[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 120 (Thursday, June 21, 2018)]
[Notices]
[Pages 28903-28909]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-13307]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

[Docket No. NHTSA-2018-0058]


Denial of Motor Vehicle Defect Petition

AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 
Department of Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Denial of a petition for a hearing on remedy of defect.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: This notice sets forth the National Highway Traffic Safety 
Administrations (NHTSA) decision and reasons for denying a petition, 
(DP15-001) submitted to NHTSA requesting that the agency conduct a 
hearing to examine the remedy for Ford recall 14S05 (NHTSA recall 14V-
284) and to require Ford to provide an adequate remedy.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Chris Lash, Vehicle Defects 
Division A, Office of Defects Investigation, NHTSA, 1200 New Jersey 
Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590. Telephone 202-366-2370. Email 
[email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Introduction

    After a vehicle or an item of motor vehicle equipment has been 
determined to contain a defect that relates to motor vehicle safety, 
any interested person may petition the National Highway Traffic Safety 
Administration (NHTSA) requesting that the agency hold a hearing to 
determine if a manufacturer has met the defect notification and 
remediation requirements imposed by the National Traffic and Motor 
Vehicle Safety Act (``the Safety Act''), 49 U.S.C. Chapter 301. 49 
U.S.C. 30120(a)(2), 49 CFR 557. Upon receipt of a properly filed 
petition, the agency conducts a review of the petition, any material 
submitted with the petition, and any additional relevant information. 
See 49 U.S.C. 30120(c); 49 CFR 557.4. The review may consist solely of 
a review of information already in the possession of the agency, or it 
may include the collection of information from the motor vehicle 
manufacturer and/or other sources. After considering the available 
information and taking into account appropriate factors, including the 
nature of the complaint, seriousness of the alleged breach of the 
manufacturer's obligation to remedy, existence of similar complaints, 
ability of NHTSA to resolve the problem without a hearing, and 
assessing whether the remedy provided resolves the safety risk 
presented by the defect, the agency will grant or deny the petition for 
a hearing. See 49 U.S.C. 30120(e); 49 CFR 557.6.

Petition Background Information

    In a submission dated February 3, 2015, Ms. Abigail Dayton (the 
Petitioner) filed a petition (DP15-001) requesting that NHTSA conduct a 
hearing to examine the remedy for Ford recall 14S05 (NHTSA Recall No. 
14V-284) and require Ford to provide an adequate remedy. The Petitioner 
alleges that, after a dealer performed the recall remedy on her vehicle 
by performing a software update, she experienced a failure in the Ford 
Electric Power Assisted Steering (EPAS) system that required 
replacement of the steering column at her own expense. She further 
alleges that the EPAS failure necessitating the replacement of her 
steering column was ``the precise issue for which Ford issued recall 
14S05 in the first place.'' The petition also presented accounts of 
similar post-remedy failures reported by other consumers on ``various 
forums and websites.''
    NHTSA has reviewed the material cited by the Petitioner. The 
results of this review and our evaluation of the petition are set forth 
in the DP15-001 Petition Analysis Report, published in its entirety 
below.
    The facts Petitioner alleges are cause for concern regarding the 
approach adopted by Ford and are a source of significant frustration 
for Petitioner and others similarly situated who simply want their 
vehicle to run the way it was designed to, particularly after being 
repaired by the vehicle manufacturer. However, in light of NHTSA's 
statutory authority, after thorough assessment of the material 
submitted by the Petitioner and the factors NHTSA is required to 
consider in determining the proper resolution of a petition for a 
hearing on whether a manufacturer has reasonably met its obligation to 
remedy, NHTSA has decided not to grant the petition to hold a hearing. 
Accordingly, and for the reasons more fully explained in the below 
Petition Analysis Report for DP15-001, the petition is denied.

Petition Analysis Report--DP15-001

1.0 Introduction

    In a letter dated May 27, 2014, Ford Motor Company (Ford) submitted 
a Defect Information Report (DIR) to the National Highway Traffic 
Safety Administration (NHTSA) describing an Electric Power Assisted 
Steering (EPAS) system defect in certain model year 2008 through 2011 
Ford Escape and Mercury Mariner vehicles (NHTSA Recall 14V-284, Ford 
14S05) (the

[[Page 28904]]

