use percentages by total
employment as shown in Table 2-1. Because the same employees might use
both body harnesses and body belts, ERG used the maximum value of the
two percentages in deriving these estimates. For example, if for a given
industry, six percent of employees were estimated using body harnesses
while four percent were estimated to use body belts, ERG used the larger
six percent statistic as its estimate of the share of workers using fall
protection. Also, the survey’s design did not permit industry-specific
estimates for all industries. For example, only aggregated estimates are
available for several groups of service, wholesale, and retail trade
industries. To make the fall protection estimates consistent with the
numbers of at-risk workers, ERG constrained the estimated number of
employees using fall protection in any industry to be less than or equal
to the numbers of workers in construction, installation, maintenance,
and repair occupations as shown in Table 2-1. Table 2-4 presents, by
4-digit NAICS industries, the resultant estimates of the numbers of
workers using fall protection equipment. Overall, the table shows an
estimated 1.6 million employees in General Industry using fall
protection.Table 2-4.	Estimated Number of Employees Using Fall
Protection Equipment

Table 2-4.	Estimated Number of Employees Using Fall Protection Equipment

NAICS	NAICS DESCRIPTION	Total Employment	Employees Using Fall Protection
[a]



	Percent	Number

1131	Timber Tract Operations	5,515	6.90%	381	 

1132	Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products	2,283	9.70%	222
 

1133	Logging	68,020	1.80%	1,191	 

1141	Fishing	6,234	NA	NA	 

1142	Hunting and Trapping	2,711	NA	NA	 

1153	Support Activities for Forestry	14,969	9.70%	1,453	 

2111	Oil and Gas Extraction	83,447	22.90%	14,176	[b]

2211	Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution	543,782
10.40%	56,595	 

2212	Natural Gas Distribution	87,452	10.40%	9,102	 

2213	Water, Sewage and Other Systems	44,704	10.40%	4,653	 

3111	Animal Food Manufacturing	47,338	1.90%	912	 

3112	Grain and Oilseed Milling	54,918	1.90%	1,058	 

3113	Sugar and Confectionery Product Manufacturing	79,630	1.90%	1,534	 

3114	Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food Manufacturing
163,763	1.90%	3,155	 

3115	Dairy Product Manufacturing	134,287	1.90%	2,587	 

3116	Animal Slaughtering and Processing	499,898	1.90%	9,632	 

3117	Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging	39,580	1.90%	763	 

3118	Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing	317,040	1.90%	6,109	 

3119	Other Food Manufacturing	159,544	1.90%	3,074	 

3121	Beverage Manufacturing	131,331	1.90%	2,530	 

3122	Tobacco Manufacturing	23,830	2.70%	639	 

3131	Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills	58,668	1.80%	1,078	 

3132	Fabric Mills	136,456	1.80%	2,508	 

3133	Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric Coating Mills	59,714	1.80%
1,097	 

3141	Textile Furnishings Mills	107,011	1.80%	1,967	 

3149	Other Textile Product Mills	80,515	1.80%	1,480	 

3151	Apparel Knitting Mills	45,060	1.60%	702	 

3152	Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing	232,156	1.60%	2,372	[b]

3159	Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing	26,438	1.60%
376	[b]

3161	Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing	8,448	1.60%	138	 

3162	Footwear Manufacturing	18,163	1.60%	296	 

3169	Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing	17,502	1.60%	201	[b]

3211	Sawmills and Wood Preservation	112,316	1.80%	1,966	 

3212	Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing	110,969
1.80%	1,942	 

3219	Other Wood Product Manufacturing	300,699	1.80%	5,263	 

3221	Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills	154,903	6.10%	9,437	 

3222	Converted Paper Product Manufacturing	327,329	6.10%	19,599	[b]

3231	Printing and Related Support Activities	700,221	1.80%	12,401	[b]

3241	Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing	98,334	16.40%	16,108	 

3251	Basic Chemical Manufacturing	170,579	16.80%	21,520	[b]

3252	Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing	100,336	16.80%	10,773	[b]

3253	Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing	31,194	16.80%	4,669	[b]

3254	Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing	251,855	16.80%	11,836	[b]

3255	Paint, Coating, and Adhesive Manufacturing	68,327	16.80%	3,026	[b]

3256	Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
109,363	16.80%	7,038	[b]

3259	Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing	109,721	16.80%
7,954	[b]

3261	Plastics Product Manufacturing	746,211	1.50%	11,219	 

3262	Rubber Product Manufacturing	175,181	1.50%	2,634	 

3271	Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing	59,900	6.50%	3,919	 

3272	Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing	111,613	6.50%	7,301	 

3273	Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing	206,058	6.50%	13,480	 

3274	Lime and Gypsum Product Manufacturing	16,827	6.50%	1,101	 

3279	Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing	73,246	6.50%	4,792
 

3311	Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing	125,871	7.20%
9,057	 

3312	Steel Product Manufacturing from Purchased Steel	52,401	7.20%	3,770
 

3313	Alumina and Aluminum Production and Processing	66,644	7.20%	4,795
 

3314	Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing	63,008
7.20%	4,533	 

3315	Foundries	171,769	2.40%	4,142	 

3321	Forging and Stamping	122,595	2.40%	2,956	 

3322	Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing	60,349	2.40%	1,455	 

3323	Architectural and Structural Metals Manufacturing	365,532	2.40%
8,815	 

3324	Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container Manufacturing	87,234	2.40%
2,104	 

3325	Hardware Manufacturing	56,766	2.40%	1,369	 

3326	Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing	59,312	2.40%	1,430	 

3327	Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and Bolt
Manufacturing	356,838	2.40%	8,605	 

3328	Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied Activities	135,161
2.40%	3,259	 

3329	Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	274,479	2.40%	6,619	 

3331	Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery Manufacturing
172,356	2.70%	4,608	 

3332	Industrial Machinery Manufacturing	144,793	2.70%	3,871	 

3333	Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing	103,749
2.70%	2,774	 

3334	Ventilation, Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Commercial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing	152,354	2.70%	4,074	 

3335	Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing	181,119	2.70%	4,843	 

3336	Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing
91,856	2.70%	2,456	 

3339	Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing	282,913	2.70%	7,564
 

3341	Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing	170,349	2.40%	4,092
 

3342	Communications Equipment Manufacturing	167,421	2.40%	4,022	 

3343	Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing	24,808	2.40%	596	 

3344	Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing	386,824
2.40%	9,293	 

3345	Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments
Manufacturing	403,693	2.40%	9,698	 

3346	Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media	36,390
2.40%	874	 

3351	Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing	61,102	2.40%	1,468	 

3352	Household Appliance Manufacturing	90,803	2.40%	2,181	 

3353	Electrical Equipment Manufacturing	146,860	2.40%	3,528	 

3359	Other Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing	161,228
2.40%	3,873	 

3361	Motor Vehicle Manufacturing	211,454	2.50%	5,323	 

3362	Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing	132,617	2.50%	3,339	 

3363	Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing	688,390	2.50%	17,330	 

3364	Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing	375,169	2.50%	9,445	 

3365	Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing	24,757	2.50%	623	 

3366	Ship and Boat Building	133,395	36.20%	29,888	[b]

3369	Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing	40,931	2.50%	1,030	 

3371	Household and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet
Manufacturing	365,907	1.70%	6,244	 

3372	Office Furniture (including Fixtures) Manufacturing	153,696	1.70%
2,623	 

3379	Other Furniture Related Product Manufacturing	44,811	1.70%	765	 

3391	Medical Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing	305,850	2.50%	6,691
[b]

3399	Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing	401,994	2.80%	11,341	 

4231	Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	364,349	4.50%	16,290	 

4232	Furniture and Home Furnishing Merchant Wholesalers	162,438	4.50%
4,905	[b]

4233	Lumber and Other Construction Materials Merchant Wholesalers
236,395	4.50%	10,570	 

4234	Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	702,604	4.50%	31,414	 

4235	Metal and Mineral (except Petroleum) Merchant Wholesalers	147,174
4.50%	3,778	[b]

4236	Electrical and Electronic Goods Merchant Wholesalers	468,927	4.50%
20,966	 

4237	Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	212,074	4.50%	9,482	 

4238	Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers	688,366
4.50%	30,778	 

4239	Miscellaneous Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	330,393	4.50%
14,742	[b]

4241	Paper and Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers	214,916	4.10%	3,230
[b]

4242	Drugs and Druggists' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers	251,697	4.10%
2,056	[b]

4243	Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions Merchant Wholesalers	196,618
4.10%	564	[b]

4244	Grocery and Related Product Wholesalers	756,617	4.10%	19,472	[b]

4245	Farm Product Raw Material Merchant Wholesalers	65,259	4.10%	1,613
[b]

4246	Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers	145,635	4.10%
5,954	[b]

4247	Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers	104,741	4.10%
4,332	 

4248	Beer, Wine, and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
168,966	4.10%	2,304	[b]

4249	Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	383,167	4.10%
6,883	[b]

4251	Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers	263,524	4.10%
10,898	 

4411	Automobile Dealers	1,289,685	2.40%	31,009	 

4412	Other Motor Vehicle Dealers	148,173	2.40%	3,563	 

4413	Automotive Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores	483,300	2.40%	11,621
 

4421	Furniture Stores	264,889	2.40%	5,055	[b]

4422	Home Furnishings Stores	295,828	2.40%	7,079	 

4431	Electronics and Appliance Stores	419,321	2.40%	10,034	 

4441	Building Material and Supplies Dealers	1,014,414	2.00%	19,998	 

4442	Lawn and Garden Equipment and Supplies Stores	175,358	2.00%	3,457
 

4451	Grocery Stores	2,594,727	2.10%	4,914	[b]

4452	Specialty Food Stores	149,605	2.10%	1,842	[b]

4453	Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores	139,449	2.10%	252	[b]

4461	Health and Personal Care Stores	969,863	2.10%	4,057	[b]

4471	Gasoline Stations	936,492	2.10%	19,281	 

4481	Clothing Stores	1,116,324	2.50%	2,177	[b]

4482	Shoe Stores	187,975	2.50%	42	[b]

4483	Jewelry, Luggage, and Leather Goods Stores	163,128	2.50%	2,426	[b]

4511	Sporting Goods, Hobby, and Musical Instrument Stores	401,682	2.50%
10,069	 

4512	Book, Periodical, and Music Stores	201,314	2.50%	338	[b]

4521	Department Stores	1,368,609	2.10%	13,789	[b]

4529	Other General Merchandise Stores	1,156,571	2.10%	21,739	[b]

4531	Florists	113,270	2.10%	88	[b]

4532	Office Supplies, Stationery, and Gift Stores	323,759	2.10%	6,940	 

4533	Used Merchandise Stores	128,664	2.40%	2,110	[b]

4539	Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers	253,588	2.40%	6,070	 

4541	Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses	264,868	2.40%	2,624	[b]

4542	Vending Machine Operators	62,907	2.40%	1,506	 

4543	Direct Selling Establishments	244,062	2.40%	5,842	 

4811	Scheduled Air Transportation	498,398	7.00%	34,651	 

4812	Nonscheduled Air Transportation	35,401	7.00%	2,461	 

4831	Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation	48,735
3.40%	1,663	 

4832	Inland Water Transportation	18,594	3.40%	634	 

4841	General Freight Trucking	986,673	3.50%	34,551	 

4842	Specialized Freight Trucking	436,613	3.50%	15,289	 

4851	Urban Transit Systems	48,224	2.30%	1,094	 

4852	Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation	17,861	2.30%	405	 

4853	Taxi and Limousine Service	64,547	2.30%	1,464	 

4854	School and Employee Bus Transportation	183,731	2.30%	4,168	 

4855	Charter Bus Industry	28,549	2.30%	648	 

4859	Other Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation	55,037	2.30%
1,249	 

4861	Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil	7,430	8.80%	652	 

4862	Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas	27,682	8.80%	2,429	 

4869	Other Pipeline Transportation	5,891	8.80%	517	 

4871	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Land	9,577	NA	NA	 

4872	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Water	11,218	NA	NA	 

4879	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Other	1,728	NA	NA	 

4881	Support Activities for Air Transportation	140,613	4.20%	5,957	 

4882	Support Activities for Rail Transportation	25,229	4.20%	1,069	 

4883	Support Activities for Water Transportation	82,481	14.20%	7,232	[b]

4884	Support Activities for Road Transportation	61,087	4.20%	2,588	 

4885	Freight Transportation Arrangement	173,248	4.20%	1,609	[b]

4889	Other Support Activities for Transportation	21,946	4.20%	930	 

4921	Couriers	489,256	4.20%	13,371	[b]

4922	Local Messengers and Local Delivery	44,856	4.20%	321	[b]

4931	Warehousing and Storage	543,330	3.50%	18,390	[b]

5111	Newspaper, Periodical, Book, and Directory Publishers	705,388	1.80%
6,611	[b]

5112	Software Publishers	344,238	0.90%	1,805	[b]

5121	Motion Picture and Video Industries	257,498	NA	NA	 

5122	Sound Recording Industries	26,299	9.80%	314	[b]

5151	Radio and Television Broadcasting	254,582	9.80%	1,988	[b]

5152	Cable and Other Subscription Programming	31,819	9.80%	3,109	 

5161	Internet Publishing and Broadcasting	35,606	NA	NA	 

5171	Wired Telecommunications Carriers	855,199	9.80%	83,565	 

5172	Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite)	266,279
9.80%	19,370	[b]

5173	Telecommunications Resellers	36,635	9.80%	16	[b]

5174	Satellite Telecommunications	14,618	9.80%	1,428	 

5175	Cable and Other Program Distribution	234,117	NA	NA	 

5179	Other Telecommunications	8,307	NA	NA	 

5181	Internet Service Providers and Web Search Portals	70,910	NA	NA	 

5182	Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services	403,000	NA	NA	 

5191	Other Information Services	55,407	NA	NA	 

5211	Monetary Authorities - Central Bank	21,798	NA	NA	 

5221	Depository Credit Intermediation	2,081,714	NA	NA	 

5222	Nondepository Credit Intermediation	719,435	NA	NA	 

5223	Activities Related to Credit Intermediation	313,081	NA	NA	 

5231	Securities and Commodity Contracts Intermediation and Brokerage
529,806	NA	NA	 

5232	Securities and Commodity Exchanges	7,312	NA	NA	 

5239	Other Financial Investment Activities	364,523	NA	NA	 

5241	Insurance Carriers	1,509,446	0.90%	5,097	[b]

5242	Agencies, Brokerages, and Other Insurance Related Activities
883,742	0.90%	1,010	[b]

5259	Other Investment Pools and Funds	32,849	0.90%	286	 

5311	Lessors of Real Estate	523,420	0.90%	4,561	 

5312	Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	298,550	0.90%	2,602	 

5313	Activities Related to Real Estate	566,306	0.90%	4,935	 

5321	Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing	172,400	0.90%	1,502	 

5322	Consumer Goods Rental	269,099	0.90%	2,345	 

5323	General Rental Centers	34,137	0.90%	297	 

5324	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Rental and
Leasing	151,799	0.90%	1,323	 

5331	Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted
Works)	29,027	0.90%	253	 

5411	Legal Services	1,182,581	0.90%	865	[b]

5412	Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services
1,325,118	0.90%	10,491	[b]

5413	Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services	1,235,421	1.20%
15,246	 

5414	Specialized Design Services	117,358	1.20%	1,448	 

5415	Computer Systems Design and Related Services	1,058,987	1.20%	13,069
 

5416	Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services	838,381
1.20%	10,346	 

5417	Scientific Research and Development Services	615,740	1.20%	7,599	 

5418	Advertising and Related Services	419,342	1.20%	5,175	 

5419	Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	547,318
1.20%	2,823	[b]

5511	Management of Companies and Enterprises	2,879,156	0.90%	25,089	 

5611	Office Administrative Services	444,049	0.90%	3,869	 

5612	Facilities Support Services	157,524	0.90%	1,373	 

5613	Employment Services	3,902,177	0.90%	34,003	 

5614	Business Support Services	760,099	0.90%	6,623	 

5615	Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services	283,664	0.90%	2,114	[b]

5616	Investigation and Security Services	747,088	0.90%	6,510	 

5617	Services to Buildings and Dwellings	1,532,778	0.90%	13,356	 

5619	Other Support Services	343,542	0.90%	2,994	 

5621	Waste Collection	177,699	0.90%	1,548	 

5622	Waste Treatment and Disposal	61,771	0.90%	538	 

5629	Remediation and Other Waste Management Services	100,747	0.90%	878
 

6111	Elementary and Secondary Schools	804,249	NA	NA	 

6112	Junior Colleges	93,922	NA	NA	 

6113	Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools	1,435,661	NA	NA	 

6114	Business Schools and Computer and Management Training	65,719	NA	NA
 

6115	Technical and Trade Schools	93,120	NA	NA	 

6116	Other Schools and Instruction	232,919	NA	NA	 

6117	Educational Support Services	51,025	NA	NA	 

6211	Offices of Physicians	1,960,503	1.30%	2,898	[b]

6212	Offices of Dentists	772,603	1.30%	0	[b]

6213	Offices of Other Health Practitioners	519,636	1.30%	793	[b]

6214	Outpatient Care Centers	630,293	1.30%	4,722	[b]

6215	Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories	212,680	1.30%	788	[b]

6216	Home Health Care Services	811,504	1.30%	939	[b]

6219	Other Ambulatory Health Care Services	220,582	1.30%	2,493	[b]

6221	General Medical and Surgical Hospitals	4,807,453	1.30%	60,969	 

6222	Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals	213,158	1.30%	2,703	 

6223	Specialty (except Psychiatric and Substance Abuse) Hospitals
189,146	1.30%	2,399	 

6231	Nursing Care Facilities	1,682,671	1.30%	20,706	[b]

6232	Residential Mental Retardation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Facilities	514,567	1.30%	5,641	[b]

6233	Community Care Facilities for the Elderly	590,546	1.30%	7,489	 

6239	Other Residential Care Facilities	158,171	1.30%	2,006	 

6241	Individual and Family Services	935,356	1.30%	6,105	[b]

6242	Community Food and Housing, and Emergency and Other Relief Services
150,528	1.30%	1,909	 

6243	Vocational Rehabilitation Services	328,661	1.30%	3,549	[b]

6244	Child Day Care Services	774,125	1.30%	1,467	[b]

7111	Performing Arts Companies	131,313	NA	NA	 

7112	Spectator Sports	107,847	NA	NA	 

7113	Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events	98,685	NA
NA	 

7114	Agents and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers, and Other
Public Figures	15,506	NA	NA	 

7115	Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers	41,216	NA	NA	 

7121	Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions	119,999	NA	NA
 

7131	Amusement Parks and Arcades	133,433	NA	NA	 

7132	Gambling Industries	167,884	NA	NA	 

7139	Other Amusement and Recreation Industries	1,017,102	NA	NA	 

7211	Traveler Accommodation	1,753,708	0.90%	15,939	 

7212	RV (Recreational Vehicle) Parks and Recreational Camps	37,135	0.90%
338	 

7213	Rooming and Boarding Houses	12,905	0.90%	117	 

7221	Full-Service Restaurants	4,091,133	2.10%	3,685	[b]

7222	Limited-Service Eating Places	3,640,644	2.10%	4,493	[b]

7223	Special Food Services	552,810	2.10%	5,098	[b]

7224	Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)	351,316	2.10%	577	[b]

8111	Automotive Repair and Maintenance	891,878	3.20%	28,278	 

8112	Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance	130,454
2.70%	3,567	 

8113	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except
Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance	173,894	2.70%	4,755	 

8114	Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance	108,422	2.70%
2,965	 

8121	Personal Care Services	551,686	1.40%	322	[b]

8122	Death Care Services	146,974	1.40%	2,063	 

8123	Dry-cleaning and Laundry Services	370,411	1.40%	5,199	 

8129	Other Personal Services	240,889	1.40%	3,381	 

8131	Religious Organizations	1,654,780	0.90%	14,420	 

8132	Grantmaking and Giving Services	137,920	0.90%	929	[b]

8133	Social Advocacy Organizations	109,264	0.90%	919	[b]

8134	Civic and Social Organizations	327,720	0.90%	2,856	 

8139	Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations
522,874	0.90%	4,556	 

 	 	 	 	 	 

 	Totals	106,518,243	1.50%	1,629,230	 

[a] Source: OSHA PPE Cost Survey. Estimate based on the maximum percent
of employees using either body harnesses or body belts. See Eastern
Research Group, PPE Cost Survey: Final Report. (Exhibit 14, OSHA Docket
S-042: Costs of Personal Protective Equipment). Prepared for OSHA under
Task Order 3, Base Year, DOL Contract No. J-9-F-9-0010. June 23, 1999.

[b] Number using fall protection constrained to be less than or equal to
the number of at-risk employees in construction, installation,
maintenance, and repair occupations as shown in Table 2-1.

NA: Estimate not available for this industry.

WAGE RATES

As discussed in Section Three, much of the cost impact of the draft
standard is associated with the time requirements for additional
training and inspections. Estimates for these costs depend on the
opportunity cost of the labor hours that would otherwise be devoted to
productive activities. Such opportunity costs are typically valued in
terms of workers’ hourly wages, adjusted for benefit and fringe costs.
ERG relied on average hourly earnings as reported by the BLS,
Occupational Employment Statistics Survey and constructed a weighted
average hourly wage for the specific occupations comprising production
employment. ERG similarly constructed an average hourly production
supervisor wage for each industry. These wages were then inflated by a
factor to account for fringe benefits. According to a recent BLS survey,
this mark-up factor averaged 42.6 percent. The resultant wage rates are
shown in Table 2-5.Table 2-5.	Wage Rates in Affected Industries

Table 2-5.	Wage Rates in Affected Industries

NAICS	Industry	Production Worker 	Production Worker Supervisor



 Average Hourly Wage	Average Hourly Wage



Raw	With Fringe Markup	Raw	With Fringe Markup

1131	Timber Tract Operations	NA	$20.27 	NA	$31.48[a]

1132	Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products	NA	$20.27 	NA
$31.48[a]

1133	Logging	$14.21 	$20.27 	$22.07 	$31.48 

1141	Fishing	NA	$20.27 	NA	$31.48[a]

1142	Hunting and Trapping	NA	$20.27 	NA	$31.48[a]

1153	Support Activities for Forestry	NA	$20.27 	NA	$31.48[a]

2111	Oil and Gas Extraction	$19.84 	$28.30 	$29.02 	$41.40 

2211	Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution	$25.36 
$36.17 	$32.90 	$46.94 

2212	Natural Gas Distribution	$24.57 	$35.06 	$29.97 	$42.75 

2213	Water, Sewage and Other Systems	$17.00 	$24.24 	$24.48 	$34.92 

3111	Animal Food Manufacturing	$13.72 	$19.58 	$21.23 	$30.28 

3112	Grain and Oilseed Milling	$15.38 	$21.94 	$22.57 	$32.19 

3113	Sugar and Confectionery Product Manufacturing	$13.24 	$18.88 
$22.31 	$31.82 

3114	Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food Manufacturing
$12.37 	$17.65 	$21.09 	$30.08 

3115	Dairy Product Manufacturing	$14.64 	$20.88 	$22.59 	$32.23 

3116	Animal Slaughtering and Processing	$10.65 	$15.20 	$19.46 	$27.76 

3117	Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging	$10.34 	$14.74 	$20.57 
$29.34 

3118	Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing	$12.88 	$18.38 	$21.09 	$30.08 

3119	Other Food Manufacturing	$13.18 	$18.81 	$23.14 	$33.01 

3121	Beverage Manufacturing	$14.97 	$21.36 	$23.16 	$33.04 

3122	Tobacco Manufacturing	$17.18 	$24.51 	$23.95 	$34.16 

3131	Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills	$11.74 	$16.75 	$20.19 	$28.80 

3132	Fabric Mills	$12.19 	$17.39 	$19.91 	$28.40 

3133	Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric Coating Mills	$11.55 
$16.48 	$19.85 	$28.31 

3141	Textile Furnishings Mills	$11.01 	$15.70 	$19.14 	$27.31 

3149	Other Textile Product Mills	$10.87 	$15.51 	$18.96 	$27.04 

3151	Apparel Knitting Mills	$10.29 	$14.67 	$17.18 	$24.51 

3152	Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing	$9.55 	$13.62 	$17.30 	$24.68 

3159	Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing	$9.29 	$13.25 
$18.02 	$25.71 

3161	Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing	$13.17 	$18.79 	$19.98 
$28.50 

3162	Footwear Manufacturing	$10.71 	$15.28 	$18.55 	$26.46 

3169	Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing	$10.04 	$14.33 
$18.76 	$26.76 

3211	Sawmills and Wood Preservation	$12.57 	$17.94 	$21.80 	$31.09 

3212	Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing	$12.73 
$18.16 	$20.77 	$29.63 

3219	Other Wood Product Manufacturing	$12.02 	$17.14 	$19.57 	$27.92 

3221	Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills	$19.39 	$27.67 	$30.11 	$42.95 

3222	Converted Paper Product Manufacturing	$14.41 	$20.55 	$23.84 
$34.01 

3231	Printing and Related Support Activities	$14.69 	$20.95 	$23.59 
$33.65 

3241	Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing	$21.06 	$30.05 	$30.07 
$42.90 

3251	Basic Chemical Manufacturing	$20.61 	$29.41 	$28.36 	$40.45 

3252	Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing	$18.62 	$26.57 	$27.01 	$38.53 

3253	Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing	$17.55 	$25.04 	$25.79 	$36.80 

3254	Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing	$15.95 	$22.76 	$25.91 
$36.96 

3255	Paint, Coating, and Adhesive Manufacturing	$15.24 	$21.75 	$23.72 
$33.84 

3256	Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
$14.19 	$20.24 	$24.72 	$35.27 

3259	Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing	$15.36 	$21.91
	$23.73 	$33.85 

3261	Plastics Product Manufacturing	$12.80 	$18.27 	$21.28 	$30.35 

3262	Rubber Product Manufacturing	$15.23 	$21.72 	$21.85 	$31.17 

3271	Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing	$13.28 	$18.95 	$21.49 
$30.66 

3272	Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing	$14.72 	$21.00 	$23.03 
$32.86 

3273	Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing	$14.70 	$20.96 	$22.45 
$32.03 

3274	Lime and Gypsum Product Manufacturing	$15.20 	$21.68 	$22.49 
$32.08 

3279	Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing	$14.23 	$20.29 
$22.23 	$31.72 

3311	Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing	$18.49 	$26.37 
$25.76 	$36.75 

3312	Steel Product Manufacturing from Purchased Steel	$15.44 	$22.02 
$23.62 	$33.70 

3313	Alumina and Aluminum Production and Processing	$15.20 	$21.68 
$22.95 	$32.74 

3314	Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing	$16.32
	$23.28 	$23.57 	$33.62 

3315	Foundries	$15.44 	$22.02 	$23.36 	$33.32 

3321	Forging and Stamping	$15.31 	$21.85 	$24.10 	$34.38 

3322	Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing	$14.48 	$20.66 	$23.38 	$33.35 

3323	Architectural and Structural Metals Manufacturing	$14.18 	$20.22 
$22.62 	$32.27 

3324	Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container Manufacturing	$15.56 	$22.20 
$24.09 	$34.36 

3325	Hardware Manufacturing	$13.33 	$19.01 	$22.58 	$32.21 

3326	Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing	$13.35 	$19.05 	$21.60 
$30.82 

3327	Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and Bolt
Manufacturing	$15.56 	$22.19 	$24.87 	$35.48 

3328	Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied Activities	$12.95 
$18.48 	$21.73 	$31.00 

3329	Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	$14.71 	$20.99 	$23.05
	$32.88 

3331	Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery Manufacturing
$15.25 	$21.75 	$23.58 	$33.64 

3332	Industrial Machinery Manufacturing	$16.31 	$23.27 	$25.03 	$35.71 

3333	Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing	$14.59 
$20.82 	$23.83 	$33.99 

3334	Ventilation, Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Commercial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing	$13.93 	$19.86 	$21.71 	$30.97 

3335	Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing	$17.27 	$24.64 	$26.05 	$37.17


3336	Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing
$16.63 	$23.72 	$25.50 	$36.38 

3339	Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing	$15.38 	$21.94 
$24.43 	$34.84 

3341	Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing	$15.14 	$21.60 
$27.96 	$39.89 

3342	Communications Equipment Manufacturing	$14.26 	$20.35 	$25.55 
$36.45 

3343	Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing	$12.65 	$18.05 	$22.82 
$32.55 

3344	Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing	$13.83 
$19.73 	$24.43 	$34.85 

3345	Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments
Manufacturing	$15.13 	$21.59 	$25.85 	$36.88 

3346	Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media	$13.13 
$18.73 	$23.44 	$33.44 

3351	Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing	$13.27 	$18.92 	$21.82 
$31.12 

3352	Household Appliance Manufacturing	$13.86 	$19.78 	$21.28 	$30.35 

3353	Electrical Equipment Manufacturing	$14.25 	$20.33 	$23.24 	$33.16 

3359	Other Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing	$14.20 
$20.26 	$23.19 	$33.08 

3361	Motor Vehicle Manufacturing	$23.41 	$33.40 	$30.43 	$43.40 

3362	Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing	$14.21 	$20.28 	$21.78
	$31.07 

3363	Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing	$17.30 	$24.68 	$24.27 	$34.63 

3364	Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing	$18.89 	$26.94 	$28.14 
$40.15 

3365	Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing	$16.28 	$23.22 	$24.58 	$35.06


3366	Ship and Boat Building	$15.28 	$21.79 	$23.88 	$34.06 

3369	Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing	$15.57 	$22.21 	$23.49
	$33.51 

3371	Household and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet
Manufacturing	$12.29 	$17.54 	$19.74 	$28.16 

3372	Office Furniture (including Fixtures) Manufacturing	$13.46 	$19.20 
$21.20 	$30.24 

3379	Other Furniture Related Product Manufacturing	$11.87 	$16.93 
$20.68 	$29.50 

3391	Medical Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing	$13.94 	$19.88 	$24.35
	$34.73 

3399	Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing	$12.74 	$18.18 	$20.92 	$29.84 

4231	Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	$12.90 	$18.41 	$22.31 	$31.83 

4232	Furniture and Home Furnishing Merchant Wholesalers	$12.18 	$17.37 
$20.18 	$28.78 

4233	Lumber and Other Construction Materials Merchant Wholesalers	$13.50
	$19.26 	$21.63 	$30.85 

4234	Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	$15.95 	$22.75 	$25.35 	$36.16 

4235	Metal and Mineral (except Petroleum) Merchant Wholesalers	$13.99 
$19.96 	$22.54 	$32.16 

4236	Electrical and Electronic Goods Merchant Wholesalers	$14.50 	$20.69
	$24.32 	$34.69 

4237	Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	$14.31 	$20.42 	$23.95 	$34.17 

4238	Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers	$15.48 
$22.08 	$23.38 	$33.35 

4239	Miscellaneous Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	$12.12 	$17.29 
$21.56 	$30.76 

4241	Paper and Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers	$13.79 	$19.67 	$22.58
	$32.21 

4242	Drugs and Druggists' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers	$12.97 	$18.50 
$24.54 	$35.01 

4243	Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions Merchant Wholesalers	$11.67 
$16.65 	$24.21 	$34.53 

4244	Grocery and Related Product Wholesalers	$13.61 	$19.42 	$22.49 
$32.08 

4245	Farm Product Raw Material Merchant Wholesalers	$10.54 	$15.03 
$18.81 	$26.83 

4246	Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers	$15.18 	$21.65 
$23.63 	$33.71 

4247	Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers	$15.42 
$22.00 	$23.61 	$33.68 

4248	Beer, Wine, and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
$14.92 	$21.28 	$21.91 	$31.26 

4249	Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	$11.19 	$15.96 
$19.73 	$28.14 

4251	Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers	$14.06 	$20.06 
$23.86 	$34.04 

4411	Automobile Dealers	$16.11 	$22.98 	$27.03 	$38.56 

4412	Other Motor Vehicle Dealers	$13.63 	$19.44 	$20.81 	$29.68 

4413	Automotive Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores	$12.17 	$17.36 
$21.94 	$31.30 

4421	Furniture Stores	$10.92 	$15.57 	$18.19 	$25.95 

4422	Home Furnishings Stores	$13.21 	$18.84 	$21.06 	$30.05 

4431	Electronics and Appliance Stores	$13.84 	$19.75 	$21.67 	$30.91 

4441	Building Material and Supplies Dealers	$12.31 	$17.55 	$20.41 
$29.12 

4442	Lawn and Garden Equipment and Supplies Stores	$11.08 	$15.81 
$18.27 	$26.06 

4451	Grocery Stores	$9.93 	$14.17 	$19.29 	$27.52 

4452	Specialty Food Stores	$12.14 	$17.32 	$20.10 	$28.68 

4453	Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores	$13.98 	$19.94 	$21.85 	$31.17 

4461	Health and Personal Care Stores	$11.00 	$15.69 	$18.89 	$26.94 

4471	Gasoline Stations	$10.95 	$15.62 	$18.37 	$26.20 

4481	Clothing Stores	$11.10 	$15.83 	$20.11 	$28.69 

4482	Shoe Stores	$11.92 	$17.01 	NA	$28.27[a]

4483	Jewelry, Luggage, and Leather Goods Stores	$15.62 	$22.28 	$22.31 
$31.83 

4511	Sporting Goods, Hobby, and Musical Instrument Stores	$11.00 	$15.69
	$18.21 	$25.98 

4512	Book, Periodical, and Music Stores	$10.49 	$14.97 	$19.13 	$27.29 

4521	Department Stores	$9.63 	$13.74 	$12.58 	$17.95 

4529	Other General Merchandise Stores	$9.95 	$14.19 	$12.75 	$18.19 

4531	Florists	$8.49 	$12.11 	$13.58 	$19.37 

4532	Office Supplies, Stationery, and Gift Stores	$13.60 	$19.40 	$22.41
	$31.97 

4533	Used Merchandise Stores	$9.57 	$13.66 	$13.68 	$19.51 

4539	Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers	$11.67 	$16.64 	$20.87 	$29.77 

4541	Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses	$11.44 	$16.32 	$20.43 
$29.14 

4542	Vending Machine Operators	$12.76 	$18.21 	$20.64 	$29.44 

4543	Direct Selling Establishments	$15.09 	$21.52 	$22.39 	$31.93 

4811	Scheduled Air Transportation	$8.99 	$12.82 	$28.11 	$40.10 

4812	Nonscheduled Air Transportation	$24.76 	$35.32 	$31.88 	$45.48 

4831	Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation	$21.58 
$30.78 	$28.87 	$41.18 

4832	Inland Water Transportation	$20.64 	$29.44 	$25.78 	$36.78 

4841	General Freight Trucking	$16.90 	$24.11 	$22.63 	$32.29 

4842	Specialized Freight Trucking	$15.10 	$21.55 	$21.99 	$31.37 

4851	Urban Transit Systems	$15.46 	$22.05 	$23.66 	$33.76 

4852	Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation	$14.75 	$21.04 	$20.21 
$28.82 

4853	Taxi and Limousine Service	$11.92 	$17.01 	$25.12 	$35.83 

4854	School and Employee Bus Transportation	$12.07 	$17.22 	$20.48 
$29.22 

4855	Charter Bus Industry	$11.65 	$16.62 	$19.80 	$28.25 

4859	Other Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation	$10.61 	$15.14 
$18.11 	$25.84 

4861	Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil	$23.30 	$33.24 	$30.74 	$43.86


4862	Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas	$22.41 	$31.97 	$28.70 
$40.94 

4869	Other Pipeline Transportation	$23.76 	$33.90 	$31.91 	$45.52 

4871	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Land	$11.44 	$16.32 	$20.81 
$29.69 

4872	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Water	$14.95 	$21.32 	$21.86
	$31.18 

4879	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Other	$20.54 	$29.30 	$23.89
	$34.08 

4881	Support Activities for Air Transportation	$16.21 	$23.13 	$24.29 
$34.65 

4882	Support Activities for Rail Transportation	$14.70 	$20.97 	$21.47 
$30.62 

4883	Support Activities for Water Transportation	$20.76 	$29.62 	$23.90 
$34.09 

4884	Support Activities for Road Transportation	$13.36 	$19.06 	$21.58 
$30.78 

4885	Freight Transportation Arrangement	$14.86 	$21.20 	$22.73 	$32.42 

4889	Other Support Activities for Transportation	$12.36 	$17.63 	$20.97 
$29.91 

4921	Couriers	$16.68 	$23.79 	$25.98 	$37.06 

4922	Local Messengers and Local Delivery	$13.36 	$19.06 	$20.93 	$29.86 

4931	Warehousing and Storage	$13.34 	$19.03 	$20.69 	$29.52 

5111	Newspaper, Periodical, Book, and Directory Publishers	$12.03 
$17.16 	$25.71 	$36.67 

5112	Software Publishers	$17.27 	$24.63 	$19.43 	$27.72 

5121	Motion Picture and Video Industries	$11.84 	$16.90 	$27.57 	$39.34 

5122	Sound Recording Industries	$12.25 	$17.47 	$32.02 	$45.68 

5151	Radio and Television Broadcasting	$15.45 	$22.04 	$31.82 	$45.39 

5152	Cable and Other Subscription Programming	$19.37 	$27.64 	$28.20 
$40.23 

5161	Internet Publishing and Broadcasting	$14.28 	$20.37 	NA	$34.58[a]

5171	Wired Telecommunications Carriers	$23.99 	$34.22 	$30.18 	$43.05 

5172	Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite)	$21.06 
$30.04 	$30.16 	$43.02 

5173	Telecommunications Resellers	$16.70 	$23.82 	$29.95 	$42.72 

5174	Satellite Telecommunications	$25.62 	$36.54 	NA	$62.05[a]

5175	Cable and Other Program Distribution	$18.15 	$25.90 	$26.48 	$37.77


5179	Other Telecommunications	$17.90 	$25.54 	NA	$43.36[a]

5181	Internet Service Providers and Web Search Portals	$17.31 	$24.69 
$26.30 	$37.52 

5182	Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services	$14.38 	$20.52 
$23.06 	$32.89 

5191	Other Information Services	$13.03 	$18.59 	$16.79 	$23.95 

5211	Monetary Authorities - Central Bank	$14.16 	$20.20 	$28.43 	$40.56 

5221	Depository Credit Intermediation	$10.64 	$15.18 	$18.64 	$26.59 

5222	Nondepository Credit Intermediation	$10.94 	$15.60 	$26.73 	$38.13 

5223	Activities Related to Credit Intermediation	$13.50 	$19.26 	NA
$35.79[a]

5231	Securities and Commodity Contracts Intermediation and Brokerage
$16.26 	$23.20 	NA	$43.12[a]

5232	Securities and Commodity Exchanges	$22.36 	$31.90 	NA	$59.29[a]

5239	Other Financial Investment Activities	$15.62 	$22.28 	$25.79 
$36.79 

5241	Insurance Carriers	$16.48 	$23.52 	$23.70 	$33.81 

5242	Agencies, Brokerages, and Other Insurance Related Activities	$12.61
	$17.99 	NA	$33.43[a]

5259	Other Investment Pools and Funds	$13.09 	$18.67 	$21.34 	$30.44 

5311	Lessors of Real Estate	$12.09 	$17.24 	$18.32 	$26.14 

5312	Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	$12.94 	$18.46 	$29.24 
$41.71 

5313	Activities Related to Real Estate	$12.46 	$17.78 	$19.54 	$27.88 

5321	Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing	$12.02 	$17.14 	$21.62 
$30.85 

5322	Consumer Goods Rental	$11.34 	$16.18 	$19.73 	$28.15 

5323	General Rental Centers	$12.86 	$18.34 	$20.97 	$29.91 

5324	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Rental and
Leasing	$16.04 	$22.88 	$23.40 	$33.39 

5331	Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted
Works)	$13.93 	$19.87 	$24.29 	$34.65 

5411	Legal Services	$11.15 	$15.91 	$27.90 	$39.80 

5412	Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Srvs	$13.65 
$19.47 	$24.09 	$34.37 

5413	Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services	$17.55 	$25.03 
$26.69 	$38.08 

5414	Specialized Design Services	$14.25 	$20.33 	$24.55 	$35.02 

5415	Computer Systems Design and Related Services	$20.03 	$28.58 	$28.08
	$40.05 

5416	Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services	$14.70 
$20.97 	$23.56 	$33.61 

5417	Scientific Research and Development Services	$18.72 	$26.70 	$29.31
	$41.81 

5418	Advertising and Related Services	$13.25 	$18.89 	$21.19 	$30.23 

5419	Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	$11.98 
$17.09 	$20.68 	$29.50 

5511	Management of Companies and Enterprises	$15.53 	$22.15 	$25.54 
$36.43 

5611	Office Administrative Services	$13.78 	$19.65 	$22.31 	$31.83 

5612	Facilities Support Services	$16.66 	$23.76 	$20.61 	$29.40 

5613	Employment Services	$9.58 	$13.67 	$18.53 	$26.43 

5614	Business Support Services	$12.62 	$18.00 	$20.91 	$29.83 

5615	Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services	$17.52 	$24.99 	$19.69 
$28.09 

5616	Investigation and Security Services	$14.83 	$21.16 	$23.76 	$33.90 

5617	Services to Buildings and Dwellings	$10.21 	$14.56 	$15.40 	$21.97 

5619	Other Support Services	$12.26 	$17.49 	$23.04 	$32.87 

5621	Waste Collection	$14.72 	$20.99 	$23.32 	$33.27 

5622	Waste Treatment and Disposal	$16.38 	$23.36 	$25.28 	$36.06 

5629	Remediation and Other Waste Management Services	$15.94 	$22.73 
$23.63 	$33.71 

6111	Elementary and Secondary Schools	$12.34 	$17.60 	$18.43 	$26.30 

6112	Junior Colleges	$13.30 	$18.97 	$19.20 	$27.39 

6113	Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools	$13.89 	$19.82 
$19.89 	$28.38 

6114	Business Schools and Computer and Management Training	$13.18 
$18.81 	$14.63 	$20.87 

6115	Technical and Trade Schools	$15.75 	$22.47 	$20.83 	$29.71 

6116	Other Schools and Instruction	$12.27 	$17.50 	$17.64 	$25.16 

6117	Educational Support Services	$13.58 	$19.37 	$17.24 	$24.59 

6211	Offices of Physicians	$11.55 	$16.47 	$18.93 	$27.01 

6212	Offices of Dentists	$13.51 	$19.27 	NA	$29.42[a]

6213	Offices of Other Health Practitioners	$10.44 	$14.90 	$18.46 
$26.34 

6214	Outpatient Care Centers	$11.62 	$16.58 	$17.10 	$24.40 

6215	Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories	$13.61 	$19.41 	$22.07 	$31.49 

6216	Home Health Care Services	$10.87 	$15.51 	$15.75 	$22.47 

6219	Other Ambulatory Health Care Services	$12.98 	$18.51 	$20.68 
$29.49 

6221	General Medical and Surgical Hospitals	$11.99 	$17.10 	$18.82 
$26.85 

6222	Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals	$13.21 	$18.85 	$17.12 
$24.42 

6223	Specialty (except Psychiatric and Substance Abuse) Hospitals	$12.95
	$18.48 	$19.86 	$28.33 

6231	Nursing Care Facilities	$9.56 	$13.64 	$14.61 	$20.84 

6232	Residential Mental Retardation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Facilities	$10.07 	$14.36 	$15.45 	$22.04 

6233	Community Care Facilities for the Elderly	$9.70 	$13.84 	$14.62 
$20.86 

6239	Other Residential Care Facilities	$11.12 	$15.86 	$16.73 	$23.87 

6241	Individual and Family Services	$9.19 	$13.10 	$14.53 	$20.72 

6242	Community Food and Housing, and Emergency and Other Relief Services
$10.29 	$14.68 	$12.94 	$18.46 

6243	Vocational Rehabilitation Services	$8.79 	$12.55 	$13.30 	$18.98 

6244	Child Day Care Services	$9.23 	$13.16 	$14.65 	$20.90 

7111	Performing Arts Companies	$14.21 	$20.27 	$18.58 	$26.51 

7112	Spectator Sports	$14.41 	$20.56 	$25.73 	$36.71 

7113	Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events	$11.50 
$16.40 	$16.71 	$23.84 

7114	Agents and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers, and Other
Public Figures	$10.19 	$14.53 	NA	$22.87[a]

7115	Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers	$13.21 	$18.84 	$22.42
	$31.98 

7121	Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions	$12.42 	$17.72 
$18.98 	$27.07 

7131	Amusement Parks and Arcades	$12.33 	$17.58 	$20.66 	$29.47 

7132	Gambling Industries	$10.62 	$15.15 	$14.73 	$21.01 

7139	Other Amusement and Recreation Industries	$10.87 	$15.50 	$19.09 
$27.23 

7211	Traveler Accommodation	$9.35 	$13.34 	$13.46 	$19.21 

7212	RV (Recreational Vehicle) Parks and Recreational Camps	$9.46 
$13.49 	$14.73 	$21.01 

7213	Rooming and Boarding Houses	$9.63 	$13.74 	$12.56 	$17.92 

7221	Full-Service Restaurants	$8.91 	$12.71 	$15.50 	$22.11 

7222	Limited-Service Eating Places	$7.82 	$11.16 	$13.52 	$19.28 

7223	Special Food Services	$10.54 	$15.04 	$17.94 	$25.59 

7224	Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)	$8.27 	$11.79 	$12.82 	$18.29


8111	Automotive Repair and Maintenance	$13.60 	$19.39 	$21.79 	$31.08 

8112	Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance	$16.05 
$22.89 	$25.36 	$36.18 

8113	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except
Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance	$15.87 	$22.64 	$24.38
	$34.78 

8114	Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance	$13.45 	$19.18 
$22.55 	$32.17 

8121	Personal Care Services	$8.17 	$11.66 	$15.16 	$21.63 

8122	Death Care Services	$11.16 	$15.92 	$19.14 	$27.31 

8123	Dry-cleaning and Laundry Services	$9.63 	$13.74 	$17.38 	$24.80 

8129	Other Personal Services	$10.09 	$14.39 	$17.69 	$25.23 

8131	Religious Organizations	$10.41 	$14.84 	$17.93 	$25.57 

8132	Grantmaking and Giving Services	$11.27 	$16.07 	$18.53 	$26.43 

8133	Social Advocacy Organizations	$10.03 	$14.31 	$15.90 	$22.67 

8134	Civic and Social Organizations	$10.06 	$14.35 	$15.54 	$22.16 

8139	Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations
$12.36 	$17.63 	$17.52 	$25.00 

Sources: BLS Occupational Employment Statistics Survey, 2003; BLS,
Employer Costs for Employee Compensation- March 2006.

