
[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 29 (Tuesday, February 12, 2019)]
[Notices]
[Pages 3544-3548]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-01920]


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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

[Docket No. NHTSA-2017-0021; Notice 2]


Gillig, LLC, Denial of Petition for Decision of Inconsequential 
Noncompliance

AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 
Department of Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Denial of petition.

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SUMMARY: Gillig LLC (Gillig) has determined that certain model year 
(MY) 1997-2016 Gillig Low Floor buses do not fully comply with Federal 
Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 108, Lamps, Reflective 
Devices, and Associated Equipment. Gillig filed a noncompliance report 
dated February 24, 2017. Gillig also petitioned NHTSA on March 24, 
2017, and supplemented its petition on May 10, 2017, for a decision 
that the subject noncompliance is inconsequential as it relates to 
motor vehicle safety.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 
    Leroy Angeles, Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance, NHTSA, 
telephone (202) 366-5304, facsimile (202) 366-3081.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Overview

    Gillig LLC (Gillig) has determined that certain model year (MY) 
1997-2016 Gillig Low Floor buses do not fully comply with paragraph 
S7.1.1.13.1 of FMVSS No. 108, Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated 
Equipment (49 CFR 571.108). Gillig filed a noncompliance report dated 
February 24, 2017, pursuant to 49 CFR part 573, Defect and 
Noncompliance Responsibility and Reports. As stated in the 
noncompliance report, turn signal lights that do not meet the 
requirements of the standard may not be sufficiently visible to other 
drivers or pedestrians, potentially increasing the risk of a crash. 
Gillig also petitioned NHTSA on March 24, 2017, and supplemented its 
petition on May 10, 2017, for an exemption from the notification and 
remedy requirements of 49 U.S.C. Chapter 301 on the basis that this 
noncompliance is inconsequential as it relates to motor vehicle safety, 
pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 30118(d) and 30120(h) and 49 CFR part 556.
    Notice of receipt of the petition was published with a 30-day 
public comment period, on October 4, 2017, in the Federal Register (82 
FR 46346). No comments were received.

II. Buses Involved

    Approximately 17,138 MY 1997-2016 Gillig Low Floor buses, 
manufactured between December 31, 1997, and February 3, 2017, are 
potentially involved.

III. Noncompliance

    Gillig stated that it installed six different generations of turn 
signal assemblies in the subject buses; however, after receiving two 
complaints that their Generation 7 turn signal assemblies were not 
sufficiently visible, Gillig and the turn signal manufacturer went back 
and tested the previous generations to see if they met the requirements 
of FMVSS No. 108. Test

[[Page 3545]]

results for generations 1 through 6 of the turn signal assemblies 
showed that they do not meet all the minimum photometry requirements of 
paragraph S7.1.1.13.1 of FMVSS No. 108.

IV. Rule Text

    Paragraph S7.1.1.13.1 of FMVSS No. 108 includes the requirements 
relevant to this petition:

     When tested according to the procedure of S14.2.1, each 
front turn signal lamp must be designed to conform to the base 
photometry requirements plus any applicable multipliers as shown in 
Tables VI-a and VI-b for the number of lamp compartments or 
individual lamps and the type of vehicle it is installed on.