recall).\1\ The DIR described a defect in the EPAS torque sensor that 
could result in a loss of power steering assist while driving. The DIR 
did not identify any other defects in the EPAS system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Documents related to the recall are available at 
www.nhtsa.gov under recall ID number 14V-284 https://www.nhtsa.gov/recalls).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Ford's remedy involved updating the system's software to mitigate 
the occurrence of loss of power steering assist while driving due to 
the torque sensor defect. Vehicles diagnosed with a torque sensor fault 
code at the time of the recall repair would have the torque sensor 
replaced, while vehicles diagnosed with fault codes related to other 
EPAS components would have the steering column replaced.\2\ Ford has 
not initiated any separate field actions to extend the warranty 
coverage for repairs of torque sensor failures, or any other EPAS 
component faults, occurring after the recall repairs were completed.\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Replacement of the torque sensor with the redesigned service 
part or the steering column assembly, which includes the torque 
sensor, would serve the dual purpose of repairing the diagnosed 
fault condition and removing the defect identified in Ford's DIR.
    \3\ Warranty extension programs, also known as special policy 
adjustments, are field actions that are separate and distinct from 
safety recalls. Safety recalls require the manufacturer to identify 
the defect, develop a remedy, and apply the remedy to all of the 
affected vehicles to prevent a specific safety hazard from 
occurring. Warranty extensions adjust the vehicle age and mileage 
for which the manufacturer will cover the cost of repairing specific 
components after they have failed or display certain symptoms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In a petition dated February 3, 2015, and received by NHTSA on 
February 5, 2015, (DP15-001) Ms. Abigail Dayton (the Petitioner) 
requested that the agency conduct a hearing to examine the remedy for 
the recall and require Ford to provide an adequate remedy. On November 
1, 2014, a dealer performed the recall remedy on the Petitioner's 2008 
Ford Escape vehicle by performing the software update. On January 5, 
2015, 65 days after the recall remedy was completed on her vehicle, the 
Petitioner's vehicle experienced a failure in the EPAS system requiring 
her to pay for replacement of the steering column. Replacement of the 
steering column was an alternative remedy in the recall depending on 
what fault codes were present at the time the repair was made by a Ford 
dealer. The Petitioner alleged that the post-remedy steering column 
EPAS failure was ``the precise issue for which Ford issued recall 14S05 
in the first place.'' The Petitioner also alleged that a pattern of 
similar post-remedy failures reported by other consumers on ``various 
forums and websites'', along with several additional allegations, 
support her request that the agency hold a hearing and order Ford to 
provide a different remedy for the defect.
1.1 Petition Allegations
    The Petitioner claims that the recall remedy conducted on her 
vehicle did not resolve the safety defect. Further, the Petitioner 
explains that she received a recall notice in July 2014 for NHTSA 
Recall No. 14V-284 and she obtained a repair from an authorized dealer 
in November 2014. However, Petitioner asserts that the remedy, in fact, 
did not repair the vehicle, as evidenced by the fact that the power 
steering assist failed ``soon thereafter.'' When Petitioner returned to 
the dealership in January 2015, the vehicle returned fault code B2277, 
which would authorize her for a different remedy under the recall had 
her vehicle not previously been repaired in November 2014. Petitioner 
goes on to surmise based on the alternative remedies available based on 
different fault codes, and the way that fault codes are pulled from the 
vehicles, that:

    Ford either knew the PSCM \4\ would fail intermittently and 
would not always provide a fault codes (sic), knowing that requiring 
the dealership to pull a specific `fault code' before replacing 
affected components may potentially not repair the defect or, 
alternatively, Ford's software update caused or accelerated issues 
with affected vehicles' PSCMs requiring eventual replacement of the 
affected components.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ Power Steering Control Module (PSCM).

    Pet. at 9.\5\ Petitioner also notes that her own ``investigation 
quickly revealed'' at least 20 other individuals reported the same 
issue on various websites and online forums. Pet. at 4. Ultimately, 
through a series of related statements the Petitioner alleges that 
``the software update does not mitigate the risk associated with the 
recall,'' ``the software update did not . . . `repair' the defect 
associated with Recall 14S05'' and Ford's ``[f]ailure to repair the 
affected vehicles which experienced PCSM (sic) loss and/or torque 
sensor issues after receiving the software update does not address the 
concern and underlying reason for the recall: To prevent affected 
vehicles for (sic) safety related failures and resulting accidents and 
injuries.'' Pet. at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Excerpt from page 9 of the petition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.0 Background

2.1 Legal Background
    The Safety Act requires vehicle manufacturers to remedy safety-
related defects in their vehicles by repairing the vehicle; replacing 
the vehicle with an identical or reasonably equivalent vehicle; or 
refunding the purchase price, less a reasonable allowance for 
depreciation. 49 U.S.C. 30120(a). The statute allows a manufacturer to 
choose its own remedy and NHTSA does not approve manufacturers' 
remedies. See id. If a manufacturer elects to repair a safety-related 
defect, the repair must be done adequately within a reasonable time. 49 
U.S.C. 30120(c). If the repair is not done adequately within a 
reasonable time, the manufacturer must replace the vehicle with an 
identical or reasonably equivalent vehicle, or refund the purchase 
price, less a reasonable allowance for depreciation. Id.
2.2 Sequence of Events in NHTSA Recall No. 14V-284
    As noted above, Ford initiated the recall by filing the DIR on May 
27, 2014. The DIR described the defect as ``a poor signal to noise 
ratio in the torque sensor within the Electric Power Steering (EPS) 
that does not allow the PSCM to determine the driver's steering 
input.'' As noted above, the safety consequence was stated to be loss 
of power assist while driving. The DIR described the remedy as follows:

    Dealers will update the Power Steering Control Module (PSCM) and 
instrument cluster module software. The updated PSCM software 
changes the torque sensor fault strategy and will no longer remove 
power steering assist during an ignition cycle for a single torque 
sensor fault. Additionally, the software update will provide audible 
and visual warnings to the driver in the unlikely event that a 
torque sensor fault is detected.