[a] Value imputed from 3-digit NAICS averages.

.SECTION THREE

COST ANALYSIS

This cost analysis begins with a discussion of the assumptions used in
the analysis (Section 3.1). The discussion focuses on what constitutes
the regulatory baseline (i.e., current conditions) from which the costs,
impacts, and benefits of the draft rule are measured. The role of
consensus standards and the compliance rates for the existing rule are
also discussed for their impact on the cost analysis (i.e., where
codification of existing consensus standards result in no incremental
costs for the draft rule.)

Section 3.2 reviews the draft rule on a paragraph-by-paragraph basis for
those paragraphs that potentially could result in costs to industry.
Table 3-4 provides a summary of the paragraphs that need further
examination for the cost analysis.

Section 3.3 examines one-time costs to bring the existing employees in
industry into compliance with the draft rule as well as the annual costs
for training new employees and retraining existing employees that
require it. ERG estimates costs for each industry affected under a
specific paragraph. Tables 3-10 through 3-12 summarize the costs for
each section and aggregate them to estimate the cost of the draft rule.

COST METHODOLOGY

This section addresses the methodology for assessing compliance cost
implications of national consensus standards for the equipment,
training, and hazard assessment requirements specified in the OSHA
standard. In some cases, OSHA has used the consensus standards in
developing its own equipment requirements. In most cases, OSHA has
included a grandfather clause exempting employers from the need to
immediately upgrade noncompliant equipment. The questions addresses are:

What is the appropriate baseline for estimating incremental compliance
costs?

When does “grandfathering” result in “future” compliance costs
as employers replace equipment covered by the grandfather clauses?

If such future compliance costs do result, how should they be
calculated?

Section 3.1.1 discusses the regulatory baseline (“baseline”) and its
relationship to national consensus standards. This relationship affects
if and how certain types of costs are considered. Section 3.1.2 examines
the relationship between national consensus standards and compliance
costs for OSHA standards. Section 3.1.3 considers compliance costs when
OSHA requirements are equivalent to national consensus standards, while
Section 3.1.4 discusses the case where the OSHA standard is more
stringent than the consensus standard. Section 3.1.5 addresses the
compliance costs issues associated with grandfather clauses. Section
3.1.6 discusses current compliance rates and section 3.1.7 presents the
compliance met by least cost method.

OMB Guidance and National Consensus Standards

OMB’s guidance on regulatory analysis (OMB, 2003) recommends
developing a baseline against which to measure the costs of a rule. The
baseline should be the best assessment of the way the world would look
absent the proposed regulation and it is frequently assumed to resemble
the present. The present includes existing national consensus standards.
For example, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes
consensus standards on portable ladders (ANSI, 2000 and 2002). Although
these standards are voluntary, virtually all domestic ladder
manufacturers design and fabricate ladders that meet these standards. 

The baseline as defined by these consensus standards evolves over time,
as these standards are revised and new versions published. For example,
the ANSI standard for fixed ladders that was in place when the existing
Subpart D standards were promulgated in the early 1970s was revised and
updated in 1984. To be consistent with OMB guidance on estimating costs,
the point against which to measure costs is the present (or, more
precisely, when the rule goes into effect) including the national
consensus standards in effect at that time. That is, compliance costs
should mirror common practice as reflected in these consensus standards
and consider the extent to which existing equipment is likely to conform
to the associated specifications.

This baseline is illustrated by a hypothetical example in Figure 3-1.
The y-axis is measured in terms of increased worker protection, while
the x-axis shows the time in years. The first worker protection level is
that set by the first OSHA regulation promulgated in 1971. In this
example, three voluntary standards have been adopted, each providing an
increased level of worker protection. The stair-step line is the OMB
baseline where each increase in worker protection corresponds to the
adoption of a revised voluntary standard. The baseline remains level
from the present into the future because the requirements in future
voluntary standards are not known and cannot be incorporated into the
forecast baseline.

The star on the left-hand side of the figure represents an establishment
that exceeded OSHA requirements at the time its equipment was installed.
In the intervening period, however, voluntary standards have increased
the level of worker protection beyond that provided in the
establishment. The star on the right-hand side of the figure is that
establishment at the time the OSHA revised standard takes effect. This
establishment will incur a cost if the standard requires retrofit to
meet the OSHA requirement. These retrofit costs, however, are avoided,
in the present at least, through the inclusion of a “grandfather”
clause. Whenever the employer replaces this equipment in the future, it
must be upgraded to meet the OSHA standard and thus would incur costs
necessary to meet the worker protection level associated with the OSHA
standard as shown in the figure. Grandfather clauses are discussed in
more detail in Section 3.1.5.

In the example shown in Figure 3-1, two possibilities are shown for the
level of protection afforded by the OSHA standard. One level is
equivalent to the national consensus standard, while the second requires
a higher level of safety. When the OSHA standard is equivalent to a
national consensus standard, there may be a cost associated with the
change from a voluntary standard to a mandatory one, but it is the same
cost that would be incurred if the employer otherwise complied with the
consensus standard. This is discussed in Section 3.1.3. When the OSHA
requirement is stricter than the national consensus standard (i.e., the
baseline), there is an incremental cost that will be borne by the entire
regulated community beyond what would be required if all employers
conformed to the consensus standards (see Section 3.1.4 for further
discussion). 

While a grandfather clause relieves an establishment from having to
immediately upgrade or retrofit its equipment, the employer will
rebuild, refurbish, or re-equip at a time of his/her own choosing,
depending on when the equipment was purchased or installed and the
equipment lifetime. Whenever this happens, the appropriate baseline, we
argue, is the national consensus currently in place at that time. For an
employer to incur a cost attributable to the OSHA standard depends on
whether it is possible not to comply with the standard. In the example
given above, an employer has no option other than buying a portable
ladder built to an ANSI standard.

Figure 3-1.	Regulatory Baseline Through Time

OSHA Standards and Existing Consensus Standards

Background

OSHA has used consensus standards extensively as a basis for its
mandatory safety and health standards since the earliest days of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act). Under section 6(a)
of the OSH Act, OSHA was given the authority for a period of two years
to adopt both national consensus standards and establish Federal
standards as OSHA standards without following notice-and-comment
rulemaking procedures. Using Section 6(a), the Agency adopted many
consensus standards as OSHA standards.

If a national consensus standard exists, it is the “baseline”
reflecting current national consensus standards against which
incremental costs and benefits of the regulation are measured. If the
new regulatory language requires a level of safety equivalent to that in
an existing consensus standard, then there is no difference between the
proposed regulatory language and the baseline. What has changed,
however, is that the requirement is not mandatory rather than voluntary.
Thus, the costs are those associated with the change from a voluntary
standard to a mandatory standard. These are only incurred by that part
of the population that currently does not comply with voluntary
standards. If, however, the standard is more stringent than the
consensus standard, all employers incur compliance costs solely
attributable to the OSHA regulation.

Feasibility of Not Complying with Consensus Standards

As we have noted, future compliance costs may be incurred by employers
whose equipment as currently installed is grandfathered under the OSHA
standard. Even though no retrofitting is required, the employer is
required to upgrade this equipment (e.g. fixed ladders) to meet OSHA’s
standard whenever that equipment is replaced in the future. As we argue,
in many (perhaps most) cases, the employer has no choice but to upgrade
his equipment to meet the OSHA standard, as equipment designers,
engineers and architects will require the upgrades to meet the same
consensus standards that the OSHA regulation are based on. In this case,
when the OSHA standard and the consensus standard are identical, we say
that noncompliance is unlikely. If, however, the OSHA standard is more
stringent than the consensus standard or no comprehensive consensus
standard exists, then employers might incur upgrade costs that are
higher than they would otherwise incur in the absence of the regulation.
In this case, noncompliance is possible and might be the preferred
choice of employers.

Since we posit that employers have no choice but to install equipment
that meets current consensus standards (assuming one or more exist), the
incremental cost of the OSHA standard is the difference between the cost
of meeting the (possibly) more stringent OSHA standard and the cost of
designing and installing the equipment to meet the (possibly) less
stringent consensus standard. In our view, the fact that the current
consensus standard may be more stringent than the standard that was in
place when any existing equipment was designed and installed does not by
itself result in incremental costs that can be attributed to OSHA’s
standard. Thus no compliance costs result if noncompliance is
improbable.

If noncompliance is more probable (see Section 3.1.6 for current
compliance rates), the magnitude of the compliance costs from the
perspective of a regulatory cost analysis depends, first, on the
differential between the cost of the upgrade needed to comply with the
OSHA standard and the cost of the upgrade that the employer would
otherwise undertake. Second, since regulatory costs are measured in
terms of their present value equivalents, the cost depends on how far
into the future the prospective upgrades would be undertaken and the
discount rate used to calculate the present values.

ERG considers three types of costs in the evaluation of the proposed
Subpart D language:

Training costs and costs from other work-practice requirements, such as
inspection and hazard assessment

Stand-alone equipment costs, such as for portable ladders, and

Installed walking-working surface equipment costs, such as for fixed
ladders.

First, training and other work practice-related costs are typically
recurring costs and are not subject to grandfather-type provisions. Even
one-time training requirements impose ongoing costs as new employees
enter the job market. Furthermore, compliance with these requirements is
not controlled by consensus standards to the same extent as compliance
with equipment requirements.

Second, some equipment addressed by the OSHA standard, such as portable
ladders or mobile ladder stands, is commercially produced and purchased
in ready-to-use conditions by employers. ERG argues that such equipment,
in virtually all cases, will be designed and fabricated to meet current
consensus standards. This is due to the fact that equipment
manufacturers will seek to avoid (1) the small market represented by
employers that would purchase non-compliant equipment and (2) the
liabilities associated with the manufacture of non-compliant equipment.
For example, a walk through a hardware store will indicate that each
ladder is marked to identify the ANSI standard to which it is built.
Therefore, as a ladder needs to be replaced, the replacement will meet
the current standard. Even longer-lived equipment, such as a mobile
ladder stand, is advertised as meeting ANSI requirements. In other
words, an employer would not be able to purchase a ladder (or other
stand-alone equipment) that did not meet current voluntary standards.
The possibility does exist of importing equipment that may not meet
consensus standards. The 2006 Performance and Accountability Report of
the U.S. Consumer Product Commission (CPSC) noted that roughly
two-thirds of their product recalls involve imported products. ERG
argues that some imported equipment might be produced to specifications
provided by domestic vendors that are based on the requirements in the
ANSI standards. It is conceivable, however, that other vendors might
misrepresent the technical specifications of equipment that did not
fully meet the ANSI requirements. To address the question of substandard
imports, a cost is assigned for due diligence on the part of the
employer to ensure the equipment meet all the ANSI requirements.
Otherwise we conclude that noncompliance with consensus standards is
unlikely.

A third type of cost is associated with walking-working-related
equipment – such as fixed ladders, stairways, or ramps- that must be
designed and constructed to fit site-specific dimensions and
requirements. Installed surfaces often have lifetimes comparable to the
structures to which they are attached, e.g., fixed ladders. Typically,
an employer would use architects, engineers, and/or contractors
(possible in-house resources) to design, fabricate and install such
equipment. While it is conceivable that en employer might insist on
installing nonconforming equipment, ERG believes that professional
standards for architects and engineers, local building codes, and
potential liability concerns would dictate that virtually all employers
would voluntarily choose to upgrade equipment so as to conform to
existing national consensus standards. For these reasons, ERG concludes
that noncompliance with consensus standards is also unlikely for fixed
equipment requirements.

OSHA Requirements Equivalent to National Consensus Standards

Figure 3-2 is a logic flow diagram outlining the process for identifying
costs associated with new regulatory language. The starting point is a
side-by-side, provision-by-provision comparison of the existing and new
regulatory language. In many cases, the language might have changed to
enhance the understandability of the regulation without a change in the
scope of activities covered or requirement for an employer to provide a
safe workplace. In some cases, the revised language gives the employer
additional methods to provide a level of safety equivalent to that
specific in the original language. Such changes result in de minimis
costs to the employer.

If there is a change from the existing to the proposed language, the
second decision point is to determine whether the proposed language is
equivalent to an existing consensus standard. If it is, then the cost
associated with the new language is the change from a voluntary standard
to a mandatory standard, see Section   REF _Ref165450889 \r \h  3.1.2.1
. Table 3.1 is a listing of national consensus standard and the
associated section of the draft rule. If the draft rule does not contain
more stringent requirements than an existing national consensus
standard, and equipment purchased or installed meet these standards, no
costs are assigned to the rule. Costs are assigned, however, for the
portion of the industry that is not currently complying with the
voluntary standard to comply with the mandatory requirement (see Section
3.1.6 for the current compliance rates). As we have argued, however,
costs are attributable to the OSHA standard only if the employer has the
option to not comply with the consensus standard.

Third, the presence or absence of a grandfather clause determines
whether costs are incurred by existing establishments to retrofit and
upgrade to the new requirements when the standard is implemented
(retrofit costs, see Figure 3-1) or only when establishments replace
infrastructure or equipment at a time of the employer’s choosing
(future costs). Section 3.1.5 discusses the effect of grandfather
clauses in more detail. However, given that an OSHA requirement is
equivalent to a national consensus standard, it is possible that this
consensus is incorporated into the baseline conditions so strongly that
it is not probable for the employer to do anything but comply. If an
employer has no other choice than to comply with a requirement, then
there is no cost for compliance attributable to the regulation.



Figure 3-2.	Cost Methodology Logic Flow – OSHA Standard Equivalent to
National Consensus standard



Table 3-1.	Subpart D Requirements and National Consensus Standards

Table 3-1.	Subpart D Requirements and National Consensus Standards

Subpart D	National Consensus Standard

§1910.22	ANSI/ASSE A1264.2-2006, American National Standard for the
Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking/Working Surfaces

	ASME B56.1-2004, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Safety
Standard for Low Lift and High Lift Trucks

§1910.23	ANSI A14.1-2000, American National Standard for Ladders—Wood
Safety Requirements.

	ANSI A14.2-2000, American National Standard for Ladders—Portable
Metal Safety Requirements.

	ANSI A14.3-2002, American National Standard for  Ladders—Fixed-Safety
Requirements.

	ANSI A14.4-2002, American National Standard Safety Requirements for
Job-Made Wooden Ladders.

	ANSI A14.5-2000, American National Standard Ladders—Portable
Reinforced Plastic Ladders-Safety.

	ANSI A14.7-2006, American National Standard for Mobile Ladder Stands
and Mobile Ladder Stand Platforms.

§1910.24	ASTM C478-07, American Society for Testing and Materials
Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections.

	ASTM A394-05, American Society for Testing and Materials Specification
for Steel Transmission Tower Bolts, Zinc-Coated and Bare.

	ASTM C497-05, American Society for Testing and Materials Test Methods
for Concrete Piper, Manhole Sections, or Tile.

	IEEE 1307-2004; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE
Standard for Fall Protection for Utility Work - IEEE Power Engineering
Society.

	Telecommunications Industry Association TIA-222-G-2005, Structural
Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas.

§1910.25	ANSI A1264.1-1995 (R2002), American National Standard for
Safety Requirements for Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs and
Railing Systems.

	ANSI A1264.1-2007, American National Standard Safety Requirements for
Workplace Walking/Working Surfaces and Their Access; Workplace, Floor,
Wall and Floor Openings; Stairs and Guardrail Systems.

	NFPA 101-2006, National Fire Protection Association Life Safety Code.

	ICC-2003, International Code Council International Building Code.

§1910.26	ASME B56.1-2004, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Safety Standard for Low Lift and High Lift Trucks.

	ANSI/MH30.1-2000, American National Standard For the Safety
Performance, and Testing of Dock Leveling Devices Specification.

	ANSI/MH30.2-2005, Portable Dock Loading Devices: Safety, Performance
and Testing.

§1910.27	ANSI/IWCA I14.1-2001, Window Cleaning Safety Standard.

	ANSI/ASCE 7-2005, American National Standard for Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures.

	ANSI A1264.1-1995 (R2002), American National Standard for Safety
Requirements for Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs and Railing
Systems.

	ANSI A1264.1-2007, American National Standard Safety Requirements for
Workplace Walking/Working Surfaces and Their Access; Workplace, Floor,
Wall and Floor Openings; Stairs and Guardrail Systems.

§1910.28

§1910.29

§1910.30

	ANSI A10.11-1989 (R1998), American National Standard for Construction
and Demolition Operations – Personnel and Debris Nets.

	ANSI A14.3-2002, American National Standard for Ladders - Fixed -
Safety Requirements.

	ANSI A14.7-2006, American National Standard for Mobile Ladder Stands
and Mobile Ladder Stand Platforms.

	ANSI A1264.1-1995 (R2002), American National Standard for Safety
Requirements for Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs and Railing
Systems.

	ANSI A1264.1-2007, American National Standard, Safety Requirements for
Workplace Walking/Working Surfaces and Their Access; Workplace, Floor,
Wall and Floor Openings; Stairs and Guardrail Systems.

	ANSI/IWCA I-14.1-2001, Window Cleaning Safety.

	ANSI Z359.0-20xx, American National Standard, Definitions and
Nomenclature Used for Fall Protection and Fall Arrest.

	ANSI Z359.1-20xx, American National Standard, Safety Requirements for
Personal Fall Arrest Systems, Subsystems and Components

	ANSI Z359.2-20xx, American National Standard, Minimum Requirements for
a Comprehensive Managed Fall Protection Program.

OSHA Requirements More Stringent Than National Consensus Standards

Figure 3-3 is the logic flow for identifying costs associated with OSHA
language that contain more stringent safety requirements than an
existing consensus standard or where no consensus standard exists. In
this case, we assume that non-complying options exist. If there is no
grandfather clause, then all employers will incur retrofit costs to meet
the new requirement in the year in which the regulation becomes
effective. If there is a grandfather clause, then costs are incurred as
old equipment is replaced or new facilities are built. In each case, the
magnitude of compliance costs from a regulatory cost analysis
perspective depends on the differential between the cost of the upgrade
needed to achieve conformity with the consensus standard. In the
grandfather clause case, the cost analysis must consider timing of
equipment replacement within each affected industry and the appropriate
discount rate for calculating the present value of the resultant
compliance costs.

Grandfather Clauses

A “grandfather” clause contains language such as “Fixed ladders
installed on or after [insert date one year after the effective date of
the final rule published in the Federal Register] must meet the
following requirements:…” As shown in Figure 3-1, if there is no
grandfather clause, all workplaces must retrofit to meet the provision
in the year the regulation becomes effective.

If there is a grandfather clause, costs might be incurred in the future
as employers install new equipment to replace worn out equipment.
However, when the replacement time is reached, the baseline for
comparison is formed by the national consensus standards in effect at
the time of the replacement. However, for the purpose of this cost
analysis, ERG assumes the baseline is formed by the national consensus
standards in effect in 2007. If the proposed OSHA requirements are not
stricter than the current voluntary standards, then a cost would be
incurred only by those who would not have complied with the voluntary
standard.

Grandfather clauses work to lessen the potential costs to the employer
through two mechanisms:

The value of avoided costs (time delay, see Section 3.1.5.1), and

The shift from a retrofit cost to an incremental cost (see Section
3.1.5.2).

Figure 3-3.	Cost Methodology Logic Flow – OSHA Requirements Exceed
Consensus Standard

Value of Avoided Costs

Regulatory costs are measured in terms of their present value
equivalents. Thus the cost depends on the discount rate used to
calculate the present values and on how many years into the future
before the prospective upgrades would be undertaken. Applying a 7.5
percent discount rate – a rate used here for illustrative purposes –
to calculate present values and annualized costs, the following figures
shows the present value of $1,000 in compliance costs incurred at
different years in the future.

Current Year:	$1,000.00

Year 2:	$930.23

Year 5:	$748.80

Year 10:	$521.58



So a five-year delay in upgrading reduces the present value of
compliance costs by about 25 percent, while a 10-year delay reduces the
costs by about half.

Where the OSHA standard is based on current consensus standards, the
likelihood of non-compliance depends on the age of the equipment. The
older the equipment, the more likely it was designed and installed prior
to the date of current consensus standards. Non-compliance also depends
on the typical lifetime of the equipment. If the equipment is relatively
short-lived (such as portable ladders), then it is more likely that a
substantial part of the equipment stock in use has been designed,
fabricated, and installed under the auspices of the current version of
the consensus standard.

The Shift from a Retrofit Cost to an Incremental Cost

Without a grandfather clause, an employer must immediately upgrade when
the rule becomes effective. This might mean, for example, ripping down a
relatively new fixed ladder and rebuilding it to meet the new
requirements. The retrofit cost is the entire cost of the new fixed
ladder, and the remaining economic value of the existing equipment lost.
With a grandfather clause, the employer can wait until the fixed ladder
is worn out and needs replacing. The costs for design and labor to build
the replacement fixed ladder are likely to be very similar whether the
ladder meets the original or updated standard. What will change is the
cost for the stronger materials to meet the updated standard, e.g., from
supporting a single live load of 200 pounds to supporting two live loads
of 250 pounds each. The incremental cost for heavier bolts, thicker
steel, or the addition of supporting members is the incremental costs
associated with the updated standard. The incremental costs cannot be
quantified except on a case-by-case basis, but are likely to be small
relative to the overall cost of replacement.

Table 3-2 lists the paragraphs in the draft regulation with new
requirements that include a “grandfather” provision. Due to this
provision, no costs will be incurred for modification or replacement of
equipment in these paragraphs.

Table 3-2.	Paragraphs with Grandfather Provisions

Paragraph 	Subject

§1910.23(d)(2)	Fixed ladders must be designed, constructed, and
maintained as follows: (i) Fixed ladders must be capable of supporting
two live loads of at least 250 pounds each, concentrated between any two
consecutive attachments, plus anticipated loads caused by ice buildup,
winds, rigging, and impact loads resulting from the use of ladder safety
devices... (ii) Each step or rung must be capable of supporting at least
a single concentrated load of 250 pounds applied in the middle of the
step or rung.

§1910.24(a)(1)	All step bolts that are used in corrosive environments
must be constructed of, or coated with, a material that will retard
corrosion of the step or bolt.

§1910.24(a)(7)	Each step bolt installed must be capable of supporting,
without failure, at least four times its maximum intended load.

§1910.24(b)(2)	The employer must ensure that manhole steps: (i) are
provided with slip-resistant surfaces such as, corrugated, knurled, or
dimpled surfaces; (ii) used in corrosive environment are constructed of,
or coated with, a material that will retard corrosion of the step; (iii)
have a minimum clear step width of 10 inches; (iv) are spaced uniformly,
not more than 16 inches apart; (v) have a minimum perpendicular distance
between the centerline of the manhole step to the nearest permanent
object in back of the step of at least 4.5 inches; and (vi) are designed
to prevent the employee's foot from slipping or sliding off the end of
the manhole step.

§1910.25(a)(6)	When a door or a gate opens directly on a stairway, a
platform must be provided, and the swing of the door or gate must not
reduce the effective usable depth to less than 22 inches.

§1910.26(b)	Dockboards must be designed, constructed, and maintained to
prevent equipment from running off the edge.

§1910.29(f)(1)(ii)	The height of stair rail systems must not be less
than 36 inches.



Current Compliance Rates

The baseline should be the assessment of the way the world would look
absent the regulation and is frequently assumed to resemble the present.
The baseline, then includes compliance rates with the existing Subpart D
and Subpart I as well as with national consensus standards.

Current Compliance Rates: Table 3-3 presents the fiscal year 2005 OSHA
inspections, subdivided by industry sector, that resulted in a citation
(OSHA, 2006a). The columns in Table 3-3 tabulate cases where a citation
was issued for any reason and also included non-compliance with a
section of 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D. The non-compliance rates in Table 3-3
are overstated because there are inspections with no citations that are
not included in this estimate. The upper-bound non-compliance rates for
floor guarding requirements in Section §1910.23 vary by industry.
Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate has the lowest non-compliance rate
(2.8 percent), while Wholesale Trade has the highest non-compliance rate
(13.6 percent). The non-compliance rates drop for fixed industrial stair
requirements, which range from 0 percent (Finance, Insurance, and Real
Estate) to 2.7 percent (Wholesale Trade). For the remaining paragraphs
(portable wood ladders, portable metal ladders, fixed ladders,
scaffolding, and manually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds),
non-compliance rates do not exceed 1.2 percent. That is, for
§1910.25-§1910.28, the assumption of 100 percent industry compliance
is reasonable. That is, costs are only incurred when the draft
requirements exceed or would be more costly than the current
requirements. However, where costs might be incurred under more
stringent requirements, the upper-bound non-compliance rate for existing
requirements can be used as an estimate of the proportion of facilities
that might incur costs under the draft rule.

If meeting an existing requirement would also meet the draft
requirement, no costs are assigned to the provision. For example, the
draft language for §1910.23(d)(12)(ii) specifies that the step-across
distance from the centerline of the steps or rungs of a fixed ladder to
the access/egress point of the platform edge for side step ladders must
be between 15 and 20 inches. Based on Figure D-10 in the existing
standard, the maximum space from the edge of the ladder to the platform
(i.e., access/egress point) is 12 inches. As noted in the previous
paragraph, the centerline width for a fixed ladder is 8 inches. The
total step-across distance under the Table 3-3.	Compliance with Current
29 CFR 1910 Requirements

Sector	Inspections With Citations	Inspections With Subpart D Citations



§1910.23	§1910.24	§1910.25	§1910.26	§1910.27	§1910.28	§1910.29

	Total	Floor Guarding	Fixed Industrial Stairs	Portable Wood Ladders
Portable Metal Ladders	Fixed Ladders	Scaffolding	Manually Propelled
Aerial Platforms

Manufacturing	6,773	732	10.80%	168	2.50%	18	0.30%	23	0.30%	60	0.90%	16
0.20%	19	0.30%

Transportation and Utilities	1,301	115	8.80%	15	1.20%	0	0.00%	7	0.50%	11
0.80%	3	0.20%	5	0.40%

Retail trade	680	58	8.50%	14	2.10%	2	0.30%	6	0.90%	3	0.40%	1	0.10%	2
0.30%

Wholesale trade	670	91	13.60%	18	2.70%	1	0.10%	7	1.00%	8	1.20%	4	0.60%	0
0.00%

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate	107	3	2.80%	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	2	1.90%
0	0.00%	1	0.90%	0	0.00%

Services	1,938	106	5.50%	19	1.00%	4	0.20%	5	0.30%	10	0.50%	15	0.80%	3
0.20%

 













	 

All sectors	11,469	1,105	9.60%	234	2.00%	25	0.20%	50	0.40%	92	0.80%	40
0.30%	29	0.30%

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 



existing standard is 20 inches. Thus, a fixed ladder that meets the
current requirements also meets the draft requirements; and no costs are
assigned to this paragraph.

Compliance Met By Least Cost Method

In a cost impact analysis, an employer is always assumed to meet a
regulatory requirement by choosing the least expensive means to do so.
Thus, if the draft regulation identifies several other means of meeting
a requirement along with the current method, the employers would be
expected to select the least cost method. It then follows that if the
alternative method specified in the draft regulation is more expensive
than the current method, the employer would be expected to use the
current method to meet the requirement. For example, under
§1910.28(b)(1), an employer can meet the duty to have fall protection
for an employee on a walking-working surface with an unprotected side or
edge by (1) the use of guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal
fall arrest systems, or travel restraint systems, or (2) an employee
must work in a designated area. The current regulation specifies
Approach (1) while the draft regulation specifies either Approach (1) or
(2). Thus, in this case, no costs were assigned to the draft
§1910.28(b)(1). There might be a cost savings to an employer. However,
those savings are not estimated in this report.

PARAGRAPH-BY-PARAGRAPH REVIEW

This section provides a brief paragraph-by-paragraph review of the draft
rule. Only requirements that might involve costs incremental to those
beyond current requirements and national consensus standards are
described.

Table 3-4 summarizes the paragraphs that, as currently written, might
result in costs to the employer. These are primarily inspection and
training costs. For the purpose of this analysis, ERG distinguishes
between informal and formal training. For example, draft
§1910.23(b)(11) states that an employee must face the ladder when
ascending or descending the ladder. ERG assumes such instruction can be
done on an in-house basis with materials such as OSHA training videos.
When training is done on an informal basis, ERG does not assign an
administrative costs for the employer to document that the training has
taken place. When the draft language uses the words “trained” or
“training,” ERG assumes the instruction is done on a more formal
basis, possibly with an outside person being hired to provide the
course. ERG assumes that an employer will choose to maintain
documentation of all formal training and ERG thus assigns a cost for the
administrative task.

Finally, several paragraphs say that training must be done in accordance
with §1910.30, see:

§1910.27(b)(2)(ii): Rope descent systems,

§1910.28(b)(1): Unprotected sides and edges,

§1910.28(b)(10)(v): Outdoor advertising

in Table 3-4. The costs for §1910.30 include the costs for the
paragraphs listed above.

Table 3-4.	Paragraphs of the Draft Standard To Be Analyzed for Cost
Impacts

Table 3-4.	Paragraphs of the Draft Standard To Be Analyzed for Cost
Impacts

Paragraph 	Subject

§1910.22(d)(1)	Regular and periodic inspection of walking-working
surfaces.

§1910.22(d)(2)	Unsafe conditions must be guarded until repair.

§1910.22(d)(3)	Qualified person must inspect repair.

§1910.23(b)(11)	Training: When ascending or descending a ladder, the
user must face the ladder.

§1910.23(b)(12)	Training: Each employee must use at least one hand to
grasp the ladder when progressing up and down the ladder.

§1910.23(b)(13)	Training: An employee must not carry any object or load
that could cause the employee to lose his or her balance and fall.

§1910.23(c)(5)	Training: Use of portable single rail ladders is
prohibited.

§1910.23(c)(6)	Training:  Ladders must not be moved, shifted, or
extended while occupied by employees.

§1910.23(e)	Due diligence on the part of the employer to ensure mobile
ladder stands and platforms meet the requirements

§1910.23(e)(1)(vii)	Mobile ladder stands and platforms must not be
moved.

§1910.24(a)(8)	Visual inspection of step bolts before each use.

§1910.24(b)(3)	Visual inspection of manhole steps before each use.

§1910.24(b)(2)(i)	Manhole steps are provided with slip-resistant
surfaces

§1910.24(b)(2)(vi)	Manhole steps are designed to prevent the employee's
foot from slipping or sliding off the end of the manhole step.

§1910.27(b)(2)(ii)	When rope descent systems are used, employees must
be trained in accordance with §1910.30. Costs for this paragraph are
therefore included in §1910.30.

§1910.27(b)(2)(iv)	When rope descent systems are used, employees must
use proper rigging, including sound anchorages and tiebacks.

§1910.28(a)(2)	Employer must determine that walking-working surfaces
have the strength and structural integrity to safely support employees.

§1910.28(b)(4)	Installation of guardrails and handrails on dockboards.

§1910.28(b)(10)(iii)	Inspection of ladder safety devices.

§1910.28(b)(10)(v)	Each employee who routinely climbs fixed ladders
must satisfy the criteria for qualified climber found in §1910.29(h).
Costs associated with this training are assigned to §1910.29(h).

§1910.28(b)(10)(vi)	Training: Employee must have both hands free while
ascending or descending ladder (outdoor advertising/billboards
operations).

§1910.29(b)(15)	Inspection of manila, plastic, or synthetic rope being
used as top rails or midrails.

§1910.29(h)	Training for qualified climbers.

	Retraining for qualified climbers as necessary.

	Performance observations

§1910.30(a)	Training: Fall hazards.

§1910.30(b)	Training: Equipment hazards.

§1910.30(c)	Retraining.

§1910.140	Hazard assessment.

§1910.140(c)(18)	Personal fall protection systems inspected before each
use.

The discussion pattern in this section lists the paragraph and text
first, followed by a discussion of whether or not the new requirement
constitutes a cost. Changes that result in no costs because they fall
under any of the situations described in Section 3.1 are not discussed
here.

Sections 3.2.1 through 3.2.10 discuss the requirements in draft Subpart
D paragraphs while Section 3.2.11 discusses the requirements in draft
Subpart I.

§1910.21 Scope

There are no costs assigned to §1910.21 Scope, application, and
definitions.

§1910.22 General Requirements

Paragraphs with Costs

§1910.22(d). Maintenance and repair. The paragraph involves new
requirements for the employer to inspect the walking-working surfaces,
guard hazardous conditions to prevent employee use until the hazard is
corrected, and the repair or maintenance work is inspected by a
qualified person. These costs are considered in Section   REF
_Ref165287656 \r \h  3.3.2  and are assumed to include the costs for
inspection described in §1910.28 (see Section 3.3.6).

Paragraphs with No Costs

§1910.22(c). Access and egress. The employer must ensure that employees
are provided with and use a safe means of access to, and egress from one
walking-working surface to another. The language in the existing
§1910.22(b) concerns aisles and passageways. Aisles and passageways
must be kept clear, in good repair, and with no obstruction across or in
aisles that could create a hazard. ERG interprets the language in the
draft §1910.22(c) to generalize the terms “aisles” and
“passageways” to cover all means of access and egress. The change
results in the terminology in the draft rule being consistent with that
in a consensus standard (NFPA 101). Thus, §1910.22(c) is assigned no
costs.

§1910.23 Ladders

§1910.23 begins with provisions that apply to all ladders
(§1910.23(b)) and then has provisions applicable to specific types of
ladders, such as portable ladders (§1910.23(c)), fixed ladders
(§1910.23(d)), and mobile ladder stands and mobile ladders stand
platforms (§1910.23(e).

Paragraphs with Costs

§1910.23(b)(11-13), §1910.23(c)(5-6), (10-11), and (13). These eight
paragraphs include instructions to the employee on proper use of the
ladders. These requirements are summarized in Table 3-7 in Section
3.3.3. §1910.23(c)(5) prohibits the use of single-rail ladders. This is
consistent with the requirements for the construction industry standard
at §1926.1053(b)(19). Thus the requirement not to use a single-rail
ladder is a matter of training. The wide availability of permitted
ladders means there are no equipment costs associated with the
prohibition. Training costs are considered in Section 3.3.3.

§1910.23(e). Mobile ladder stands and mobile ladder stand platforms
designed, used, and maintained in accordance with the applicable
standard from ANSI A14 series as of (insert effective date of this
standard) are deemed to be in compliance with this section. The only
provision that does not have a corresponding requirement in the national
consensus standard is §1910.23(e)(1)(vii) – occupied mobile ladder
stands and platforms must not be moved. §1910.23(e)(1)(vii) is a work
practice requirement and compliance is achieved through ladder safety
training and enforcement. Therefore, any cost for §1910.23(e)(1)(vii)
is not associated with the equipment costs due to the grandfather
clause, but with workplace practices addressed through training. See
Section 3.3.3 for ladder safety training costs.

All other provisions meet the national consensus standard. An
investigation of fiscal year 2005 OSHA data for inspections with Subpart
D citations indicates that the failure to provide safe ladders is very
low (e.g., 0.2 percent of inspections with citations included violations
for portable wood ladders, 0.4 percent for metal ladders, and 0.8
percent for fixed ladders). Based on these data, we might infer that
there is a near-100 percent intent to provide safe (i.e., OSHA
compliant) ladders by employers. With a near-100 percent compliance rate
with the current consensus standards no costs are assigned for equipment
upgrades (see Section 3.1.2.2). However, costs are assigned for due
diligence on the part of the employer to ensure the equipment meet all
the ANSI requirements.

Paragraphs with No Costs

§1910.23(a). Application. The draft paragraph covers special wood
ladders specifically excluded in the existing language, including fruit
picker’s ladders, combination step and extension ladders, stockroom
stepladders, aisle-way stepladders, shelf ladders, and library ladders.
However, these ladders are assumed to meet consensus standards for
wooden ladders so no costs are incurred with the expanded application.

§1910.23(b)(4)(iii) concerning rolling ladders in communications
centers was moved from §1910.268(h)(5)—Telecommunications. Thus, this
is not a new requirement.

§1910.23(b)(9). Both existing and draft standards have a requirement to
inspect ladders before use. Based on discussion with OSHA, ERG does not
interpret the draft language to imply more frequent inspections than
currently performed.

§1910.23(c)(14). The reach of the ladder and ladder sections must not
be increased by any means unless specifically designed for the
application. Ladders and ladder sections cannot be tied or fastened
together to provide longer length unless the equipment is designed for
this purpose. This provision might cause the employer to incur a cost if
it is necessary to purchase a longer ladder of sufficient length for the
task. However, the existing regulations at §1910.25(d)(2)(ix) and
§1910.26(c)(3)(vi) specify that neither wood nor metal portable ladders
may be spliced, tied, or fastened together to create a longer section
unless the manufacturer has designed the equipment for such a purpose.
The draft language, then, expands the prohibition to all other means of
joining sections. There are no data estimating the frequency of such
occurrences but, presumably, these are rare. Thus, we do not assign a
cost to this paragraph.