V. Summary of Gillig's Petition

    Gillig described the subject noncompliance and stated its belief 
that the noncompliance is inconsequential as it relates to motor 
vehicle safety.
    In support of its petition, Gillig submitted the following 
arguments:
    1. Analysis: For front turn signals, the FMVSS No. 108 photometry 
requirements provide that ``when tested according to the procedure of 
S14.2.1, each front turn signal lamp must be designed to conform to the 
base photometry requirements plus any applicable multipliers \1\ for 
the number of lamp compartments or individual lamps and the type of 
vehicle it is installed on.'' See FMVSS No. 108, S7.1.1.13.1.
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    \1\ All of the designs of the turn signal assemblies employ a 
reflector. Since the spacing from the geometric centroid of the turn 
signal to the lighted edge of the lower beam of the headlamp is 
greater than 100 mm, a multiplier is not applicable. (FMVSS No. 108, 
S7.1.1.10.3, S7.1.1.10.4(a)).
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    A front turn signal lamp meets the photometry requirements of FMVSS 
No. 108 if it: (1) Meets the minimum photometric intensity (PI) 
requirement in each of the five test groups, (2) none of the values for 
the individual test points are less than 60% of its own minimum PI 
value, and (3) the minimum PI value between test points is not less 
than the lower specified minimum value of the two closest adjacent test 
points on a horizontal or vertical line. Stated another way, an 
individual test point may be up to 40% below its minimum PI value as 
long as the group in which it is contained achieves the overall group 
minimum PI value. Based on this approach, even if the turn signal did 
not meet the minimum photometry requirements at multiple individual 
test points, the assembly complies with the standard as long as the 
overall light intensity of all the test points included within the 
group does not fall below the required minimum value of the group. (See 
61 FR 1663; January 23, 1996) (``The photometric requirements for turn 
signal lamps may be met at zones or groups of test points, instead of 
at individual test points.'')
    Gillig, in concert with Hamsar Diversco (Hamsar), its lighting 
supplier, conducted a series of compliance testing for Generations 1 to 
6. In order to accurately execute the tests, Hamsar used CAD drawings 
of the Gillig Low Floor bus to construct an aluminum test stand 
fixture. The test stand precisely matched the orientation and angle at 
which the turn signal would have been installed on a Gillig Low Floor 
bus. Hamsar then conducted a series of tests measuring the PI output 
using samples of each of the available generations of turn signals. A 
summary of test data shows:
    (a) For Generations 1 and 2 (the oldest generations), the 
assemblies meet the minimum photometric intensity (PI) requirements for 
3 of 5 test groups and allowable 60% of minimum PI at 13 of 19 
individual test points. The turn signal's overall PI output of 1271 
candelas is approximately 25% below the combined minimum requirements 
for all 5 groups (1710 candelas).
    (b) For turn signals in Generation 3, the assemblies meet the 
minimum PI requirements for 3 of 5 test groups and allowable 60% of 
minimum PI at 13 of 19 individual test points. However, the overall PI 
output for Generation 3 turn signals of 2506 candelas is 47% greater 
than the combined minimum requirements for all 5 groups (1710 
candelas).\2\
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    \2\ In addition, the integrated side markers for Generation 3 
turn signals were tested and meet all photometric requirements.
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    (c) For turn signals in Generation 4, the assemblies meet the 
minimum PI requirements for 3 of 5 test groups and allowable 60% of 
minimum PI at 15 of 19 individual test points. However, the overall PI 
output for Generation 4 turn signals of 2120 candelas is 24% greater 
than the combined minimum requirements for all 5 groups (1710 
candelas).
    (d) For turn signals in Generation 5, the assemblies meet the 
minimum PI requirements for 2 of 5 test groups and allowable 60% of 
minimum PI at 8 of 19 individual test points. However, the overall PI 
output for Generation 5 turn signals of 1403 candelas is only 18% below 
the combined minimum requirements for all 5 groups (1710 candelas).
    (e) For turn signal assemblies in Generation 6, the assemblies also 
meet the minimum photometric intensity for 3 of 5 test groups and 
allowable 60% of minimum photometric intensity at 12 of 19 individual 
test points. The overall photometric intensity output for Generation 6 
turn signals of 4201 candelas is 146% greater than the combined minimum 
requirements for all 5 groups (1710 candelas).
    Gillig states that for the test groups in each generation that meet 
the PI requirements, the values for those groups well exceed the 
minimum values for the group. The PI output for groups exceeding the 
minimum values in Generations 1 and 2 achieve 119%-242% of minimum 
values. The PI output for Generation 3 turn signals achieve 105%-575% 
of minimum values. The PI output for Generation 4 turn signals achieve 
109%-386% of minimum values. The PI output for Generation 5 turn 
signals achieve 224%-267% of minimum values. Finally, the PI output for 
Generation 6 turn signals achieve 114%-1022% of minimum values.
    Gillig further contends that the turn signals are sufficiently 
bright and visible overall and there is little if any perceptible 
difference in light output when compared with a compliant turn signal. 
The comparisons also illustrate how visually similar the performance of 
the earlier generations of the assemblies are to the FMVSS No. 108 
standard, and why their noncompliance garnered no attention, by Gillig 
or its customers, in over twenty years of production.
    2. NHTSA has Previously Granted Petitions Where Lighting Equipment 
Did Not Meet the Photometry Requirements: Gillig contends that from its 
inception, the Safety Act has included a provision recognizing that 
some noncompliances pose little or no safety risk. In applying this 
recognition to particular fact situations, Gillig asserts that the 
agency considers whether the noncompliance gives rise to ``a 
significantly greater risk than . . . in a compliant vehicle.'' See 69 
FR 19897-19900 (April 14, 2000).
    Relying on this same principle, Gillig contends that despite the 
technical noncompliance with the PI requirements, the light output in 
Generation 1-6 turn signals is sufficiently bright and does not create 
a greater risk than turn signal assemblies that fully meet the 
photometric parameters. Gillig states that NHTSA has considered 
deviations from these photometric parameters on numerous occasions, 
frequently finding that there is no need for a recall remedy campaign 
when there are other factors contributing to the overall brightness of 
the equipment.