    Two days later, on May 29, 2014, Ford issued a bulletin to Ford 
dealers advising them of the recall. This bulletin described the defect 
as a fault in the torque sensor and stated that a complete Dealer 
Bulletin relating to the issue would be provided when software to 
perform the repair became available.
    On May 30, 2014, Jennifer Timian, Chief of NHTSA's Recall 
Management Division, responded to the Ford DIR in an acknowledgement 
letter confirming receipt of the defect notice. Among other things, the 
letter described the remedy for the defect as follows:

    Ford will notify owners, and dealers will update the software 
for the power steering control module and the instrument cluster 
module, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin by July 25, 
2014. Owners may contact Ford customer service at 1-800-392-3673. 
Ford's number for this recall is 14S05.

    Ford filed an amended DIR on June 2, 2014. According to Ford's 
cover letter, this amended DIR provided additional detail pertaining to 
the remedy program. Thus, while Ford's description of the defect 
(encompassing only the torque sensor) remained unchanged, the amended 
remedy description stated:


[[Page 28905]]


    Dealers will check the Power Steering Control Module (PSCM) for 
Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC):
     If no loss of steering assist DTCs are present, dealers 
will update the PSCM and instrument cluster module software. The 
updated PSCM software changes the torque sensor fault strategy and 
will no longer remove power steering assist during an ignition cycle 
for a single torque sensor fault. Additionally, the software update 
will provide audible and visual warnings to the driver in the 
unlikely event that a torque sensor fault is detected.
     If upon initial inspection certain loss of steering 
assist DTCs are present, the dealer will either replace the torque 
sensor or the PSCM, depending on the DTC present.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Ford's amended report should have indicated replacement of 
the steering column assembly rather than the PSCM. Steering column 
replacement is required to repair faults in the PSCM or motor, 
neither of which can be serviced separately. This error was 
corrected in subsequent dealer instructions sent by Ford on July 1, 
2014.

    NHTSA acknowledged receipt of the June 2, 2014 amended DIR by a 
letter dated June 4, 2014. This June 4, 2014 letter described the 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
remedy as follows:

    Ford will notify owners, and dealers will update the software 
for the power steering control module (PSCM) and the instrument 
cluster module, free of charge. If a vehicle shows a history of a 
loss of the torque sensor signal or fault codes relating to the PSCM 
when the vehicle is brought in for the recall remedy, the affected 
components will be replaced, free of charge. The recall is expected 
to begin by July 25, 2014.

    On July 1, 2014 Ford sent instructions to its dealers providing 
information about how to complete the recall. This notice advised 
dealers that the software needed to perform the recall repair was still 
not available and would be released on July 9, 2014. The July 1 dealer 
notice described the repair procedure for the defect:

    Dealers are to check the Power Steering Control Module (PSCM) 
for Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs).
     If DTC B1342, B2277, or B2278 are NOT present, 
reprogram the PSCM and the Instrument Cluster (IC) module.
     If only DTC B2278 is present, replace the torque 
sensor.
     If DTC B1342 or B2277 is present, replace the steering 
column assembly.

    The July 1, 2014 dealer notice further stated that the software 
update remedy option would not be available until July 9, and that 
until that date vehicles should only be repaired if a ``vehicle arrives 
at your dealership with a customer complaint of loss of steering assist 
accompanied by one of the DTCs'' identified in that bulletin (i.e., 
those requiring replacement of the torque sensor or steering column 
assembly). The ``Dealer Q&A'' portion of the bulletin also directed 
dealers to inform owners of vehicles that received the software update 
that any post-remedy replacement of the torque sensor or steering 
column would not be covered by Ford's recall because ``the modules were 
reprogrammed to prevent sudden loss of steering assist while driving.''
    In its May 15, 2015 information request letter (IR letter) to Ford, 
NHTSA requested information to assist in the evaluation of DP15-001.\7\ 
The IR letter asked Ford to explain why the remedy procedure for the 
recall provides for free replacement of the torque sensor or steering 
column for fault codes associated with the torque sensor, PSCM or EPAS 
motor or at the time the remedy is performed, but not after the remedy 
is performed. Ford's June 26, 2015 response to NHTSA's IR letter 
included the following explanation: \8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Jeffrey Quandt, letter to Todd Fronckowiak, May 15, 2015 
(https://static.nhtsa.gov/odi/inv/2015/INIM-DP15001-62000.pdf).
    \8\ Wayne Bahr, letter to Frank Borris, June 26, 2015 (https://static.nhtsa.gov/odi/inv/2015/INRL-DP15001-62304P.pdf).

    The purpose of the remedy procedure is to mitigate the 
occurrence of the loss of power steering assist while driving due to 
the torque sensor, and to provide audible and visual warnings to the 
driver if a torque sensor fault is detected by updating the PSCM 
software. Additionally, if DTC's related to the PSCM (B2277 and 
B1342) or Torque Sensor (B2278) are present at the time of service, 
additional parts were replaced to better manage customer 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
expectations.