§1910.23(d)(2). Fixed ladders installed on or after [insert date 90
days after the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register]
must be capable of supporting 2 live loads of at least 250 pounds,
concentrated between any two consecutive attachments, plus anticipated
loads caused by ice build-up, etc. Each rung must be capable of
supporting at least a single concentrated load of 250 pounds. The new
language reflects the consensus standard in ANSI 14.3, however, the
existing language specifies a single concentrated load of 200 pounds. 

ERG estimated that there are approximately 3.1million fixed ladders over
20 feet in length in the Untied States (see Appendix A). The requirement
to be able to support two loads of 250 pounds each dates back to the
1984 version of ANSI A14.3. It is therefore highly likely that much of
the population of existing fixed ladders was built when the 250-pound
requirement was in the voluntary standard. However, we do not know the
age distribution of fixed ladders in the United States or when a ladder
had its most recent reconstruction.

The cost differential for each ladder is the difference between a design
to support one live load of 200 pounds and two live loads of 250 pounds
each. Given that the fixed ladder must be constructed to fit a specific
site, it is likely that the labor costs for either design would be
comparable. Therefore, the cost attributable to the consensus standard
is primarily attributable to the difference in materials, e.g., thicker
steel. Such costs are likely to be highly site-specific and not
estimable at this time. However, given (1) that the cost for materials
is a fraction of the overall cost of building or rebuilding the fixed
ladder, and (2) the incremental cost is the difference between the
materials planned and materials needed, these incremental costs are
likely to be small. Since these small costs are likely to only affect a
small population of employers who are non-compliant with the current
consensus standards no costs are estimated for this paragraph.

§1910.23(d)(12)(i). The draft language changes the definition of
“step-across distance” to measure from the centerline of the steps
or rungs of a fixed ladder. The existing definition measures the
step-across distance from the nearest edge of the ladder to the nearest
edge of the structure or equipment. The minimum distance under the draft
language is 7 inches and 2.5 inches under the existing language. The
draft paragraph §1910.23(b)(4) specifies a minimum clear step or rung
width of 16 inches for individual rung and fixed ladders; thus the
distance from the centerline to the inside edge of the ladder is 8
inches. Adding the existing requirement of 2.5 inches from the nearest
edge of the ladder to the nearest edge of the structure or equipment to
the 8-inch centerline width results in a step-across width of 10.5
inches. Thus any fixed ladder that meets the current requirements also
meets the draft requirements. No costs are assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.23(d)(12)(ii). The draft language specifies that the step-across
distance from the centerline of the steps or rungs of a fixed ladder to
the access/egress point of the platform edge for side step ladders must
be between 15 and 20 inches. Based on Figure D-10 in the existing
standard, the maximum space from the edge of the ladder to the platform
(i.e., access/egress point) is 12 inches. As noted in the previous
paragraph, the centerline width for a fixed ladder is 8 inches. The
total step-across distance under the existing standard is 20 inches.
Thus, a fixed ladder that meets the current requirements also meets the
draft requirements. No costs are assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.24 Step Bolts and Manhole Steps

The requirements for step bolts are new to Subpart D. The preliminary
regulatory impact analysis (RIA) for the draft rule notes
“Manufactured products, such as ladders, step bolts, manhole
steps…generally meet or exceed draft OSHA specifications.” (OSHA,
1990a). A 2003 Standard Interpretation document comments that OSHA
considers the IEEE 1307-1996 consensus standard, in most cases, to
prevent or eliminate serious hazards (OSHA, 2003a). IEEE 1307-1996
defines “failure” in a step bolt as occurring when step bolts are
bent greater than 0.26 rad (15 degrees) below the horizontal, i.e., the
requirement in the draft §1910.24(a)(9). IEEE revised the standard in
2004; thus we assume that industry is using the more up-to-date
consensus standard.

Paragraphs with Costs

§1910.24(a)(8) and §1910.24(b)(3). Step bolts and manhole steps must
be visually inspected before each use. Inspection costs are considered
in Section 3.3.4.

§1910.24(b). The language in the draft is summarized in Table 3-5 along
with the corresponding section of ASTM C-478-06b.



Table 3-5.	Manhole Steps

Provision	Draft Language	ASTM C 478-06b Section

1910.24(b)(1)	Manhole steps installed before (insert date 90 days after
the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register) must be
capable of supporting their maximum intended load.	 

1910.24(b)(2)	The employer must ensure that manhole steps installed on
or after (insert date 90 days after the effective rule in the Federal
Register):	 

1910.24(b)(2)(i)	Are provided with slip-resistant surfaces such as,
corrugated, knurled, or dimpled surfaces;	 

1910.24(b)(2)(ii)	Used in corrosive environments are constructed of, or
coated with, a material that will retard corrosion of the step;	 

1910.24(b)(2)(iii)	Have a minimum clear step width of 10 inches (25 cm);
16.5.2

1910.24(b)(2)(iv)	Are spaced uniformly, not more than 16 inches apart.
The spacing from the entry and exit surface to the first manhole step
may be different from the spacing between other steps;	16.4.1

1910.24(b)(2)(v)	Have a minimum perpendicular distance between the
centerline of the manhole step to the nearest permanent object in back
of the step of at least 4.5 inches (11.4 cm); and	16.5.3 

1910.24(b)(2)(vi)	Are designed to prevent the employee's foot from
slipping or sliding off the end of the manhole step.	 

1910.24(b)(3)	Manhole steps must be visually inspected before each use
and be maintained in accordance with 1910.22	 



There are three additional requirements that exceed what is specified in
a national consensus standard for steps in pre-cast concrete manhole
sections:

Manhole steps must be provided with slip-resistant surfaces such as,
corrugated, knurled, or dimpled surfaces;

Manhole steps must be designed to prevent the employee's foot from
slipping or sliding off the end of the manhole step;

Manhole steps much be replaced if they are bent to such a degree that
there is no longer 4 inches clearance to the wall.

ASTM C478-06b permits the use of uncoated or untreated ferrous steps as
long as they are at least 1 inch in cross section, but says nothing
about a slip-resistant surface or design. Due to the requirements that
go beyond those in a consensus standard, when a manhole section needs to
be built or replaced, there will be incremental costs for
slip-resistant/corrosion-resistant surfaces. The paragraph now defines
when a step has “failed” when still present in the manhole; thus
there are also step replacement costs. These costs are discussed in
Section 3.3.4.

Paragraphs with No Costs

§1910.24(a)(1). The draft reads:

“All step bolts installed on or after [insert date 90 days after the
effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register] that are used
in corrosive environments must be constructed of, or coated with, a
material that will retard corrosion of the step or bolt.”

The most relevant national consensus standard is ASTM Standard
Specification for Steel Transmission Tower Bolts, Zinc-Coated and Bare
(ASTM A394-05). The appendix to the consensus standard mentions that the
dimensions of ladder bolts, step bolts, and equipment support bolts
shall be specified by the purchaser, thus the rest of the standard is
applicable to step bolts. The standard describes three types of bolts
covered by the standard:

Type 0: hot-dip zinc-coated bolts made of low or medium carbon steel.
(ASTM 394-05, Section 1.1.1)

Type 1: hot-dip zinc-coated bolts made of medium carbon steel, quenched
and tempered. (ASTM 394-05, Section 1.1.2)

Type 3: Bare (uncoated), quenched and tempered bolts made of weathering
steel (ASTM 394-05, Section 1.1.4)

Appendix A.2 of the consensus standard mentions that bolts should be
Type 0 unless agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. That
is, the default condition is that the bolt is zinc-coated and therefore
meets the proposed OSHA requirement for corrosion resistance. The use of
any other bolt type implies that the manufacturer and purchaser have
agreed that the bolt is appropriate for the intended environment and
intended use. Since manufacturers of step bolts are unlikely to make
non-compliant step bolts, this provision falls into the category of
“non-compliance is unlikely,” and no costs are assigned to this
paragraph.

§1910.24(a)(6). The draft reads:

“Step bolts installed before [insert date 90 days after the effective
date of the final rule in the Federal Register] must be capable of
supporting their maximum intended load.”

The requirement that a step bolt must be capable of supporting its
maximum intended load is consistent with IEEE 1307-2004; IEEE Standard
for Fall Protection for Utility Work, Section 9.1.1.1(d) which reads:

“d) Be capable of supporting the intended workload [as defined for the
application per the applicable ANSI standard(s)], but in no case shall
the minimum design live load be less than a simple concentrated load of
271 kg (598.4 lb) applied 51mm (2 inches) from the inside face of the
step bolt head.”

No cost is therefore assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.24(a)(7) requires step bolts installed after the effective date
of the rule to be capable of supporting four times its maximum intended
load. In the preamble to the proposed rule, OSHA says that it considers
a 5/8-inch bolt to meet this requirement and that such size bolts are
readily available.

§1910.25 Stairs and Stairways

Paragraphs with No Costs

§1910.25(a)(6). The original regulation says that for doors or gates
that open directly on a stairway, a platform must be provided, and the
swing of the door must not reduce the effective width to less than 20
inches. For platforms installed before 90 days after the effective date
of the final rule there are no changes to the existing requirements and
therefore no retrofit costs. For platforms installed on or after 90 days
after the effective date of the final rule, the effective width is
increased to 22 inches. The incremental cost is that associated with
adding 2 inches in clearance to the platform whenever the platform is
replaced. This is likely to be a minimal increase in materials cost
borne by the employer to meet the consensus standard. For reasons given
in Section 3.1.3, no incremental costs for meeting a consensus standard
are attributable to the proposed OSHA standard.

§1910.25(c). The original regulation in §1910.25(b) did not permit
spiral stairways except under special conditions. Under §1910.25(a)(9),
spiral stairs, ship stairs, or alternating tread-type stairs are not
permitted except for special limited usage and secondary access
situations where it is not practicable to provide a standard stairway.
Additional requirements for spiral stairs are listed in the draft
language for §1910.25(c). An existing spiral staircase that does not
meet the draft requirements for clear width, riser height, etc., would
need to be modified or replaced. However, spiral staircases are likely
to be relatively rare given that they are exceptions to the existing
rule. In addition, a note to §1910.25(a)(1) indicates that employers in
compliance with NFPA 101 (or Building Code) will be deemed to be in
compliance with this paragraph. Therefore, if the spiral staircase is in
compliance with NFPA 101, it meets the requirements in
§1910.25(c)(1-5), see NFPA (2006). Thus, we do not assign costs to
§1910.25(c).

§1910.25(d). This paragraph is a response from OSHA to an OMB
initiated, government-wide effort to reform regulation in the U.S.
manufacturing sector. The Copper and Brass Fabricators Council submitted
a comment that OSHA required the use of fixed stairs when ship stairs
would be safer (OMB, 2005). Ship stairs typically are installed with
slopes of 50 degrees or greater, however, the existing regulation for
fixed stairs addressed stairs installed at angles between 30 and 50
degrees. Thus, ship stairs were not specifically addressed in the
original interpretation. Recent standard interpretations indicate that
if an inspection found a set of ship stairs at an establishment (a
violation of the existing regulation) that conformed to the draft
regulation, OSHA would consider it a de minimis violation (OSHA 2006b
and 2006c). Therefore, the need to retrofit or replace a set of ship
stairs under the draft rule would be minimal and no costs are assigned
to §1910.25(d).

§1910.25(e). Alternating tread stairs were not specifically mentioned
in the original regulation. A letter from OSHA to a manufacturer of
alternating tread stairs deemed the stair design to be safe (OSHA,
1981). Alternating tread stairs are discussed in NFPA 101, Section
7.2.11, therefore, any alternating tread stair that meets the
requirements of NFPA 101 also meets the requirements draft in
§1910.25(e). Thus, we do not assign costs to §1910.25(e).

§1910.26 Dockboards

Paragraphs with No Costs

§1910.26(b). The draft language reads:

Dockboards put into service on or after [insert date 90 days after the
effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register] must be
designed, constructed, and maintained to prevent equipment from running
off the edge.”

The definition of a dockboard in ANSI MH30.2-2005 Section 2.2 contains
the language “as well as providing a run-off guard, or curb.”
Dockboards are manufactured by one company for sale to and use by
another company. Following the logic of Section 3.1.2.2, if an employer
orders a dockboard, it will have curbs. No costs for this provision are
attributable to the rule.

§1910.27 Scaffolds

Paragraphs with Costs

§1910.27(b)(2)(ii). This paragraph codifies safety provisions presented
in the 1991 memorandum to the Regional Administrators, which are
essentially similar to what is now contained in the national consensus
standard ANSI/IWCA I 14.1 (OSHA, 1991a). These are:

Training of employees in the use of the equipment before it is used.

Inspection of the equipment each day before use.

Proper rigging, including sound anchorages and tiebacks, in all cases,
with particular emphasis on providing tiebacks when counterweights,
cornice hooks, or similar non-permanent anchorage systems are used.

Use of a separate fall arrest system.

All lines installed (such as by using knots, swages, or eye splices)
when rigging descent control devices shall be capable of sustaining a
minimum tensile load of 5,000 pounds.

Provisions are made for rescue or assure that employees are able to
rescue themselves.

Ropes are effectively padded where they contact edges of the building,
anchorage, obstructions, or other surfaces that might cut or weaken the
rope.

Provide for stabilization at the specific work location when descents
are greater than 130 feet.

There are some changes in language but most of these are not anticipated
to result in compliance costs, e.g., “prompt rescue” rather than
“rescue” and “harness” rather than “body belt.” The
exceptions are §1910.27(b)(2)(ii) and §1910.27(b)(2)(iv). According to
§1910.27(b)(2)(ii), training must now be done in accordance with
§1910.30. Costs for any training beyond what was done as a result of
the 1991 memorandum are attributed to §1910.30.

§1910.27(b)(2)(iv). When rope descent systems are used, employers must
use proper rigging, including sound anchorages and tiebacks with
particular emphasis on providing tiebacks when counterweights, cornice
hooks, or similar non-permanent anchorages are used. It is apparent that
IWCA expects to find buildings without anchorages. A key provision of
ANSI/IWCA I-14.1 is a written work plan (Section 1.7). The IWCA web site
recommends that the person “whose job it is to look at and price jobs
should be the primary person to develop the written plan. After all,
this is the time when you see things like anchor points (or lack
thereof) entrance ways, sharp edges, and other concerns. The best part
of the written plan is the fact that it allows the building owner or
manager to work with you in creating a safe place to work for you and
your employees.” (IWCA, 2007b) ANSI/IWCA 14.1, Section 17 lists
options for roof support equipment, including:

Parapets, cornices, and building anchorages (Section 17.1)

Davits and davit fixtures (a crane-like structure, Section 17.2)

Sockets (Section 17.3)

Tie-backs (Section 17.4)

Counterweighted outriggers (Section 17.5)

Parapet clamps and cornice hooks (Section 17.6)

Overhead monorail tracks and trolleys (Section 17.7)

Several of these options, such as counterweighted outriggers, are
transportable and are likely to be supplied by the contractor. Thus, the
role of the work plan is to delineate how the work is to be performed
using a mix of contractor and property owner equipment. The voluntary
standard provides several acceptable options for roof support equipment
and specifies the development of a work plan where both the contractor
and property owner concur on how a safe job can be done at that
property. It is highly unlikely that either party would agree to a work
practice it considered unsafe and ERG believes that voluntary compliance
with the consensus standard is likely to be high. Therefore, no costs
are assigned for equipment costs.

Costs do result, however, from inspections and certification for
providing assurances that an anchorage is sound. These are discussed in
Section 3.3.5.

Paragraphs with No Costs

§1910.27(a). This paragraph extends the construction industry
requirements for scaffolds (except rope descent systems) to all other
parts of industry. The construction industry scaffold standards (Subpart
L of 29 CFR Part 1926) were updated on August 30, 1996 (OSHA, 1996), and
contain requirements for all the same types of scaffolds that are now
regulated by General Industry standards. OSHA believes that many general
industry employers who use scaffolds also perform work covered by the
construction industry standards and are already familiar with, and in
compliance with, the construction industry scaffold standards.
Therefore, the new language resolves any inconsistencies and thus no
costs are attributed to this paragraph.

§1910.27(b)(1). Rope descent systems are an alternative to powered
platforms. The draft language states that rope descent systems cannot be
used for heights greater than 300 feet unless access cannot otherwise be
obtained safely and practicably. The wording of the draft rule is
consistent with the industry consensus standard (ANSI/IWCA, 2001). In
other words, both the IWCA consensus standard and the proposed OSHA
language (1) prohibit the use of rope descent systems for descents
exceeding 300 feet, and (2) contain an exclusion clause – unless
access cannot safely and practicably be obtained by other means. Because
both contain the same exclusion clause, the OSHA requirement is no more
restrictive than the consensus standard. Since this is a work-practice
as opposed to an equipment specification requirement, incremental costs
are attributable to the proposed standard to the extent that employers
would not otherwise voluntarily comply with the IWCA standard.

The potential cost is, at the very least, limited to situations where
(1) the building is 300 feet tall or higher, and (2) there is an
alternative to the rope descent system that is practicable and safe. ERG
used the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat’s database and
identified slightly more than 1,900 buildings that are 300 feet (91.7 m)
tall or higher (CTBUH, 2006). More than one in every four of these
buildings is in New York City where State policy does not allow the use
of rope descent systems (DiChacho, 2006). A better estimate of the
number of potentially affected buildings is 1,500 buildings nationwide.
ERG presumes that some of these 1,500 buildings have permanently
installed power platforms for access to the exterior of the building,
and further presumes that using an existing system would be less
expensive than setting up a rope descent system. The final set of
buildings for which §1910.27(b)(1) could result in costs are those
where a safe and practicable alternative to a rope descent system exists
but cannot be used. Because all companies bidding on the project would
be making those bids under the same set of constraints, §1910.27(b)(1)
would not result in a loss in income to the window cleaning industry.
There may be higher costs to the building owners but, although the cost
cannot be estimated, ERG considers the cost to be small given the
limited number of buildings that potentially would be affected.

§1910.27(b)(2)(x). The requirement to secure equipment is consistent
with the consensus standard IWCA I-14.1-2001 Section 3.10. Thus, no
incremental costs are incurred for this requirement.

§1910.27(b)(2)(xi). The requirement to protect suspension ropes from
exposure to open flames, hot work, corrosive chemicals, or other
destructive conditions is an extension of the requirement to protect the
integrity of the ropes in the 1991 OSHA memorandum. The costs for
meeting this requirement is part of the training costs estimated in
§1910.30.

§1910.28 Duty to Have Fall Protection

The draft language for §1910.28, with two major revisions, is a
consolidation of the fall protection requirements in the existing rule.
First, comments submitted in response to the reopening of the rule in
2003 suggested that the fall protection requirements in Subpart D should
be consistent with those in Subpart M of the construction standard. The
draft language for §1910.28 brings consistency between the rules that
might affect employers and employees in both the construction and
General Industry sectors. Second, the existing standard does not address
the use of restraint systems, designated areas, or safety nets systems,
nor is it clear as to where the use of personal fall protection systems
is permitted. The restructured section allows employers to choose from
various options in providing fall protection, that is, it is not as
restrictive as the existing standard that primarily requires the use of
standard railings (guardrails).

Paragraphs with Costs

§1910.28(a)(2). General. The employer must determine that the
walking-working surface has the strength and structural integrity to
safely support employees. Discussions with OSHA staff indicate that
their opinion is that this requirement can be met by a five- to
ten-minute inspection of the surface or review of engineering paperwork.
In rare circumstances, an employer might need to spend 15 to 30 minutes
to determine if work can proceed. Costs for this are discussed in
Section 3.3.6 where they are considered as part of the general
requirement for an employer to periodically and regularly inspect
walking-working surfaces in §1910.22(d) (1).

§1910.28(b)(4). Dockboards. This includes a new requirement for
guardrails or handrails on dockboards if an employee might fall four or
more feet. There is an exception for cases where the dockboards are used
exclusively for material handling operations performed with motorized
equipment. In these cases, neither guardrails nor handrails are required
if the fall hazard is 10 feet or less and the employee has been trained
according to §1910.30. Section 3.3.6 discusses the costs for installing
handrail or guardrail systems for dockboards. Training costs are
assigned to §1910.30.

§1910.28(b)(10)(iii) and (vi). §1910.28(b)(10)(iii) requires the
employee to follow inspection procedures for the safety devices.
§1910.28(b)(10)(vi) requires the employee to have both hands free of
tools and material while climbing up or down the ladder. No frequency is
mentioned but we assume inspection occurs prior to each use. Costs are
assigned to these two paragraphs and are discussed in Section 3.3.6.

§1910.28(b)(10)(v). This paragraph effectively requires employees that
routinely climb fixed portions of billboard ladders that do not have
cages or wells to be a “qualified” climber as specified in
§1910.29(h). Costs for this paragraph are assigned to §1910.29(h).
Rather than speculate on what defines “routinely” or what is
required of employees that climb outdoor advertising structures
/billboards but not on a routine basis, ERG assumes that all employees
in NAICS 5418 (advertising and related services) that use personal fall
protection should be trained as qualified climbers (see §1910.29(h)
discussion in Section 3.3.7).

Paragraphs with No Costs

§1910.28(b)(1). Unprotected sides and edges. Under the draft rule, if a
walking-working surface (vertical and horizontal) has an unprotected
side or edge that is four feet or more above a lower level, an employee
must be protected from falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety
net systems, personal fall arrest systems, or the employee must work in
a designated area. In the existing rule, the “4-foot drop” condition
for protection is found:

§1910.23(b): every wall opening 

§1910.23(c)(1): every open-sided floor or platform

§1910.23(c)(2): the open sides of any runway

Thus, there is no change in height requirement for fall protection
between the existing and draft rules. The language and organization for
the draft rule, however, is less complex than that for the existing
rule. The draft rule provides additional flexibility in the methods used
for fall protection and allows for exceptional conditions, e.g., if it
is not feasible to install guardrails on the working surface, guardrails
are not required provided access to the working surface is limited to
authorized employees who have been trained in accordance with §1910.30.
No costs are assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.28(b)(2). Hoist areas. The draft rule states that fall protection
must be provided in hoist areas where the drop is four or more feet.
This is a clarification. OSHA staff consider the existing
§1910.23(b)(1) and §1910.23(c)(1) to address hoist areas. No costs are
assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.28(b)(3). Holes. The existing rule requires guarding for every
hole and skylight floor opening. The draft rule specifies that fall
protection is needed when an employee might fall more than four feet.
Thus, the new language brings the condition that precipitates a need for
fall protection for holes into agreement with that for unprotected sides
and edges and hoist areas. The new language also permits the requirement
to be met by personal fall arrest systems and covers as well as
guardrails. No costs are assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.28(b)(6). Dangerous equipment. The existing language requires a
standard railing and toe board for working/walking surfaces above
dangerous equipment. The draft language introduces a distinction on what
is required by whether the potential fall is less than four feet. For
potential falls of less than four feet onto or into dangerous equipment,
the employer has the additional options of covering or guarding the
dangerous equipment to eliminate the hazard. For potential falls of four
feet or more, the employer has the options of guardrail systems,
restraint systems, personal fall arrest systems, or safety net systems.
Because the employer is assumed to meet the requirements through the
least cost method (see Section 3.1.7 above), no costs are assigned to
this paragraph.

§1910.28(b)(7). Wall openings. The draft language limits the need for
fall protection to cases where the inside bottom edge of the wall
opening is less than 39 inches above the walking-working surface. In
addition, the employer has the additional option of using a safety net
system or personal fall arrest system to meet this requirement. No costs
are assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.28(b)(8). Repair, service, and assembly pits 4 to 10 feet in
depth. Pits, in general, were subsumed within the definition of a floor
opening in the existing §1910.21(a)(2). In the draft paragraph, pits
between 4 and 10 feet in depth for repair, service, and assembly
operations need not have a fall protection system provided that a
(minimum) 6-foot perimeter is marked around the pit and access to that
area is limited to trained and authorized employees. ERG does not assign
incremental costs to this paragraph for two reasons. First, an employer
would only incur costs for caution signs and floor markings if they were
less expensive than the fall protection system required under the
existing regulation (see Section 3.1.7 for a discussion on the
assumption that an employer will meet requirements by the least
expensive method). Second, the existing §1910.145 already requires an
employer to post caution signs where needed and the existing §1910.144
describes what is required for marking. ERG assumes an employer has
signs and marking materials available, so no incremental costs are
assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.28(b)(9). Fixed ladders. The employer has the added option of
meeting the requirement through the use of personal fall protection
systems. The existing language specified cages or wells. No costs are
assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.28(b)(10)(i), (ii), and (iv). Outdoor advertising (billboards).
This is a new paragraph. Under the language of the existing Subpart D,
no distinction is made for billboards. Thus, the fixed ladder portion of
the billboard could be considered under the existing fixed ladder
requirements. Under existing§1910.27(d)(1), cages or wells are required
for ladders more than 20 feet. Under the draft §1910.28(b)(10)(i), an
employee climbing a fixed ladder portion of a billboard up to 50 feet in
length needs either a body belt or body harness with an appropriate
18-inch rest lanyard as a means to tie off to the fixed ladder.
Presumably, the additional options are less expensive than cages or
wells where they do not already exist. Any ladder safety systems (i.e.,
a device other than a cage or well, see §1910.21(b)) that already exist
must be maintained (§1910.28(b)(10)(iv)). This is already required
under current practice. Thus, no incremental costs are assigned to these
paragraphs for compliance.

If, however, the fixed ladder portion extends beyond 50 feet, the entire
length of the fixed ladder must have ladder safety devices (see
§1910.28(b)(10)(ii)). Ladder safety systems refer to any device other
than a cage or well (Presumably, the ladder safety systems are less
expensive than cages or wells where the latter do not already exist, see
Section 3.1.7). Thus, no incremental costs are assigned to this
paragraph for compliance.

§1910.28(b)(10)(vii). Climbers must be protected by an appropriate fall
protection system when they reach their work positions but the costs for
these systems are already considered in the existing requirements for
fixed ladder systems. Thus, no additional costs for equipment are
considered for this paragraph.

§1910.28(b)(12). Scaffolds and rope descent systems. Paragraph now
refers to §1926, thus avoiding any inconsistencies between the
paragraphs. The language extends the requirements found in the
construction standards to all other industries. Fall protection on
scaffolds in §1926 follows consensus standards, thus no costs are
assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.28(b)(13). Walking-working surfaces not otherwise addressed. OSHA
considers the new paragraph to be a clarification of the existing
§1910.23(c)(3), which requires a railing and toeboard. The draft
language restricts the requirement to working surfaces 4 feet or more
above a lower level and permits the employer to comply with the
paragraph by the use a personal fall protection system. Under the least
cost assumption, no costs are assigned to this paragraph.

§1910.29 Fall Protection Systems and Criteria

Paragraphs with Costs

§1910.29(b)(15). Guardrail systems. The new paragraph requires that
manila, plastic, or synthetic rope being used for top rails or midrails
be inspected “as frequently as necessary” to ensure that it meets
the strength requirements. This inspection cost is considered in Section
3.3.7.

§1910.29(h). This paragraph sets the criteria for the use of
“qualified” climbers and limits the use of “qualified climbers”
to employees engaged in outdoor advertising operations. The costs for
this paragraph are those to train and, as necessary, retrain qualified
climbers. That is, ERG assumes qualified climbers require training
beyond that now required for fixed ladders. Additional costs are
incurred by the requirement for the employer to observe the performance
to ensure the qualified climber has the skills necessary to perform the
climb safely. These costs are discussed further in Section 3.3.7. 

Paragraphs with No Costs

§1910.29(c). Safety net systems. Paragraph now refers to §1926, thus
avoiding any inconsistencies between the paragraphs. The language
extends the requirements found in the construction standards to all
other industries. However, safety net system requirements in §1926
follow consensus standards, thus no costs are assigned to this
paragraph.

§1910.30 Training Programs

Paragraphs with Costs

This is an entirely new paragraph requiring training regarding fall and
equipment hazards as well as re-training when necessary for employees in
general industry. ERG assumes that an employer that trains employees in
compliance with §1910.30 would choose to maintain records of the
training and the cost estimates reflect this time commitment on the part
of the employer. The training costs estimated for §1910.30 encompass
requirements from other paragraphs that specify that training must be
done in accordance with §1910.30. These costs are discussed in more
detail in Section 3.3.8 and are incurred only by the percentage of
establishments that do not already provide regular safety training.

§1910.140 Subpart I: Fall Protection

OSHA proposes to amend the general industry standard for personal
protective equipment (PPE) to add requirements for personal fall
protection equipment. The draft §1910.140 adds specific design and
performance requirements for personal fall protection systems to the
existing regulation. In addition, the proposed standard would require
that the provisions for hazard assessment found in §1910.132 apply to
personal fall protection systems.

Paragraphs with Costs

§1910.140(c)(18) requires personal fall protection systems to be
inspected prior to each use.  Inspection costs for this provision are
discussed in Section 3.3.9.

§1910.132(d) requires an employer to assess the workplace to determine
if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate
the use of PPE and, if so, to determine the type of PPE required. Costs
associated with hazard assessment are discussed in Section 3.3.9.

§1910.132(f) requires that— before using personal fall protection
systems, and after any component or system is changed— employees must
be trained in the application limits of the equipment, proper hook-up,
anchoring and tie-off techniques, methods of use, and proper methods of
equipment inspection and storage. The costs for this paragraph, then,
are included in the costs for §1910.30.

COST ESTIMATION

This section focuses on the costs associated with the draft rule. It
does not attempt to estimate potential cost savings to industry from
increased flexibility in meeting specific requirements, such as the use
of personal fall protection systems rather than the currently mandated
hand/guardrail systems, even if some of the new alternatives might
actually be safer than the currently mandated requirements.

Section 3.3.1 discusses data used in the following estimations. Section
3.3.2 through 3.3.9 estimates the costs associated with each paragraph.
Table 3-4, developed in Section 3.4, is the basis for these discussion.
Section 3.3 summarizes the compliance cost estimates for the draft
standards.

Supporting Data

The costs are based on additional employer and supervisor time for
training and inspection. The number of establishments and employees are
taken from Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2003. The number of employees
covered by Subpart D and Subpart I is based on the employment share of
workers employed in building and grounds; construction; installation,
maintenance, and repair; production; and material moving occupations as
reported by Bureau of Labor statistics, Occupational Employment
Statistics. See Section Two for more industry profile information.

Employee and supervisor wages (See Table 2-5) also are based on Bureau
of Labor statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics. Wages are
adjusted to include the cost of benefits, based on Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation – March 2006
(released June 2006). Current compliance rates are based on OSHA
inspection statistics for Fiscal Year 2005, see Table 3-3. The
percentage of businesses that already provide regular safety training is
based on the National Occupational Exposure Survey (NIOSH, 1988), see
Table 3-6.

Table 3-6.	Fraction of Businesses Providing Regular Safety Training

NAICS	Industry	Fraction Providing Regular Safety Training

11	Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting 	0.796

21	Mining (2111 Oil and Gas Extraction)	0.751

22	Utilities	0.89

31-33	Manufacturing	0.855

42	Wholesale Trade	0.668

44-45	Retail Trade	0.668

48-49	Transportation	0.89

51	Information	0.664

52	Finance and Insurance	0.664

53	Real Estate	0.664

54	Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	0.664

55	Management	0.664

56	Administrative and Support, Waste Management and Remediation Services
0.664

61	Educational Services	0.83

62	Health Care	0.957

71	Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation	0.664

72	Accommodation and Food Services	0.664

81	Other Services	0.664



§1910.22 General Requirements

§1910.22(d). Although the underlying hazard of unsafe walking-working
surfaces is addressed within various §1910 requirements, §1910.22
contains three paragraphs with new requirements:

•	§1910.22(d)(1): Regular and periodic inspection of walking-working
surfaces

•	§1910.22(d)(2): Unsafe conditions must be guarded until repair

•	§1910.22(d)(3): Qualified person must inspect repair.

For the purpose of estimating costs for §1910.22(d)(1), ERG assumes
that facilities in compliance with OSHA regulations already perform
regular and periodic inspections of walking working surfaces. For the
purposes of estimating costs, ERG used the non-compliance rates for
floor guarding (§1910.23 has the highest non-compliance rates, see
Table 3-3) to estimate the number of establishments that need to perform
regular and periodic inspections of walking-working surfaces. ERG
assumed that a supervisor would spend 15 minutes every quarter making
the inspection for a total of 1 hour per year. The total annual cost for
inspections is estimated to be $12.9 million.

For estimating the costs for §1910.22(d)(2), ERG assumed that within a
year, ten percent of these establishments would identify an unsafe
condition and that it takes an employee 15 minutes to set up the guard
mechanism (e.g., cones, barriers, etc.). Incremental material costs are
assumed to be negligible (e.g., they have cones but now they use them).
Estimated compliance costs for this provision are $0.196 million.

For §1910.22(d)(3), ERG assumes it takes 5 minutes for a supervisor or
qualified person to inspect the repair of the unsafe condition. The
estimated cost is $0.107 million ($107,350).

The total estimated cost for compliance with §1910.22(d) is $13.2
million per year.

§1910.23 Ladders

§1910.23(b)(11-13), §1910.23(c)(5-6), (10-11), and (13). Eight
paragraphs within §1910.23 have new directives for protecting employees
from slip, trip, and fall hazards during operations involving ladders.
Table 3-7 summarizes these requirements, all of which are assumed to be
addressed in a single training session. ERG considers that compliance
with this paragraph can be met by informal training and thus no
administrative costs are included for an employer.

The OSHA website includes a Resource Center with a loan program for
training videos (OSHA, 2006d). The index lists ten training videos for
ladders and stairways with times ranging from five to 19 minutes and an
average of 12 minutes. For the purposes of estimating costs, we use a
15-minute training period. Ten employees are trained per session with
one supervisor in attendance. We assume that $1 in materials cost is
incurred for handouts for each employee trained.

Table 3-7.	Training Requirements Under Draft §1910.23

Paragraph 	Subject

§1910.23(b)(11)	When ascending or descending a ladder, the user must
face the ladder.

§1910.23(b)(12)	Each employee must use at least one hand to grasp the
ladder when progressing up and down the ladder.

§1910.23(b)(13)	An employee must not carry any object or load that
could cause the employee to lose his or her balance and fall.

§1910.23(c)(5)	The use of portable single rail ladders is prohibited.

§1910.23(c)(6)	Ladders must not be moved, shifted, or extended while
occupied by employees.

§1910.23(c)(10)	The top of a non-self-supporting ladder must be placed
with the two rails supported unless it is equipped with a single support
attachment. (New for wood ladders)

§1910.23(c)(11)	When portable ladders are used to gain access to an
upper landing surface, the ladder siderails must extend at least 3 feet
(0.9 m) above that upper landing surface. (New for metal ladders)

§1910.23(c)(13)	Ladders and ladder sections must not be tied or
fastened together to provide longer length unless they are specifically
designed for such use. (New for wood ladders)



Some establishments already provide regular safety training. The
proportions of industries that already provide training are taken from
NOES survey. Although the data are more than 20 years old, NIOSH (1988)
is still the primary source for such information covering a range of
industries. The proportion of establishments that already offer regular
safety training is likely to have increased in the past two decades,
hence, the training costs may be overestimated.

The cost to train all the employees at establishments that do not offer
regular safety training is a one-time cost that is annualized over a
10-year period at an interest rate of seven percent to estimate the cost
of the rule. The total costs are $10.1 million with an annualized cost
of $1.4 million.

New employees that enter the workforce would also need training. For the
purpose of estimating the cost of the rule, ERG assumed that training
received at a prior place of employment was not considered sufficient to
meet this requirement for the new employer. ERG examined the industry
turnover rate data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For
2002, the data were collected by SIC code while industries in this cost
analysis are classified by NAICS code. Table 3-8 summarizes the data and
the NAICS codes to which they are assigned. ERG assigned the turnover
rate for manufacturing to logging (NAICS 1133) and oil and gas
extraction (NAICS 2111). ERG assigned the turnover rate for finance,
insurance, and real estate to information (NAICS 51). Under these
assumptions, the estimated cost is $3.9 million per year to train new
employees about ladder safety.

Table 3-8.	2002 Industry Turnover Rates

Industry Sector	NAICS Codes	Turnover Rate [a]

Manufacturing	1133, 2111, 31-33	26.10%

Transportation and Public Utilities	22, 48-49	27.70%

Wholesale Trade	42	28.40%

Retail Trade	44-45	60.10%

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate	51-53	24.00%

Service 	54-81	43.40%

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Job Openings and Labor Turnover
Survey, 2002. 

[a]Hires as a percent of total employment.

§1910.23(e). The industry profile identifies 6,460,256 establishments
covered in Subpart D. Five years might be a typical lifetime for a
ladder; thus ERG assumes that one-fifth of the establishments might
purchase a ladder in any given year. Furthermore, ERG assumes that a
supervisor from each establishment takes 5 minutes to read ladder
specifications to ensure the ladder about to be purchased meets all ANSI
14 requirements for that type ladder. With these assumptions, the
estimated annual cost for this paragraph is $3.2 million.

§1910.24 Step Bolts and Manhole Steps

§1910.24(a)(8). ERG identified three general cost categories for the
step bolt and pole step requirements:

Utility poles.

Communication structures

Sports and performance arenas with pole-mounted lights

Utility poles have been identified as having step bolts. According to
the 2007 UDI Directory of Electric Power Producers and Distributors,
there are 6,297,596 distribution line miles across the United States
(Platts, 2007). Of these we are interested in the overhead (as opposed
to underground) line miles. The most recent data found for the overhead
line miles is 4.1 million line miles in 1996, about two-thirds of total
line miles (NCAMP, 1997). Considering the maturity of the electric power
industry in the United States, it is assumed that there is not a
significant amount of new line miles built, and of the new lines miles
there is a trend to build the lines underground. Assuming one pole every
100 feet, ERG estimates 216,480,000 poles across the United States. This
is 2.5 times the number of reported utility poles on highways in 1999,
and therefore this estimate is considered reasonable (NCHRP, 2004).
Assuming 1 percent of the poles are climbed each year and 1 minute is
taken for inspection of the step bolts, the estimated annual cost is
$1.3 million.

ERG estimated about 190,000 fixed ladder structures in the
communications industry (see Appendix A). This estimate, however,
actually covers communication structures with fixed ladders and step
bolts. Fixed ladders, however, have an existing requirement for
inspection while step bolts do not. Structures in FCC's Antenna
Structure Registration (ASR) database meet at least one of the following
requirements:

Height is 200 ft or greater.

Height <199 ft IF within 5 miles of an airport and fails the glide
calculation (Part 17 requirement).

Height of the extension (e.g., beyond the building roof) is 20 feet or
more.

ERG assumes that these structures are more likely to have fixed ladders
rather than step bolts. As of May 2007, there are approximately 93,000
structures in the ASR database. Communication structures that are not in
the ASR database are smaller and, thus, more likely to have step bolts.
ERG assumes that the difference between the total number of structures
(190,000) and the number in the ASR database (93,000) is the number of
structures that could potentially have step bolts. ERG assumes that the
97,000 structures with step bolts are climbed once a year and that one
minute is spent inspecting the structure before it is climbed. This
results in an annual cost of $0.039 million for NAICS 51 (Information).

There are 1,699 promoters of performing arts, sports, and similar events
with facilities (Census, 2002). ERG is unable to estimate the number of
step bolts at each facility, but assumes that one hour per year is
dedicated to inspecting all step bolts at each facility. This results in
an annual cost of $0.028 million for NAICS 7113 (promoters of performing
arts, sports, and similar events with facilities).

The total annual inspection cost for step bolts is estimated to be $1.37
million.

§1910.24(b)(3). ERG (2005) estimates there are between 6.6 and 13.2
million manholes with a mid-point estimate of 9.9 million. Of these,
approximately 85 percent, or 8.4 million are less than 20 feet in depth
and do not have a fixed ladder. ERG assumes that 10 percent of these are
entered once a year, on average, and that it takes one minute to inspect
the steps prior to entering the manhole. This results in an annual cost
of $0.34 million for NAICS 2213 (water, sewage, and other systems).

Other industries also use manholes for access, such as the electric
power generation, transmission, and distribution (NAICS 2211) and
natural gas distribution (NAICS 2212). ERG, however, has no data on the
number of such manholes but assumes that the costs would be proportional
to the number of manholes that are estimated for water and sewage
systems. No costs are estimated for NAICS 2211 and 2212 for this
paragraph.

§1910.24(b)(2) and (4) The incremental costs of slip-resistant and
corrosion-resistant surfaces would be incurred in the future as manhole
sections with steps are replaced at the end of their useful life. There
are 9.9 million manholes, of which 85 percent are less than 20 feet and
15 percent are 20 feet or more. The manholes less than 20 feet are
assumed to have a uniform distribution between portable ladders, fixed
ladders, and steps, resulting in 2.9 million manholes with steps. The
manholes 20 feet or more are assumed to have a uniform distribution
between fixed ladders and steps, resulting in 0.7 million manholes with
steps. Therefore, 3.6 million manholes are considered as the universe
affected by the proposed language. The most expensive step found has a
per-unit cost of $8.50, and it is assumed that this includes a 10
percent premium to ensure the steps meet the proposed requirements.

First, annual step replacement costs are estimated assuming that 10
percent of the manholes are entered each year, and of those 10 percent
have a failed rung. At the incremental cost of $0.85 each, the estimated
annual step replacement cost is $0.03 million. Second, annual manhole
replacement costs are estimated assuming 5 percent of manholes need to
be replaced a year and that steps are every 16 inches. The estimated
annual manhole replacement cost is $1.7 million.