    Ford's strategy appears to have been effective in managing customer 
expectations when dealers performed the recall repairs on the subject 
vehicles, as there have been very few complaints related to that 
service. However, the strategy appears to have produced additional 
customer expectations regarding how Ford would manage post-remedy EPAS 
repairs to the torque sensor and other EPAS components covered by Ford 
as part of the recall repair procedure (i.e., PSCM or motor faults 
requiring steering column replacement). Most of the post-remedy 
complaints received by NHTSA through the end of 2017 include references 
to unhappiness with Ford's policy for handling repair costs associated 
with torque sensor repairs and a variety of other EPAS conditions after 
performing recall repairs.
2.3 NHTSA's Analysis of Safety Hazards Associated With Loss of Power 
Steering
    Prior investigations and recalls associated with defect conditions 
that may result in loss of power steering assist have established that 
such failures may result in an increased risk of crashes during low-
speed vehicle maneuvers when they occur while driving and without 
warning. Testing conducted as part of several defect investigations by 
NHTSA's Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTC) in East Liberty, Ohio, 
and others have found that the increases in driver hand-wheel efforts 
that result from loss of power steering assist are greater at parking 
lot speeds. The greatest efforts are required when the vehicle is 
stationary and the steering torque must overcome the static frictional 
forces from the tire contact patch with the road surface. Front-axle 
weight, tire size and tire inflation pressure are the primary factors 
affecting tire-road frictional forces when stopped and in low-speed 
parking and turning maneuvers.9 10 Additional increases in 
steering torque in low-speed maneuvers are primarily influenced by 
steering angle.\11\ Changes in steering torque in higher speed 
maneuvers are primarily influenced by the lateral acceleration of the 
vehicle. Steering torque requirements decrease with increasing speed, 
as the safe and normal ranges of steering angles and lateral 
accelerations become smaller and smaller. At all speeds, while more 
difficult, drivers are able to maintain vehicle control after losing 
power steering assist because the mechanical linkage between the 
steering wheel and the road is maintained at all times.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ There are multiple other factors affecting steering torque, 
including rack friction, steering and suspension ball joint 
friction, and scrub radius. Additional factors affecting manual 
steering effort include steering ratio and steering wheel diameter. 
These effects are normally minor in comparison with front axle 
weight.
    \10\ For purposes of this discussion, speeds less than 20 km/h 
(13 mph) are considered low speed.
    \11\ Sharp, R.S., Granger, R. (2003). On Car Steering Torques at 
Parking Speeds, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial 
College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Exhibition Road, London 
SW7 2BT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There are very few published studies related to the effects of loss 
of power steering assist on vehicle directional control and crash risk. 
A study conducted by Transport Canada focused on the effects in low-
speed turns, evaluating driver response to unexpected loss of assist in 
right-hand turns at a simulated traffic light at approximately 10 km/h 
(6 mph).\12\ The study included vehicles ranging in size from compact 
passenger cars to a large sport utility vehicle and a mixed demographic 
group of drivers. The study found that, for each of the

[[Page 28906]]

vehicles evaluated, at least 40 percent of drivers were not able to 
safely complete the turning maneuvers after an unexpected loss of 
steering assist.\13\ The same study found that, when aware of the loss 
of power steering assist, drivers were able to negotiate the course 
without any unsafe turns at the same speeds as recorded with full power 
steering assist. Similar results have been noted in human factors 
testing conducted by VRTC in support of NHTSA loss of power steering 
investigations.\14\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ Harbluk, J.L., Burns, P.C., Malone, D., Hamilton, J. 
(2014). Power Steering Assist Failures: Driver Behavior, Safety 
Impacts, and Implications for Automated Vehicles, Proceedings of the 
Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58th Annual Meeting, 2073-2077.
    \13\ The study classified turns as safe if the driver completed 
the maneuver without stopping or departing the intended lane of 
travel to any degree.
    \14\ See document files for investigation ID's RQ10-004 and 
PE10-038 at www.nhtsa.gov (https://www.nhtsa.gov/recalls).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    NHTSA considers the facts and evidence for each issue independently 
when deciding when to investigate allegations of loss of power steering 
assist. Based in part on vehicle testing and analysis of field data 
from prior investigations, NHTSA considers multiple factors, including: 
Operating mode, warning, vehicle factors, system factors and failure 
rate.\15\ Conditions that result in loss of assist at start-up or after 
prior visual, audible and/or tactile warning do not present a 
significant risk of crash or injury.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ Vehicle factors include size/mass (i.e., steer axle weight) 
and steering design factors that influence the magnitude and 
proportion of the change in steering effort when transitioning to 
manual mode; system factors include the likelihood of the fault 
occurring in a critical operating state and the harshness of the 
steering feedback, if any, in the transient state.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.3.1 Ford EPAS: System Design
    In the Ford EPAS system, a column-mounted electric motor drives the 
steering gear to provide steering assist to the driver using battery 
power. The system senses the speed, direction, and amount of effort, or 
torque, applied to the steering wheel by means of a torque sensor 
located in the steering column assembly. The signal from the torque 
sensor is relayed to an electronic control unit (the PSCM). A PSCM 
control algorithm generates a signal to drive the motor to provide 
steering assistance in proportion to the driver's steering effort and 
vehicle speed. The system reduces the amount of assist supplied to the 
driver as vehicle speed increases to provide the desired road feel at 
the steering wheel.
    The Ford EPAS system continuously performs diagnostics to identify 
faults that could potentially result in safety hazards (e.g., 
unintended steering torques) or damage to the system. The system 
responds to fault detection by transitioning to appropriate failsafe 
operating modes, including removing assist and transitioning to manual 
steering mode. Table 1 shows the primary fault conditions and failsafe 
modes associated with the subject EPAS system prior to the software 
update associated with the subject recall.

  Table 1--Fault Conditions and Failsafe Modes Related to Reduced or Removed Assist for Subject Vehicles Before
                                           the Recall Software Update
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                          Conditions to restore
              Fault code                      Fault name             Failsafe mode                 EPAS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C195C................................  Low voltage (<11V).....  Reduced performance      Voltage returns to
                                                                 state following          value within specified
                                                                 voltage capability of    tolerance within same
                                                                 the vehicle.             ignition cycle.
B1317................................  High voltage (>16V)....  Ramp out to zero
                                                                 assist.
B1318................................  High voltage (>18V) or   Remove assist.
                                        Low voltage (<9 V).
B1342................................  Micro test failure.....  Remove assist..........  Reevaluate at next
                                                                                          ignition cycle if
                                                                                          condition still
                                                                                          exists.
B2277................................  Motor failure..........  Remove assist.
B2278................................  Torque sensor failure..  Remove assist.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As shown in Table 1, prior to the remedy software update, the EPAS 
system responded to certain faults detected in the torque sensor, PSCM 
or motor by removing assist and transitioning to manual steering. The 
system remains in the failsafe mode until the conditions are met for 
clearing the fault and restoring normal EPAS. For faults detected in 
the torque sensor, PSCM, or motor, the vehicle remains in failsafe mode 
for the remainder of the ignition cycle in which the fault is 
detected--meaning that the vehicle must be turned off and restarted to 
clear the fault code and re-establish power steering. The system 
restores steering assist if the fault condition is no longer present on 
a subsequent ignition cycle.
    Each of the fault codes associated with the subject EPAS system, 
including those shown in Table 1, are stored for 64 ignition cycles 
before the system clears them from memory.
2.3.2 Ford EPAS: Temporary Reduced Assist
    In its June 26, 2015 response to NHTSA's IR letter, Ford identified 
several factors that may result in temporary ``reduced assist'' in the 
subject EPAS system and which may be reported by some owners as a loss 
of power steering assist. For example, Ford provided the following 
description of how the system may temporarily reduce assist during 
periods of low battery voltage:

    Some of the reports pertain to reduced assist resulting from low 
battery voltage, such as when the vehicle is exposed to low ambient 
conditions, and operated at near idle engine speed, and with heavy 
electrical load. When the electric power assist system detects low 
system voltage, it will reduce the amount of assist it provides. 
Reduced assist is a protective response from the EPAS system to 
prevent engine stalling due to the low system voltage. It is not a 
defect of the EPAS system but instead a symptom of a potentially 
failing battery or other electrical system concern. Service bulletin 
SSM 20895 and the workshop manual direct the technician to inspect 
the vehicle electrical system for the root cause of the low system 
voltage. This condition of reduced assist could mistakenly be 
reported as a loss of assist.

    In addition to low battery voltage, Ford indicated that the EPAS 
may also temporarily reduce assist when the steering is fully turned to 
one side or the other (i.e., the steering is turned near the physical 
rack stops) or during extreme usage conditions that result in PSCM 
overheating due to heavy sustained use by the driver. Reductions in 
steering assist that result from these factors are most likely to be 
experienced in low-speed parking maneuvers with significant steering 
inputs, such as parallel parking.
2.3.3 Ford EPAS: Torque Sensor Failures
    The EPAS system at issue uses a contact-type torque sensor to 
measure driver steering input. Over time, the

[[Page 28907]]

subject torque sensors may develop a poor signal-to-noise ratio (noisy 
signal) due to degradation of the sensor conductive surfaces. This may 
result in distortion, interruption or dropout of the signals, resulting 
in a Steering Shaft Torque Sensor Malfunction fault (DTC B2278). Early 
in MY 2011 production, Ford began using an improved torque sensor with 
lubricant added to the conductive surfaces to reduce long-term 
degradation. Vehicles built on or after September 11, 2010 were 
equipped with steering column assemblies containing the improved design 
and thus, were not included in the recall.
    Ford's analysis found that the conductive surface degradation 
occurs at or near the on-center position where the steering wheel is 
held for the majority of road travel time and miles. This can result in 
noisy signals from the torque sensor, which may initially cause a 
perceptible steering wheel dither condition for some period prior to a 
loss of power steering.\16\ Complaints describe the dither condition as 
a shimmy, vibration, pulsing, or shaking of the steering wheel. The 
condition is most evident when the vehicle is stopped and idling and 
the steering wheel is in a position that aligns with the degraded 
contact surfaces.\17\ Prior to being remedied, noisy signals from the 
torque sensor may result in detection of a Steering Shaft Torque Sensor 
Malfunction (DTC B2278) fault, which would immediately remove the power 
assist with no audible or visual warning provided to the driver. Ford 
provided the following description of the dither condition in its IR 
response letter:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ ``Dither'' is a term used by Ford and other automotive 
companies to describe a low-amplitude oscillation of the steering 
wheel.
    \17\ Torque sensor signal dropouts generally occur near the 
center or zero-degree steering position.