§1910.27 Scaffolds and Rope Descent Systems

§1910.27(b)(2)(ii). Cost for any training beyond what is done as a
result of the 1991 memorandum are attributed to §1910.30 (see Section
3.3.8).

§1910.27(b)(2)(iv). To provide assurances that an anchorage is sound,
costs are assigned as 1) a qualified/competent person to inspect the
rigging and anchorages on buildings annually and 2) a professional
engineer to certify the soundness of the rigging and anchorages every 10
years.

ERG contacted Stefan Bright of the International Window Cleaning
Association who provided an estimate of 3.0 million descents or 750,000
buildings per year (Bright, 2007). Using data collected by the
Department of Energy (DOE) for surveys on energy use, ERG compared this
estimate with the number of commercial and residential buildings with
four or more floors. The 2003 Commercials Buildings Energy Consumption
Survey identified about 140,000 commercial buildings nationwide (DOE,
2006). The 2001 Residential Energy Consumption Survey identified about
2.4 million apartment buildings with 5 to 10 floors, 0.9 million
apartment buildings with 11 to 20 floors, and an unspecified number of
buildings with more than 20 floors. Thus, we have at least 3.3 million
residential buildings with at least 5 or more floors (DOE, 2004).

If we assume that each commercial building has its windows cleaned
annually, that would account for 140,000 of the estimated 750,000
cleanings per year. If the remaining 610,000 cleanings are distributed
over the 3.3 million residential buildings, each building would, on
average, have its windows cleaned every five to six years.

Bright (2007) estimated that a minimum of 20 percent of the building
owners comply with the inspection standard but that the number is
increasing. Comments on the proposed language, however, indicate a wide
range of response that probably reflect the geographical variability in
proportion of building owners that inspect their anchorages on a
periodic basis. Amodeo (2003) mentions some clients view ANSI I-14 as
voluntary and resist having inspections. Kreidenweis (2003) mentions
that very few buildings are inspected by an engineer. In contrast, Lebel
(2003) mentions that many buildings have a roof plan and identified
anchorages certified by a professional engineer. Zeolla (2003) states
that most buildings that have invested in anchors are performing the
inspections. 

If we assume approximately 750,000 inspections per year and 75 percent
of them will be affected by the change from a voluntary requirement to a
mandatory requirement, an estimated 562,500 buildings require annual
inspections and decennial certifications.

It is assumed that the annual inspections are performed by a supervisor
and that it takes one hour to perform the inspection.

Table 3-9 summarizes the range in costs estimated for a professional
engineer to certify the anchorages. Kreidenweis (2003) and Lebel (2003)
are comments submitted to OSHA on proposed Subpart D language. The
estimates are deflated to 2003 dollars based on changes in the Consumer
Price Index (CPI-U; CEA, 2007). The costs range from a low of $175 to a
high of $2,500 and probably represent the range in building size,
complexity, and regional variation. The median value is $1,000.

Table 3-9.	Estimated Certification Costs

 	 	 	 	2003 Dollars

 	Estimated Cost	 	Estimated Cost

Source	Low	High	Year	Low	High

 



	 

Bright, 2007	$300	$1,500	2006	$274	$1,369

Kreidenweis, 2003	$1,000	$2,500	2003	$1,000	$2,500

Lebel, 2003	$175	$1,000	2003	$175	$1,000

Wright, 2003	$400	 	2003	$400	 



An estimated 562,500 inspections at an inspection cost of $21.97/hr is
about $12.4 million. An estimated 562,500 certifications every ten years
means that 56,250 buildings need to certify every year. At an average
cost of $1,000 for certification this is about $56.3 million. The
estimated total cost of inspecting and certifying anchorages for window
washing is $68.6 million.

§1910.28 Duty to Have Fall Protection

§1910.28(a)(2). This paragraph covers all walking-working surfaces. The
paragraph on general requirements (§1910.22(d)(1)) has a provision for
the employer to inspect walking-working surfaces on a periodic and
regular basis to ensure that the surfaces are in a safe condition for
the employee to use. ERG considers §1910.28(a)(2) to provide further
detail as to what should be considered in an inspection. Thus, ERG
considers the costs for strength and structural integrity inspection,
specified in §1910.28(a)(2), to be included in the costs estimated for
general inspection in §1910.22(d)(1). The costs for §1910.22(d)(1) are
discussed in Section 3.3.2.

§1920.28(b)(4) concerns dockboards. In this paragraph, guardrails or
handrails must be installed if an employee can fall four or more feet to
a lower level. Dockboards with maximum heights of less than four feet
would not incur costs under this paragraph. Dockboards with fall
potential between four feet and ten feet are exempted from the
hand/guardrail requirement if the ramp is used exclusively for material
handling operations with motorized equipment. To qualify for the
exception, employees must be trained and these requirements are
discussed in Section 3.3.8 below. ERG assumes that a substantial
proportion of dockboards would either not incur costs due to height or
be able to use the exception, thus the costs that would be incurred
under this paragraph are unlikely to be substantial and are not
estimated.

The costs for §1920.28(b)(4)(ii)(B) are included in the estimates for
§1910.30 (see Section 3.3.8).

§1910.28(b)(10)(iii). ERG (2005) reports that, based on discussions
with the Outdoor Advertising Association of America, the number of
billboards with fixed ladders over 20 feet is approximately 20,500. The
billboards are climbed anywhere from one to more than 12 times a year
whenever the copy is changed. For the purpose of estimating costs, ERG
assumes that the 20,500 billboards are climbed six times a year (123,000
climbs). Each time a billboard is about to be climbed, the employee
takes two minutes to inspect the ladder safety device (246,000 minutes
or 4,100 hours). Employees that climb billboards are included under
NAICS 5418 (Advertising and Related Services). In 2003, the average wage
including benefits for this category is $18.895/hr. The estimated cost
to comply with this provision is approximately $77,469 per year.

§1910.28(b)(10)(v) and (vi) refers to outdoor advertising operations.
For the purpose of estimating costs, all employees that climb billboard
are assumed to be “qualified” climbers and that the training for a
qualified climber includes the instruction to have both hands free while
ascending or descending the ladder (§1910.28(b)(10)(vi)). ERG assigns
the costs to train a qualified climber (§1910.28(b)(10)(v)) to
§1910.29(h).

§1910.29 Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices

§1910.29(b)(15). The draft language for §1910.29(b)(15) specifies only
that the inspections must be done as frequently as necessary to ensure
the strength requirement is met. The estimated inspection cost, then,
would be the product of the:

number of guardrail systems 

proportion that use manila, plastic, or synthetic rope used as toprails
or midrails

number of inspections per year

time required for each inspection (hr)

average wage per inspector per industry ($/hr).

At this time, ERG does not have an estimate of the proportion of
guardrail systems that use manila, plastic, or synthetic rope as top
rails or midrails. However, ERG considers it likely that the inspection
of these alternate materials for toprails and siderails would form part
of the inspections performed under §1910.22, the general inspection of
walking-working surfaces for safety. That is, §1910.29(b)(15) provides
a detail to be included in the inspection for those workplaces that use
manila, plastic, or synthetic rope as top rails or midrails. Therefore,
no additional costs are allocated to this provision.

§1910.29(h). Qualified climbers must:

have climbing duties as one of their routine work activities
(§1910.29(h)(4))

be physically capable of performing the climbing duties
(§1910.29(h)(1))

undergo training or an apprenticeship program (§1910.29(h)(2))

be retrained as necessary (§1910.29(h)(2))

Employers are required to ensure that a qualified climber has the skill
to safely perform the climb. The language for how the employer does this
is open to two interpretations. The first interpretation is that the
employer uses performance observations (i.e., in all cases) and either
formal classroom or on-the-job training. The second interpretation is
that the employer uses performance observations when the climber has had
formal classroom training, or the employer ensures the skill of the
qualified climber through on-the-job training. In the second case, the
employer does not need to personally observe the climber.

The concept of a “qualified climber” is not new. In 1990, Gannett
Outdoor Companies applied for a variance from the fixed ladder
regulations. OSHA considered the application and granted it in 1991. In
1993, OSHA issued an instruction to extend the variance granted to
Gannett Outdoor Companies to other employers (OSHA, 1990, OSHA, 1991b,
and OSHA, 1993). For the purposes of estimating costs, ERG assumes that
90 percent of the employees in the outdoor advertising industry that
climb have been trained as qualified climbers. Thus, there are one-time
costs associated with this paragraph to qualify the remaining 10 percent
of climbers. These costs are annualized over 10 years at a rate of seven
percent. In addition, the industry incurs annual costs for:

Employer performance observation

Training of new employees

Retraining of employees as necessary

Administrative costs to document training and re-training.

For the purpose of estimating one-time costs, ERG assumes that 818
employees that perform construction, installation, maintenance, and
repair operations in NAICS 5418 (advertising and related services) need
to undergo training to be qualified climbers. 

The National Association of Tower Erectors has developed a climber
training standard with varying levels of expertise (authorized,
competent, and competent rescuer) but does not offer training itself
(NATE, 2006). The OSHA website lists a 4-day training session in fall
arrest systems for $750. Commercial courses in fall protection searched
on the web range from one to five days with costs ranging from $500 to
$2,500 per course. The prices include materials and the trainer’s
time. For the purposes of estimating costs, ERG assumes a 4-day training
at a cost of $1,500 plus the employee’s time ($605, based on an
average wage of $18.89/hr and 32 hours) for a total of $2,105.
Administrative tasks to document the training are assumed to be 15
minutes of a supervisor’s time for every ten employees trained. The
one-time cost to qualify the estimated 818 climbers of outdoor
advertising/billboard structure is $1.72 million and the annualized cost
is $0.25 million per year.

For the purposes of estimating the annual costs associated with this
paragraph, ERG assumes:

A supervisor observes each of the estimated 8,180 qualified climbers for
15 minutes per quarter or 1 hour per qualified climber per year. 

A supervisor spends 15 minutes per year per qualified climber on
administrative tasks for training and re-training.

Ten percent of the climbers need re-training.

Retraining consists of an 8-hour refresher course at a cost of $500.

The turnover rate is 43 percent.

The estimated annual cost is $8.2 million of which $7.4 million is due
to the need to train new hires.

§1910.30 Training Programs

§1910.30(a and b) addresses training with respect to fall hazards. The
training must be:

done by a qualified person

include the nature of fall hazards in the workplace

include the correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling,
and inspecting the fall protection system used

include the use and operation of guardrail systems, safety net systems,
warning lines used in designated areas, and other (unspecified)
protection to be used

The use, operation, and limitations of personal fall protection systems
including proper hook-up, anchoring and tie-off techniques, methods of
use, and proper methods of equipment inspection and storage as
recommended by the manufacturer.

§1910.30(b) addresses training with respect to equipment hazards. In
particular, employees must be trained in the proper:

care, use, and inspection of equipment covered by the subpart D and
their use in accordance with recognized industry practices and
manufacturers recommendations

placement and securing of dockboards to prevent unintentional movement

rigging and safe use of rope descent systems.

The costs for the training allocated under §1910.27(b)(2)(ii) (rope
descent systems) and §1910.28(b)(4) (duty to have fall protection:
dockboards) are thus included in the cost estimate for §1910.30. 

ERG estimated the number and percent of employees by industry that use
personal protective equipment such as body belts and/or body harnesses
(ERG, 1999). ERG then applied these industry-specific percentages to the
number of employees for 2003 to estimate the number of employees that
need the type of training now required in §1910.30.

Some companies already provide this training. ERG used the NOES survey
to estimate the level of training, by NAICS code, that is already
provided at the baseline. 

For the purpose of estimating costs, ERG assumes that all employees that
have not already been trained and use personal fall protection systems
undergo a 6-hour training on fall hazards to address the §1910.30(a)
and 1910.30(b)(1) requirements. 

Employees in the utility, sewage, and communications industry sectors
(NAICS 2211-2213 and 5121-5191) are assumed to undergo an additional
half-day of training to specifically address the requirements for step
bolts (i.e., a total of 10 hours of training). Employees in NAICS codes
4881 thorough 4884 (support activities for transportation by air, rail,
water, and road, respectively) are assumed to undergo a half-day of
training specifically to address requirements for dockboards. Window
washers are in NAICS 5617 (services to buildings and dwellings). They
are assumed to have an entire day devoted to training on rope descent
systems (i.e., for a total of 14 hours). 

Training must be provided by a qualified person. For the purpose of
estimating costs, ERG assumes that the trainer comes to the workplace.
The $500/day fee includes instruction, travel, lodging, and per diem as
well as hand-out materials. This fee is incurred per every 10 employees
(i.e., class size is limited to 10 people). 

A supervisor is assumed to spend 15 minutes per employee per year in
administrative costs to maintain and update training records. 

The estimated total one-time cost for §1910.30(a and b) is $76.8
million. This cost is annualized over ten years and an interest rate of
seven percent. The annualized cost is $10.9 million.

There is also an annual cost due to the need to train new employees. The
BLS turnover rates are applied to estimate the annual number of new
employees that need training. The estimated annual cost is $26.6
million.

§1910.30(c) concerns the need to retrain employees whenever the
employer has reason to believe that retraining is required for safety.
This need can occur through several situations such as changes in the
workplace, fall protection systems, or fall protection equipment that
render previous training invalid, or employee knowledge or use of fall
protection systems or equipment is not adequate. ERG assumes that
retraining already occurs at establishments that already have training
programs in place. For the remaining employees, ERG estimates that five
percent require retraining in any given year. The retraining course is
assumed to be a 1-hour refresher course provided by a supervisor that
focuses on the areas in which the employee is deficient. The estimated
cost is $3.9 million.

§1910.140 Subpart I: Fall Protection

§1910.140(c)(18) states that personal fall protection systems must be
inspected before each use for mildew, wear, damage, and other
deterioration and defective components must be removed from service. For
the purposes of estimating costs, ERG assumes that each employee that
wears a personal fall protection system does so at the beginning of
every workweek, the employee works 50 weeks per year, and the inspection
takes about one minute. The associated inspection cost is approximately
$6.5 million per year.

§1910.132(d) requires an employer to assess the workplace to determine
if hazards are present or are likely to be present.  ERG assumes that
the amount of time needed by an employer to walk around the
establishment, assess the potential hazard, and determine the
appropriate PPE and training needed by the employees varied with the
size of the establishment. ERG uses the number of employees as an
indicator of establishment size. The time required for the hazard
assessment is estimated as:

1 to 19 employees: 1 hour

20 to 99 employees: 2 hours

100 to 499 employees: 3 hours

500+ employees: 4 hours.

Furthermore, ERG assumed that:

All establishments in the forestry, oil and gas, utility, manufacturing,
and transportation sectors (NAICS 1131 through 3399 and 4811 through
4931) required a hazard assessment. 

Half the establishments in wholesale and retail sales (NAICS 4231
through 4543 required a hazard assessment, and 

One-quarter of the establishments in the service industries (NAICS 5111
through 8139) required a hazard assessment.

This results in a one-time cost of $61.4 million, which converts to an
annualized cost of $8.7 million.

1910.132(f) requires that employees must be trained prior to using PPE
in the workplace. The costs for this paragraph, then, are included in
the costs for §1910.30.

COST SUMMARY

Tables 3-10 through 3-12 summarize the cost for each paragraph by
industry. Table 3-10 lists the first-year costs. These costs are
incurred once in order to bring the employee population into compliance
with the new requirements. For the purpose of evaluating impacts, these
one-time costs are annualized over a 10-year period at an interest rate
of 7 percent. Total first-year costs are $150 million; the annualized
cost is $21.4 million

Table 3-11 lists the recurring costs, such as inspections and training
new employees, for each paragraph by industry. These costs are incurred
annually and are estimated at $138 million. Table 3-12 lists the annual
costs to industry, that is, the sum of the recurring costs and the
annualized one-time costs. The cost to industry is estimated at $159
million.

Table 3-10.	First Year Costs for Draft Rule by Paragraph and Industry

NAICS	Title	One-Time Compliance Costs



§1910.22	§1910.23	§1910.24	§1910.27	§1910.28	§1910.29	§1910.30
§1910.140	Total



General Requirements	Ladders	Step Bolts and Manhole Steps	Scaffolds	Duty
To Have Fall Protection	Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices
Training Program	Fall Protection

	11	Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting 	$0 	$4,888 	$0 	$0 	$0 
$0 	$118,883 	$255,213	$378,985

21	Mining	$0 	$32,158 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$812,380	$249,785	$1,094,322

22	Utilities	$0 	$264,601 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$3,395,451	$1,223,776
$4,883,828

31-33	Manufacturing	$0 	$1,032,811 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$12,446,644
 $9,656,569	$23,136,023

42	Wholesale Trade	$0 	$988,116 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$11,951,856	$6,057,789
$18,997,761

44-45	Retail Trade	$0 	$1,994,544 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$10,688,115
 $16,324,931	$29,007,590

48-49	Transportation	$0 	$214,632 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$3,325,959
 $5,835,456	$9,376,057

51	Information	$0 	$1,266,796 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$15,745,319 	 $1,291,598
$18,303,713

52	Finance and Insurance	$0 	$36,034 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$414,478
 $1,272,696	$1,723,209

53	Real Estate	$0 	$677,782 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$987,389 	 $2,066,125
$3,731,296

54	Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	$0 	$341,878 	$0 	$0
	$0 	$1,722,243 	$4,494,960 	 $4,778,911	$11,337,991

55	Management of Companies and Enterprises	$0 	$212,882 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 
$1,618,641	 $713,153	$2,544,676

56	Administrative and Support, Waste Management and Remediation Services
$0 	$1,038,596 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$4,566,956	 $1,914,397	$7,519,949

61	Educational Services	$0 	$66,268 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$ 0	$66,268

62	Health Care	$0 	$32,896 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$829,638	 $3,681,718
$4,544,252

71	Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation	$0 	$140,401 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 
 $0	$140,401

72	Accommodation and Food Services	$0 	$146,820 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 
$1,365,409 	 $2,816,666	$4,328,894

81	Other Services	$0 	$1,619,839 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$4,076,932
 $3,260,584	$8,957,355

Total	$0 	$10,111,940 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$1,722,243 	$76,839,020 	$61,399,367
$150,072,569

Table 3-11.	Recurring Costs for Draft Rule by Paragraph and Industry

NAICS	Title	Recurring Compliance Costs



§1910.22	§1910.23	§1910.24	§1910.27	§1910.28	§1910.29	§1910.30
§1910.140	Total



General Requirements	Ladders	Step Bolts and Manhole Steps	Scaffolds	Duty
To Have Fall Protection	Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices
Training Program	Fall Protection

	11	Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting 	$50,176	$9,749	$0	$0	$0
$0	$67,934	$11,188	$139,047

21	Mining	$28,119	$13,564	$0	$0	$0	$0	$224,333	$83,243	$349,259

22	Utilities	$71,149	$86,354	$3,374,254	$0	$0	$0	$1,038,196	$227,237
$4,797,190

31-33	Manufacturing	$1,222,602	$453,722	$0	$0	$0	$0	$3,642,109
$1,198,150	$6,516,583

42	Wholesale Trade	$1,960,992	$515,767	$0	$0	$0	$0	$3,774,844	$1,122,007
$7,373,609

44-45	Retail Trade	$2,767,102	$1,727,133	$0	$0	$0	$0	$7,198,744	$963,475
$12,656,453

48-49	Transportation	$595,680	$169,000	$0	$0	$0	$0	$1,005,824	$292,207
$2,062,711

51	Information	$534,145	$394,287	$39,009	$0	$0	$0	$4,246,105	$1,039,061
$6,252,607

52	Finance and Insurance	$444,816	$267,392	$0	$0	$0	$0	$113,666	$40,143
$866,017

53	Real Estate	$297,818	$335,793	$0	$0	$0	$0	$492,275	$89,268	$1,215,154

54	Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	$1,584,706	$620,592
$0	$0	$77,469	$8,244,729	$2,082,536	$439,181	$13,049,212

55	Management of Companies and Enterprises	$96,745	$121,193	$0	$0	$0	$0
$786,210	$155,606	$1,159,754

56	Administrative and Support, Waste Management and Remediation Services
$518,651	$605,039	$0	$68,608,964	$0	$0	$2,381,116	$334,612	$72,448,383

61	Educational Services	$109,864	$61,381	$0	$0	$0	$0	$23,903	$0	$195,148

62	Health Care	$1,018,491	$317,368	$0	$0	$0	$0	$371,930	$72,467
$1,780,255

71	Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation	$177,842	$113,890	$27,865	$0	$0
$0	$53,206	$0	$372,803

72	Accommodation and Food Services	$661,201	$260,640	$0	$0	$0	$0
$642,934	$111,779	$1,676,554

81	Other Services	$1,096,428	$1,029,466	$0	$0	$0	$0	$2,386,721	$368,146
$4,880,762

Total	$13,236,525	$7,102,329	$3,441,128	$68,608,964	$77,469	$8,244,729
$30,532,586	$6,547,771	$137,791,501

Table 3-12.	Annualized Costs for Draft Rule by Paragraph and Industry

NAICS	Title	Annualized Compliance Costs



§1910.22	§1910.23	§1910.24	§1910.27	§1910.28	§1910.29	§1910.30
§1910.140	Total



General Requirements	Ladders	Step Bolts and Manhole Steps	Scaffolds	Duty
To Have Fall Protection	Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices
Training Program	Fall Protection

	11	Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting 	$50,176 	$10,445 	$0 
$0 	$0 	$0 	$84,861	$47,524	$193,006

21	Mining	$28,119 	$18,142 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$339,998 	$118,807 	$505,066

22	Utilities	$71,149 	$124,027 	$3,374,254 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$1,521,632 
$401,475 	$5,492,537 

31-33	Manufacturing	$1,222,602 	$600,771 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$5,414,231 
$2,573,028 	$9,810,632 

42	Wholesale Trade	$1,960,992 	$656,452 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$5,476,519 
$1,984,500 	$10,078,463

44-45	Retail Trade	$2,767,102 	$2,011,111 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$8,720,491 
$3,287,778 	$16,786,482 

48-49	Transportation	$595,680 	$199,558 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$1,479,367 
$1,123,045 	$3,397,650

51	Information	$534,145 	$574,651 	$39,009	$0 	$0 	$0 	$6,487,884 
$1,222,955 	$8,858,644 

52	Finance and Insurance	$444,816 	$272,522 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$172,679
$221,346	$1,111,363

53	Real Estate	$297,818 	$432,294 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$632,857 	$383,438 
$1,746,407 

54	Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	$1,584,706 	$669,267
	$0 	$0 	$77,469 	$8,489,938 	$2,722,517 	$1,119,591 	$14,663,487 

55	Management of Companies and Enterprises	$96,745 	$151,503 	$0 	$0 	$0
	$0 	$1,016,668	$257,143	$1,522,058

56	Administrative and Support, Waste Management and Remediation Services
$518,651 	$752,912 	$0 	$68,608,964 	$0 	$0 	$3,031,348 	$607,179 
$73,519,055 

61	Educational Services	$109,864 	$70,817 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$23,903	$0
$204,583

62	Health Care	$1,018,491 	$322,051 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$490,052 	$596,661 
$2,427,254

71	Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation	$177,842 	$133,880 	$27,865	$0 
$0 	$0 	$53,206	$0	$392,793

72	Accommodation and Food Services	$661,201 	$281,544 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 
$837,337 	$512,809 	$2,292,891 

81	Other Services	$1,096,428 	$1,260,095 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$2,967,185 
$832,380 	$6,156,088 

Total	$13,236,525 	$8,542,042 	$3,441,128	$68,608,964 	$77,469 
$8,489,938 	$41,472,733	$15,289,660	$159,158,459

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TIONS&p_id=24564 corrected 4/4/2005, accessed July 24, 2006.

OSHA. 2003. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 29 CFR Part
1910 Walking and Working surfaces; Personal Protective equipment (Fall
Protection Systems); Draft Rule. Federal Register 68:23528-23568. May 2.

OSHA. 1996. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 29 CFR Part
1926. Safety Standards for Scaffolds Used in the Construction Industry;
Final Rule. Federal Register 61:46026-46126. August 30.

OSHA. 1993. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Fixed Ladders
Used on Outdoor Advertising Structures/Billboards in the Outdoor
Advertising Industry. OSHA Instruction STD 1-1.14. January 26, 1993.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES
&p_id=1756 accessed August 25, 2006.

OSHA. 1991a. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. December 5,
1989 letter from Mr. Thomas J. Shepich to Mr. Carl Pedersen regarding
Descent Control Devices. Memorandum to Regional Administrators from
Patricia K. Clark, Director, Directorate of Compliance Programs, March
12. OSHA docket S-029 Exhibit 1-18.

OSHA. 1991b. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Grant of
Variance. Federal Register 56:8801. March 1.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FEDERAL_RE
GISTER&p_id=13148 accessed August 26, 2006.

OSHA. 1990a. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Preliminary
Regulatory Impact and Regulatory Flexibility Analysis of Draft Subparts
D and I of 29 CFR Part 1910 Walking and Working Surfaces. Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, Office of Regulatory Analysis. March
6.

OSHA. 1990a. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Application
of Gannett Outdoor Companies for a Variance Concerning Fixed Ladders.
Federal Register 55:26796-26797. June 29.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FEDERAL_RE
GISTER&p_id=13085 accessed August 25, 2006.

OSHA. 1981. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Standard
Interpretations: 12/02/1981. Alternating tread type stair is approved as
safe for use.
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETA
TIONS&p_id=18983, accessed July 24, 2006.

Pietrzak. 2007. Personal communication between Ron Pietrzak, American
Ladder Institute and Maureen Kaplan, Eastern Research Group, Inc. March
2.

Platts, 2007. 2007 UDI directory of Electric Power Producers and
Distributors. 115th Edition of the Electrical World Directory.

Wright.  2003.  Comments submitted to OSHA Docket S-029 Exhibit 4-19 by
Michael C Wright, LJB, Inc. dated July 23.

Zeolla.  2003. Comments submitted to OSHA Docket S-029 Exhibit 4-6 by
Robert J. Zeolla, Jr., President, Sunset Window Cleaning Company.  Dated
June 5.SECTION FOUR

BENEFITS

OSHA’s draft standards for Subpart D, Walking and Working Surfaces,
and Subpart I, Fall Protection, will produce benefits to the extent
compliance with the standard results in the aversion of injuries and
fatalities that would not otherwise be prevented through full compliance
with the existing OSHA standards. Section 4.1 presents a profile of fall
injuries and fatalities that might potentially be preventable by the
OSHA standards, while Section 4.2 presents estimates of the annual
numbers of injuries and fatalities preventable through compliance with
the draft standard, but not otherwise preventable under the existing
standard.

PROFILE OF FALL ACCIDENTS

Fall Fatalities

As shown in Table 4-1, the BLS’s Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
(CFOI) reported 287 and 312 fatal falls for 2003 and 2004, respectively,
in the industries covered by the draft standard. Over the two-year
period, industries in the Professional and Business Services sector
(NAICS 54, 55, and 56) accounted for 26.2 percent of the fatal falls,
while the Manufacturing and Transportation sectors accounted for 15.3
and 10.1 percent of the fall fatalities, respectively. BLS reported the
highest number of fatal falls in NAICS 561, Administrative and Support
Services. Although not shown in the table, a large majority of these
fatalities occurred in the landscaping services industry (NAICS 561720).
The CFOI reported 47 and 44 fatal falls for this industry in 2003 and
2004, respectively. The fatality numbers reported in Table 4-1 also
include 18 and 27 fatalities for 2003 and 2004, respectively, resulting
from “falls from ship.” These accidents are otherwise classified as
transportation accidents.



Table 4-1.	Fatalities from Falls - General Industry, 2003 & 2004

Table 4-1.	Fatalities from Falls - General Industry, 2003 & 2004

CODE	NAICS DESCRIPTION	Number of Fatalities



2003	2004

113	Forestry and Logging	3	3

114	Fishing, Hunting and Trapping	0	0

115	Support Activities for Agriculture and Forestry	0	0

211	Oil and Gas Extraction	0	0

213111	Oil and Gas Well Drilling	4	6

221	Utilities	0	9

311	Food Manufacturing	7	7

312	Beverage and Tobacco Product Manufacturing	0	0

313	Textile Mills	0	0

314	Textile Product Mills	0	0

315	Apparel Manufacturing	0	0

316	Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing	0	0

321	Wood Product Manufacturing	3	4

322	Paper Manufacturing	0	0

323	Printing and Related Support Activities	0	0

324	Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing	0	0

325	Chemical Manufacturing	0	0

326	Plastics and Rubber Products Manufacturing	0	0

327	Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing	0	5

331	Primary Metal Manufacturing	0	4

332	Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	5	6

333	Machinery Manufacturing	0	3

334	Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing	0	0

335	Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing	0	0

336	Transportation Equipment Manufacturing	6	5

337	Furniture and Related Product Manufacturing	0	0

339	Miscellaneous Manufacturing	0	0

423	Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods	4	6

424	Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable Goods	11	6

425	Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers	0	0

441	Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers	5	4

442	Furniture and Home Furnishings Stores	0	0

443	Electronics and Appliance Stores	0	0

444	Building Material and Garden Equipment and Supplies Dealers	5	6

445	Food and Beverage Stores	6	6

446	Health and Personal Care Stores	0	3

447	Gasoline Stations	0	0

448	Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores	0	0

451	Sporting Goods, Hobby, Book, and Music Stores	0	0

452	General Merchandise Stores	0	12

453	Miscellaneous Store Retailers	0	0

454	Nonstore Retailers	0	0

481	Air Transportation	0	0

482	Railroads	0	0

483	Water Transportation	0	0

484	Truck Transportation	17	16

485	Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation	0	0

486	Pipeline Transportation	0	0

487	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation	0	0

488	Support Activities for Transportation	0	5

492	Couriers and Messengers	0	0

493	Warehousing and Storage	4	8

511	Publishing Industries (except Internet)	0	0

512	Motion Picture and Sound Recording Industries	0	0

515	Broadcasting (except Internet)	0	0

516	Internet Publishing and Broadcasting	0	0

517	Telecommunications	3	0

518	Internet Service Providers, Web Search Portals, and Data Processing
Services	0	0

519	Other Information Services	0	0

521	Monetary Authorities - Central Bank	0	0

522	Credit Intermediation and Related Activities	0	0

523	Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and
Related Activities	0	0

524	Insurance Carriers and Related Activities	0	0

525	Funds, Trusts, and Other Financial Vehicles	0	0

531	Real Estate	10	10

532	Rental and Leasing Services	0	0

533	Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted Works)
0	0

541	Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	8	8

551	Management of Companies and Enterprises	0	0

561	Administrative and Support Services	57	64

562	Waste Management and Remediation Services	4	4

611	Educational Services	4	5

621	Ambulatory Health Care Services	4	0

622	Hospitals	5	3

623	Nursing and Residential Care Facilities	6	3

624	Social Assistance	0	0

711	Performing Arts, Spectator Sports, and Related Industries	3	5

712	Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions	0	0

713	Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation Industries	7	4

721	Accommodation	6	5

722	Food Services and Drinking Places	8	7

811	Repair and Maintenance	9	7

812	Personal and Laundry Services	3	4

813	Religious, Grantmaking, Civic, Professional, and Similar
Organizations	5	10

 	Industry not specified [a]	65	49

 	 	 	 

 	Total	287	312

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational
Injuries, 2002 and 2003.

Note: Zero fatalities mean no fatality data were available.

[a] Also includes “fall from ship” fatalities otherwise classified
as transportation accidents.

Table 4-2 shows, for the eleven-year period 1992 to 2002, the breakdown
of fall fatalities by type of fall. As shown, falls to a lower level (as
opposed to falls on the same level) accounted for about 78 percent of
the fatalities. On an overall average basis, falls to a lower level,
accounted for 217 of the 279 fatal falls per year that occurred in
general industry establishments. On a sector-by-sector basis, falls to a
lower level as a percent of all fatal falls ranged from 59 and 71
percent for the Retail Trade and Services sectors, respectively, to 95
percent for the Agricultural Services sector. As the table also shows
fatal falls from ladders averaged 41 per year over the ten-year period,
while falls from scaffolds averaged 15 per year. Although not shown in
this table, the category of “other” falls to a lower level includes
the following types of falls: fall from floor, dock, or ground level;
fall from nonmoving vehicle; fall from building girders or other
structural steel; and fall to lower level, n.e.c.

Fall Injuries

Table 4-3 shows on a 3-digit NAICS basis, the lost-workday injury rate
for the two major categories of falls: falls to a lower lever and falls
to the same level. For those 3-digit industries where the BLS reported
statistics, the combined fall injury rate ranges from a low of 4.9 cases
per 10,000 workers in NAICS 523 (Securities, Commodity Contracts, and
Other Financial Investments and Related Activities) to a high of 81.9
per 10,000 workers in NAICS 484 (Truck Transportation). Twenty-five
industries had fall injury rates in excess of 30.0 cases per 10,000
workers, while 19 had fall injury rates between 20.0 and 30.0 cases per
10,000 workers.

Table 4-4 shows lost workday fall-related injury rates by detailed type
of fall, disaggregated by major industry sector covered by the draft
standard. These statistics show that, unlike fall fatalities, falls to a
lower level represent a relatively small share of non-fatal falls. For
example, in manufacturing, falls to the same level account for 67
percent of all falls, while falls to a lower level accounted for only 28
percent. For service providing industries, falls to the same level
account for 71 percent of all falls. The majority of accidents in this
are characterized as a fall to a floor, walkway, or other surface.

Table 4-2.	Fatal Falls by Type and Industry Sector, 1992 to 2002

Industry Sector	All Falls	Falls to a Lower Level







Total	From a Ladder	From a Roof	From a Scaffold	Other

 	 	 	 	 	 	 

Total Fatal Falls, 1992 to 2002	 	 	 	 	 	 

Agricultural services	366	348	47	11	3	287

Manufacturing	665	535	80	64	75	316

Transportation, communications, electric, gas, and sanitary services	438
365	55	9	8	293

Wholesale trade	196	163	22	10	0	131

Retail trade	318	188	73	9	0	106

Finance, insurance, and real estate	138	111	37	14	0	60

Services	944	672	141	84	77	370

 	 	 	 	 	 	 

Total	3,065	2,382	455	201	163	1,563

 	 	 	 	 	 	 

Average Fatal Falls per Year	 	 	 	 	 	 

Agricultural services	33	32	4	1	0	26

Manufacturing	60	49	7	6	7	29

Transportation, communications, electric, gas, and sanitary services	40
33	5	1	1	27

Wholesale trade	18	15	2	1	0	12

Retail trade	29	17	7	1	0	10

Finance, insurance, and real estate	13	10	3	1	0	5

Services	86	61	13	8	7	34

 	 	 	 	 	 	 

Total	279	217	41	18	15	142

Source: BLS, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 1992 – 2002

Note: Sectors are based on SIC industry classifications

Table 4-3.	Injuries From Falls - General Industry, 2003 (Lost Work Day
Cases per 10,000 Workers)

Table 4-3.	Injuries From Falls - General Industry, 2003 (Lost Work Day
Cases per 10,000 Workers)

CODE	NAICS DESCRIPTION	Falls To Lower Level	Falls On Same Level	All
Falls	Industry Rank	Estimated Number of Falls

113	Forestry and Logging	18.5	35.4	53.9	9	409

114	Fishing, Hunting and Trapping	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

115	Support Activities for Agriculture and Forestry	13.5	16.2	29.7	27
285

211	Oil and Gas Extraction	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

213111	Oil and Gas Well Drilling	3.8	7.1	10.9	67	191

221	Utilities	6.8	15.3	22.1	39	1,494

311	Food Manufacturing	10.8	23.9	34.7	22	5,191

312	Beverage and Tobacco Product Manufacturing	12.5	38.2	50.7	10	951

313	Textile Mills	3.6	14.2	17.8	49	276

314	Textile Product Mills	3.5	12.9	16.4	54	418

315	Apparel Manufacturing	2.9	13	15.9	56	483

316	Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing	NA	11.8	11.8	65	52

321	Wood Product Manufacturing	12.2	17	29.2	28	1,530

322	Paper Manufacturing	6.8	14.3	21.1	42	1,018

323	Printing and Related Support Activities	2.5	11	13.5	62	945

324	Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing	6.7	8.3	15	57	148

325	Chemical Manufacturing	5.3	10.9	16.2	55	1,363

326	Plastics and Rubber Products Manufacturing	5.1	16.8	21.9	40	2,018

327	Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing	14.1	18.5	32.6	23	1,525

331	Primary Metal Manufacturing	5.2	18.1	23.3	36	1,118

332	Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	6	15.9	21.9	41	3,325

333	Machinery Manufacturing	4.9	9.7	14.6	58	1,649

334	Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing	1.7	6.7	8.4	71	999

335	Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing	4.3	15
19.3	45	888

336	Transportation Equipment Manufacturing	6.1	13.1	19.2	46	3,085

337	Furniture and Related Product Manufacturing	5.7	11.1	16.8	52	948

339	Miscellaneous Manufacturing	2.2	11.7	13.9	59	984

423	Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods	7.8	9.7	17.5	50	5,797

424	Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable Goods	16.9	20.8	37.7	17	8,624

425	Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

441	Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers	7.3	20.1	27.4	31	5,264

442	Furniture and Home Furnishings Stores	16.7	11	27.7	30	1,553

443	Electronics and Appliance Stores	3.6	6.1	9.7	68	407

444	Building Material and Garden Equipment and Supplies Dealers	10.9
16.4	27.3	33	3,248

445	Food and Beverage Stores	7.2	29.9	37.1	19	10,699

446	Health and Personal Care Stores	5.4	15.2	20.6	44	1,998

447	Gasoline Stations	6.9	23	29.9	26	2,800

448	Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores	7.5	11.3	18.8	48	2,759

451	Sporting Goods, Hobby, Book, and Music Stores	3.4	8.6	12	64	724

452	General Merchandise Stores	9.3	32.1	41.4	14	10,454

453	Miscellaneous Store Retailers	8.9	12	20.9	43	1,712

454	Nonstore Retailers	13.4	25.2	38.6	16	2,207

481	Air Transportation	16	51.5	67.5	3	3,603

482	Railroads	38.3	1.3	39.6	15	NA

483	Water Transportation	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

484	Truck Transportation	36	45.9	81.9	1	11,657

485	Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation	14.6	44.2	58.8	6	2,340

486	Pipeline Transportation	NA	5.1	5.1	73	21

487	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

488	Support Activities for Transportation	17.2	28.5	45.7	11	2,306

492	Couriers and Messengers	21.8	51.1	72.9	2	3,894

493	Warehousing and Storage	10.5	33.2	43.7	12	2,374

511	Publishing Industries (except Internet)	3.3	10.6	13.9	60	1,459

512	Motion Picture and Sound Recording Industries	2.8	8.4	11.2	66	318

515	Broadcasting (except Internet)	6.6	12.4	19	47	544

516	Internet Publishing and Broadcasting	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

517	Telecommunications	10.9	17.3	28.2	29	3,991

518	Internet Service Providers, Web Search Portals, and Data Processing
Services	0.5	7.4	7.9	72	374

519	Other Information Services	NA	13.5	13.5	61	75

521	Monetary Authorities - Central Bank	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

522	Credit Intermediation and Related Activities	3.3	6.1	9.4	69	2,927

523	Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and
Related Activities	0.9	4	4.9	74	442

524	Insurance Carriers and Related Activities	3.3	8.9	12.2	63	2,920

525	Funds, Trusts, and Other Financial Vehicles	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

531	Real Estate	17.8	14.8	32.6	24	4,526

532	Rental and Leasing Services	10.3	12.9	23.2	37	1,456

533	Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted Works)
NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

541	Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	2.8	6	8.8	70	6,459

551	Management of Companies and Enterprises	11	24.1	35.1	21	10,106

561	Administrative and Support Services	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

562	Waste Management and Remediation Services	29.2	34.5	63.7	4	2,167

611	Educational Services	5.6	18.1	23.7	35	6,581

621	Ambulatory Health Care Services	3.8	12.9	16.7	53	8,563

622	Hospitals	5.5	31.6	37.1	20	19,328

623	Nursing and Residential Care Facilities	5.7	50.8	56.5	7	16,645

624	Social Assistance	9.1	32.9	42	13	9,192

711	Performing Arts, Spectator Sports, and Related Industries	8.2	19.1
27.3	32	1,077

712	Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions	28.8	32.4	61.2	5
734

713	Amusement, Gambling, and Recreation Industries	7.4	29.9	37.3	18
4,918

721	Accommodation	11.6	43.6	55.2	8	9,957

722	Food Services and Drinking Places	2.7	29.6	32.3	25	27,894

811	Repair and Maintenance	9.5	12.7	22.2	38	2,896

812	Personal and Laundry Services	5.5	11.9	17.4	51	2,279

813	Religious, Grantmaking, Civic, Professional, and Similar
Organizations	5.9	20.2	26.1	34	7,184

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Survey of Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses: Case and Demographic Information. 2003.Table 4-4.	Falls by
Type and Sector, 2003

Among falls accidents addressed by the OSHA draft standard, the annual
risk of a fall to a lower level ranges from 5.1 per 10,000 workers for
the Leisure and Hospitality sector to 

11.6 per 10,000 for the Trade, Transportation, and Utility sector. Among
specific types of falls within this category, falls from ladders
represent 6.5 percent of all falls in manufacturing as reflected in an
injury rate of 1.4 cases per 10,000 workers. Among other sectors, the
injury rate from falls from ladders ranges from 0.6 per 10,000 workers
in the Education and Health Services sector to 2.6 per 10,000 in the
Trade, Transportation, and Utility sector. In several sectors, falls
down stairs or steps represent a major share of injuries from falls to a
lower level. This type of fall is not likely to be prevented by the OSHA
standard. Falls from floor openings, loading docks, roofs, and
scaffolding that are directly addressed by the draft standards make up
much smaller shares of nonfatal fall accidents.