    Steering wheel dithering prior to a loss of assist has been 
noted in a number of reports, providing tactile feedback that the 
system is not functioning normally. As previously noted, the 
degradation of the conductive surface of the torque sensor may 
result in increased levels of signal noise to the PSCM. This 
increased signal noise may result in the steering wheel dither 
experienced by the driver. The amount of input supplied by the EPAS 
system to the steering column during this dithering is limited to 
approximately 2 Nm maximum and, while readily noticeable, can be 
easily managed by the driver. The updated PSCM software provided 
with the recall remedy is more tolerant of the signal noise. 
However, if the signal noise increases beyond this level, a 
diagnostic trouble code (DTC B2278) for the torque sensor will be 
stored in the system and a visual and audible warning will be given 
to the driver. Should the signal noise persist and/or increase, the 
PSCM may eventually remove power steering assist, but only at the 
beginning of the next key cycle (with the accompanying visual and 
audible warnings). The repair for this condition, as defined in the 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
workshop manual, is torque sensor replacement.

    Prior to February 2014, the torque sensor was not available as a 
separate replacement part and repairing failed torque sensors required 
replacement of the entire steering column assembly. This changed in 
February 2014 when Ford issued Technical Service Bulletin TSB 14-0016 
and began providing torque sensor kits as service parts for faulty 
torque sensors, thereby reducing the repair cost for torque sensor 
failure by over 50 percent.\18\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ The torque sensor kit included a redesigned torque sensor 
service part (Part Number CL8Z-3F818-A) and instructions for 
replacing the torque sensor. The repair costs for replacing the 
torque sensor using the kit may range from $500 to $700, while costs 
for steering column replacement may range from $1,200 to $1,500 on 
average.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In May 2014, Ford submitted the DIR to NHTSA for the subject 
recall. As previously noted, the recall remedy involved updating the 
PSCM software to change the conditions under which the EPAS removes 
power assist following detection of torque sensor faults related to the 
noisy signal condition. Once the EPAS software update is completed, the 
system alerts the driver with an audible chime and warning lamp when 
EPAS detects the torque sensor fault; however, the system maintains 
full power steering assist through that ignition cycle and the fault 
does not result in a sudden loss of assist while driving. If the torque 
sensor fault persists or worsens, the system may remove power steering 
assist when the driver starts the vehicle at the beginning of the next 
ignition cycle. Owner notification for the recall started in July 2014.
2.3.4 Ford EPAS: Recall 14V-284 Defect Description
    Ford's Part 573 letter for the subject recall described the defect 
condition as follows:

    In some of the affected vehicles, a poor signal to noise ratio 
in the torque sensor within the Electric Power Steering (EPS) system 
does not allow the PSCM to determine the driver's steering input. 
Once this condition is detected, the system removes power steering 
assist, and defaults to manual steering mode. In the event of a loss 
of power steering assist, the mechanical linkage between the 
steering wheel and the road is maintained at all times. Loss of 
power steering assist while driving would require higher steering 
effort at lower vehicle speeds, which may result in an increased 
risk of a crash.

    As defined by Ford and confirmed by NHTSA's examination of 
available data, the defect here consists of a torque sensor design that 
is prone to contaminant accumulation leading to incomprehensible, noisy 
or intermittent signals being sent to the PSCM (which results in loss 
of power steering assist while the vehicle is being driven). 
Accordingly, Ford's defect report described the safety risk as a loss 
of power steering assist while driving. The defect identified does not 
include other torque sensor failure conditions, failures in other EPAS 
components such as the PSCM or PSM, EPAS faults at vehicle start-up 
(i.e., not while driving), and faults that are not associated with the 
EPAS system.

3.0 Analysis of the Petition

    Per the regulatory requirements, NHTSA's analysis of the petition 
includes the following factors: The nature of the complaint; the 
seriousness of the alleged breach of the vehicle manufacturer's 
obligation to remedy defects; the existence of similar complaints; 
NHTSA's ability to resolve the problem without holding a hearing; and 
other pertinent matters.
    The nature of the Petitioner's complaint is that the remedy 
provided by ``Ford has failed to adequately remedy'' the safety defect. 
As evidence for this, the Petitioner points to her own experience with 
loss of power steering assist after receiving the remedy:

    Soon thereafter, I started experiencing issues with my power 
steering (i.e., excessive shaking, loss of power steering). I took 
my vehicle back to the dealership in January 2015. According to the 
technician, my torque sensor failed and they needed to replace my 
entire steering column. Specifically, the technician pulled fault 
code B2277 at this time.

Pet. at 3 (emphasis in original).

    The Petitioner's description of the post-remedy problem includes 
evidence of the torque sensor fault addressed by the subject recall 
(e.g., excessive shaking of the steering wheel and a technician's 
reference to a torque sensor failure). However, it also includes 
evidence indicating that a different or additional fault occurred. The 
Petitioner states, with emphasis, that ``the technician pulled fault 
code B2277 at this time'' and references B2277 four more times in the 
petition. As shown in Table 1, B2277 is the fault code for a power 
steering motor failure. The recommended repair cited by the Petitioner, 
steering column replacement, also suggests that the failure in the 
Petitioner's vehicle may not have been related, or limited, to the 
defect underlying the recall, which is

[[Page 28908]]

ordinarily repaired by torque sensor replacement.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ Steering column replacement is the repair required for 
power steering motor failure and other EPAS faults not related to 
the torque sensor (e.g., PSCM failure).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    NHTSA identified 632 complaints alleging post-remedy EPAS system 
problems in the subject vehicles and received by the Agency from August 
2014 through the end of 2017. In general, the complaints lack 
sufficient detail to determine the root cause, failure mode, or 
operating state for each of the reported incidents. The complaints 
include multiple fault conditions (e.g., torque sensor, PSCM, motor), 
failure modes (loss of power steering, temporary reduction of power 
steering assist, steering dither and EPAS warning message or wrench 
lamp illumination \20\); and operating states (incidents occurring 
while driving, at start-up or during parking maneuvers). NHTSA's 
analysis of post-remedy EPAS complaints in the subject vehicle focused 
on two separate issues: (1) Evidence of any other EPAS component 
defects that were not addressed by the recall remedy; and (2) the 
effectiveness of the software update in mitigating the risk of loss of 
power steering while driving from torque sensor faults.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ Vehicles with the lowest level cluster option provide a 
wrench light instead of a warning message when the EPAS system 
detects a torque sensor fault after the PSCM has received the recall 
remedy update.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1 Analysis: EPAS Fault Field Experience by Causal Component
    NHTSA's analysis of recall repair data, part sales, and owner 
complaints all indicate that the torque sensor continues to be the 
primary cause of EPAS system malfunctions in the subject vehicles after 
completion of the recall remedy. Through August 2017, Ford had 
completed the recall remedy in approximately 79 percent of affected 
vehicles, with approximately 2.8 percent of the repairs requiring 
replacement of the torque sensor or steering column due to faults 
detected in the torque sensor, PSCM, or power steering motor at the 
time the recall remedy was performed. The torque sensor kit accounted 
for almost two-thirds (64%) of such repairs. Similarly, analysis of 
part sales data determined that torque sensor kit sales make up 63 
percent of EPAS part sales over the last 12 months.\21\ Although most 
of the complaints reviewed by ODI lacked sufficient detail to determine 
the causal component or driving state, the torque sensor was identified 
in approximately 73 percent of the complaints that did provide enough 
detail to identify the faulty component.\22\ The data do not identify a 
significant rate or trend for any other EPAS component or condition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Since June 2014, approximately 27 percent of torque sensor 
kit sales and 22 percent of steering column sales have been 
associated with repairs performed under the subject recall.
    \22\ One-hundred ninety-five (195) complaints identified the 
torque sensor (143), PSCM (46), or motor (6) as the component 
diagnosed by the servicing facility as the faulty part.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2 Analysis: Post-Remedy Torque Sensor Failures
    NHTSA's analysis of complaints alleging post-remedy EPAS 
malfunctions diagnosed as torque sensor faults indicates that the 
faults are usually being detected before a loss of assist occurs (e.g., 
by a warning message or from symptoms related to dithering condition) 
and/or result in loss of assist at vehicle start-up, when the safety 
risk has been minimized. The Petitioner takes issue with Ford's 
characterization of these events as being ``unlikely'' and NHTSA agrees 
that the rate of torque sensor failures is higher than it would have 
been if the signal degradation issue identified by Ford did not exist. 
However, based on the information available to NHTSA, the likelihood of 
failure is low in comparison to other defect conditions related to loss 
of power steering assist that have been addressed by recalls by Ford 
and other manufacturers, as evidenced by analysis of total part sales 
through the end of 2017, when the subject vehicles range in age from 6 
to 11 years in service. This analysis indicates fewer than 10 percent 
of all 2008 through 2011 Escape and Mariner vehicles have required a 
steering column or torque sensor replacement that could be related to a 
torque sensor fault.\23\ Furthermore, Ford's remedy removes the safety 
hazard, i.e., sudden loss of power steering assist while driving, 
resulting from such failures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ NHTSA defect investigations that have influenced recalls 
related to loss of power steering while driving have identified 
specific fault conditions affecting a defined population of vehicles 
that have resulted in warranty claim rates well over 1% of vehicles 
sold after about 3 years-in-service (YIS) and 10 YIS failure rates 
estimated by statistical modeling that range from 16 to 68% of 
vehicles sold. See files for investigation ID numbers PE10-005, 
PE10-021, EA11-005, EA11-014, PE12-017 and PE14-030 at www.nhtsa.gov 
(https://www.nhtsa.gov/recalls).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the petition, a key metric of remedy effectiveness is 
its effect on crash and injury trends related to EPAS issues in the 
subject vehicles.\24\ NHTSA has reviewed all crash and injury 
allegations related to the EPAS system in the subject vehicles by 
recall remedy completion status (see Table 2). Through the end of 2017, 
NHTSA had received 22 complaints alleging crashes resulting from loss 
of power steering while driving, including 10 alleging injuries. Many 
of these incidents were very minor. For example, NHTSA was able to 
verify evidence of collision damage repairs for just 9 of the 22 
vehicles identified in the crash allegations, including 8 of the 10 
alleging injuries.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ A petition footnote cites concerns that an ineffective 
remedy would result in continued incidents resulting in injuries, 
``As of August 20, 2013, Ford was aware of five accident allegations 
and six injury allegations potentially pertaining to this subject. 
More recent data on injuries potentially pertaining to this subject 
were not available, but Petitioner assumes this number has increased 
since that time, and will continue to increase until Ford actually 
repairs the recall on affected vehicles.''