FATALITIES AND INJURIES PREVENTABLE BY THE DRAFT SUBPART D AND I
STANDARDS

Fatalities Prevented

The requirements contained in OSHA’s draft Subpart D and I standards
concern safety measures designed to prevent accidents such as falls from
ladders, scaffolds, unguarded floor openings, unprotected platform
edges, and so forth. Falls from these types of accidents are classified
as “falls to lower level” as opposed to “falls on the same
level.” The latter type of accident might be the result of slips and
trips from floor obstructions or wet or slippery working surface
conditions. Table 4-5 shows the estimated number of annual fatalities
from falls in General Industry. The base number, 300 fatalities per
year, is the average of the number of falls in 2003 and 2004 as shown in
Table 4-1. ERG allocated this total among the different fall categories
based on overall fatal fall accident experience from 1992 to 2002 as
derived from the BLS Census of Occupational Fatalities and summarized in
Table 4-2. On this basis, an estimated 213 fatalities per year result
from falls to lower level, while the remaining 87 fatalities result from
falls on the same level or other types of falls.

For each category of fall, ERG judged the extent to which the draft
Subpart D and I standards would be effective in preventing that type of
accident. Because the existing standard has been in place for over 30
years and since the inspection results show that compliance with most
paragraphs is quite high (see Table 3-1), ERG used the existing level of
fatalities as the base against which to judge the preventability of the
draft standards. Furthermore, a comparison of the draft standards to the
existing standards shows that the major changes and additions concern
requirements for training and inspections, rather than requirements for
additional or more stringent engineering or work practice controls (see
Section Three). 

Studies have shown that well-designed training programs are an effective
means to improve workplace safety. A NIOSH review of the literature
concerning the benefits of training-related workplace interventions
reported that the findings of such studies were nearly unanimous in
showing that improved and expanded training increases hazard awareness
and promotes the adoption of safe work practices. While the training
literature documents training effectiveness in increasing qualitative
measures of workplace safety, the quantitative relationship between
increased training and reduced accident rates remains uncertain (Cohen
and Colligan, 1988). For this reason, ERG judged the incremental
benefits from the draft standards would be modest.

Table 4-5 shows ERG’s preventability judgments for each type of fall.
Since much of the Subpart D standard focuses on ladder safety, ERG
estimated the highest preventability impact of 15 percent for accidents
involving falls from ladders.  For other types of accidents directly
addressed by the standards (e.g., falls from floor or dock), ERG
estimated a moderately high preventability impact of 10 percent. For
types of fall accidents where the standards are only partially relevant
(e.g., falls down stairs or steps), ERG estimated a relatively low
impact 

(5 percent). Several classes of falls are not specifically defined, and
for these, ERG estimated a very low level of preventability (2.5
percent). Based on the assumptions, ERG estimated that the draft
standard might prevent 15 fall fatalities a year or 5.0 percent of the
yearly total fatal falls in General Industry.

Injuries Prevented

ERG used the same methodology to estimate the number of serious fall
injuries that might be prevented by the draft standards. Table 4-6 shows
the distribution of lost-workday fall injuries by type for General
Industry. This distribution is based on 1992 through 2001 data for fall
injuries involving days away from work, as collected by BLS. These data
show that 26.6 percent of nonfatal fall-related injuries are due to
falls to a lower level, while 69.7 percent are the result of falls to
the same level. ERG estimated the annual number of nonfatal fall
injuries by applying BLS overall fall injury rates (see Table 4-4) to
the total employment levels in General Industry sectors (see Table 1-1).
These calculations resulted in an estimated 299,522 lost-workday fall
injuries per year. Using the same preventability estimates as were
applied to fatal accidents, ERG estimated that 4,877 serious fall
injuries might be prevented annually by compliance with the draft
Subpart D and I standards.

Table 4-5.	Fatalities Potentially Prevented by the Subparts D and I
Draft Standards

Table 4-6.	Nonfatal Lost-Workday Injuries Potentially Prevented by the
Subparts D and I Draft Standards

REFERENCES

Cohen, Alexander and Michael Colligan. 1998. Assessing Occupational
Safety and Health Training: A Literature Review. DDHS (NIOSH)
Publication 98-145. June.SECTION FIVE

ECONOMIC IMPACTS

ERG examined the potential impacts of the draft rule two ways—as a
percentage of revenues and as a percentage of profits. The estimated
average receipts and profits by establishment and industry are presented
in the Table 2-1. ERG estimated 2003 receipts based on 2002 receipts and
payroll data from U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses,
2002 and payroll data from U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S.
Businesses, 2003. Receipts are not reported for 2003, but were estimated
assuming that the ratio of receipts to payroll remained unchanged
between 2002 and 2003. ERG estimated profits from ratios of net income
to total receipts as reported for 2003 by the U.S. Internal Revenue
Service, Corporation Source Book. Profit data were not available at
disaggregated levels for all industries; therefore profit rates at more
highly aggregated levels were used for such industries.

ECONOMIC IMPACTS – ALL ESTABLISHMENTS

Table 5-1 summarizes the impact findings for all General Industry
establishments covered by the draft rule. The first two columns of
numbers present the minimum and maximum average cost per establishment
by industry sector. The average cost per establishment for all sectors
ranges from $1 to $443. The four industries with the highest average
cost per establishment are all in manufacturing: services to buildings
and dwellings (NAICS 5617, $443)), motor vehicle manufacturing (NAICS
3361, $385), water, sewage, and other systems (NAICS 2213, $379), and
pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (NAICS 3221, $310).

The second pair of numbers lists costs as a percentage of revenue. Costs
as a percentage of revenues do not exceed eight hundredths of one
percent (i.e., 0.08 percent) for any industry examined. The industry
with the highest percentage of costs to revenues is services to
buildings and dwellings (NAICS 5617). This industry bears the entire
costs of 10 year safety certifications of anchorages for window washing
(§1910.27(b)(20)(iv)).

The rightmost pair of numbers lists costs as a percentage of profits.
Services to buildings and dwellings (NAICS 5617) also has the highest
cost as a percentage of profits (2.3 percent). All other industries show
lower impacts.

Table 5-2 shows the detailed economic impact estimates presented for all
4-digit NAICS industries covered by the draft Subpart D and I
standards.Table 5-1.	Summary of Cost Impacts for Draft Subpart D & I
Standards

NAICS	Sector Title	Average Cost per Establishment	Average Cost to
Revenues	Average Cost to Profits



Minimum	Maximum	Minimum	Maximum	Minimum	Maximum

11	Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting 	$4 	$21 	0.00%	0.00%
0.01%	0.06%

21	Mining*	$67 	$67 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%

22	Utilities	$107 	$379 	0.00%	0.03%	0.02%	0.52%

31-33	Manufacturing	$8 	$385 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.05%

42	Wholesale Trade	$8 	$42 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.02%

44-45	Retail Trade	$3 	$62 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.12%

48-49	Transportation	$3 	$107 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.08%

51	Information	$3 	$283 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.07%

52	Finance and Insurance	$1 	$17 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.01%

53	Real Estate	$4 	$12 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.03%

54	Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	$4 	$237 	0.00%
0.01%	0.01%	0.28%

55	Management	$32 	$32 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%

56	Administrative and Support, Waste Management and Remediation Services
$7 	$443 	0.00%	0.09%	0.01%	2.29%

61	Educational Services	$2 	$15 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.01%

62	Health Care	$2 	$57 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.01%

71	Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation	$2 	$8 	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.01%

72	Accommodation and Food Services	$2 	$13 	0.00%	0.00%	0.01%	0.03%

81	Other Services	$2 	$26 	0.00%	0.00%	0.01%	0.09%

*Includes oil and gas extraction.

Table 5-2.	Economic Impacts by 4-Digit NAICS Industry

Table 5-2.	Economic Impacts by 4-Digit NAICS Industry

NAICS	Industry	Average Receipts per Estab. [a]	Profit Rate [b]	 
Estimated Profits per Estab.	Estimated Cost of Draft Rule	Average Cost
per Estab.	Average Cost to Revenues	Average Cost to Profits

1131	Timber Tract Operations	$2,496,758 	4.78%	*	$119,370 	$11,240 
$18.10 	0.00%	0.02%

1132	Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products	$947,861 	4.78%	*
$45,317 	$6,457 	$20.43 	0.00%	0.05%

1133	Logging	$890,806 	4.78%	*	$42,590 	$128,585 	$11.71 	0.00%	0.03%

1141	Fishing	$821,789 	5.64%	*	$46,362 	$7,416 	$3.63 	0.00%	0.01%

1142	Hunting and Trapping	$763,689 	5.64%	*	$43,084 	$1,569 	$3.63 
0.00%	0.01%

1153	Support Activities for Forestry	$800,722 	4.78%	*	$38,283 	$37,739 
$21.42 	0.00%	0.06%

2111	Oil and Gas Extraction	$20,650,119 	13.19%	 	$2,723,335 	$505,066 
$67.41 	0.00%	0.00%

2211	Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution
$34,499,569 	2.49%	 	$860,212 	$3,010,356 	$301.46 	0.00%	0.04%

2212	Natural Gas Distribution	$26,038,235 	2.23%	 	$580,015 	$280,841 
$106.95 	0.00%	0.02%

2213	Water, Sewage and Other Systems	$1,453,179 	5.00%	 	$72,689 
$2,201,340 	$379.48 	0.03%	0.52%

3111	Animal Food Manufacturing	$16,682,324 	2.41%	 	$402,204 	$29,953 
$16.59 	0.00%	0.00%

3112	Grain and Oilseed Milling	$57,316,087 	4.99%	*	$2,862,753 	$28,243 
$34.15 	0.00%	0.00%

3113	Sugar and Confectionery Product Manufacturing	$13,255,191 	6.80%	 
$901,105 	$37,911 	$20.29 	0.00%	0.00%

3114	Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food Manufacturing
$31,705,242 	5.19%	 	$1,646,717 	$62,697 	$35.20 	0.00%	0.00%

3115	Dairy Product Manufacturing	$41,739,661 	2.25%	 	$941,000 	$58,368
	$34.72 	0.00%	0.00%

3116	Animal Slaughtering and Processing	$31,737,287 	2.52%	 	$800,699 
$145,480 	$36.33 	0.00%	0.01%

3117	Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging	$12,481,880 	4.99%	*
$623,429 	$14,822 	$19.40 	0.00%	0.00%

3118	Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing	$4,580,337 	11.05%	 	$506,163 
$165,217 	$14.35 	0.00%	0.00%

3119	Other Food Manufacturing	$19,857,565 	4.20%	 	$833,421 	$72,024 
$23.77 	0.00%	0.00%

3121	Beverage Manufacturing	$22,127,452 	10.23%	*	$2,263,669 	$70,130 
$22.75 	0.00%	0.00%

3122	Tobacco Manufacturing	$299,723,117 	11.27%	 	$33,777,058 	$13,174 
$101.33 	0.00%	0.00%

3131	Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills	$17,086,515 	5.99%	*	$1,022,735 
$22,353 	$39.28 	0.00%	0.00%

3132	Fabric Mills	$12,415,874 	5.99%	*	$743,168 	$50,451 	$30.50 	0.00%
0.00%

3133	Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric Coating Mills	$7,148,330 
5.99%	*	$427,872 	$25,331 	$15.67 	0.00%	0.00%

3141	Textile Furnishings Mills	$8,360,352 	12.75%	*	$1,065,919 	$43,320 
$14.93 	0.00%	0.00%

3149	Other Textile Product Mills	$2,308,627 	12.75%	*	$294,343 	$44,664 
$10.18 	0.00%	0.00%

3151	Apparel Knitting Mills	$6,685,606 	3.79%	 	$253,393 	$14,226 
$18.10 	0.00%	0.01%

3152	Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing	$2,989,692 	5.13%	 	$153,251 
$87,609 	$7.72 	0.00%	0.01%

3159	Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing	$2,433,340 
4.40%	 	$107,093 	$11,150 	$8.94 	0.00%	0.01%

3161	Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing	$7,648,781 	5.85%	*	$447,361
	$3,671 	$14.06 	0.00%	0.00%

3162	Footwear Manufacturing	$8,239,610 	5.85%	*	$481,917 	$5,674 	$16.54
	0.00%	0.00%

3169	Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing	$2,280,340 	5.85%	*
$133,372 	$7,654 	$8.36 	0.00%	0.01%

3211	Sawmills and Wood Preservation	$6,100,709 	3.52%	*	$214,707 
$62,995 	$14.90 	0.00%	0.01%

3212	Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing
$10,783,434 	3.52%	*	$379,510 	$48,435 	$25.41 	0.00%	0.01%

3219	Other Wood Product Manufacturing	$3,941,816 	3.52%	*	$138,727 
$156,872 	$14.70 	0.00%	0.01%

3221	Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills	$109,670,516 	0.79%	 	$862,628 
$197,032 	$310.29 	0.00%	0.04%

3222	Converted Paper Product Manufacturing	$17,413,320 	5.03%	 
$876,129 	$323,964 	$67.20 	0.00%	0.01%

3231	Printing and Related Support Activities	$2,581,535 	4.02%	*
$103,671 	$449,932 	$12.49 	0.00%	0.01%

3241	Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing	$94,667,522 	6.74%	*
$6,377,590 	$336,286 	$146.28 	0.00%	0.00%

3251	Basic Chemical Manufacturing	$45,814,285 	4.96%	 	$2,273,920 
$429,619 	$182.58 	0.00%	0.01%

3252	Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing	$61,595,034 	3.50%	 	$2,157,347 	$196,142 
$185.21 	0.00%	0.01%

3253	Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing	$20,288,489 	9.81%	*	$1,989,587 	$85,302 	$93.23 	0.00%
0.01%

3254	Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing	$86,131,442 	13.83%	 
$11,907,751 	$198,357 	$108.69 	0.00%	0.00%

3255	Paint, Coating, and Adhesive Manufacturing	$14,733,327 	5.16%	 
$760,719 	$62,137 	$31.65 	0.00%	0.00%

3256	Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
$28,892,804 	9.92%	 	$2,865,250 	$117,966 	$51.13 	0.00%	0.00%

3259	Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing	$15,161,960 
2.92%	 	$442,655 	$142,958 	$50.60 	0.00%	0.01%

3261	Plastics Product Manufacturing	$10,804,860 	3.46%	 	$373,496 
$274,812 	$21.72 	0.00%	0.01%

3262	Rubber Product Manufacturing	$14,021,586 	1.96%	 	$275,383 
$71,144 	$30.06 	0.00%	0.01%

3271	Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing	$5,238,061 	2.64%	 
$138,314 	$63,843 	$40.59 	0.00%	0.03%

3272	Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing	$9,966,037 	2.84%	 	$282,796
	$122,958 	$56.87 	0.00%	0.02%

3273	Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing	$4,810,726 	4.46%	 
$214,436 	$295,196 	$31.43 	0.00%	0.02%

3274	Lime and Gypsum Product Manufacturing	$14,966,203 	3.75%	*	$560,814
	$21,089 	$56.54 	0.00%	0.01%

3279	Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing	$5,130,470 	3.75%	*
$192,249 	$93,458 	$31.71 	0.00%	0.02%

3311	Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing	$55,754,468 
1.13%	 	$631,987 	$179,990 	$205.47 	0.00%	0.03%

3312	Steel Product Manufacturing from Purchased Steel	$17,219,005 	2.11%
*	$364,108 	$64,524 	$77.93 	0.00%	0.02%

3313	Alumina and Aluminum Production and Processing	$43,845,031 	3.83%
 	$1,681,183 	$78,246 	$133.75 	0.00%	0.01%

3314	Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing
$21,080,740 	2.11%	*	$445,767 	$80,178 	$80.10 	0.00%	0.02%

3315	Foundries	$10,407,943 	1.80%	 	$187,312 	$92,857 	$38.13 	0.00%
0.02%

3321	Forging and Stamping	$7,489,403 	3.79%	 	$283,600 	$72,407 	$25.99
	0.00%	0.01%

3322	Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing	$6,578,548 	3.58%	 	$235,683 
$34,033 	$22.14 	0.00%	0.01%

3323	Architectural and Structural Metals Manufacturing	$4,477,263 	3.21%
 	$143,558 	$249,151 	$18.90 	0.00%	0.01%

3324	Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container Manufacturing	$14,523,348 
2.20%	 	$320,189 	$53,026 	$33.50 	0.00%	0.01%

3325	Hardware Manufacturing	$12,155,962 	4.41%	*	$535,973 	$25,659 
$29.98 	0.00%	0.01%

3326	Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing	$4,989,711 	4.41%	*	$220,003 
$33,738 	$19.27 	0.00%	0.01%

3327	Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and Bolt
Manufacturing	$1,640,338 	4.41%	*	$72,325 	$327,083 	$13.00 	0.00%	0.02%

3328	Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied Activities	$2,998,895
	2.61%	 	$78,388 	$91,181 	$14.77 	0.00%	0.02%

3329	Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	$7,703,453 	5.42%	 
$417,166 	$155,547 	$24.35 	0.00%	0.01%

3331	Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery Manufacturing
$16,376,990 	2.29%	 	$375,024 	$98,128 	$33.98 	0.00%	0.01%

3332	Industrial Machinery Manufacturing	$6,780,229 	3.43%	 	$232,503 
$101,242 	$24.13 	0.00%	0.01%

3333	Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing	$8,742,101 
2.58%	 	$225,274 	$61,477 	$26.08 	0.00%	0.01%

3334	Ventilation, Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Commercial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing	$18,499,091 	3.90%	 	$720,658 
$76,907 	$42.85 	0.00%	0.01%

3335	Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing	$2,717,628 	3.49%	 	$94,933 
$153,957 	$17.54 	0.00%	0.02%

3336	Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing
$37,425,382 	1.76%	 	$657,755 	$51,170 	$54.55 	0.00%	0.01%

3339	Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing	$8,756,429 	2.91%	 
$255,040 	$176,869 	$27.18 	0.00%	0.01%

3341	Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing	$50,215,782 	7.96%
 	$3,997,442 	$75,484 	$48.33 	0.00%	0.00%

3342	Communications Equipment Manufacturing	$29,578,136 	2.01%	 
$593,803 	$76,563 	$38.59 	0.00%	0.01%

3343	Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing	$15,252,247 	4.10%	 
$625,410 	$12,244 	$21.56 	0.00%	0.00%

3344	Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing
$19,539,188 	2.67%	 	$522,415 	$177,015 	$34.09 	0.00%	0.01%

3345	Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments
Manufacturing	$18,348,073 	3.70%	 	$678,688 	$194,582 	$37.30 	0.00%
0.01%

3346	Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media	$8,715,798
	4.89%	*	$425,768 	$18,565 	$20.58 	0.00%	0.01%

3351	Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing	$9,642,854 	3.45%	 
$332,971 	$30,207 	$24.48 	0.00%	0.01%

3352	Household Appliance Manufacturing	$67,122,650 	3.71%	 	$2,492,483 
$33,682 	$93.56 	0.00%	0.00%

3353	Electrical Equipment Manufacturing	$12,024,704 	4.93%	 	$592,707 
$73,894 	$29.70 	0.00%	0.01%

3359	Other Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing	$15,705,621 
3.79%	 	$594,931 	$78,068 	$33.93 	0.00%	0.01%

3361	Motor Vehicle Manufacturing	$650,221,788 	1.18%	 	$7,674,967 
$141,127 	$384.54 	0.00%	0.01%

3362	Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing	$12,486,347 	1.48%	*
$184,611 	$68,222 	$31.85 	0.00%	0.02%

3363	Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing	$37,958,610 	1.48%	*	$561,218 
$371,819 	$65.80 	0.00%	0.01%

3364	Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing	$75,375,059 	1.48%	 
$1,116,475 	$207,726 	$131.14 	0.00%	0.01%

3365	Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing	$39,044,105 	1.48%	*	$577,268 
$14,186 	$73.12 	0.00%	0.01%

3366	Ship and Boat Building	$12,161,016 	4.69%	 	$570,694 	$449,047 
$258.22 	0.00%	0.05%

3369	Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing	$17,158,630 	7.24%	 
$1,241,923 	$23,062 	$27.92 	0.00%	0.00%

3371	Household and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet
Manufacturing	$2,649,074 	3.80%	*	$100,685 	$188,375 	$11.47 	0.00%
0.01%

3372	Office Furniture (including Fixtures) Manufacturing	$5,214,474 
3.80%	*	$198,189 	$69,624 	$16.49 	0.00%	0.01%

3379	Other Furniture Related Product Manufacturing	$7,544,625 	3.80%	*
$286,753 	$17,715 	$16.49 	0.00%	0.01%

3391	Medical Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing	$5,282,990 	7.70%	 
$406,930 	$186,141 	$15.65 	0.00%	0.00%

3399	Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing	$3,318,985 	5.32%	 	$176,602 
$281,294 	$14.41 	0.00%	0.01%

4231	Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	$26,108,877 	2.45%	 	$638,529 	$744,627 	$28.67 	0.00%
0.00%

4232	Furniture and Home Furnishing Merchant Wholesalers	$5,844,281 
2.44%	*	$142,747 	$226,005 	$16.42 	0.00%	0.01%

4233	Lumber and Other Construction Materials Merchant Wholesalers
$8,198,647 	2.89%	 	$236,586 	$463,890 	$25.81 	0.00%	0.01%

4234	Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	$11,063,577 	2.26%	 	$250,391 	$1,524,053 	$41.88 	0.00%
0.02%

4235	Metal and Mineral (except Petroleum) Merchant Wholesalers
$10,690,919 	1.06%	 	$113,475 	$200,298 	$18.67 	0.00%	0.02%

4236	Electrical and Electronic Goods Merchant Wholesalers	$10,940,740 
1.73%	 	$188,974 	$975,338 	$31.07 	0.00%	0.02%

4237	Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	$5,207,975 	2.32%	 	$121,032 	$476,257 	$25.04 	0.00%	0.02%

4238	Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers	$4,839,790 
3.02%	 	$146,331 	$1,744,365 	$28.03 	0.00%	0.02%

4239	Miscellaneous Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	$4,695,800 	3.30%
 	$154,836 	$661,699 	$18.10 	0.00%	0.01%

4241	Paper and Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers	$9,986,773 	1.84%	 
$184,053 	$194,071 	$15.09 	0.00%	0.01%

4242	Drugs and Druggists' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers	$61,946,658 
4.31%	 	$2,667,458 	$122,715 	$16.00 	0.00%	0.00%

4243	Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions Merchant Wholesalers	$6,919,579 
4.54%	 	$314,186 	$138,278 	$7.99 	0.00%	0.00%

4244	Grocery and Related Product Wholesalers	$16,664,598 	1.50%	 
$250,800 	$865,916 	$24.57 	0.00%	0.01%

4245	Farm Product Raw Material Merchant Wholesalers	$15,264,823 	2.76%
 	$421,948 	$86,364 	$11.90 	0.00%	0.00%

4246	Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers	$8,511,944 	3.25%
 	$276,768 	$305,491 	$23.35 	0.00%	0.01%

4247	Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers	$36,860,076 
1.36%	 	$501,363 	$217,865 	$28.29 	0.00%	0.01%

4248	Beer, Wine, and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
$21,445,970 	3.94%	 	$844,652 	$108,779 	$25.24 	0.00%	0.00%

4249	Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	$7,126,742 
3.85%	 	$274,510 	$391,579 	$11.72 	0.00%	0.00%

4251	Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers	$4,830,415 
9.78%	*	$472,251 	$630,873 	$15.91 	0.00%	0.00%

4411	Automobile Dealers	$13,539,166 	1.11%	 	$150,669 	$3,052,335 
$58.39 	0.00%	0.04%

4412	Other Motor Vehicle Dealers	$3,232,426 	2.72%	**	$87,802 	$353,603 
$21.80 	0.00%	0.03%

4413	Automotive Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores	$1,216,186 	1.37%	*
$16,631 	$1,204,528 	$20.59 	0.00%	0.12%

4421	Furniture Stores	$1,851,370 	3.57%	*	$66,079 	$341,544 	$12.06 
0.00%	0.02%

4422	Home Furnishings Stores	$1,186,588 	3.57%	*	$42,352 	$591,805 
$15.96 	0.00%	0.04%

4431	Electronics and Appliance Stores	$1,721,782 	2.90%	*	$49,972 
$899,907 	$18.85 	0.00%	0.04%

4441	Building Material and Supplies Dealers	$3,393,820 	5.18%	*	$175,814
	$1,323,725 	$19.79 	0.00%	0.01%

4442	Lawn and Garden Equipment and Supplies Stores	$1,626,684 	2.44%	**
$39,735 	$267,185 	$12.81 	0.00%	0.03%

4451	Grocery Stores	$4,392,255 	1.53%	*	$67,061 	$670,419 	$6.91 	0.00%
0.01%

4452	Specialty Food Stores	$537,443 	1.55%	*	$8,348 	$209,523 	$7.91 
0.00%	0.10%

4453	Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores	$1,001,136 	2.23%	*	$22,334 	$151,016
	$5.18 	0.00%	0.02%

4461	Health and Personal Care Stores	$2,189,986 	2.78%	*	$60,961 
$606,316 	$7.35 	0.00%	0.01%

4471	Gasoline Stations	$2,114,287 	1.10%	*	$23,313 	$1,467,085 	$12.28 
0.00%	0.05%

4481	Clothing Stores	$1,394,175 	5.09%	*	$70,902 	$621,842 	$6.87 	0.00%
0.01%

4482	Shoe Stores	$855,759 	5.09%	*	$43,520 	$175,073 	$6.40 	0.00%	0.02%

4483	Jewelry, Luggage, and Leather Goods Stores	$865,222 	5.09%	*
$44,001 	$305,718 	$10.13 	0.00%	0.02%

4511	Sporting Goods, Hobby, and Musical Instrument Stores	$1,200,786 
2.52%	*	$30,253 	$633,614 	$14.87 	0.00%	0.05%

4512	Book, Periodical, and Music Stores	$1,148,857 	2.52%	*	$28,945 
$114,811 	$5.97 	0.00%	0.02%

4521	Department Stores	$23,612,261 	4.30%	*	$1,016,106 	$584,315 	$62.39
	0.00%	0.01%

4529	Other General Merchandise Stores	$7,582,979 	4.30%	*	$326,318 
$1,004,338 	$30.82 	0.00%	0.01%

4531	Florists	$306,091 	3.21%	*	$9,824 	$65,088 	$2.96 	0.00%	0.03%

4532	Office Supplies, Stationery, and Gift Stores	$878,782 	3.21%	*
$28,205 	$600,157 	$13.92 	0.00%	0.05%

4533	Used Merchandise Stores	$469,679 	3.21%	*	$15,074 	$140,811 	$7.88 
0.00%	0.05%

4539	Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers	$904,973 	3.21%	*	$29,045 
$511,885 	$11.47 	0.00%	0.04%

4541	Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses	$7,249,457 	3.96%	*
$287,398 	$189,622 	$11.82 	0.00%	0.00%

4542	Vending Machine Operators	$1,268,344 	3.96%	*	$50,282 	$129,902 
$23.14 	0.00%	0.05%

4543	Direct Selling Establishments	$1,534,903 	3.96%	*	$60,850 	$570,315
	$17.59 	0.00%	0.03%

4811	Scheduled Air Transportation	$28,544,873 	1.85%	*	$528,522 
$338,828 	$106.92 	0.00%	0.02%

4812	Nonscheduled Air Transportation	$3,957,128 	1.85%	*	$73,268 
$67,806 	$29.37 	0.00%	0.04%

4831	Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation	$15,182,761
	4.17%	*	$632,658 	$39,417 	$30.09 	0.00%	0.01%

4832	Inland Water Transportation	$6,186,471 	4.17%	*	$257,787 	$14,591 
$23.53 	0.00%	0.01%

4841	General Freight Trucking	$2,036,687 	2.33%	*	$47,428 	$868,682 
$14.42 	0.00%	0.03%

4842	Specialized Freight Trucking	$1,090,183 	2.33%	*	$25,387 	$503,423 
$9.80 	0.00%	0.04%

4851	Urban Transit Systems	$2,489,476 	1.80%	*	$44,903 	$24,352 	$25.08 
0.00%	0.06%

4852	Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation	$2,290,488 	1.80%	*	$41,314
	$9,271 	$19.08 	0.00%	0.05%

4853	Taxi and Limousine Service	$606,313 	1.80%	*	$10,936 	$62,720 
$9.01 	0.00%	0.08%

4854	School and Employee Bus Transportation	$1,458,523 	1.80%	*	$26,308 
$75,623 	$16.94 	0.00%	0.06%

4855	Charter Bus Industry	$1,407,984 	1.80%	*	$25,396 	$14,414 	$11.57 
0.00%	0.05%

4859	Other Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation	$878,018 	1.80%	*
$15,837 	$28,593 	$9.14 	0.00%	0.06%

4861	Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil	$14,657,772 	14.74%	*
$2,160,627 	$16,966 	$55.26 	0.00%	0.00%

4862	Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas	$12,088,545 	14.74%	*
$1,781,911 	$71,448 	$37.37 	0.00%	0.00%

4869	Other Pipeline Transportation	$9,380,405 	14.74%	*	$1,382,718 
$18,236 	$35.48 	0.00%	0.00%

4871	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Land	$1,078,675 	4.01%	*
$43,253 	$2,248 	$3.66 	0.00%	0.01%

4872	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Water	$576,460 	4.01%	*
$23,115 	$6,015 	$3.45 	0.00%	0.02%

4879	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Other	$1,596,488 	4.01%	*
$64,017 	$830 	$4.82 	0.00%	0.01%

4881	Support Activities for Air Transportation	$3,071,107 	2.77%	**
$84,930 	$172,020 	$34.05 	0.00%	0.04%

4882	Support Activities for Rail Transportation	$2,953,469 	2.77%	**
$81,677 	$28,867 	$31.93 	0.00%	0.04%

4883	Support Activities for Water Transportation	$4,503,853 	2.77%	**
$124,552 	$171,543 	$72.90 	0.00%	0.06%

4884	Support Activities for Road Transportation	$561,027 	2.77%	**
$15,515 	$90,529 	$10.94 	0.00%	0.07%

4885	Freight Transportation Arrangement	$1,836,732 	2.77%	**	$50,794 
$142,878 	$8.67 	0.00%	0.02%

4889	Other Support Activities for Transportation	$1,686,289 	2.77%	**
$46,633 	$18,098 	$12.80 	0.00%	0.03%

4921	Couriers	$6,169,090 	2.76%	**	$170,603 	$273,646 	$30.10 	0.00%
0.02%

4922	Local Messengers and Local Delivery	$638,977 	2.76%	**	$17,671 
$34,477 	$6.80 	0.00%	0.04%

4931	Warehousing and Storage	$5,487,557 	3.68%	*	$201,801 	$302,130 
$24.14 	0.00%	0.01%

5111	Newspaper, Periodical, Book, and Directory Publishers	$5,992,410 
11.49%	*	$688,247 	$208,847 	$9.42 	0.00%	0.00%

5112	Software Publishers	$12,472,447 	16.84%	*	$2,099,867 	$133,250 
$14.55 	0.00%	0.00%

5121	Motion Picture and Video Industries	$3,628,012 	7.07%	**	$256,640 
$89,775 	$4.75 	0.00%	0.00%

5122	Sound Recording Industries	$3,982,417 	3.60%	**	$143,168 	$35,282 
$10.71 	0.00%	0.01%

5151	Radio and Television Broadcasting	$5,627,132 	4.55%	*	$255,885 
$167,905 	$17.33 	0.00%	0.01%

5152	Cable and Other Subscription Programming	$28,624,449 	4.55%	*
$1,301,652 	$193,534 	$282.95 	0.00%	0.02%

5161	Internet Publishing and Broadcasting	$3,930,772 	5.20%	*	$204,205 
$10,266 	$5.04 	0.00%	0.00%

5171	Wired Telecommunications Carriers	$10,194,916 	3.30%	*	$336,872 
$6,291,597 	$227.90 	0.00%	0.07%

5172	Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite)	$5,672,533 
3.30%	*	$187,438 	$1,273,372 	$97.80 	0.00%	0.05%

5173	Telecommunications Resellers	$3,331,562 	3.30%	*	$110,085 	$19,679 
$7.22 	0.00%	0.01%

5174	Satellite Telecommunications	$6,976,236 	3.30%	*	$230,516 	$117,830
	$168.81 	0.00%	0.07%

5175	Cable and Other Program Distribution	$10,123,988 	3.30%	*	$334,528 
$202,722 	$37.66 	0.00%	0.01%

5179	Other Telecommunications	$3,865,274 	3.30%	*	$127,721 	$6,236 
$8.81 	0.00%	0.01%

5181	Internet Service Providers and Web Search Portals	$2,749,228 	3.76%
*	$103,239 	$27,914 	$5.20 	0.00%	0.01%

5182	Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services	$4,669,902 	3.76%	*
$175,364 	$66,048 	$4.63 	0.00%	0.00%

5191	Other Information Services	$1,499,277 	9.07%	*	$136,035 	$14,386 
$3.35 	0.00%	0.00%

5211	Monetary Authorities - Central Bank	$431,584,554 	18.99%	*
$81,972,785 	$1,040 	$16.51 	0.00%	0.00%

5221	Depository Credit Intermediation	$5,581,686 	13.14%	*	$733,401 
$143,235 	$1.25 	0.00%	0.00%

5222	Nondepository Credit Intermediation	$8,587,475 	13.14%	*	$1,128,344
	$93,738 	$1.78 	0.00%	0.00%

5223	Activities Related to Credit Intermediation	$2,509,135 	9.18%	**
$230,248 	$59,579 	$1.69 	0.00%	0.00%

5231	Securities and Commodity Contracts Intermediation and Brokerage
$4,952,719 	10.68%	*	$528,852 	$89,966 	$1.98 	0.00%	0.00%

5232	Securities and Commodity Exchanges	$48,750,362 	10.68%	*	$5,205,568
	$318 	$4.24 	0.00%	0.00%

5239	Other Financial Investment Activities	$2,813,012 	17.55%	*	$493,682
	$67,998 	$1.72 	0.00%	0.00%

5241	Insurance Carriers	$41,425,001 	5.37%	*	$2,225,853 	$290,411 	$9.32
	0.00%	0.00%

5242	Agencies, Brokerages, and Other Insurance Related Activities
$1,020,352 	5.37%	*	$54,826 	$347,945 	$2.50 	0.00%	0.01%

5259	Other Investment Pools and Funds	$7,535,878 	60.77%	*	$4,579,723 
$17,133 	$5.19 	0.00%	0.00%

5311	Lessors of Real Estate	$955,618 	12.63%	*	$120,658 	$512,459 	$4.49
	0.00%	0.00%

5312	Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	$918,205 	9.59%	*	$88,048
	$343,500 	$4.15 	0.00%	0.01%

5313	Activities Related to Real Estate	$936,574 	13.77%	*	$128,981 
$425,940 	$6.01 	0.00%	0.01%

5321	Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing	$3,127,043 	1.15%	**
$35,909 	$112,066 	$9.90 	0.00%	0.03%

5322	Consumer Goods Rental	$669,273 	3.07%	*	$20,578 	$156,770 	$4.69 
0.00%	0.02%

5323	General Rental Centers	$750,013 	3.13%	*	$23,456 	$30,221 	$5.65 
0.00%	0.02%

5324	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Rental and
Leasing	$2,707,038 	5.36%	**	$145,126 	$151,097 	$11.53 	0.00%	0.01%

5331	Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted
Works)	$8,728,635 	25.70%	*	$2,242,937 	$14,354 	$5.97 	0.00%	0.00%

5411	Legal Services	$1,056,719 	8.52%	**	$89,996 	$708,821 	$3.90 	0.00%
0.00%

5412	Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services
$844,075 	8.61%	**	$72,633 	$822,266 	$7.21 	0.00%	0.01%

5413	Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services	$1,650,721 	4.45%
**	$73,515 	$1,270,878 	$11.97 	0.00%	0.02%

5414	Specialized Design Services	$559,814 	6.23%	**	$34,889 	$161,725 
$5.32 	0.00%	0.02%

5415	Computer Systems Design and Related Services	$1,746,057 	5.48%	**
$95,642 	$1,143,924 	$11.27 	0.00%	0.01%

5416	Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services
$1,063,231 	6.87%	**	$73,056 	$864,229 	$7.04 	0.00%	0.01%

5417	Scientific Research and Development Services	$7,396,095 	6.56%	**
$485,283 	$484,817 	$31.59 	0.00%	0.01%

5418	Advertising and Related Services	$1,667,848 	5.01%	**	$83,587 
$8,893,407 	$237.39 	0.01%	0.28%

5419	Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	$692,060 
6.70%	**	$46,373 	$313,420 	$4.38 	0.00%	0.01%

5511	Management of Companies and Enterprises	$6,843,965 	14.89%	**
$1,018,976 	$1,522,058 	$32.09 	0.00%	0.00%

5611	Office Administrative Services	$2,018,651 	3.86%	*	$77,963 
$261,229 	$10.69 	0.00%	0.01%

5612	Facilities Support Services	$4,031,531 	3.86%	*	$155,702 	$125,481 
$36.29 	0.00%	0.02%

5613	Employment Services	$3,218,627 	1.86%	**	$59,871 	$1,643,694 
$40.56 	0.00%	0.07%

5614	Business Support Services	$1,509,909 	3.86%	*	$58,314 	$366,633 
$10.58 	0.00%	0.02%

5615	Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services	$1,120,944 	2.15%	**
$24,089 	$180,627 	$7.03 	0.00%	0.03%

5616	Investigation and Security Services	$1,380,213 	3.86%	*	$53,305 
$467,453 	$20.39 	0.00%	0.04%

5617	Services to Buildings and Dwellings	$501,508 	3.86%	*	$19,369 
$69,869,233 	$442.96 	0.09%	2.29%

5619	Other Support Services	$1,539,867 	5.48%	*	$84,323 	$222,234 
$10.64 	0.00%	0.01%

5621	Waste Collection	$3,465,693 	3.16%	*	$109,385 	$127,908 	$15.17 
0.00%	0.01%

5622	Waste Treatment and Disposal	$5,469,973 	3.16%	*	$172,645 	$62,740 
$24.56 	0.00%	0.01%

5629	Remediation and Other Waste Management Services	$1,637,360 	3.16%	*
$51,679 	$191,823 	$25.89 	0.00%	0.05%

6111	Elementary and Secondary Schools	$2,098,476 	7.67%	**	$160,912 
$50,032 	$2.40 	0.00%	0.00%

6112	Junior Colleges	$4,451,351 	7.67%	**	$341,331 	$3,453 	$3.80 	0.00%
0.00%

6113	Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools	$31,909,771 	7.67%
**	$2,446,851 	$51,330 	$15.10 	0.00%	0.00%

6114	Business Schools and Computer and Management Training	$975,383 
7.67%	**	$74,793 	$12,116 	$1.58 	0.00%	0.00%

6115	Technical and Trade Schools	$1,123,833 	7.67%	**	$86,176 	$19,431 
$2.64 	0.00%	0.00%

6116	Other Schools and Instruction	$349,414 	7.67%	**	$26,793 	$58,267 
$1.89 	0.00%	0.01%

6117	Educational Support Services	$1,049,000 	7.67%	**	$80,438 	$9,954 
$1.85 	0.00%	0.00%

6211	Offices of Physicians	$1,283,735 	4.39%	*	$56,361 	$559,436 	$2.70 
0.00%	0.01%

6212	Offices of Dentists	$626,807 	6.73%	*	$42,184 	$326,940 	$2.74 
0.00%	0.01%

6213	Offices of Other Health Practitioners	$384,151 	8.92%	*	$34,248 
$272,987 	$2.53 	0.00%	0.01%

6214	Outpatient Care Centers	$2,658,995 	5.58%	*	$148,341 	$96,214 
$3.77 	0.00%	0.00%

6215	Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories	$2,844,964 	5.45%	*	$155,183 
$42,283 	$3.88 	0.00%	0.00%

6216	Home Health Care Services	$1,925,647 	5.45%	*	$105,038 	$51,662 
$2.78 	0.00%	0.00%

6219	Other Ambulatory Health Care Services	$2,386,335 	5.45%	*	$130,167 
$42,213 	$4.79 	0.00%	0.00%

6221	General Medical and Surgical Hospitals	$89,847,925 	5.08%	**
$4,561,931 	$313,799 	$57.01 	0.00%	0.00%

6222	Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals	$21,992,662 	5.08%	**
$1,116,653 	$16,622 	$25.34 	0.00%	0.00%

6223	Specialty (except Psychiatric and Substance Abuse) Hospitals
$24,380,324 	5.08%	**	$1,237,884 	$14,937 	$20.55 	0.00%	0.00%

6231	Nursing Care Facilities	$4,541,125 	5.08%	**	$230,571 	$129,705 
$7.72 	0.00%	0.00%

6232	Residential Mental Retardation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Facilities	$720,038 	5.08%	**	$36,559 	$103,015 	$3.65 	0.00%	0.01%

6233	Community Care Facilities for the Elderly	$1,487,828 	5.08%	**
$75,543 	$72,776 	$4.07 	0.00%	0.01%

6239	Other Residential Care Facilities	$1,216,580 	5.08%	**	$61,771 
$26,478 	$4.26 	0.00%	0.01%

6241	Individual and Family Services	$948,221 	5.08%	**	$48,145 	$135,679
	$2.70 	0.00%	0.01%

6242	Community Food and Housing, and Emergency and Other Relief Services
$1,020,679 	5.08%	**	$51,824 	$32,494 	$2.62 	0.00%	0.01%

6243	Vocational Rehabilitation Services	$1,401,346 	5.08%	**	$71,152 
$32,091 	$3.86 	0.00%	0.01%

6244	Child Day Care Services	$326,601 	5.08%	**	$16,583 	$157,921 	$2.23
	0.00%	0.01%

7111	Performing Arts Companies	$1,176,578 	9.26%	*	$108,971 	$25,190 
$2.76 	0.00%	0.00%

7112	Spectator Sports	$5,265,131 	9.26%	*	$487,640 	$25,621 	$6.00 
0.00%	0.00%

7113	Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events	$2,026,602
	9.26%	*	$187,697 	$44,108 	$8.20 	0.00%	0.00%

7114	Agents and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers, and Other
Public Figures	$1,051,334 	9.26%	*	$97,371 	$5,611 	$1.66 	0.00%	0.00%

7115	Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers	$593,031 	9.26%	*
$54,925 	$40,045 	$2.36 	0.00%	0.00%

7121	Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions	$1,321,144 
6.95%	**	$91,767 	$20,833 	$3.09 	0.00%	0.00%

7131	Amusement Parks and Arcades	$3,526,421 	5.36%	*	$188,878 	$19,351 
$6.43 	0.00%	0.00%

7132	Gambling Industries	$9,357,109 	5.36%	*	$501,174 	$11,710 	$5.34 
0.00%	0.00%

7139	Other Amusement and Recreation Industries	$770,650 	5.36%	*	$41,277
	$200,325 	$3.18 	0.00%	0.01%

7211	Traveler Accommodation	$2,492,631 	2.95%	*	$73,554 	$687,544 
$13.36 	0.00%	0.02%

7212	RV (Recreational Vehicle) Parks and Recreational Camps	$492,731 
2.95%	*	$14,540 	$30,438 	$4.22 	0.00%	0.03%

7213	Rooming and Boarding Houses	$452,841 	2.95%	*	$13,363 	$8,698 
$3.37 	0.00%	0.03%

7221	Full-Service Restaurants	$770,100 	4.15%	*	$31,952 	$567,765 	$2.83
	0.00%	0.01%

7222	Limited-Service Eating Places	$604,955 	4.15%	*	$25,100 	$625,096 
$2.67 	0.00%	0.01%

7223	Special Food Services	$949,660 	4.15%	*	$39,402 	$274,419 	$8.77 
0.00%	0.02%

7224	Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)	$325,107 	4.15%	*	$13,489 
$98,931 	$2.06 	0.00%	0.02%

8111	Automotive Repair and Maintenance	$480,501 	3.67%	*	$17,616 
$2,608,034 	$15.76 	0.00%	0.09%

8112	Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance
$1,236,087 	5.14%	*	$63,522 	$364,478 	$26.30 	0.00%	0.04%

8113	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except
Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance	$873,035 	4.15%	*
$36,272 	$469,854 	$19.50 	0.00%	0.05%

8114	Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance	$354,501 	4.15%
*	$14,729 	$269,422 	$10.69 	0.00%	0.07%

8121	Personal Care Services	$212,914 	5.71%	*	$12,155 	$224,827 	$2.22 
0.00%	0.02%

8122	Death Care Services	$647,276 	5.71%	*	$36,951 	$136,904 	$6.19 
0.00%	0.02%

8123	Dry-cleaning and Laundry Services	$496,977 	5.71%	*	$28,371 
$271,626 	$6.54 	0.00%	0.02%

8129	Other Personal Services	$435,365 	5.71%	*	$24,854 	$221,177 	$5.58 
0.00%	0.02%

8131	Religious Organizations	$493,372 	2.22%	*	$10,963 	$942,621 	$5.41 
0.00%	0.05%

8132	Grantmaking and Giving Services	$3,155,319 	2.22%	*	$70,113 
$72,493 	$4.90 	0.00%	0.01%

8133	Social Advocacy Organizations	$976,434 	2.22%	*	$21,697 	$57,281 
$4.79 	0.00%	0.02%

8134	Civic and Social Organizations	$503,959 	2.22%	*	$11,198 	$163,403 
$5.09 	0.00%	0.05%

8139	Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations
$943,985 	2.22%	*	$20,976 	$353,968 	$5.39 	0.00%	0.03%

[a] Estimated based on 2002 receipts and payroll data from US Census
Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2002 and payroll data from US
Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2003. Receipts are not
reported for 2003, but were estimated assuming the ratio of receipts to
payroll remained unchanged between 2002 and 2003.

[b] Estimated from ratios of net income to total receipts as reported
for 2003 by the US Internal Revenue Service, Corporation Source Book,
2003. <<http://www.irs.gov/
taxstats/bustaxstats/article/0,,id=149687,00.html>> Data not available
at disaggregated levels for all industries and profit rates at more
highly aggregated levels are used for such industries.

* Profit rate imputed from corresponding 3-digit NAICS industry.

** Profit rate imputed from corresponding 2-digit NAICS industry.

SMALL ENTITY IMPACTS

ERG also estimated compliance costs and economic impacts for small
entities affected by the draft rule. Tables 2-2 and 2-3 presented above
show, respectively, the profiles for General Industry entities
classified as small according to (1) Small Business Administration (SBA)
criteria and (2) for entities with fewer than 20 employees. ERG assigned
costs to small entities by first determining the per employee compliance
costs for those cost items that are a function of the number of affected
employees at a facility, and the per establishment cost for those items
that do not vary with establishment size. ERG then calculated, by
industry, the average number of employees for each of the two classes of
small entities, multiplied these averages by per employee compliance
cost, and then added the establishment-based cost to determine the
average compliance cost for each type of small entity. These statistics
multiplied by the numbers of small entities produced the total
compliance costs in each industry incurred by small entities.

Table 5-3 shows the resultant annualized compliance costs by industry
sector for SBA-defined small entities, while Table 5-4 shows the costs
for entities with fewer than 20 employees. Compliance costs for
SBA-defined small entities totaled $124.7 million, compared to $159.2
million for all establishments. Compliance costs for the smallest
entities totaled $95.4 million.

ERG calculated the economic impacts of these costs by comparing average
compliance costs with average receipts and profits. These calculations
are shown in Tables 5-5 and 5-6. Among SBA-defined small entities,
impacts of project compliance costs on profits were less than five
percent for all industries, and these impacts were larger than 1.0
percent for only two industries: NAICS 2213, Water, Sewage and Other
Systems (4.7 percent); and NAICS 5617, Services to Buildings and
Dwellings (3.4 percent). For entities with fewer than 20 employees,
compliance costs as a percent of profits were also less than five
percent for all industries, and these impacts were larger than one
percent for only one industry: NAICS 5617, Services to Buildings and
Dwellings.Table 5-3.	Compliance Costs by 2-Digit NAICS: SBA Small
Entities

 	Annualized Compliance Costs

 	§1910.22	§1910.23	§1910.24	§1910.27	§1910.28	§1910.29	§1910.30
§1910.140	 

Industry Sector	General Requirements	Ladders	Step Bolts and Manhole
Steps	Scaffolds	Duty To Have Fall Protection	Fall Protection Systems
Criteria and Practices	Training Program	Fall Protection (including
Hazard Assessment)	Total

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting 	$49,637 	$8,749 	$0 	$0 	$0
	$0 	$70,291 	$44,388 	$173,065 

Mining	$27,715 	$9,384 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$175,872 	$78,113 	$291,085 

Utilities	$42,289 	$1,979 	$2,556,773 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$21,900 	$94,634 
$2,717,576 

Manufacturing	$1,184,552 	$336,868 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$2,809,545 
$1,943,753 	$6,274,719 

Wholesale Trade	$1,883,462 	$317,595 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$2,556,330 
$1,348,244 	$6,105,631 

Retail Trade	$2,657,210 	$675,487 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$2,904,290 
$2,563,800 	$8,800,787 

Transportation	$572,850 	$112,803 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$812,755 	$946,277 
$2,444,685 

Information	$520,453 	$534,959 	$38,078 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$6,193,037 
$1,171,885 	$8,458,412 

Finance and Insurance	$380,516 	$61,265 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$13,937 
$168,723 	$624,441 

Real Estate	$293,272 	$254,993 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$355,120 	$338,692 
$1,242,077 

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	$1,565,905 	$371,413 
$0 	$0 	$76,868 	$5,196,726 	$1,335,805 	$886,175 	$9,432,891 

Management	$43,914 	$4,871 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$32,686 	$51,093 	$132,563 

Administrative and Support, Waste Management and Remediation Services
$493,044 	$206,633 	$0 	$67,845,832 	$0 	$0 	$881,809 	$341,267 
$69,768,586 

Educational Services	$102,736 	$27,769 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$4,310 	$0 
$134,815 

Health Care	$964,362 	$206,570 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$90,717 	$493,470 
$1,755,119 

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation	$172,720 	$69,694 	$24,752 	$0 	$0 
$0 	$24,580 	$0 	$291,747 

Accommodation and Food Services	$647,752 	$131,522 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 
$285,319 	$429,970 	$1,494,563 

Other Services	$1,040,664 	$882,666 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$1,917,755 
$672,408 	$4,513,493 

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 

Total	$12,643,052 	$4,215,221 	$2,619,604 	$67,845,832 	$76,868 
$5,196,726 	$20,486,061 	$11,572,891 	$124,656,255 



Table 5-4.	Compliance Costs by 2-Digit NAICS: Entities with Fewer than
20 Employees

 	Annualized Compliance Costs

 	§1910.22	§1910.23	§1910.24	§1910.27	§1910.28	§1910.29	§1910.30
§1910.140	 

Industry Sector	General Requirements	Ladders	Step Bolts and Manhole
Steps	Scaffolds	Duty To Have Fall Protection	Fall Protection Systems
Criteria and Practices	Training Program	Fall Protection (including
Hazard Assessment)	Total

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting 	$47,184 	$5,987 	$0 	$0 	$0
	$0 	$44,280 	$38,796 	$136,246 

Mining	$25,797 	$4,065 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$76,175 	$51,277 	$157,314 

Utilities	$24,222 	$1,021 	$521,092 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$12,528 	$92,588 
$651,451 

Manufacturing	$865,371 	$52,057 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$372,987 	$1,021,961 
$2,312,376 

Wholesale Trade	$1,658,145 	$154,983 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$1,237,232 
$975,996 	$4,026,356 

Retail Trade	$2,487,394 	$481,604 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$1,999,511 
$2,318,192 	$7,286,701 

Transportation	$504,005 	$33,786 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$168,590 	$712,628 
$1,419,008 

Information	$437,178 	$16,657 	$32,262 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$133,688 	$166,848 
$786,632 

Finance and Insurance	$345,660 	$52,855 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$10,628 
$160,747 	$569,889 

Real Estate	$279,987 	$169,248 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$229,256 	$305,963 
$984,454 

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	$1,474,495 	$207,743 
$0 	$0 	$70,654 	$2,297,216 	$676,826 	$739,075 	$5,466,010 

Management	$23,576 	$953 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$6,393 	$25,722 	$56,644 

Administrative and Support, Waste Management and Remediation Services
$439,428 	$90,534 	$0 	$63,670,808 	$0 	$0 	$424,795 	$262,279 
$64,887,844 

Educational Services	$81,390 	$11,049 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$1,144 	$0 
$93,583 

Health Care	$855,954 	$132,768 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$20,334 	$412,617 
$1,421,674 

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation	$151,873 	$27,707 	$24,752 	$0 	$0 
$0 	$8,810 	$0 	$213,143 

Accommodation and Food Services	$526,013 	$50,810 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 
$110,613 	$333,671 	$1,021,107 

Other Services	$1,021,428 	$694,388 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$0 	$1,559,393 
$623,185 	$3,898,394 

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 

Total	$11,249,100 	$2,188,215 	$578,106 	$63,670,808 	$70,654 
$2,297,216 	$7,093,182 	$8,241,544 	$95,388,825 



Table 5-5.	Economic Impacts by 4-Digit NAICS: SBA Small Business
Entities

Table 5-5.  Economic Impacts by 4-Digit NAICS:  Small Business Entities

NAICS	Industry	SBA Employ-ment Size Criterion [a]	Estimated Receipts,
2003 ($1,000)[b]	Entities [c]	Average Receipts per Entity	Profit Rate
[d]	Estimated Profits per Entity	Estimated Cost of Draft Rule	Average
Cost per Entity	Average Cost to Revenues	Average Cost to Profits

1131	Timber Tract Operations	500	$627,439	549	$1,142,876	4.78%	*	$54,641
$7,467	$13.60	0.001%	0.025%

1132	Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products	500	$178,844	252
$709,698	4.78%	*	$33,931	$5,489	$21.78	0.003%	0.064%

1133	Logging	500	$8,655,980	10,876	$795,879	4.78%	*	$38,051	$124,909
$11.48	0.001%	0.030%

1141	Fishing	20	$762,535	1,961	$388,850	5.64%	*	$21,937	$7,171	$3.66
0.001%	0.017%

1142	Hunting and Trapping	20	$93,002	408	$227,947	5.64%	*	$12,860	$1,482
$3.63	0.002%	0.028%

1153	Support Activities for Forestry	100	$972,827	1,676	$580,446	4.78%	*
$27,751	$28,037	$16.73	0.003%	0.060%

2111	Oil and Gas Extraction	500	$27,059,671	6,183	$4,376,463	13.19%

$577,167	$293,507	$47.47	0.001%	0.008%

2211	Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution	20
$3,927,035	680	$5,775,052	2.49%

$143,995	$600,628	$883.28	0.015%	0.613%

2212	Natural Gas Distribution	20	$2,862,805	411	$6,965,463	2.23%

$155,159	$34,103	$82.98	0.001%	0.053%

2213	Water, Sewage and Other Systems	100	$895,092	4,855	$184,365	5.00%

$9,222	$2,090,087	$430.50	0.234%	4.668%

3111	Animal Food Manufacturing	500	$10,401,881	1,171	$8,882,904	2.41%

$214,163	$22,132	$18.90	0.000%	0.009%

3112	Grain and Oilseed Milling	500	$7,806,852	449	$17,387,198	4.99%	*
$868,434	$13,227	$29.46	0.000%	0.003%

3113	Sugar and Confectionery Product Manufacturing	500	$6,223,142	1,669
$3,728,665	6.80%

$253,479	$23,670	$14.18	0.000%	0.006%

3114	Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food Manufacturing	500
$12,555,462	1,256	$9,996,387	5.19%

$519,195	$28,118	$22.39	0.000%	0.004%

3115	Dairy Product Manufacturing	500	$14,788,684	1,071	$13,808,295	2.25%

$311,301	$26,968	$25.18	0.000%	0.008%

3116	Animal Slaughtering and Processing	500	$22,663,661	3,247	$6,979,877
2.52%

$176,095	$48,788	$15.03	0.000%	0.009%

3117	Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging	500	$4,717,932	638
$7,394,878	4.99%	*	$369,350	$10,805	$16.94	0.000%	0.005%

3118	Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing	500	$13,328,280	10,402
$1,281,319	11.05%

$141,596	$119,589	$11.50	0.001%	0.008%

3119	Other Food Manufacturing	500	$18,050,536	2,482	$7,272,577	4.20%

$305,230	$47,400	$19.10	0.000%	0.006%

3121	Beverage Manufacturing	500	$12,119,165	2,500	$4,847,666	10.23%	*
$495,923	$40,853	$16.34	0.000%	0.003%

3122	Tobacco Manufacturing	500	$1,076,280	89	$12,093,036	11.27%

$1,362,815	$2,212	$24.85	0.000%	0.002%

3131	Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills	500	$1,873,956	339	$5,527,895	5.99%	*
$330,879	$8,249	$24.33	0.000%	0.007%

3132	Fabric Mills	500	$5,666,032	1,301	$4,355,136	5.99%	*	$260,682
$23,750	$18.26	0.000%	0.007%

3133	Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric Coating Mills	500
$5,764,043	1,447	$3,983,444	5.99%	*	$238,434	$18,455	$12.75	0.000%
0.005%

3141	Textile Furnishings Mills	500	$5,353,994	2,644	$2,024,960	12.75%	*
$258,176	$26,893	$10.17	0.001%	0.004%

3149	Other Textile Product Mills	500	$6,209,208	4,182	$1,484,746	12.75%
*	$189,301	$39,876	$9.54	0.001%	0.005%

3151	Apparel Knitting Mills	500	$2,507,528	702	$3,571,977	3.79%

$135,382	$9,846	$14.03	0.000%	0.010%

3152	Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing	500	$20,163,519	11,002	$1,832,714
5.13%

$93,944	$81,374	$7.40	0.000%	0.008%

3159	Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing	500	$2,013,665
1,187	$1,696,432	4.40%

$74,661	$9,892	$8.33	0.000%	0.011%

3161	Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing	500	$873,238	239	$3,653,714
5.85%	*	$213,698	$2,668	$11.16	0.000%	0.005%

3162	Footwear Manufacturing	500	$660,048	296	$2,229,891	5.85%	*	$130,421
$3,239	$10.94	0.000%	0.008%

3169	Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing	500	$1,645,568	887
$1,855,206	5.85%	*	$108,507	$7,120	$8.03	0.000%	0.007%

3211	Sawmills and Wood Preservation	500	$15,776,854	3,712	$4,250,230
3.52%	*	$149,582	$53,286	$14.36	0.000%	0.010%

3212	Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing	500
$7,768,361	1,427	$5,443,841	3.52%	*	$191,589	$31,249	$21.90	0.000%
0.011%

3219	Other Wood Product Manufacturing	500	$23,126,979	9,656	$2,395,089
3.52%	*	$84,292	$122,393	$12.68	0.001%	0.015%

3221	Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills	750	$69,640,777	305	$228,330,418
0.79%

$1,795,964	$197,032	$646.01	0.000%	0.036%

3222	Converted Paper Product Manufacturing	750	$83,949,614	3,213
$26,128,109	5.03%

$1,314,602	$323,964	$100.83	0.000%	0.008%

3231	Printing and Related Support Activities	500	$53,813,193	34,017
$1,581,950	4.02%	*	$63,529	$391,201	$11.50	0.001%	0.018%

3241	Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing	500	$14,935,464	1,002
$14,905,653	6.74%	*	$1,004,168	$99,191	$98.99	0.001%	0.010%

3251	Basic Chemical Manufacturing	500	$14,830,466	1,021	$14,525,432
4.96%

$720,947	$109,646	$107.39	0.001%	0.015%

3252	Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing	500	$11,017,065	613	$17,972,373	3.50%

$629,477	$52,764	$86.08	0.000%	0.014%

3253	Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing	500	$4,188,645	616	$6,799,748	9.81%	*	$666,816	$37,456
$60.81	0.001%	0.009%

3254	Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing	500	$13,861,994	1,279
$10,838,150	13.83%

$1,498,384	$50,528	$39.51	0.000%	0.003%

3255	Paint, Coating, and Adhesive Manufacturing	500	$8,418,373	1,457
$5,777,881	5.16%

$298,326	$37,330	$25.62	0.000%	0.009%

3256	Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing	500
$13,254,933	1,957	$6,773,088	9.92%

$671,676	$62,474	$31.92	0.000%	0.005%

3259	Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing	500
$11,956,604	2,021	$5,916,182	2.92%

$172,723	$71,133	$35.20	0.001%	0.020%

3261	Plastics Product Manufacturing	500	$50,276,834	9,490	$5,297,875
3.46%

$183,134	$179,229	$18.89	0.000%	0.010%

3262	Rubber Product Manufacturing	500	$7,529,921	1,716	$4,388,066	1.96%

$86,181	$33,946	$19.78	0.000%	0.023%

3271	Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing	500	$3,236,937	1,295
$2,499,565	2.64%

$66,003	$35,477	$27.40	0.001%	0.042%

3272	Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing	500	$3,733,898	1,764
$2,116,722	2.84%

$60,064	$46,219	$26.20	0.001%	0.044%

3273	Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing	500	$23,428,985	5,160
$4,540,501	4.46%

$202,391	$214,953	$41.66	0.001%	0.021%

3274	Lime and Gypsum Product Manufacturing	500	$889,984	234	$3,803,349
3.75%	*	$142,519	$7,616	$32.55	0.001%	0.023%

3279	Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing	500	$6,263,750
2,427	$2,580,861	3.75%	*	$96,710	$62,783	$25.87	0.001%	0.027%

3311	Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing	750	$48,840,914
757	$64,519,041	1.13%

$731,335	$179,990	$237.77	0.000%	0.033%

3312	Steel Product Manufacturing from Purchased Steel	1000	$14,257,336
673	$21,184,749	2.11%	*	$447,967	$64,524	$95.88	0.000%	0.021%

3313	Alumina and Aluminum Production and Processing	750	$25,649,343	441
$58,161,776	3.83%

$2,230,141	$78,246	$177.43	0.000%	0.008%

3314	Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing	750
$21,101,820	792	$26,643,712	2.11%	*	$563,400	$80,178	$101.24	0.000%
0.018%

3315	Foundries	500	$9,746,681	2,017	$4,832,266	1.80%

$86,966	$53,449	$26.50	0.001%	0.030%

3321	Forging and Stamping	500	$12,349,546	2,380	$5,188,885	3.79%

$196,486	$54,503	$22.90	0.000%	0.012%

3322	Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing	500	$4,376,384	1,338	$3,270,840
3.58%

$117,181	$22,700	$16.97	0.001%	0.014%

3323	Architectural and Structural Metals Manufacturing	500	$35,518,402
11,997	$2,960,607	3.21%

$94,928	$199,586	$16.64	0.001%	0.018%

3324	Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container Manufacturing	500	$6,124,956
1,196	$5,121,201	2.20%

$112,904	$31,175	$26.07	0.001%	0.023%

3325	Hardware Manufacturing	500	$2,978,677	711	$4,189,419	4.41%	*
$184,717	$13,362	$18.79	0.000%	0.010%

3326	Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing	500	$5,353,423	1,518
$3,526,629	4.41%	*	$155,494	$27,453	$18.08	0.001%	0.012%

3327	Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and Bolt
Manufacturing	500	$34,337,009	24,524	$1,400,139	4.41%	*	$61,734	$311,022
$12.68	0.001%	0.021%

3328	Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied Activities	500
$12,243,115	5,514	$2,220,369	2.61%

$58,038	$81,783	$14.83	0.001%	0.026%

3329	Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	500	$17,939,791	5,578
$3,216,169	5.42%

$174,165	$98,189	$17.60	0.001%	0.010%

3331	Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery Manufacturing	500
$11,024,491	2,465	$4,472,410	2.29%

$102,416	$51,504	$20.89	0.000%	0.020%

3332	Industrial Machinery Manufacturing	500	$14,752,862	3,808	$3,874,176
3.43%

$132,851	$74,649	$19.60	0.001%	0.015%

3333	Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing	500
$8,976,198	2,053	$4,372,235	2.58%

$112,667	$39,376	$19.18	0.000%	0.017%

3334	Ventilation, Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Commercial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing	500	$7,395,561	1,371	$5,394,282
3.90%

$210,142	$32,384	$23.62	0.000%	0.011%

3335	Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing	500	$17,820,887	8,280
$2,152,281	3.49%

$75,184	$137,487	$16.60	0.001%	0.022%

3336	Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing	500
$4,039,286	697	$5,795,246	1.76%

$101,852	$18,924	$27.15	0.000%	0.027%

3339	Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing	500	$21,349,036	5,517
$3,869,682	2.91%

$112,708	$111,104	$20.14	0.001%	0.018%

3341	Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing	1000	$78,437,051
1,472	$53,286,040	7.96%

$4,241,850	$75,484	$51.28	0.000%	0.001%

3342	Communications Equipment Manufacturing	750	$58,683,023	1,735
$33,823,068	2.01%

$679,023	$76,563	$44.13	0.000%	0.006%

3343	Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing	750	$8,663,276	545
$15,895,919	4.10%

$651,804	$12,244	$22.47	0.000%	0.003%

3344	Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing	500
$20,719,452	4,318	$4,798,391	2.67%

$128,294	$92,052	$21.32	0.000%	0.017%

3345	Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments
Manufacturing	500	$18,680,005	4,256	$4,389,099	3.70%

$162,351	$84,682	$19.90	0.000%	0.012%

3346	Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media	500
$2,335,778	818	$2,855,474	4.89%	*	$139,490	$11,456	$14.01	0.000%	0.010%

3351	Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing	500	$4,592,269	1,085
$4,232,506	3.45%

$146,150	$19,395	$17.88	0.000%	0.012%

3352	Household Appliance Manufacturing	500	$2,306,986	249	$9,265,006
3.71%

$344,040	$5,454	$21.90	0.000%	0.006%

3353	Electrical Equipment Manufacturing	500	$7,760,941	1,989	$3,901,931
4.93%

$192,329	$38,547	$19.38	0.000%	0.010%

3359	Other Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing	500
$9,810,237	1,786	$5,492,854	3.79%

$208,070	$40,417	$22.63	0.000%	0.011%

3361	Motor Vehicle Manufacturing	1000	$238,631,396	300	$795,437,988
1.18%

$9,389,043	$141,127	$470.42	0.000%	0.005%

3362	Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing	500	$9,229,921	1,828
$5,049,191	1.48%	*	$74,652	$38,339	$20.97	0.000%	0.028%

3363	Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing	500	$28,830,974	4,161	$6,928,857
1.48%	*	$102,443	$124,222	$29.85	0.000%	0.029%

3364	Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing	1000	$119,394,093	1,243
$96,053,172	1.48%

$1,422,765	$207,726	$167.12	0.000%	0.012%

3365	Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing	1000	$7,574,556	142
$53,341,947	1.48%	*	$788,661	$14,186	$99.90	0.000%	0.013%

3366	Ship and Boat Building	500	$6,652,986	1,573	$4,229,489	4.69%

$198,482	$160,308	$101.91	0.002%	0.051%

3369	Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing	500	$2,544,817	751
$3,388,571	7.24%

$245,261	$12,462	$16.59	0.000%	0.007%

3371	Household and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet
Manufacturing	500	$21,638,588	15,731	$1,375,538	3.80%	*	$52,281	$151,397
$9.62	0.001%	0.018%

3372	Office Furniture (including Fixtures) Manufacturing	500	$11,314,087
3,938	$2,873,054	3.80%	*	$109,198	$54,868	$13.93	0.000%	0.013%

3379	Other Furniture Related Product Manufacturing	500	$3,908,605	925
$4,225,519	3.80%	*	$160,602	$13,436	$14.53	0.000%	0.009%

3391	Medical Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing	500	$19,679,106	10,998
$1,789,335	7.70%

$137,826	$137,153	$12.47	0.001%	0.009%

3399	Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing	500	$39,644,981	18,772	$2,111,921
5.32%

$112,375	$236,646	$12.61	0.001%	0.011%

4231	Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	100	$69,928,928	18,668	$3,745,925	2.45%

$91,612	$435,426	$23.32	0.001%	0.025%

4232	Furniture and Home Furnishing Merchant Wholesalers	100	$40,274,798
11,781	$3,418,623	2.44%	*	$83,500	$165,726	$14.07	0.000%	0.017%

4233	Lumber and Other Construction Materials Merchant Wholesalers	100
$56,728,711	11,955	$4,745,187	2.89%

$136,931	$285,683	$23.90	0.001%	0.017%

4234	Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	100	$81,839,410	27,600	$2,965,196	2.26%

$67,108	$682,515	$24.73	0.001%	0.037%

4235	Metal and Mineral (except Petroleum) Merchant Wholesalers	100
$42,922,558	7,458	$5,755,237	1.06%

$61,087	$134,189	$17.99	0.000%	0.029%

4236	Electrical and Electronic Goods Merchant Wholesalers	100
$101,955,422	20,678	$4,930,623	1.73%

$85,164	$520,094	$25.15	0.001%	0.030%

4237	Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	100	$48,641,303	11,390	$4,270,527	2.32%

$99,246	$315,189	$27.67	0.001%	0.028%

4238	Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers	100
$139,067,378	45,371	$3,065,116	3.02%

$92,674	$1,201,142	$26.47	0.001%	0.029%

4239	Miscellaneous Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	100	$89,056,657
32,932	$2,704,259	3.30%

$89,168	$496,345	$15.07	0.001%	0.017%

4241	Paper and Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers	100	$34,811,426	9,978
$3,488,818	1.84%

$64,298	$127,748	$12.80	0.000%	0.020%

4242	Drugs and Druggists' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers	100	$26,676,112
5,907	$4,516,017	4.31%

$194,462	$67,594	$11.44	0.000%	0.006%

4243	Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions Merchant Wholesalers	100
$57,599,231	15,559	$3,701,988	4.54%

$168,090	$127,277	$8.18	0.000%	0.005%

4244	Grocery and Related Product Wholesalers	100	$161,028,663	28,149
$5,720,582	1.50%

$86,094	$448,177	$15.92	0.000%	0.018%

4245	Farm Product Raw Material Merchant Wholesalers	100	$48,514,091
4,464	$10,867,852	2.76%

$300,407	$69,092	$15.48	0.000%	0.005%

4246	Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers	100	$34,188,696
8,916	$3,834,533	3.25%

$124,681	$192,557	$21.60	0.001%	0.017%

4247	Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers	100
$79,314,045	5,008	$15,837,469	1.36%

$215,418	$133,688	$26.69	0.000%	0.012%

4248	Beer, Wine, and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
100	$23,393,654	3,079	$7,597,809	3.94%

$299,241	$51,869	$16.85	0.000%	0.006%

4249	Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	100	$71,867,946
26,619	$2,699,874	3.85%

$103,994	$285,529	$10.73	0.000%	0.010%

4251	Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers	100	$92,888,180
37,588	$2,471,219	9.78%	*	$241,601	$476,755	$12.68	0.001%	0.005%

4411	Automobile Dealers	20	$70,742,672	33,011	$2,143,003	1.11%

$23,848	$518,538	$15.71	0.001%	0.066%

4412	Other Motor Vehicle Dealers	100	$42,166,660	14,790	$2,851,025	2.72%
**	$77,442	$308,224	$20.84	0.001%	0.027%

4413	Automotive Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores	100	$32,845,228
34,382	$955,303	1.37%	*	$13,063	$750,678	$21.83	0.002%	0.167%

4421	Furniture Stores	100	$26,643,000	20,426	$1,304,367	3.57%	*	$46,556
$252,785	$12.38	0.001%	0.027%

4422	Home Furnishings Stores	100	$24,067,297	27,754	$867,165	3.57%	*
$30,951	$390,396	$14.07	0.002%	0.045%

4431	Electronics and Appliance Stores	20	$17,780,752	29,377	$605,261
2.90%	*	$17,567	$423,143	$14.40	0.002%	0.082%

4441	Building Material and Supplies Dealers	100	$81,194,686	46,537
$1,744,734	5.18%	*	$90,384	$743,628	$15.98	0.001%	0.018%

4442	Lawn and Garden Equipment and Supplies Stores	100	$22,811,162
17,363	$1,313,780	2.44%	**	$32,092	$218,906	$12.61	0.001%	0.039%

4451	Grocery Stores	100	$74,549,775	67,757	$1,100,252	1.53%	*	$16,799
$499,283	$7.37	0.001%	0.044%

4452	Specialty Food Stores	100	$11,727,478	21,328	$549,863	1.55%	*
$8,541	$185,445	$8.69	0.002%	0.102%

4453	Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores	100	$23,288,378	25,715	$905,634	2.23%
*	$20,203	$148,382	$5.77	0.001%	0.029%

4461	Health and Personal Care Stores	100	$61,918,427	42,459	$1,458,311
2.78%	*	$40,594	$478,378	$11.27	0.001%	0.028%

4471	Gasoline Stations	100	$116,910,602	65,785	$1,777,162	1.10%	*
$19,596	$1,025,380	$15.59	0.001%	0.080%

4481	Clothing Stores	100	$22,113,740	39,378	$561,576	5.09%	*	$28,559
$535,970	$13.61	0.002%	0.048%

4482	Shoe Stores	100	$5,139,559	6,618	$776,603	5.09%	*	$39,495	$170,653
$25.79	0.003%	0.065%

4483	Jewelry, Luggage, and Leather Goods Stores	100	$14,071,431	20,017
$702,974	5.09%	*	$35,750	$243,593	$12.17	0.002%	0.034%

4511	Sporting Goods, Hobby, and Musical Instrument Stores	100
$21,052,518	31,401	$670,441	2.52%	*	$16,891	$385,087	$12.26	0.002%
0.073%

4512	Book, Periodical, and Music Stores	100	$5,547,897	10,061	$551,426
2.52%	*	$13,893	$102,803	$10.22	0.002%	0.074%

4521	Department Stores	100	$378,427	367	$1,031,135	4.30%	*	$44,373
$36,068	$98.28	0.010%	0.221%

4529	Other General Merchandise Stores	100	$6,363,552	9,552	$666,201
4.30%	*	$28,669	$154,777	$16.20	0.002%	0.057%

4531	Florists	100	$6,165,243	21,089	$292,344	3.21%	*	$9,383	$64,761
$3.07	0.001%	0.033%

4532	Office Supplies, Stationery, and Gift Stores	500	$16,819,492	31,458
$534,665	3.21%	*	$17,160	$450,332	$14.32	0.003%	0.083%

4533	Used Merchandise Stores	100	$5,224,055	13,281	$393,348	3.21%	*
$12,625	$95,007	$7.15	0.002%	0.057%

4539	Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers	100	$28,753,347	35,549	$808,837
3.21%	*	$25,960	$415,968	$11.70	0.001%	0.045%

4541	Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses	100	$21,885,200	14,544
$1,504,758	3.96%	*	$59,655	$109,994	$7.56	0.001%	0.013%

4542	Vending Machine Operators	100	$3,654,885	4,887	$747,879	3.96%	*
$29,649	$72,864	$14.91	0.002%	0.050%

4543	Direct Selling Establishments	20	$18,544,166	23,770	$780,150	3.96%
*	$30,928	$308,287	$12.97	0.002%	0.042%

4811	Scheduled Air Transportation	1500	$90,458,704	638	$141,784,802
1.85%	*	$2,625,215	$338,828	$531.08	0.000%	0.020%

4812	Nonscheduled Air Transportation	1500	$9,137,008	2,155	$4,239,911
1.85%	*	$78,504	$67,806	$31.46	0.001%	0.040%

4831	Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation	20
$1,019,668	645	$1,580,880	4.17%	*	$65,874	$11,664	$18.08	0.001%	0.027%

4832	Inland Water Transportation	500	$1,622,825	537	$3,022,021	4.17%	*
$125,926	$9,628	$17.93	0.001%	0.014%

4841	General Freight Trucking	500	$55,275,205	50,289	$1,099,151	2.33%	*
$25,596	$622,702	$12.38	0.001%	0.048%

4842	Specialized Freight Trucking	500	$41,688,216	47,778	$872,540	2.33%
*	$20,319	$466,400	$9.76	0.001%	0.048%

4851	Urban Transit Systems	100	$406,540	609	$667,554	1.80%	*	$12,041
$10,141	$16.65	0.002%	0.138%

4852	Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation	100	$147,334	201	$733,003
1.80%	*	$13,221	$4,307	$21.43	0.003%	0.162%

4853	Taxi and Limousine Service	500	$3,593,462	6,813	$527,442	1.80%	*
$9,514	$60,155	$8.83	0.002%	0.093%

4854	School and Employee Bus Transportation	100	$1,462,900	2,936
$498,263	1.80%	*	$8,987	$41,269	$14.06	0.003%	0.156%

4855	Charter Bus Industry	500	$1,417,916	1,133	$1,251,470	1.80%	*
$22,573	$13,013	$11.49	0.001%	0.051%

4859	Other Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation	500	$2,212,447
2,827	$782,613	1.80%	*	$14,116	$26,229	$9.28	0.001%	0.066%

4861	Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil	1500	$4,499,936	62	$72,579,611
14.74%	*	$10,698,590	$16,966	$273.65	0.000%	0.003%

4862	Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas	500	$2,416,012	110
$21,963,747	14.74%	*	$3,237,564	$24,580	$223.45	0.001%	0.007%

4869	Other Pipeline Transportation	500	$434,780	28	$15,527,855	14.74%	*
$2,288,882	$5,684	$202.99	0.001%	0.009%

4871	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Land	500	NA	542	NA	4.01%	*
NA	$2,121	$3.91	NA	NA

4872	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Water	500	$882,508	1,705
$517,600	4.01%	*	$20,755	$5,947	$3.49	0.001%	0.017%

4879	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Other	100	$197,202	163
$1,209,831	4.01%	*	$48,512	$757	$4.64	0.000%	0.010%

4881	Support Activities for Air Transportation	100	$3,783,844	3,452
$1,096,131	2.77%	**	$30,313	$68,653	$19.89	0.002%	0.066%

4882	Support Activities for Rail Transportation	100	$621,695	405
$1,535,050	2.77%	**	$42,451	$10,983	$27.12	0.002%	0.064%

4883	Support Activities for Water Transportation	100	$2,402,370	1,686
$1,424,893	2.77%	**	$39,405	$46,816	$27.77	0.002%	0.070%

4884	Support Activities for Road Transportation	100	$3,726,597	7,821
$476,486	2.77%	**	$13,177	$82,035	$10.49	0.002%	0.080%

4885	Freight Transportation Arrangement	100	$13,536,312	11,886
$1,138,845	2.77%	**	$31,494	$130,060	$10.94	0.001%	0.035%

4889	Other Support Activities for Transportation	100	$1,036,227	1,235
$839,050	2.77%	**	$23,203	$11,964	$9.69	0.001%	0.042%

4921	Couriers	1500	$56,077,027	3,309	$16,946,820	2.77%	**	NA	$273,646
$82.70	0.000%	NA

4922	Local Messengers and Local Delivery	500	$2,656,414	4,644	$572,010
2.77%	**	NA	$33,725	$7.26	0.001%	NA

4931	Warehousing and Storage	100	$7,126,170	5,055	$1,409,727	3.68%	*
$51,842	$99,744	$19.73	0.001%	0.038%

5111	Newspaper, Periodical, Book, and Directory Publishers	500
$31,390,650	16,277	$1,928,528	11.49%	*	$221,498	$150,179	$9.23	0.000%
0.004%

5112	Software Publishers	500	$22,505,520	6,475	$3,475,756	16.84%	*
$585,180	$74,535	$11.51	0.000%	0.002%

5121	Motion Picture and Video Industries	500	$19,524,425	15,259
$1,279,535	7.07%	**	$90,512	$87,679	$5.75	0.000%	0.006%

5122	Sound Recording Industries	100	$2,272,244	2,979	$762,754	3.60%	**
$27,421	$28,108	$9.44	0.001%	0.034%

5151	Radio and Television Broadcasting	20	$1,875,318	3,862	$485,582
4.55%	*	$22,081	$64,110	$16.60	0.003%	0.075%

5152	Cable and Other Subscription Programming	500	$3,540,533	368
$9,621,013	4.55%	*	$437,500	$49,337	$134.07	0.001%	0.031%

5161	Internet Publishing and Broadcasting	500	$3,889,204	1,779
$2,186,174	5.20%	*	$113,573	$10,223	$5.75	0.000%	0.005%

5171	Wired Telecommunications Carriers	1500	$281,451,045	3,058
$92,037,621	3.30%	*	$3,041,207	$6,291,597	$2,057.42	0.002%	0.068%

5172	Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite)	1500
$73,856,384	3,234	$22,837,472	3.30%	*	$754,621	$1,273,372	$393.75	0.002%
0.052%

5173	Telecommunications Resellers	1500	$9,081,840	2,442	$3,719,017	3.30%
*	$122,888	$19,679	$8.06	0.000%	0.007%

5174	Satellite Telecommunications	1000	$4,869,413	521	$9,346,282	3.30%	*
$308,830	$117,830	$226.16	0.002%	0.073%

5175	Cable and Other Program Distribution	1000	$54,497,430	1,404
$38,815,833	3.30%	*	$1,282,595	$202,722	$144.39	0.000%	0.011%

5179	Other Telecommunications	1000	$2,736,614	496	$5,517,367	3.30%	*
$182,311	$6,236	$12.57	0.000%	0.007%

5181	Internet Service Providers and Web Search Portals	1000	$14,749,609
4,771	$3,091,513	3.76%	*	$116,092	$27,914	$5.85	0.000%	0.005%

5182	Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services	1000	$66,676,867
8,072	$8,260,266	3.76%	*	$310,189	$66,048	$8.18	0.000%	0.003%

5191	Other Information Services	1000	$6,430,397	3,675	$1,749,768	9.07%	*
$158,763	$14,386	$3.91	0.000%	0.002%

5211	Monetary Authorities - Central Bank	1000	$27,189,827	24
$1,132,909,455	18.99%	*	$215,178,561	$1,040	$43.35	0.000%	0.000%

5221	Depository Credit Intermediation	20	$11,362,795	8,941	$1,270,864
13.14%	*	$166,984	$72,270	$8.08	0.001%	0.005%

5222	Nondepository Credit Intermediation	100	$26,401,044	20,441
$1,291,573	13.14%	*	$169,705	$86,458	$4.23	0.000%	0.002%

5223	Activities Related to Credit Intermediation	20	$13,394,691	22,444
$596,805	9.18%	**	$54,765	$52,831	$2.35	0.000%	0.004%

5231	Securities and Commodity Contracts Intermediation and Brokerage	100
$19,679,634	13,179	$1,493,257	10.68%	*	$159,450	$85,268	$6.47	0.000%
0.004%

5232	Securities and Commodity Exchanges	100	$18,953	50	$379,062	10.68%	*
$40,476	$154	$3.09	0.001%	0.008%

5239	Other Financial Investment Activities	100	$36,764,634	34,757
$1,057,762	17.55%	*	$185,637	$64,840	$1.87	0.000%	0.001%