                      Table 2--Crash Allegations Before and After Recall Remedy Completion
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                            14V284 Recall remedy status
            Crash severity                 Injury allegations    -----------------------------------------------
                                                                   Not completed     Completed         Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Evidence of collision repair..........  All crashes.............               8               1               9
                                        Injury crashes..........               8               0               8
                                        Injuries................               8               0               8
No evidence of collision repair.......  All crashes.............               7               6              13
                                        Injury crashes..........               2               0               2
                                        Injuries................               2               0               2
                                       -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.............................  All crashes.............              15               7              22
                                        Injury crashes..........              10               0              10
                                        Injuries................              10               0              10
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 28909]]

    None of the injury allegations and only one of the incidents severe 
enough to require collision repairs involved a vehicle that had been 
remedied under the recall and that crash was reported as a minor 
parking lot collision resulting in $1,100 of front end damage. NHTSA's 
analysis of crash and injury allegations indicates that Ford's recall 
remedy appears to have been effective in mitigating the safety hazards 
associated with loss of power steering assist while driving in the 
subject vehicles.
3.3 Analysis: Summary
    The Petitioner references the similar experience of others as 
identified in complaints to NHTSA and through various websites and 
online forums in support of the position that Ford's remedy was not 
adequate. The Petitioner's claim is serious and the frustration 
Petitioner experienced is understood by NHTSA. However, the defect 
identified by Ford was ``[l]oss of power steering assist while 
driving'' caused by a particular defect in the torque sensor and not, 
as Petitioner understands it, by any EPAS malfunction requiring 
replacement of the steering column or torque sensor, under any 
operating condition, regardless of cause. NHTSA's research and 
knowledge on this subject supports Ford's conclusion that the safety 
risk is limited to the loss of power steering assist while driving.
    In contrast, a driver who does not have power steering assist when 
starting the vehicle will know that immediately, as it will be 
difficult to turn the steering wheel at low speeds, and will be 
prepared to compensate for it while driving (or may choose not to 
drive). Ford's software update remedy, as explained in Ford's DIRs, 
``changes the torque sensor fault strategy and will no longer remove 
power steering assist during an ignition cycle for a single torque 
sensor fault. Additionally, the software update will provide audible 
and visual warnings to the driver in the unlikely event that a torque 
sensor fault is detected.''
    Because Ford's change in fault logic prevents the loss of power 
steering assist while the vehicle is in operation (if there is only one 
fault), the safety risk, i.e. the loss of power steering assist while 
driving, is addressed. Instead, the vehicle will turn off the power 
steering assist when the vehicle is turned off (or, as Ford puts it, 
after that ``ignition cycle''). Thus, the safety risk of losing power 
steering assist while driving has been resolved. Further, the addition 
of visual and audio warnings to the driver in the event a torque sensor 
fault is detected alerts the driver to the need for service to the EPAS 
system prior to a loss of power steering assist and to the need for 
additional effort required to maneuver the vehicle if power steering 
assist is removed by the system before service repairs are performed. 
Thus, Ford's software update remedy does address the safety risk 
identified, which is the loss of power steering assist while driving, 
and without warning.
    This is not to say that the Petitioner may not have good reason to 
be displeased with the result. Approximately two months after receiving 
Ford's recall repair, Petitioner's vehicle suffered the problem that 
two months earlier would have entitled her to a remedy that instead 
would cost her approximately $1,000 to obtain. This is certainly cause 
for frustration. However, NHTSA's authority over vehicle manufacturers 
is limited to issues related to safety. In this instance, Ford's 
software update remedy removed the safety risk of a driver losing power 
steering assist, without warning, while operating the vehicle.
    Because the nature of the complaint does not allow NHTSA to grant 
the petition, we will only briefly address the other factors set out in 
the regulations. On those points the agency notes that while the 
alleged breach of the obligation to remedy is serious, there is no 
factual breach in this instance and that NHTSA does not have any 
ability to resolve the problem because the problem is outside the 
agency's authority to enforce automotive safety. Further, the existence 
of similar complaints, both in online forums (as noted by the 
Petitioner) and in NHTSA's databases searched in reference to this 
petition, does not support granting this petition because, again, there 
is no factual breach. Additionally, given the circumstances here, a 
hearing is not necessary to evaluate the alleged problem. Therefore, 
NHTSA has decided a hearing should not be held.

4.0 Conclusion

    The Petitioner alleges facts that understandably have caused 
frustration surrounding the repair and operation of her vehicle covered 
by NHTSA Recall No. 14V-284. However, the issues raised in the petition 
do not warrant a public hearing because the remedy Ford provided 
addresses the safety risk posed by loss of power steering assist. That 
safety risk arises from the unexpected change in steering effort the 
driver may experience while driving. Since Ford's remedy resolves the 
safety risk over which NHTSA has legal authority, NHTSA has decided not 
to hold a hearing on whether Ford has reasonably met the remedy 
requirements of the Safety Act.
    For the reasons set forth above, NHTSA hereby denies Defect 
Petition DP15-001.

    Authority:  49 U.S.C. 30120(e); 49 CFR part 557; delegations of 
authority at 49 CFR 1.95 and 501.8.

Jeffrey M. Giuseppe,
Associate Administrator for Enforcement.
[FR Doc. 2018-13307 Filed 6-20-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4910-59-P