5241	Insurance Carriers	100	$16,999,907	5,366	$3,168,078	5.37%	*
$170,228	$102,319	$19.07	0.001%	0.011%

5242	Agencies, Brokerages, and Other Insurance Related Activities	20
$45,060,735	120,559	$373,765	5.37%	*	$20,083	$317,882	$2.64	0.001%
0.013%

5259	Other Investment Pools and Funds	20	$4,626,100	1,962	$2,357,849
60.77%	*	$1,432,918	NA	NA	NA	NA

5311	Lessors of Real Estate	100	$73,849,520	96,438	$765,772	12.63%	*
$96,688	$421,364	$4.37	0.001%	0.005%

5312	Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	100	$50,284,269	74,966
$670,761	9.59%	*	$64,320	$309,591	$4.13	0.001%	0.006%

5313	Activities Related to Real Estate	100	$34,985,991	63,523	$550,761
13.77%	*	$75,848	$299,693	$4.72	0.001%	0.006%

5321	Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing	500	$7,861,774	4,720
$1,665,630	1.15%	**	$19,127	$52,386	$11.10	0.001%	0.058%

5322	Consumer Goods Rental	100	$6,951,206	14,006	$496,302	3.07%	*
$15,260	$111,154	$7.94	0.002%	0.052%

5323	General Rental Centers	100	$2,226,277	3,590	$620,133	3.13%	*
$19,394	$24,287	$6.77	0.001%	0.035%

5324	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Rental and
Leasing	100	$11,272,029	7,981	$1,412,358	5.36%	**	$75,717	$78,292	$9.81
0.001%	0.013%

5331	Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted
Works)	100	$4,741,069	2,031	$2,334,352	25.70%	*	$599,842	$9,353	$4.60
0.000%	0.001%

5411	Legal Services	100	$113,403,883	172,066	$659,072	8.52%	**	$56,130
$694,168	$4.03	0.001%	0.007%

5412	Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services	500
$46,192,013	100,618	$459,083	8.61%	**	$39,504	$588,348	$5.85	0.001%
0.015%

5413	Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services	100	$74,661,684
92,458	$807,520	4.45%	**	$35,963	$833,110	$9.01	0.001%	0.025%

5414	Specialized Design Services	100	$15,340,511	29,941	$512,358	6.23%
**	$31,932	$153,272	$5.12	0.001%	0.016%

5415	Computer Systems Design and Related Services	500	$87,408,748	90,809
$962,556	5.48%	**	$52,725	$805,364	$8.87	0.001%	0.017%

5416	Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services	100
$61,722,814	114,132	$540,802	6.87%	**	$37,159	$612,746	$5.37	0.001%
0.014%

5417	Scientific Research and Development Services	100	$17,412,871	10,902
$1,597,218	6.56%	**	$104,799	$131,728	$12.08	0.001%	0.012%

5418	Advertising and Related Services	500	$35,964,810	33,996	$1,057,913
5.01%	**	$53,019	$5,515,070	$162.23	0.015%	0.306%

5419	Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	500
$37,102,706	63,629	$583,110	6.70%	**	$39,073	$290,727	$4.57	0.001%
0.012%

5511	Management of Companies and Enterprises	100	$21,351,256	12,575
$1,697,913	14.89%	**	$252,797	$144,712	$11.51	0.001%	0.005%

5611	Office Administrative Services	100	$19,428,590	20,769	$935,461
3.86%	*	$36,129	$138,454	$6.67	0.001%	0.018%

5612	Facilities Support Services	500	$3,608,922	1,675	$2,154,580	3.86%	*
$83,212	$42,538	$25.40	0.001%	0.031%

5613	Employment Services	100	$16,075,976	18,938	$848,874	1.86%	**
$15,790	$228,009	$12.04	0.001%	0.076%

5614	Business Support Services	100	$17,316,592	28,306	$611,764	3.86%	*
$23,627	$172,674	$6.10	0.001%	0.026%

5615	Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services	100	$8,462,940	18,721
$452,056	2.15%	**	$9,715	$111,377	$5.95	0.001%	0.061%

5616	Investigation and Security Services	100	$8,818,170	17,603	$500,947
3.86%	*	$19,347	$162,523	$9.23	0.002%	0.048%

5617	Services to Buildings and Dwellings	100	$51,821,602	149,715
$346,135	3.86%	*	$13,368	$13,044,016	$87.13	0.025%	0.652%

5619	Other Support Services	100	$16,173,312	18,043	$896,376	5.48%	*
$49,085	$120,988	$6.71	0.001%	0.014%

5621	Waste Collection	500	$10,169,746	6,657	$1,527,677	3.16%	*	$48,217
$71,582	$10.75	0.001%	0.022%

5622	Waste Treatment and Disposal	100	$2,043,615	1,461	$1,398,778	3.16%
*	$44,149	$20,611	$14.11	0.001%	0.032%

5629	Remediation and Other Waste Management Services	100	$6,347,147
6,524	$972,892	3.16%	*	$30,707	$119,985	$18.39	0.002%	0.060%

6111	Elementary and Secondary Schools	100	$20,572,975	16,646	$1,235,911
7.67%	**	$94,770	$40,879	$2.46	0.000%	0.003%

6112	Junior Colleges	500	$1,913,953	534	$3,584,181	7.67%	**	$274,836
$2,317	$4.34	0.000%	0.002%

6113	Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools	100	$2,608,762
1,357	$1,922,448	7.67%	**	$147,414	$4,447	$3.28	0.000%	0.002%

6114	Business Schools and Computer and Management Training	100
$4,579,827	6,914	$662,399	7.67%	**	$50,793	$11,622	$1.68	0.000%	0.003%

6115	Technical and Trade Schools	500	$5,530,506	6,250	$884,881	7.67%	**
$67,853	$18,329	$2.93	0.000%	0.004%

6116	Other Schools and Instruction	100	$8,630,040	28,614	$301,602	7.67%
**	$23,127	$57,324	$2.00	0.001%	0.009%

6117	Educational Support Services	100	$2,860,541	4,814	$594,213	7.67%	**
$45,564	$9,570	$1.99	0.000%	0.004%

6211	Offices of Physicians	100	$179,569,639	181,818	$987,634	4.39%	*
$43,361	$547,874	$3.01	0.000%	0.007%

6212	Offices of Dentists	100	$71,562,894	114,618	$624,360	6.73%	*
$42,019	$254,868	$2.22	0.000%	0.005%

6213	Offices of Other Health Practitioners	100	$34,482,319	99,082
$348,018	8.92%	*	$31,026	$269,997	$2.72	0.001%	0.009%

6214	Outpatient Care Centers	500	$27,906,838	12,286	$2,271,434	5.58%	*
$126,720	$81,564	$6.64	0.000%	0.005%

6215	Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories	500	$16,028,449	6,974
$2,298,315	5.45%	*	$125,365	$38,788	$5.56	0.000%	0.004%

6216	Home Health Care Services	20	$2,508,304	8,000	$313,538	5.45%	*
$17,102	$28,708	$3.59	0.001%	0.021%

6219	Other Ambulatory Health Care Services	100	$5,284,836	5,266
$1,003,577	5.45%	*	$54,742	$30,952	$5.88	0.001%	0.011%

6221	General Medical and Surgical Hospitals	20	$435,561	151	$2,884,513
5.08%	**	$146,458	$956	$6.33	0.000%	0.004%

6222	Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals	20	$103,678	48	$2,159,950
5.08%	**	$109,669	$210	$4.37	0.000%	0.004%

6223	Specialty (except Psychiatric and Substance Abuse) Hospitals	20
$140,371	130	$1,079,779	5.08%	**	$54,825	$826	$6.35	0.001%	0.012%

6231	Nursing Care Facilities	500	$34,015,258	8,321	$4,087,881	5.08%	**
$207,558	$79,524	$9.56	0.000%	0.005%

6232	Residential Mental Retardation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Facilities	100	$4,602,181	6,072	$757,935	5.08%	**	$38,483	$64,107	$10.56
0.001%	0.027%

6233	Community Care Facilities for the Elderly	100	$7,004,075	12,194
$574,387	5.08%	**	$29,164	$45,476	$3.73	0.001%	0.013%

6239	Other Residential Care Facilities	100	$2,229,723	2,859	$779,896
5.08%	**	$39,598	$16,688	$5.84	0.001%	0.015%

6241	Individual and Family Services	100	$19,770,257	33,309	$593,541
5.08%	**	$30,136	$110,547	$3.32	0.001%	0.011%

6242	Community Food and Housing, and Emergency and Other Relief Services
100	$8,476,028	8,457	$1,002,250	5.08%	**	$50,888	$27,436	$3.24	0.000%
0.006%

6243	Vocational Rehabilitation Services	100	$3,392,390	3,782	$896,983
5.08%	**	$45,543	$16,117	$4.26	0.000%	0.009%

6244	Child Day Care Services	100	$14,346,316	56,076	$255,837	5.08%	**
$12,990	$152,755	$2.72	0.001%	0.021%

7111	Performing Arts Companies	500	$9,191,659	8,936	$1,028,610	9.26%	*
$95,267	$24,040	$2.69	0.000%	0.003%

7112	Spectator Sports	100	$4,143,095	3,858	$1,073,897	9.26%	*	$99,461
$14,087	$3.65	0.000%	0.004%

7113	Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events	20
$2,931,291	4,565	$642,123	9.26%	*	$59,471	$34,067	$7.46	0.001%	0.013%

7114	Agents and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers, and Other
Public Figures	500	$2,988,381	3,305	$904,200	9.26%	*	$83,744	$5,594
$1.69	0.000%	0.002%

7115	Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers	500	$10,011,270	16,928
$591,403	9.26%	*	$54,774	$40,017	$2.36	0.000%	0.004%

7121	Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions	100	$3,871,001
6,017	$643,344	6.95%	**	$44,687	$15,989	$2.66	0.000%	0.006%

7131	Amusement Parks and Arcades	100	$1,324,793	2,229	$594,344	5.36%	*
$31,834	$8,091	$3.63	0.001%	0.011%

7132	Gambling Industries	500	$7,236,770	1,683	$4,299,923	5.36%	*
$230,307	$6,067	$3.60	0.000%	0.002%

7139	Other Amusement and Recreation Industries	100	$30,364,801	56,071
$541,542	5.36%	*	$29,005	$163,007	$2.91	0.001%	0.010%

7211	Traveler Accommodation	100	$26,579,482	39,483	$673,188	2.95%	*
$19,865	$252,109	$6.39	0.001%	0.032%

7212	RV (Recreational Vehicle) Parks and Recreational Camps	100
$3,056,395	6,564	$465,630	2.95%	*	$13,740	$26,677	$4.06	0.001%	0.030%

7213	Rooming and Boarding Houses	100	$1,100,825	2,476	$444,598	2.95%	*
$13,119	$8,046	$3.25	0.001%	0.025%

7221	Full-Service Restaurants	500	$103,315,128	173,188	$596,549	4.15%	*
$24,751	$530,176	$3.06	0.001%	0.012%

7222	Limited-Service Eating Places	100	$60,864,143	149,306	$407,647
4.15%	*	$16,913	$537,081	$3.60	0.001%	0.021%

7223	Special Food Services	100	$5,865,388	13,110	$447,398	4.15%	*
$18,563	$131,405	$10.02	0.002%	0.054%

7224	Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)	100	$14,201,812	47,305
$300,218	4.15%	*	$12,456	$96,795	$2.05	0.001%	0.016%

8111	Automotive Repair and Maintenance	100	$68,380,457	151,661	$450,877
3.67%	*	$16,530	$2,278,534	$15.02	0.003%	0.091%

8112	Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance	20
$4,213,288	11,323	$372,100	5.14%	*	$19,122	$142,769	$12.61	0.003%	0.066%

8113	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except
Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance	100	$13,932,753	22,467
$620,143	4.15%	*	$25,765	$357,462	$15.91	0.003%	0.062%

8114	Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance	500	$6,568,939
24,002	$273,683	4.15%	*	$11,371	$219,427	$9.14	0.003%	0.080%

8121	Personal Care Services	100	$16,564,286	87,802	$188,655	5.71%	*
$10,770	$222,021	$2.53	0.001%	0.023%

8122	Death Care Services	20	$7,536,235	14,986	$502,885	5.71%	*	$28,708
$94,512	$6.31	0.001%	0.022%

8123	Drycleaning and Laundry Services	20	$6,711,399	32,496	$206,530
5.71%	*	$11,790	$155,917	$4.80	0.002%	0.041%

8129	Other Personal Services	20	$6,535,483	26,943	$242,567	5.71%	*
$13,847	$140,742	$5.22	0.002%	0.038%

8131	Religious Organizations	20	$34,213,454	156,574	$218,513	2.22%	*
$4,855	$607,873	$3.88	0.002%	0.080%

8132	Grantmaking and Giving Services	20	$18,515,506	11,353	$1,630,891
2.22%	*	$36,239	$44,498	$3.92	0.000%	0.011%

8133	Social Advocacy Organizations	20	$3,993,173	9,003	$443,538	2.22%	*
$9,856	$34,510	$3.83	0.001%	0.039%

8134	Civic and Social Organizations	20	$7,378,615	26,658	$276,788	2.22%
*	$6,150	$96,234	$3.61	0.001%	0.059%

8139	Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations
20	$25,082,876	58,608	$427,977	2.22%	*	$9,510	$235,083	$4.01	0.001%
0.042%

[a] SBA criteria specified in dollar terms converted to size-class
definition based on average revenues of different size establishments.
Most restrictive criterion for 6-digit NAICS applied to the 4-digit
NAICS level.

[b] Estimated based on 2002 receipts and payroll data from US Census
Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2002 and payroll data from US
Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2003. Receipts are not
reported for 2003, but were estimated assuming the ratio of receipts to
payroll remained unchanged between 2002 and 2003.

[c] US Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2003

[d] Estimated from ratios of net income to total receipts as reported
for 2003 by the US Internal Revenue Service, Corporation Source Book,
2003. <<http://www.irs.gov/
taxstats/bustaxstats/article/0,,id=149687,00.html>> Data were not
available at disaggregated levels for all industries, and profit rates
at more highly aggregated levels are used for such industries.

NA: Data not available.

* Profit rate imputed from corresponding 3-digit NAICS industry.

** Profit rate imputed from corresponding 2-digit NAICS industry.

Table 5-6.	Economic Impacts by 4-Digit NAICS: Entities with Fewer Than
20 Employees

Table 5-6.	Economic Impacts by 4-Digit NAICS: Entities with Fewer Than
20 Employees

NAICS	Industry	Estimated Receipts, 2003 ($1,000)[a]	Entities [b]	Average
Receipts per Entity	PProfit Rate [c]	Estimated Profits per Entity
Estimated Cost of Draft Rule	Average Cost per Entity	Average Cost to
Revenues	Average Cost to Profits

1131	Timber Tract Operations	$452,061	520	$869,348	4.78%	*	$41,564
$6,057	$11.65	0.001%	0.028%

1132	Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products	$125,798	231
$544,580	4.78%	*	$26,036	$3,543	$15.34	0.003%	0.059%

1133	Logging	$5,919,772	10,270	$576,414	4.78%	*	$27,558	$102,931	$10.02
0.002%	0.036%

1141	Fishing	$762,535	1,961	$388,850	5.64%	*	$21,937	$7,171	$3.66	0.001%
0.017%

1142	Hunting and Trapping	$93,002	408	$227,947	5.64%	*	$12,860	$1,482
$3.63	0.002%	0.028%

1153	Support Activities for Forestry	$620,386	1,558	$398,194	4.78%	*
$19,038	$18,308	$11.75	0.003%	0.062%

2111	Oil and Gas Extraction	$7,826,754	5,755	$1,359,992	13.19%

$179,356	$160,900	$27.96	0.002%	0.016%

2211	Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution	$3,927,035
680	$5,775,052	2.49%

$143,995	$600,628	$883.28	0.015%	0.613%

2212	Natural Gas Distribution	$2,862,805	411	$6,965,463	2.23%

$155,159	$34,103	$82.98	0.001%	0.053%

2213	Water, Sewage and Other Systems	$1,899,781	4,692	$404,898	5.00%

$20,253	NA	NA	NA	NA

3111	Animal Food Manufacturing	$1,954,155	822	$2,377,317	2.41%

$57,316	$12,165	$14.80	0.001%	0.026%

3112	Grain and Oilseed Milling	$736,938	274	$2,689,555	4.99%	*	$134,335
$5,272	$19.24	0.001%	0.014%

3113	Sugar and Confectionery Product Manufacturing	$840,313	1,303
$644,906	6.80%

$43,842	$13,013	$9.99	0.002%	0.023%

3114	Fruit and Vegetable Preserving and Specialty Food Manufacturing
$1,214,019	751	$1,616,537	5.19%

$83,960	$9,828	$13.09	0.001%	0.016%

3115	Dairy Product Manufacturing	$1,266,361	674	$1,878,874	2.25%

$42,358	$10,838	$16.08	0.001%	0.038%

3116	Animal Slaughtering and Processing	$3,009,403	2,380	$1,264,455
2.52%

$31,901	$23,616	$9.92	0.001%	0.031%

3117	Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging	$778,185	401	$1,940,610
4.99%	*	$96,927	$4,044	$10.08	0.001%	0.010%

3118	Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing	$3,158,268	8,556	$369,129
11.05%

$40,792	$78,403	$9.16	0.002%	0.022%

3119	Other Food Manufacturing	$2,350,419	1,546	$1,520,323	4.20%

$63,808	$18,535	$11.99	0.001%	0.019%

3121	Beverage Manufacturing	$1,778,348	1,934	$919,518	10.23%	*	$94,068
$22,944	$11.86	0.001%	0.013%

3122	Tobacco Manufacturing	$138,839	68	$2,041,746	11.27%

$230,093	$922	$13.56	0.001%	0.006%

3131	Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills	$183,974	218	$843,917	5.99%	*	$50,514
$3,226	$14.80	0.002%	0.029%

3132	Fabric Mills	$702,708	848	$828,665	5.99%	*	$49,601	$9,108	$10.74
0.001%	0.022%

3133	Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric Coating Mills	$1,219,446
1,066	$1,143,946	5.99%	*	$68,472	$9,211	$8.64	0.001%	0.013%

3141	Textile Furnishings Mills	$1,578,773	2,250	$701,677	12.75%	*
$89,462	$17,753	$7.89	0.001%	0.009%

3149	Other Textile Product Mills	$1,634,082	3,423	$477,383	12.75%	*
$60,865	$25,453	$7.44	0.002%	0.012%

3151	Apparel Knitting Mills	$340,837	427	$798,214	3.79%

$30,253	$3,442	$8.06	0.001%	0.027%

3152	Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing	$4,243,757	8,707	$487,396	5.13%

$24,984	$54,004	$6.20	0.001%	0.025%

3159	Apparel Accessories and Other Apparel Manufacturing	$398,250	934
$426,392	4.40%

$18,766	$6,244	$6.69	0.002%	0.036%

3161	Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing	$125,565	187	$671,471	5.85%
*	$39,273	$1,514	$8.09	0.001%	0.021%

3162	Footwear Manufacturing	$124,444	224	$555,555	5.85%	*	$32,493	$1,825
$8.15	0.001%	0.025%

3169	Other Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing	$367,027	710
$516,939	5.85%	*	$30,235	$4,750	$6.69	0.001%	0.022%

3211	Sawmills and Wood Preservation	$2,641,607	2,683	$984,572	3.52%	*
$34,651	$27,593	$10.28	0.001%	0.030%

3212	Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing	$846,512
739	$1,145,483	3.52%	*	$40,314	$9,692	$13.11	0.001%	0.033%

3219	Other Wood Product Manufacturing	$5,145,648	7,184	$716,265	3.52%	*
$25,208	$64,379	$8.96	0.001%	0.036%

3221	Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills	$196,402	87	$2,257,490	0.79%

$17,757	$3,477	$39.96	0.002%	0.225%

3222	Converted Paper Product Manufacturing	$2,220,134	1,485	$1,495,040
5.03%

$75,221	$32,782	$22.08	0.001%	0.029%

3231	Printing and Related Support Activities	$14,135,009	28,377	$498,115
4.02%	*	$20,004	$264,318	$9.31	0.002%	0.047%

3241	Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing	$1,891,483	635	$2,978,713
6.74%	*	$200,671	$29,570	$46.57	0.002%	0.023%

3251	Basic Chemical Manufacturing	$1,623,841	565	$2,874,055	4.96%

$142,649	$23,102	$40.89	0.001%	0.029%

3252	Resin, Synthetic Rubber, and Artificial Synthetic Fibers and
Filaments Manufacturing	$1,365,173	324	$4,213,498	3.50%

$147,576	$10,030	$30.96	0.001%	0.021%

3253	Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical
Manufacturing	$862,203	431	$2,000,472	9.81%	*	$196,176	$11,990	$27.82
0.001%	0.014%

3254	Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing	$1,570,857	794	$1,978,409
13.83%

$273,517	$14,305	$18.02	0.001%	0.007%

3255	Paint, Coating, and Adhesive Manufacturing	$1,577,166	1,030
$1,531,229	5.16%

$79,061	$16,344	$15.87	0.001%	0.020%

3256	Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
$2,921,291	1,406	$2,077,732	9.92%

$206,045	$21,234	$15.10	0.001%	0.007%

3259	Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing	$1,885,401
1,414	$1,333,381	2.92%

$38,928	$25,986	$18.38	0.001%	0.047%

3261	Plastics Product Manufacturing	$5,827,293	5,471	$1,065,124	3.46%

$36,819	$67,895	$12.41	0.001%	0.034%

3262	Rubber Product Manufacturing	$1,014,461	1,061	$956,137	1.96%

$18,778	$14,029	$13.22	0.001%	0.070%

3271	Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing	$437,524	975	$448,743
2.64%

$11,849	$12,916	$13.25	0.003%	0.112%

3272	Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing	$755,413	1,416	$533,484	2.84%

$15,138	$20,287	$14.33	0.003%	0.095%

3273	Cement and Concrete Product Manufacturing	$3,920,960	3,318
$1,181,724	4.46%

$52,675	$79,787	$24.05	0.002%	0.046%

3274	Lime and Gypsum Product Manufacturing	$194,315	180	$1,079,526	3.75%
*	$40,452	$3,456	$19.20	0.002%	0.047%

3279	Other Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing	$1,552,332	1,817
$854,338	3.75%	*	$32,014	$28,160	$15.50	0.002%	0.048%

3311	Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing	$1,849,160	493
$3,750,832	1.13%

$42,516	$8,998	$18.25	0.000%	0.043%

3312	Steel Product Manufacturing from Purchased Steel	$384,032	359
$1,069,728	2.11%	*	$22,620	$6,246	$17.40	0.002%	0.077%

3313	Alumina and Aluminum Production and Processing	$318,986	215
$1,483,657	3.83%

$56,889	$4,141	$19.26	0.001%	0.034%

3314	Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Production and Processing
$591,390	459	$1,288,432	2.11%	*	$27,245	$8,567	$18.67	0.001%	0.069%

3315	Foundries	$895,651	1,123	$797,552	1.80%

$14,354	$14,818	$13.19	0.002%	0.092%

3321	Forging and Stamping	$1,405,948	1,324	$1,061,894	3.79%

$40,211	$17,118	$12.93	0.001%	0.032%

3322	Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing	$671,255	958	$700,684	3.58%

$25,103	$10,744	$11.22	0.002%	0.045%

3323	Architectural and Structural Metals Manufacturing	$6,804,218	8,581
$792,940	3.21%

$25,425	$93,842	$10.94	0.001%	0.043%

3324	Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container Manufacturing	$775,598	637
$1,217,580	2.20%

$26,843	$9,585	$15.05	0.001%	0.056%

3325	Hardware Manufacturing	$389,732	449	$868,001	4.41%	*	$38,271	$5,159
$11.49	0.001%	0.030%

3326	Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing	$819,438	1,003	$816,987	4.41%
*	$36,022	$11,000	$10.97	0.001%	0.030%

3327	Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and Bolt
Manufacturing	$10,438,206	20,266	$515,060	4.41%	*	$22,710	$203,023
$10.02	0.002%	0.044%

3328	Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied Activities	$2,262,880
3,943	$573,898	2.61%

$15,001	$41,516	$10.53	0.002%	0.070%

3329	Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	$2,951,676	3,872
$762,313	5.42%

$41,282	$43,885	$11.33	0.001%	0.027%

3331	Agriculture, Construction, and Mining Machinery Manufacturing
$1,801,322	1,629	$1,105,784	2.29%

$25,322	$20,243	$12.43	0.001%	0.049%

3332	Industrial Machinery Manufacturing	$2,441,658	2,597	$940,184	3.43%

$32,240	$31,422	$12.10	0.001%	0.038%

3333	Commercial and Service Industry Machinery Manufacturing	$1,340,812
1,404	$954,994	2.58%

$24,609	$16,292	$11.60	0.001%	0.047%

3334	Ventilation, Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Commercial
Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing	$886,606	815	$1,087,860	3.90%

$42,379	$10,627	$13.04	0.001%	0.031%

3335	Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing	$4,022,286	6,263	$642,230
3.49%

$22,435	$73,535	$11.74	0.002%	0.052%

3336	Engine, Turbine, and Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing
$531,835	414	$1,284,626	1.76%

$22,577	$6,450	$15.58	0.001%	0.069%

3339	Other General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing	$3,744,368	3,731
$1,003,583	2.91%

$29,230	$48,195	$12.92	0.001%	0.044%

3341	Computer and Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing	$1,215,106	995
$1,221,212	7.96%

$97,215	$12,393	$12.46	0.001%	0.013%

3342	Communications Equipment Manufacturing	$1,078,818	947	$1,139,195
2.01%

$22,870	$12,784	$13.50	0.001%	0.059%

3343	Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing	$369,437	391	$944,852	4.10%

$38,743	$3,844	$9.83	0.001%	0.025%

3344	Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing
$3,290,678	2,548	$1,291,475	2.67%

$34,530	$32,504	$12.76	0.001%	0.037%

3345	Navigational, Measuring, Electromedical, and Control Instruments
Manufacturing	$3,250,939	2,965	$1,096,438	3.70%

$40,557	$39,440	$13.30	0.001%	0.033%

3346	Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media	$555,367
655	$847,888	4.89%	*	$41,419	$6,462	$9.87	0.001%	0.024%

3351	Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing	$686,289	725	$946,605
3.45%

$32,687	$7,774	$10.72	0.001%	0.033%

3352	Household Appliance Manufacturing	$279,213	163	$1,712,962	3.71%

$63,608	$2,015	$12.36	0.001%	0.019%

3353	Electrical Equipment Manufacturing	$1,399,706	1,366	$1,024,675
4.93%

$50,507	$17,163	$12.56	0.001%	0.025%

3359	Other Electrical Equipment and Component Manufacturing	$1,455,252
1,114	$1,306,330	3.79%

$49,484	$14,517	$13.03	0.001%	0.026%

3361	Motor Vehicle Manufacturing	$520,575	209	$2,490,791	1.18%

$29,400	$3,783	$18.10	0.001%	0.062%

3362	Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing	$1,237,275	1,138
$1,087,236	1.48%	*	$16,075	$13,236	$11.63	0.001%	0.072%

3363	Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing	$2,951,682	2,563	$1,151,651	1.48%
*	$17,027	$38,753	$15.12	0.001%	0.089%

3364	Aerospace Product and Parts Manufacturing	$724,706	725	$999,595
1.48%

$14,806	$12,977	$17.90	0.002%	0.121%

3365	Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing	$112,709	71	$1,587,447	1.48%	*
$23,470	$1,311	$18.47	0.001%	0.079%

3366	Ship and Boat Building	$912,166	1,150	$793,188	4.69%

$37,223	$29,836	$25.94	0.003%	0.070%

3369	Other Transportation Equipment Manufacturing	$490,156	586	$836,443
7.24%

$60,541	$6,120	$10.44	0.001%	0.017%

3371	Household and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet
Manufacturing	$5,939,163	13,500	$439,938	3.80%	*	$16,721	$103,018	$7.63
0.002%	0.046%

3372	Office Furniture (including Fixtures) Manufacturing	$1,942,786
2,601	$746,938	3.80%	*	$28,389	$24,622	$9.47	0.001%	0.033%

3379	Other Furniture Related Product Manufacturing	$500,747	618	$810,271
3.80%	*	$30,796	$6,102	$9.87	0.001%	0.032%

3391	Medical Equipment and Supplies Manufacturing	$4,408,892	9,374
$470,332	7.70%

$36,228	$92,306	$9.85	0.002%	0.027%

3399	Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing	$9,247,508	15,182	$609,110	5.32%

$32,411	$134,170	$8.84	0.001%	0.027%

4231	Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	$32,516,807	16,101	$2,019,552	2.45%

$49,391	$264,776	$16.44	0.001%	0.033%

4232	Furniture and Home Furnishing Merchant Wholesalers	$22,625,243
10,346	$2,186,859	2.44%	*	$53,414	$109,991	$10.63	0.000%	0.020%

4233	Lumber and Other Construction Materials Merchant Wholesalers
$27,581,225	10,022	$2,752,068	2.89%

$79,416	$169,977	$16.96	0.001%	0.021%

4234	Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	$39,772,111	24,260	$1,639,411	2.26%

$37,103	$437,780	$18.05	0.001%	0.049%

4235	Metal and Mineral (except Petroleum) Merchant Wholesalers
$23,393,923	6,294	$3,716,861	1.06%

$39,451	$88,097	$14.00	0.000%	0.035%

4236	Electrical and Electronic Goods Merchant Wholesalers	$52,077,366
17,986	$2,895,439	1.73%

$50,011	$339,819	$18.89	0.001%	0.038%

4237	Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Merchant
Wholesalers	$21,215,260	9,652	$2,198,017	2.32%

$51,081	$199,219	$20.64	0.001%	0.040%

4238	Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers	$70,754,048
39,360	$1,797,613	3.02%

$54,351	$750,693	$19.07	0.001%	0.035%

4239	Miscellaneous Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	$53,057,321	30,246
$1,754,193	3.30%

$57,841	$353,789	$11.70	0.001%	0.020%

4241	Paper and Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers	$17,700,416	8,727
$2,028,236	1.84%

$37,380	$95,426	$10.93	0.001%	0.029%

4242	Drugs and Druggists' Sundries Merchant Wholesalers	$12,350,614
5,223	$2,364,659	4.31%

$101,824	$54,491	$10.43	0.000%	0.010%

4243	Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions Merchant Wholesalers	$28,556,955
14,029	$2,035,566	4.54%

$92,426	$110,973	$7.91	0.000%	0.009%

4244	Grocery and Related Product Wholesalers	$79,040,578	24,206
$3,265,330	1.50%

$49,143	$289,995	$11.98	0.000%	0.024%

4245	Farm Product Raw Material Merchant Wholesalers	$23,715,298	3,754
$6,317,341	2.76%

$174,623	$47,878	$12.75	0.000%	0.007%

4246	Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers	$19,120,338	7,896
$2,421,522	3.25%

$78,737	$133,444	$16.90	0.001%	0.021%

4247	Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers	$26,229,734
3,873	$6,772,459	1.36%

$92,118	$73,500	$18.98	0.000%	0.021%

4248	Beer, Wine, and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
$5,533,227	2,132	$2,595,322	3.94%

$102,217	$23,663	$11.10	0.000%	0.011%

4249	Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Merchant Wholesalers	$38,664,994
24,025	$1,609,365	3.85%

$61,990	$222,912	$9.28	0.001%	0.015%

4251	Wholesale Electronic Markets and Agents and Brokers	$71,569,552
36,162	$1,979,137	9.78%	*	$193,492	$401,331	$11.10	0.001%	0.006%

4411	Automobile Dealers	$70,742,672	33,011	$2,143,003	1.11%

$23,848	$518,538	$15.71	0.001%	0.066%

4412	Other Motor Vehicle Dealers	$21,374,415	12,994	$1,644,945	2.72%	**
$44,681	$186,087	$14.32	0.001%	0.032%

4413	Automotive Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores	$21,376,105	32,013
$667,732	1.37%	*	$9,131	$593,482	$18.54	0.003%	0.203%

4421	Furniture Stores	$15,352,218	18,423	$833,318	3.57%	*	$29,743
$186,185	$10.11	0.001%	0.034%

4422	Home Furnishings Stores	$17,283,428	26,417	$654,254	3.57%	*	$23,352
$324,825	$12.30	0.002%	0.053%

4431	Electronics and Appliance Stores	$17,780,752	29,377	$605,261	2.90%
*	$17,567	$423,143	$14.40	0.002%	0.082%

4441	Building Material and Supplies Dealers	$39,986,231	40,587	$985,198
5.18%	*	$51,037	$505,078	$12.44	0.001%	0.024%

4442	Lawn and Garden Equipment and Supplies Stores	$13,283,525	15,611
$850,908	2.44%	**	$20,785	$153,568	$9.84	0.001%	0.047%

4451	Grocery Stores	$38,519,942	60,039	$641,582	1.53%	*	$9,796	$423,815
$7.06	0.001%	0.072%

4452	Specialty Food Stores	$8,903,554	20,138	$442,127	1.55%	*	$6,868
$158,034	$7.85	0.002%	0.114%

4453	Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores	$19,243,325	24,943	$771,492	2.23%	*
$17,211	$142,052	$5.70	0.001%	0.033%

4461	Health and Personal Care Stores	$43,190,050	39,200	$1,101,787	2.78%
*	$30,669	$426,523	$10.88	0.001%	0.035%

4471	Gasoline Stations	$80,288,994	60,424	$1,328,760	1.10%	*	$14,652
$812,407	$13.45	0.001%	0.092%

4481	Clothing Stores	$16,405,939	37,555	$436,851	5.09%	*	$22,216
$506,899	$13.50	0.003%	0.061%

4482	Shoe Stores	$3,298,546	6,184	$533,400	5.09%	*	$27,126	$159,340
$25.77	0.005%	0.095%

4483	Jewelry, Luggage, and Leather Goods Stores	$11,149,360	19,463
$572,849	5.09%	*	$29,133	$223,851	$11.50	0.002%	0.039%

4511	Sporting Goods, Hobby, and Musical Instrument Stores	$14,550,721
29,604	$491,512	2.52%	*	$12,383	$309,451	$10.45	0.002%	0.084%

4512	Book, Periodical, and Music Stores	$3,708,944	9,421	$393,689	2.52%
*	$9,919	$95,012	$10.09	0.003%	0.102%

4521	Department Stores	$111,569	349	$319,681	4.30%	*	$13,757	$34,312
$98.32	0.031%	0.715%

4529	Other General Merchandise Stores	$4,146,365	8,974	$462,042	4.30%	*
$19,883	$146,999	$16.38	0.004%	0.082%

4531	Florists	$5,079,858	20,389	$249,147	3.21%	*	$7,996	$62,094	$3.05
0.001%	0.038%

4532	Office Supplies, Stationery, and Gift Stores	$9,848,172	29,431
$334,619	3.21%	*	$10,740	$345,861	$11.75	0.004%	0.109%

4533	Used Merchandise Stores	$4,022,157	12,659	$317,731	3.21%	*	$10,198
$80,142	$6.33	0.002%	0.062%

4539	Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers	$21,709,507	33,960	$639,267
3.21%	*	$20,517	$350,799	$10.33	0.002%	0.050%

4541	Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses	$12,662,263	13,335
$949,551	3.96%	*	$37,644	$85,752	$6.43	0.001%	0.017%

4542	Vending Machine Operators	$2,126,861	4,535	$468,988	3.96%	*	$18,593
$50,156	$11.06	0.002%	0.059%

4543	Direct Selling Establishments	$18,544,166	23,770	$780,150	3.96%	*
$30,928	$308,287	$12.97	0.002%	0.042%

4811	Scheduled Air Transportation	$668,566	410	$1,630,648	1.85%	*
$30,192	$30,105	$73.43	0.005%	0.243%

4812	Nonscheduled Air Transportation	$1,497,075	1,761	$850,128	1.85%	*
$15,741	$26,376	$14.98	0.002%	0.095%

4831	Deep Sea, Coastal, and Great Lakes Water Transportation	$1,019,668
645	$1,580,880	4.17%	*	$65,874	$11,664	$18.08	0.001%	0.027%

4832	Inland Water Transportation	$354,798	434	$817,507	4.17%	*	$34,065
$4,862	$11.20	0.001%	0.033%

4841	General Freight Trucking	$20,480,733	45,233	$452,783	2.33%	*
$10,544	$452,054	$9.99	0.002%	0.095%

4842	Specialized Freight Trucking	$19,584,474	43,742	$447,727	2.33%	*
$10,426	$359,720	$8.22	0.002%	0.079%

4851	Urban Transit Systems	$132,229	482	$274,333	1.80%	*	$4,948	$6,819
$14.15	0.005%	0.286%

4852	Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation	$63,672	164	$388,243	1.80%
*	$7,003	$3,189	$19.45	0.005%	0.278%

4853	Taxi and Limousine Service	$1,727,774	6,180	$279,575	1.80%	*	$5,043
$48,695	$7.88	0.003%	0.156%

4854	School and Employee Bus Transportation	$471,622	2,211	$213,307
1.80%	*	$3,847	$26,505	$11.99	0.006%	0.312%

4855	Charter Bus Industry	$341,050	769	$443,498	1.80%	*	$7,999	$6,272
$8.16	0.002%	0.102%

4859	Other Transit and Ground Passenger Transportation	$606,784	2,209
$274,687	1.80%	*	$4,955	$15,598	$7.06	0.003%	0.143%

4861	Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil	$104,769	23	$4,555,190	14.74%
*	$671,457	$0	NA	NA	NA

4862	Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas	$604,014	87	$6,942,692
14.74%	*	$1,023,387	$17,843	$205.10	0.003%	0.020%

4869	Other Pipeline Transportation	$29,062	19	$1,529,567	14.74%	*
$225,466	$0	NA	NA	NA

4871	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Land	NA	451	NA	4.01%	*	NA
$1,645	$3.65	NA	NA

4872	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Water	$477,500	1,585
$301,262	4.01%	*	$12,080	$5,454	$3.44	0.001%	0.028%

4879	Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation, Other	NA	144	NA	4.01%	*	NA
$601	$4.18	NA	NA

4881	Support Activities for Air Transportation	$1,968,978	3,037	$648,330
2.77%	**	$17,929	$49,723	$16.37	0.003%	0.091%

4882	Support Activities for Rail Transportation	$274,748	323	$850,612
2.77%	**	$23,523	$6,884	$21.31	0.003%	0.091%

4883	Support Activities for Water Transportation	$904,475	1,408	$642,383
2.77%	**	$17,765	$24,533	$17.42	0.003%	0.098%

4884	Support Activities for Road Transportation	$2,539,532	7,259
$349,846	2.77%	**	$9,675	$66,930	$9.22	0.003%	0.095%

4885	Freight Transportation Arrangement	$8,469,552	10,897	$777,237	2.77%
**	$21,494	$116,132	$10.66	0.001%	0.050%

4889	Other Support Activities for Transportation	$673,747	1,125	$598,886
2.77%	**	$16,562	$9,412	$8.37	0.001%	0.051%

4921	Couriers	$1,210,940	2,831	$427,743	0.0276544750823328	**	NA	$97,803
$34.55	0.008%	NA

4922	Local Messengers and Local Delivery	$1,455,329	4,226	$344,375
0.0276544750823328	**	NA	$29,365	$6.95	0.002%	NA

4931	Warehousing and Storage	$2,869,363	3,781	$758,890	3.68%	*	$27,908
$66,563	$17.60	0.002%	0.063%

5111	Newspaper, Periodical, Book, and Directory Publishers	$7,161,123
13,651	$524,586	11.49%	*	$60,250	$109,371	$8.01	0.002%	0.013%

5112	Software Publishers	$3,878,033	4,884	$794,028	16.84%	*	$133,683
$36,757	$7.53	0.001%	0.006%

5121	Motion Picture and Video Industries	$10,650,831	14,076	$756,666
7.07%	**	$53,525	$80,306	$5.71	0.001%	0.011%

5122	Sound Recording Industries	$1,356,348	2,855	$475,078	3.60%	**
$17,079	$25,172	$8.82	0.002%	0.052%

5151	Radio and Television Broadcasting	$1,875,318	3,862	$485,582	4.55%	*
$22,081	$64,110	$16.60	0.003%	0.075%

5152	Cable and Other Subscription Programming	$1,121,749	315	$3,561,108
4.55%	*	$161,936	$12,839	$40.76	0.001%	0.025%

5161	Internet Publishing and Broadcasting	$930,582	1,520	$612,225	5.20%
*	$31,805	$8,710	$5.73	0.001%	0.018%

5171	Wired Telecommunications Carriers	$2,743,167	2,297	$1,194,239	3.30%
*	$39,461	$238,734	$103.93	0.009%	0.263%

5172	Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite)	$1,934,840
2,856	$677,465	3.30%	*	$22,386	$132,268	$46.31	0.007%	0.207%

5173	Telecommunications Resellers	$1,837,334	2,093	$877,847	3.30%	*
$29,007	$16,336	$7.80	0.001%	0.027%

5174	Satellite Telecommunications	$482,819	421	$1,146,838	3.30%	*
$37,895	$19,212	$45.63	0.004%	0.120%

5175	Cable and Other Program Distribution	$889,816	1,157	$769,072	3.30%
*	$25,413	$24,969	$21.58	0.003%	0.085%

5179	Other Telecommunications	$311,335	427	$729,121	3.30%	*	$24,092
$5,284	$12.38	0.002%	0.051%

5181	Internet Service Providers and Web Search Portals	$1,625,174	4,269
$380,692	3.76%	*	$14,296	$23,466	$5.50	0.001%	0.038%

5182	Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services	$3,739,607	6,049
$618,219	3.76%	*	$23,215	$42,763	$7.07	0.001%	0.030%

5191	Other Information Services	$1,033,794	3,264	$316,726	9.07%	*
$28,738	$12,362	$3.79	0.001%	0.013%

5211	Monetary Authorities - Central Bank	NA	10	NA	18.99%	*	NA	NA	NA	NA
NA

5221	Depository Credit Intermediation	$11,362,795	8,941	$1,270,864
13.14%	*	$166,984	$72,270	$8.08	0.001%	0.005%

5222	Nondepository Credit Intermediation	$13,331,607	18,871	$706,460
13.14%	*	$92,825	$79,616	$4.22	0.001%	0.005%

5223	Activities Related to Credit Intermediation	$13,394,691	22,444
$596,805	9.18%	**	$54,765	$52,831	$2.35	0.000%	0.004%

5231	Securities and Commodity Contracts Intermediation and Brokerage
$9,504,015	12,434	$764,357	10.68%	*	$81,618	$80,395	$6.47	0.001%	0.008%

5232	Securities and Commodity Exchanges	$20,592	46	$447,659	10.68%	*
$47,801	NA	NA	NA	NA

5239	Other Financial Investment Activities	$22,286,541	33,353	$668,202
17.55%	*	$117,269	$61,996	$1.86	0.000%	0.002%

5241	Insurance Carriers	$6,660,757	4,689	$1,420,507	5.37%	*	$76,327	$0
$0.00	0.000%	0.000%

5242	Agencies, Brokerages, and Other Insurance Related Activities
$45,060,735	120,559	$373,765	5.37%	*	$20,083	$317,882	$2.64	0.001%
0.013%

5259	Other Investment Pools and Funds	$4,626,100	1,962	$2,357,849	60.77%
*	$1,432,918	NA	NA	NA	NA

5311	Lessors of Real Estate	$57,328,357	93,353	$614,103	12.63%	*	$77,538
$358,093	$3.84	0.001%	0.005%

5312	Offices of Real Estate Agents and Brokers	$39,197,266	73,462
$533,572	9.59%	*	$51,165	$286,263	$3.90	0.001%	0.008%

5313	Activities Related to Real Estate	$23,186,226	59,698	$388,392
13.77%	*	$53,488	$219,510	$3.68	0.001%	0.007%

5321	Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing	$3,047,087	4,123	$739,046
1.15%	**	$8,487	$35,548	$8.62	0.001%	0.102%

5322	Consumer Goods Rental	$4,328,810	12,843	$337,056	3.07%	*	$10,364
$94,144	$7.33	0.002%	0.071%

5323	General Rental Centers	$1,551,497	3,294	$471,007	3.13%	*	$14,730
$19,327	$5.87	0.001%	0.040%

5324	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment Rental and
Leasing	$5,778,296	7,170	$805,899	5.36%	**	$43,205	$54,152	$7.55	0.001%
0.017%

5331	Lessors of Nonfinancial Intangible Assets (except Copyrighted
Works)	$2,156,035	1,811	$1,190,522	25.70%	*	$305,920	$6,732	$3.72	0.000%
0.001%

5411	Legal Services	$73,138,890	164,606	$444,327	8.52%	**	$37,841
$657,652	$4.00	0.001%	0.011%

5412	Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, and Payroll Services
$25,561,834	95,100	$268,789	8.61%	**	$23,129	$469,362	$4.94	0.002%
0.021%

5413	Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services	$39,133,956	84,707
$461,992	4.45%	**	$20,575	$593,178	$7.00	0.002%	0.034%

5414	Specialized Design Services	$12,493,910	29,234	$427,376	6.23%	**
$26,635	$138,628	$4.74	0.001%	0.018%

5415	Computer Systems Design and Related Services	$33,423,524	84,560
$395,264	5.48%	**	$21,651	$529,178	$6.26	0.002%	0.029%

5416	Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services
$41,781,779	109,948	$380,014	6.87%	**	$26,111	$514,883	$4.68	0.001%
0.018%

5417	Scientific Research and Development Services	$6,604,816	9,272
$712,340	6.56%	**	$46,739	$77,986	$8.41	0.001%	0.018%

5418	Advertising and Related Services	$18,170,150	31,248	$581,482	5.01%
**	$29,142	$2,526,834	$80.86	0.014%	0.277%

5419	Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services	$24,060,356
59,146	$406,796	6.70%	**	$27,258	$239,445	$4.05	0.001%	0.015%

5511	Management of Companies and Enterprises	$13,031,800	6,751
$1,930,351	14.89%	**	$287,404	$63,482	$9.40	0.000%	0.003%

5611	Office Administrative Services	$9,590,851	18,029	$531,968	3.86%	*
$20,545	$87,932	$4.88	0.001%	0.024%

5612	Facilities Support Services	$579,285	1,139	$508,591	3.86%	*	$19,642
$10,999	$9.66	0.002%	0.049%

5613	Employment Services	$5,311,336	13,577	$391,201	1.86%	**	$7,277
$98,345	$7.24	0.002%	0.100%

5614	Business Support Services	$9,843,157	25,458	$386,643	3.86%	*
$14,933	$125,387	$4.93	0.001%	0.033%

5615	Travel Arrangement and Reservation Services	$5,289,110	17,750
$297,978	2.15%	**	$6,403	$94,292	$5.31	0.002%	0.083%

5616	Investigation and Security Services	$4,767,325	15,211	$313,413
3.86%	*	$12,104	$100,426	$6.60	0.002%	0.055%

5617	Services to Buildings and Dwellings	$35,757,478	140,502	$254,498
3.86%	*	$9,829	$12,062,526	$85.85	0.034%	0.873%

5619	Other Support Services	$9,459,667	16,425	$575,931	5.48%	*	$31,538
$87,850	$5.35	0.001%	0.017%

5621	Waste Collection	$3,457,198	5,694	$607,165	3.16%	*	$19,163	$40,634
$7.14	0.001%	0.037%

5622	Waste Treatment and Disposal	$1,052,397	1,286	$818,349	3.16%	*
$25,829	$14,182	$11.03	0.001%	0.043%

5629	Remediation and Other Waste Management Services	$3,054,688	5,675
$538,271	3.16%	*	$16,989	$64,386	$11.35	0.002%	0.067%

6111	Elementary and Secondary Schools	$3,030,260	8,367	$362,168	7.67%	**
$27,771	$18,651	$2.23	0.001%	0.008%

6112	Junior Colleges	$202,450	248	$816,332	7.67%	**	$62,597	$778	$3.14
0.000%	0.005%

6113	Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools	$516,584	954
$541,493	7.67%	**	$41,522	$2,749	$2.88	0.001%	0.007%

6114	Business Schools and Computer and Management Training	$2,494,829
6,377	$391,223	7.67%	**	$29,999	$10,608	$1.66	0.000%	0.006%

6115	Technical and Trade Schools	$2,200,654	5,401	$407,453	7.67%	**
$31,244	$14,585	$2.70	0.001%	0.009%

6116	Other Schools and Instruction	$5,746,928	26,349	$218,108	7.67%	**
$16,725	$52,302	$1.98	0.001%	0.012%

6117	Educational Support Services	$1,727,713	4,498	$384,107	7.67%	**
$29,453	$8,881	$1.97	0.001%	0.007%

6211	Offices of Physicians	$109,075,812	166,372	$655,614	4.39%	*	$28,784
$498,314	$3.00	0.000%	0.010%

6212	Offices of Dentists	$63,055,882	111,183	$567,136	6.73%	*	$38,168
$247,229	$2.22	0.000%	0.006%

6213	Offices of Other Health Practitioners	$28,457,609	96,344	$295,375
8.92%	*	$26,333	$261,999	$2.72	0.001%	0.010%

6214	Outpatient Care Centers	$5,017,087	8,298	$604,614	5.58%	*	$33,730
$48,821	$5.88	0.001%	0.017%

6215	Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories	$5,030,676	5,662	$888,498	5.45%
*	$48,465	$30,328	$5.36	0.001%	0.011%

6216	Home Health Care Services	$2,508,304	8,000	$313,538	5.45%	*	$17,102
$28,708	$3.59	0.001%	0.021%

6219	Other Ambulatory Health Care Services	$1,891,509	3,933	$480,933
5.45%	*	$26,233	$21,124	$5.37	0.001%	0.020%

6221	General Medical and Surgical Hospitals	$435,561	151	$2,884,513
5.08%	**	$146,458	$956	$6.33	0.000%	0.004%

6222	Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Hospitals	$103,678	48	$2,159,950
5.08%	**	$109,669	$210	$4.37	0.000%	0.004%

6223	Specialty (except Psychiatric and Substance Abuse) Hospitals
$140,371	130	$1,079,779	5.08%	**	$54,825	$826	$6.35	0.001%	0.012%

6231	Nursing Care Facilities	$1,718,618	2,217	$775,200	5.08%	**	$39,360
$11,513	$5.19	0.001%	0.013%

6232	Residential Mental Retardation, Mental Health and Substance Abuse
Facilities	$1,155,914	4,046	$285,693	5.08%	**	$14,506	$40,459	$10.00
0.004%	0.069%

6233	Community Care Facilities for the Elderly	$2,284,461	9,203	$248,230
5.08%	**	$12,604	$29,961	$3.26	0.001%	0.026%

6239	Other Residential Care Facilities	$558,961	1,877	$297,795	5.08%	**
$15,120	$9,728	$5.18	0.002%	0.034%

6241	Individual and Family Services	$8,057,734	27,310	$295,047	5.08%	**
$14,981	$86,180	$3.16	0.001%	0.021%

6242	Community Food and Housing, and Emergency and Other Relief Services
$3,126,011	6,774	$461,472	5.08%	**	$23,431	$19,728	$2.91	0.001%	0.012%

6243	Vocational Rehabilitation Services	$1,022,676	2,623	$389,888	5.08%
**	$19,796	$9,873	$3.76	0.001%	0.019%

6244	Child Day Care Services	$7,254,249	47,892	$151,471	5.08%	**	$7,691
$129,007	$2.69	0.002%	0.035%

7111	Performing Arts Companies	$3,739,335	7,819	$478,237	9.26%	*	$44,293
$16,945	$2.17	0.000%	0.005%

7112	Spectator Sports	$1,921,724	3,500	$549,064	9.26%	*	$50,853	$11,233
$3.21	0.001%	0.006%

7113	Promoters of Performing Arts, Sports, and Similar Events	$2,931,291
4,565	$642,123	9.26%	*	$59,471	$34,067	$7.46	0.001%	0.013%

7114	Agents and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers, and Other
Public Figures	$2,147,875	3,204	$670,373	9.26%	*	$62,088	$5,423	$1.69
0.000%	0.003%

7115	Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers	$9,177,876	16,611
$552,518	9.26%	*	$51,172	$39,055	$2.35	0.000%	0.005%

7121	Museums, Historical Sites, and Similar Institutions	$1,758,005
5,261	$334,158	6.95%	**	$23,211	$12,437	$2.36	0.001%	0.010%

7131	Amusement Parks and Arcades	$721,704	1,897	$380,445	5.36%	*	$20,377
$5,986	$3.16	0.001%	0.015%

7132	Gambling Industries	$802,524	1,208	$664,341	5.36%	*	$35,583	$2,617
$2.17	0.000%	0.006%

7139	Other Amusement and Recreation Industries	$14,878,601	46,981
$316,694	5.36%	*	$16,962	$116,258	$2.47	0.001%	0.015%

7211	Traveler Accommodation	$12,170,235	31,843	$382,195	2.95%	*	$11,278
$138,188	$4.34	0.001%	0.038%

7212	RV (Recreational Vehicle) Parks and Recreational Camps	$2,338,386
6,085	$384,287	2.95%	*	$11,340	$20,899	$3.43	0.001%	0.030%

7213	Rooming and Boarding Houses	$549,947	2,405	$228,668	2.95%	*	$6,748
$7,086	$2.95	0.001%	0.044%

7221	Full-Service Restaurants	$36,898,445	130,156	$283,494	4.15%	*
$11,762	$362,767	$2.79	0.001%	0.024%

7222	Limited-Service Eating Places	$30,495,707	124,944	$244,075	4.15%	*
$10,127	$426,817	$3.42	0.001%	0.034%

7223	Special Food Services	$3,096,456	11,376	$272,192	4.15%	*	$11,293
$97,678	$8.59	0.003%	0.076%

7224	Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)	$9,494,057	43,640	$217,554
4.15%	*	$9,026	$84,325	$1.93	0.001%	0.021%

8111	Automotive Repair and Maintenance	$54,579,544	145,857	$374,199
3.67%	*	$13,719	$1,821,691	$12.49	0.003%	0.091%

8112	Electronic and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance
$4,213,288	11,323	$372,100	5.14%	*	$19,122	$142,769	$12.61	0.003%	0.066%

8113	Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except
Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance	$9,400,474	21,243
$442,521	4.15%	*	$18,386	$262,961	$12.38	0.003%	0.067%

8114	Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance	$5,447,836
23,522	$231,606	4.15%	*	$9,623	$191,337	$8.13	0.004%	0.085%

8121	Personal Care Services	$12,170,150	84,303	$144,362	5.71%	*	$8,241
$211,426	$2.51	0.002%	0.030%

8122	Death Care Services	$7,536,235	14,986	$502,885	5.71%	*	$28,708
$94,512	$6.31	0.001%	0.022%

8123	Drycleaning and Laundry Services	$6,711,399	32,496	$206,530	5.71%	*
$11,790	$155,917	$4.80	0.002%	0.041%

8129	Other Personal Services	$6,535,483	26,943	$242,567	5.71%	*	$13,847
$140,742	$5.22	0.002%	0.038%

8131	Religious Organizations	$34,213,454	156,574	$218,513	2.22%	*	$4,855
$607,873	$3.88	0.002%	0.080%

8132	Grantmaking and Giving Services	$18,515,506	11,353	$1,630,891	2.22%
*	$36,239	$44,498	$3.92	0.000%	0.011%

8133	Social Advocacy Organizations	$3,993,173	9,003	$443,538	2.22%	*
$9,856	$34,510	$3.83	0.001%	0.039%

8134	Civic and Social Organizations	$7,378,615	26,658	$276,788	2.22%	*
$6,150	$96,234	$3.61	0.001%	0.059%

8139	Business, Professional, Labor, Political, and Similar Organizations
$25,082,876	58,608	$427,977	2.22%	*	$9,510	$235,083	$4.01	0.001%	0.042%

[a] Estimated based on 2002 receipts and payroll data from US Census
Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2002 and payroll data from US
Census Bureau, Statistics of [a] U.S. Businesses, 2003. Receipts are not
reported for 2003, but were estimated assuming the ratio of receipts to
payroll remained unchanged between 2002 and 2003.

[b] US Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 2003.

[c] Estimated from ratios of net income to total receipts as reported
for 2003 by the US Internal Revenue Service, Corporation Source Book,
2003. <<http://www.irs.gov/
taxstats/bustaxstats/article/0,,id=149687,00.html>> Data not available
at disaggregated levels for all industries, and profit rates at more
highly aggregated levels are used for such industries.

NA: Data not available

* Profit rate imputed from corresponding 3-digit NAICS industry.

** Profit rate imputed from corresponding 2-digit NAICS
industry.APPENDIX A

ESTIMATED NATIONAL NUMBER OF FIXED LADDERS

GREATER THAN 20 FEET IN HEIGHT

A.1	Introduction

This appendix summarizes the estimated number of structures with fixed
ladders in the United States and the number of fixed ladders above 20
feet in height.  To estimate the number of fixed ladders above 20 feet
in height, ERG contacted industry consultants, associations, government
agencies, trade journals, and manufacturers. First, ERG identified the
structures in various industries at which fixed ladders are likely to
exist. Second, the number of fixed ladders in each industry was
estimated. Numerous industry sources, primarily trade association and
manufacturers, were contacted to develop and revise the fixed ladder
estimates.  

Fixed ladders are defined in this report as ladders such as: 1) vertical
steel ladders affixed to a structure; or 2) individual rung ladders
ladder crosspieces which are individually attached to a structure, such
as the rungs found embedded in the concrete in manholes. By definition,
a fixed ladder is permanently attached to a structure, building, or
equipment; this type of walking-working surface does not include ship
stairs or manhole steps (OSHA, 2003). The fixed ladder estimate does not
include structures with step bolts such as those found on monopole
communication towers. 

The following structures were identified as having fixed ladders:

Ski lift towers

Communications towers (radio, television, cellular, and microwave)

Smokestacks and chimneys

Cooling towers

Manholes

Elevator pits

Power transmission towers

Silos (grain, plastic, cement, and steel)

Billboards

Bridges

Commercial and apartment buildings:

Water tanks and towers

Permanent and mobile amusement rides

Wind turbines

Astronomical observatories

Manufacturing and industrial buildings

ERG identified other possible structures that might have fixed ladders,
such as dams, tunnels, and stormwater drainage systems.  However, ERG
did not identify data for the number of structures or whether they had
fixed ladders for these categories.

A.2	Summary

Table A-1 summarizes the estimated count of structures and fixed ladders
by type of structure.  There are about:

3.1 million fixed ladders in excess of 20 feet.

9.9 million manholes, of which 1.485 million are estimated to have fixed
ladders in excess of 20 feet.

20,490 billboards with ladders in excess of 20 feet.

Details supporting Table A-1 are in Sections A.3 through A.20 below.

A.3	Ski Lift Towers

ERG contacted the National Ski Areas Association (NSAA) to determine the
number of ski lift towers in the U.S. The four major types of ski lifts
include detachable chair lifts, gondolas, fixed grip chair lifts, and
surface lifts. All towers that support these lifts have fixed ladders.
Based on an annual survey of participating resorts around the United
States, the number of ski lift towers were tallied at 24,088 (NSAA,
2004a). NSAA reported that this information is likely to be 80 to 85
percent complete due to survey nonresponse. Thus, ERG inflated the
totals by 20 percent to 28,906 lift towers with fixed ladders.

Ski towers are climbed on average 2 or 3 times a year for annual
inspection and annual maintenance (NSAA, 2004b). They are also painted
roughly every three years. There is some variation in how often lift
towers are maintained. Some newer lifts no longer need annual
lubrication maintenance, while older lifts might require more upkeep.
None of the lifts have cages on the fixed ladders given the possibility
lift riders could get their skis caught in the cages.Table A.1 
Estimated Number of Fixed Ladders

Structures With Fixed Ladders	Number Of Structures In U.S.	Number With
Fixed Ladders

(> 20 Feet)	Sources

Ski lift towers 	28,906	28,906	NSAA, 2004a 

NSAA, 2004b

Communications towers 	190,000	190,000	FCC, 2007

Carlise, 2007

 Smokestacks/chimneys 	99,984	57,929	EPA, 2007

Cooling towers at chemical plants 	76,997	73	Ellis, 2004 

EPA, 2004 

Census, 2007a.

Manholes	9,900,000	1,485,000	Albee, 2004

Elevator pits 	675,000	0	Clothier, 2004

Beyer, 2004

Power transmission towers 	800,000	16,000	EIA, 2004

Weisbrich and Weisbrich, 2004

Putnam, 2004

Silos 	1,000,000	850,000	Ellis, 2004

Miller, 2004

Billboards	500,000	20,490	OAAA, 2004 and 2005

Bridges 	592,246	872	FHWA, 2004a and b.

Commercial buildings (1)	4,700,000	0	DOE/EIA, 2002

Apartment buildings (1)	136,000	0	DOE/EIA, 2001

Water tanks/towers 	53,410	53,410	EPA, 2000

Permanent amusement rides	NA	350	King, 2004

Mobile amusement rides 	NA	150	OABA, 2004

Wind turbines 	5,000	5,000	AWEA, 2004 

Historic windmills 	35	Unknown	Windmill, 2005

Astronomical observatories	12	60	Encyclopedia, 2005

Manufacturing and industrial bldgs.	350,866	350,866	Census, 2007b

Total	19,108,456	3,059,106

	(1) Discussions with Outdoor Amusement Business Association (OABA)
staff indicate that very few office and multi-family residential
buildings use fixed ladders greater than 20 feet in height.

Based on this data, ERG estimated that all 28,906 estimated fixed
ladders on lift towers are infrequently climbed.

A.4	Communications Towers (Radio, Television, Cellular, and Microwave)

Virtually all communication towers have fixed ladders. The Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) Antenna Structure Registration Database
lists 93,000 registered communication towers that have been constructed
(FCC, 2007). The database only includes towers greater than 199 feet. 
ERG contacted Tower Source, a company that compiles information on tower
locations and leasing information.  Their databases contains
approximately 210,000 structures overall.  About 160,000 are guyed and
freestanding towers, all of which have fixed ladders.  The remaining
50,000 structures are located on rooftops but they do not record whether
the antennae are located on the roof itself or on a climbable structure
on the roof.  (Carlise, 2007).  For the purposes of estimating the
number of fixed ladders, we assume that 60 percent of the 50,000 rooftop
antennae are on climbable fixed ladders.  This results in an estimated
190,000 communications towers.

A.5	Smokestacks and Chimneys

EPA collects information on point sources, such as industrial
smokestacks and chimneys to track air emissions in the United States. 
This database—the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) database—is
populated with information collected from the states.  EPA posted
Version 3 of the 2002 NEI database point source files in April 2007
(EPA, 2007).  ERG analyzed the file to identify individual stacks by
combination of unique pairs of facility identification numbers and stack
height.  The database contained nearly 100,000 stacks (99,984 stacks) of
which nearly 60,000 (57,929) are 20 feet or greater in height.

A.6	Cooling Towers

Cooling towers are used in different industries for purposes such as air
conditioning, power generation, manufacturing, and at chemical plants.
Put simply, the purpose of a tower is to remove excess heat from
industrial processes by circulating water.  There are two types of
cooling towers, natural draft towers and forced draft towers. Natural
draft towers are generally much larger than forced draft towers, which
must use fans in the cooling process. Examples of a natural draft tower
include the large chimney structures that are constructed at nuclear
power plants. Contacts with a safety expert indicate that cooling towers
generally have fixed ladders (Ellis, 2004). 

The cooling tower estimate was revised to include electric power
generation plants that use cooling towers. Towers at power generation
plants are used to condense steam that turns the generators. The 1997
Economic Census reports 13,513 chemical manufacturing plants, whereas
EPA’s Risk Management Program counts 15,000 facilities (Census, 1997;
EPA, 2004). Each of these plants has approximately five sections, each
with one tower that has two 12-foot sections of ladder (Ellis, 2004).
ERG counted these two sections as one ladder for the purposes of this
analysis for a total of 75,000 ladders.

The 2002 Economic Census identifies 1,997 (Census, 2002a) power
generation plants in operation. While no substantial data was available
about the frequency with which these ladders are climbed, consultants
indicated that they were climbed more often than twice a year and thus
ERG assumed that none of these ladders are infrequently climbed (Ellis,
2004).

Based on discussions with industry sources, the majority of cooling
towers are forced draft towers which are not over twenty feet high, and
do not have fixed ladders over twenty feet high. A small number of the
largest power plants in operation do have natural draft cooling towers
that are several stories high. Nuclear power plants generally employ
natural draft towers in a plant design. There were 73 nuclear power
plants in operation in the United States according to the 2002 United
States Economic Census (Census, 2002a). 

A.6	Manholes 

Manholes serve as access points for sewer system maintenance and may
have fixed ladders installed. ERG found no estimates of the number of
manholes or underground chambers. In 1999, however, the American Society
of Civil Engineers estimated that there are 750,000 miles of public
sewer in the U.S. (Albee, 2004). Based on an analysis of websites that
specify standards for spacing manholes of 300 to 600 feet apart, ERG
estimated that 750,000 miles of public sewer might 6.6 to 13.2 million
manholes, for an average of 9.9 million manholes. While some manholes
have fixed ladders in the form of rungs that are embedded in concrete,
many are climbed into using temporary ladders. One contact at a
municipal sewer department noted that the individual rungs are
considered unsafe by the industry due to corrosion and other degradation
problems (Kido, 2004). Another noted that individual rungs are usually
not found in older sewer systems, but that he had used them to climb
into shallow manholes (Dailey, 2004). 

Most manholes are not deeper than 20 feet based conversations with
officials at municipal sewer departments (Meehan, 2004 and Kido, 2004).
One official noted that the manholes greater than 20 feet are generally
climbed every 5 years for inspections and that they compose a minority
of the manholes, likely around 10 percent (Kido, 2004). In order not to
underestimate the number of fixed ladders for which costs might be
incurred, ERG rounds up the estimate to 15 percent.  Thus, 15 percent of
the estimated 9.9 million manholes, or 1.485 million manholes might be
deeper than 20 feet and might have fixed ladders.

A.7	Elevator Pits

According to the industry’s trade journal, Elevator World, the number
of elevators in the U.S. is roughly estimated at 675,000 as of the year
2000 (Clothier, 2004). Other consultants have indicated this might be a
low, but could not provide any better estimates (Beyer, 2004). One
consultant indicated that roughly 95% of elevators have fixed ladders
(Beyer, 2004).  National Inspection Services notes that the depth of the
elevator pit varies with elevator speed.  A car traveling at 100 feet
per minute requires a 4-foot pit while a car traveling at 600 feet per
minute requires a 7-foot pit (NIS, 2007).  Thus, with the exception of
extremely high-speed elevators in the tallest buildings, elevator pits
are unlikely to have fixed ladders in excess of 20 feet.

A.8	Transmission Towers

In 2004, the United States had approximately 160,000 miles of high
voltage transmission line (EIA, 2004).  Weisbrich and Weisbrich (2004)
indicate a transmission tower spacing of about 5 towers per mile.  ERG
combined the information to estimate about 800,000 high voltage
transmission towers nationwide.

ERG also spoke to a large electricity provider (Putnam, 2004). He noted
that of most transmission towers accessed via aerial lifts, less than 2
percent of towers are likely to be climbed .  Taking two percent of
800,000 transmission towers results in an estimated 16,000 towers that
are likely to be climbed.

A.9	Silos

Industries that use silos include plastics plants, chemical plants,
foundries, coal plants, cement plants, grain mills, beef and dairy
farms, and aluminum processors, among others. Given the wide variation
of the number of silos at each facility and by industry, ERG was  not
able to obtain accurate estimates on the number of silos in the U.S.
broken down by industry. Based on his knowledge of the average number of
silos in some industries, one consultant estimated 1,000,000 silos exist
across all industries (Ellis, 2004). Another contact at the
International Silos Association (ISA) estimated that there might be
roughly 70,000 working forage silos at livestock and dairy farms in the
U.S., all of which have fixed ladders, on the interior and the exterior
(ISA, 2004).

A large silo manufacturer estimated that 80 to 90 percent of silos have
fixed ladders outfitted with cages (Miller, 2004). Based on this data,
ERG assumed that 85 percent of silos have fixed ladders higher than 20
feet. 

A.10	Billboards

Based on discussions with the Outdoor Advertising Association of America
(OAAA, 2005) the number of billboards with fixed ladders over 20 feet in
length is now estimated at 20,490. The OAAA provided this estimate from
member comments and a survey completed in 2003. 

A.11	Bridges

According to statistics maintained by the U.S. Department of
Transportation Federal Highway Administration, there were 592,246
bridges constructed as of 2004 (FHWA, 2004a). Most bridges do not have
fixed ladders. The bridges that are most likely to have fixed ladders
are movable bridges, which require the ladders for maintenance work on
the mechanical and electrical equipment (FHWA, 2004b). Moveable bridges
make up a small number, 0.15 percent, of all bridges in the United
States according to the FHWA data. Bucket trucks and inspection
platforms are generally used to do work on bridges.  Thus, there are an
estimated 872 fixed ladders on bridges.

A.12	Commercial and Apartment Buildings

The Department of Energy reports that there are 4.7 million commercial
buildings in the U.S. in 1999, most of which are office, retail,
warehouse, and storage buildings.  Seventy-nine percent of these
buildings are one story tall  (DOE, 2002). Buildings only one story tall
can access roofs from the exterior with a temporary ladder, negating the
need for a fixed ladder.  Taller buildings usually provide access to a
roof by stairwell.  Based on these observations, ERG concluded that very
few residential and commercial buildings have fixed ladders. These
estimates do not include fire escapes, which ERG assumed were not
covered by the standard.

A.13	Water Tanks and Towers

The EPA defines a community water system as a public water system that
serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or
regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents. These range from
small, privately owned systems to huge public systems serving millions. 

The 2000 Community Water System Survey shows there are 53,410 such
systems. Water tanks and/or towers provide storage for these systems
(EPA, 2002). Whether a water tank or tower is used for water storage
depends largely on the geography of the area and varies widely across
the U.S. One manufacturer of water towers suggested that areas with
mountainous terrain can sustain water pressure in a drinking system by
constructing tanks on high ground. While ERG was not able to collect any
data on the number of water tanks or towers per system (a system could
have more than one tank and/or tower), ERG assumed one tank or tower per
system as a lower bound on the actual number of water tanks and towers
in the U.S. 

Based on discussions with the safety director of a large manufacturer of
water towers and tanks, all water tanks and towers have fixed ladders.
They are climbed about 2 to 3 times a year to get birds nests off the
top, for maintenance, to put cellular antennas up, and to replace light
bulbs (Rudy, 2004). ERG assumed that the fixed ladders on water towers
and tanks are all infrequently climbed, although a small percentage
might be climbed more frequently if more frequent repairs are needed,
especially to the cellular antennae.	

A.14	Permanent and Mobile Amusement Rides

While there are 320 permanent amusement parks in the U.S., very few have
rides that require fixed ladders. Some of the rides inside buildings
have fixed ladders, but the vast majority is climbed using a catwalk.
There are very few permanent rides that have fixed ladders higher than
20 feet; an estimate of such rides ranges from 300 to 400 rides. These
are climbed every day for maintenance access and to check rides before
they start (King, 2004). For estimating the number of fixed ladders
nationwide, ERG took the mid-point of the estimate (350 ladders).

With respect to mobile amusement parks, there are likely about 100 to
200 rides that might have fixed ladders higher than 20 feet (OABA,
2004). Again, none of these rides are infrequently climbed as they are
set up and dismantled once a week during the summer months. Furthermore,
these ladders are also used for maintenance access. Some mobile parks
also operate year round.  For estimating the number of fixed ladders
nationwide, ERG took the mid-point of the estimate (150 ladders).

A.17	Wind Turbines

The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) reports that there currently
are 6,500 wind turbines in the U.S. Some are lattice structures and do
not have fixed ladders. AWEA estimates that roughly 5,000 wind turbines
have fixed ladders (AWEA, 2004).

Wind turbines are generally only climbed when there is a problem with
the operation of the turbine. A large operator and manager of wind
energy projects throughout the U.S. noted that turbines are generally
climbed 2 to 3 times a year for scheduled maintenance and 2 to 3 times a
year to make unscheduled repairs. Overall, the turbines are climbed 4 to
6 times a year. Thus, fixed ladders on wind turbines are not
infrequently climbed.

A.18	Windmills

Preliminary research into water pumping windmills indicate that they are
historic structures and are fairly small in number in the United States
(30-40 in the US). Windmills can be found in California; Cape Cod,
Massachusetts; and on Long Island, New York (Windmill, 2005). 

A.19	Astronomical Observatories

The number of observatories in the United States overall is very small
overall, 12 facilities (Encyclopedia, 2005). Observatories are usually
comprised of several structures housing telescopes and other observation
equipment that contain fixed ladders. A discussion was held with the
staff from the Kech Observatory located at Mauna Kea, Hawaii (Dill,
2005). The dome at the Kech Observatory structure is 100 feet high and
has multiple ladders. ERG assumed that on average there were 5 fixed
ladders for each facility based on initial photographic observations
(e.g.,   HYPERLINK "http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/" 
http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/ ).

A.20	Manufacturing and Industrial Buildings

ERG searched the 2002 Economic Census database for the number of
manufacturing establishments.  The number, as of June 2007, is 350,866
establishments (Census, 2002b).  For the purpose of estimating the
number of fixed ladders in the United States, ERG assumed one fixed
ladder per establishment.

A.21	References

Albee. 2004. Telephone conversations between Steve Albee, Project
Director of the GAP Analysis, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and
Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 19, 2004.

American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). 2004. Telephone conversations
between Kathy Belyeu, Strategic Communications and Ayesha Berlind, ERG.
August 19, 2004.

Beyer. 2004. Telephone conversations between Bob Beyer, President,
Elevator Advisors, Inc. and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 19, 2004.

Carlise.  2007.  Telephone conversations between Mary Carlise,
TowerSource, and Maureen Kaplan, ERG.  June 28, 2007.

Census.  2002a.  U.S. Census Bureau. 2002. 2002 Economic Census:
Manufacturing. As downloaded from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/data/industry/E22111.HTM" 
http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/data/industry/E22111.HTM  on June
28, 2007.

Census.  2002b.  U.S. Census Bureau. 2002. 2002 Economic Census:
Manufacturing. As downloaded from   HYPERLINK
"http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IQRTable?_bm=y&-ds_name=EC0200A1&-
NAICS2002=31-33&-_lang=en" 
http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IQRTable?_bm=y&-ds_name=EC0200A1&-N
AICS2002=31-33&-_lang=en  on June 28, 2007.

Census. 1997. U.S. Census Bureau. 1997 Economic Census: Manufacturing.
As downloaded from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.census.gov/epcd/ec97/us/US000_31.HTM#N325" 
http://www.census.gov/epcd/ec97/us/US000_31.HTM#N325  on August 23,
2004. 

Clothier. 2004. Telephone conversations between David Clothier, Copying
Editor, Elevator World and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 18, 2004.

Dailey. 2004. Telephone conversations between Tom Dailey, Maintenance
Foreman, Newburyport Sewer Department and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August
26, 2004.

Department of Energy (DOE)/EIA. 2002. 1999 Building activities: Compare
activities by number of buildings. As downloaded from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/comparenumber.html" 
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/comparenumber.html  and   
HYPERLINK
"http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/other/otherbasictables.html" 
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/other/otherbasictables.html  on
August 17, 2004.

Department of Energy (DOE)/EIA. 2001 Residential Energy Consumption
Survey (Table HC1-4a). As downloaded from   HYPERLINK
"ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/consumption/residential/2001hc_tables/housing
unit_household.pdf" 
ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/consumption/residential/2001hc_tables/housingu
nit_household.pdf  on August 24, 2004. 

Ellis. 2004. Telephone conversations between Nigel Ellis, Ph.D., CSP,
P.E., CPE and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 16, 2004, and August 23, 2004.

Encyclopedia.  2007.  Search for astronomical observatories.   
HYPERLINK "http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/1obs.html" 
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/1obs.html 

Energy Information Administration (EIA).  2004.  Department of Energy. 
Energy Information Administration. Electricity Transmission Fact Sheet. 
  HYPERLINK
"http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/fact_sheets/transmission.
html" 
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/fact_sheets/transmission.h
tml  downloaded June 2007.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2007.  United States
Environmental Protection Agency.  2002 National Emission Inventory
homepage at   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html" 
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html . and Version 3
(April 2007)database at   HYPERLINK
"ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2002finalnei/point_sector_data/national
/" 
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2002finalnei/point_sector_data/national/


Downloaded June 2007.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2004. Changes to the Chemical
Accident Prevention Rule (Risk Management Program) in 2004. RMP Series
Factsheet EPA-F—4-002. March. As downloaded from   HYPERLINK
"http://yosemite.epa.gov/oswer/ceppoweb.nsf/vwResourcesByFilename/RMP200
4_factsheet.pdf/$File/RMP2004_factsheet.pdf" 
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oswer/ceppoweb.nsf/vwResourcesByFilename/RMP2004
_factsheet.pdf/$File/RMP2004_factsheet.pdf  on August 23, 2004.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2002. Community Water System
Survey 2000. EPA 815-R-02-005A.  December 2002 As downloaded from  
HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov/safewater/cwssvr.html" 
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/cwssvr.html  on August 23, 2004.

FCC.  2007.  Federal Communications Commission (FCC).  Antenna Structure
Registration database.    HYPERLINK
"http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/AsrSearch/asrAdvancedSearch.jsp" 
http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/AsrSearch/asrAdvancedSearch.jsp  as
searched on May 2, 2007.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 2004a. Deficient Bridges by State
and Highway System. As downloaded from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/defbr04.htm" 
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/defbr04.htm  on March 30, 2005.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 2004b. Telephone conversation
between Tom Everett, Director of the Office of Bridge Technology and
Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 19, 2004.

ISA. 2004. Telephone conversation between Joe Shefchik and Ayesha
Berlind, ERG. August 26, 2004.

Kido. 2004. Telephone conversation between Wendell, Kido, Chief, Policy
and Planning Division, Sacramento County Regional Sanitation District
and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 26, 2004.

King. 2004. Telephone conversation between Brian King, Chairman, ASTM
and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 18, 2004.

Meehan. 2004. Telephone conversation between Dennis Meehan, Sewer
Superintendent, Lexington Public Works and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August
25, 2004.

Miller. 2004. Telephone conversation between Gerald Miller, Construction
Superintendent, Marietta Structures, Inc. and Ayesha Berlind, ERG.
August 24, 2004.

National Inspection Services (NIS).  2007.  Ups & Downs:  Checking for
Elevator Safety.    HYPERLINK
"http://www.nationalinspection.net/inspector/articles/elevator.html" 
www.nationalinspection.net/inspector/articles/elevator.html  downloaded
July 3.

National Ski Areas Association (NSAA). 2004a. Telephone conversation
between Sid Roslund, Director of Technical Services, National Ski Areas
Association and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 17, 2004.

National Ski Areas Association (NSAA). 2004b. Telephone conversation
between Michael Berry, President, National Ski Areas Association, and
Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 17.

Outdoor Advertising Association of America (OAAA), 2005. Interview with
Myron Liable, President, and J.R. Watson, Director Legislation and
Research, Outdoor Advertising Association of America. April 5, 2005.

Outdoor Advertising Association of America (OAAA). 2004. Telephone
conversation between Myron Liable, President, Outdoor Advertising
Association of America and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 17, 2004.

OABA. 2004. Telephone conversation between Bob Johnson, President,
Outdoor Amusement Business Association and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August
18, 2004.

OSHA. 2003. Walking and Working Surfaces; Personal Protective Equipment
(Fall Protection Systems). Federal Register 68:23527-23568. May 2.

Putnam. 2004. Telephone conversation between Dee Putnam, Safety
Professional, Duke Power, and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 19, 2004.

Rudy. 2004. Telephone conversation between Jim Rudy, Safety Director,
CBI and Ayesha Berlind, ERG. August 23, 2004.

Weisbrich and Weisbrich.  2004.  Weisbrich, Alfred L. and Gunther J.
Weisbrich.  Dual Use Tower:  Transmission and Generation.  Utility
Automation & Engineering T&D Online.    HYPERLINK
"http://uaelp.pennnet.com/articles/article_display.cfm?article_id=199789
" 
http://uaelp.pennnet.com/articles/article_display.cfm?article_id=199789 
March 1.  downloaded June 2007.

Windmills.  2007. List of windmills in the United States.   HYPERLINK
"http://www.windmillworld.com/world/usa.htm" 
http://www.windmillworld.com/world/usa.htm 

 Production workers include those in building and grounds; construction;
installation, maintenance, and repair; production; and material moving
occupations. It is conceivable that workers in construction and related
occupations, even though not employed by establishments in construction
industries, might on occasion perform work that would be regulated by
OSHA under its construction standards in §1926. To the extent this is
true, their employers might also be required to meet the requirements
for fall protection and walking and working surfaces as specified in the
construction standards.

 See U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of Small Business Size
Standards Matched to North American Industry Classification System
Codes, July 31, 2006.  < http://www.sba.gov/size/indextableofsize.html>.
Accessed August 8, 2006.

 For a description of the survey, see Eastern Research Group, PPE Cost
Survey: Final Report. Task Order 3, Base Year, DOL Contract No.
J-9-F-9-0010. June 23, 1999 (Exhibit 14, OSHA Docket S-042: Costs of
Personal Protective Equipment).  Back support belts and similar
ergonomic devices were explicitly excluded from the types of personal
protective equipment investigated by the survey.

 BLS, Employee Costs for Employee Compensation – March, 2006. June 21,
2006

 ASTM C478-06b 16.5.3 specifies that the rung or cleat shall project a
uniform clear distance of 4 inches minimum from the wall, to the
embedment side of the rung.  The OSHA distance is measured from the
centerline of the manhole step.  Thus, if a step is at least an inch
wide, a step that meets the ASTM 4-inch requirement would also meet the
OSHA 4.5 inch requirement.

 Type 2 bolts were withdrawn in 2005.

 The 22-inch clearance requirement for new structures matches ANSI
A1264, Section 6.11.

 i.e. a violation of minimum importance. For example, if ship stairs
existed when they were supposedly banned, as long as they met the draft
regulation, it would be an infraction but one so minor as to be below
regulatory concern.

 The draft text does not provide a definition of “routinely.”

 A “qualified climber” as described here combines the terms
“qualified engineer” and “qualified person” in ANSI standard
A10.14 on fall protection. That standard, however, has been withdrawn.

 The new alternatives are assumed to be at least as effective in
employee protection as that provided by the current requirements.

 Production workers include those in building and grounds; construction;
installation, maintenance, and repair; production; and material moving
occupations. It is conceivable that workers in construction and related
occupations, even though not employed by establishments in construction
industries, might on occasion perform work that would be regulated by
OSHA under its construction standards in §1926. For the purpose of
estimating costs, however, ERG assumed that these employees are covered
by the General Industry standard.

 In an unscientific sample, a 25-year resident of a 28-story apartment
building in New York City reported that the outside of the windows were
never cleaned (Smith, 2007).

 See production worker supervisor’s hourly wage plus benefits for
NAICS 5617 in Table 2-5.

 This assumes that a qualified climber could not bring his or her
accreditation if he or she changes companies.

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