[[Page 3546]]

    For example, the agency granted a petition by General Motors \3\ 
where its turn signals met the photometry requirements in 3 of 4 test 
groups and produced, on average, 90% of the required PI output. For the 
three complying groups of turn signals, the assemblies exceeded the 
light intensity requirements by at least 20%.
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    \3\ 61 FR 1663-1664 (January 22, 1996).
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    Gillig further states that the agency granted similar petitions for 
inconsequential noncompliance where the product did not meet the 
photometric intensity requirements.\4\
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    \4\ 78 FR 46000 (July 30, 2013); 55 FR 37602 (September 12, 
1990); 61 FR 1663 (January 22, 1996).
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    Here, Gillig asserts that because the PI output of the compliant 
test groups within Generations 3, 4 and 6 exceeds the candela 
requirements by a substantial margin, a range of 24%-146% above, the 
additional candela offsets the overall performance of the turn 
signals.\5\
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    \5\ 63 FR 70179 (December 18, 1998); 61 FR 1663-1664 (January 
22, 1996).
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    Gillig observes that in some instances, involving reduced 
photometric output, NHTSA has denied the petition on the basis that the 
condition created a measurable impact on the driver's ability to see 
objects on or above the road.\6\ In contrast, according to Gillig, the 
only indication of such an impact involves the Generation 7 assemblies 
for which Gillig is in the process of conducting a recall remedy 
campaign. Gillig states that there is no indication that the deviation 
in performance for Generations 1-6 has led to any difficulty in seeing 
and responding to the turn signals, and as supported by the field 
history, the turn signal assemblies have operated successfully for 
years and in some cases decades.
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    \6\ 66 FR 38340 (July 23, 2001).
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    Gillig states that the agency has long considered changes in light 
output in the range presented here as being visually imperceptible to 
vehicle occupants or other drivers.\7\ Gillig also states that the 
agency has noted that turn signals, unlike headlamps, do not affect 
road illumination so that a reduced amount of light output would not, 
by itself, create an increased risk to the public.\8\
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    \7\ 59 FR 65428 (December 19, 1994).
    \8\ 66 FR 38341 (July 23, 2001).
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    Finally, according to Gillig, the environment in which the Gillig 
turn signals are used diminishes any potential risk to safety. Gillig 
explains that because the buses in which the subject turn signals are 
installed are predominantly public transit buses, they are managed by 
fleet operators and undergo regular maintenance and reviews by skilled 
technicians.\9\ Part of that process includes a pre-trip inspection. 
That protocol requires a review of the bus's operating systems, 
including a review of the turn signals. Consequently, according to 
Gillig, if the photometric intensity of the Generations 1-6 lights were 
inadequate, trained professional service personnel and drivers would 
have identified this over the years, and in some cases, decades of pre-
trip inspections.\10\ Gillig states it has never received a complaint, 
notice or report related to visibility concerns with the Generation 1-6 
turn signals, underscoring the overall visibility of the turn signals.
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    \9\ According to Gillig, the typical life cycle for a public 
transit bus is either 12 years or 500,000 miles, meaning that the 
majority of the vehicles with Generation 1-6 turn signals may no 
longer be in service. However, arguments that only a small number of 
vehicles or items of motor vehicle equipment are affected by a 
noncompliance do not justify granting an inconsequentiality 
petition.
    \10\ 64 FR 44575 (August 16, 1999).
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    Gillig concludes by stating that the subject noncompliance is 
inconsequential as it relates to motor vehicle safety, and that its 
petition to be exempted from providing notification of the 
noncompliance, as required by 49 U.S.C. 30118, and a remedy for the 
noncompliance, as required by 49 U.S.C. 30120, should be granted.
    3. Supplemental Petition: In April 2017, and as part of its ongoing 
quality review process, Gillig contracted with an independent lighting 
certification laboratory (Calcoast-ITL) to conduct a series of 
additional compliance tests for the turn signals included in 
Generations 1-6. In order to accurately execute the testing, CAD 
drawings of the front of the Gillig Low Floor bus were used to 
construct an aluminum test stand fixture. The test stand precisely 
matched the orientation and angles at which the right and left front 
turn signals would have been installed on the bus. The laboratory then 
conducted a series of tests measuring the PI output using samples of 
each of the available generations of turn signals. The testing was 
certified to have been conducted in accordance with the FMVSS 108 Test 
Procedure (TP-108-13). A summary of the test data provides:
    (a) For Generations 1 and 2 (the oldest generations), the 
assemblies meet the minimum photometric intensity (PI) requirements for 
3 of 5 test groups and allowable 60% of minimum PI at 13 of 19 
individual test points. The turn signal's overall PI output of 1364 
candelas is approximately 20% below the combined minimum requirements 
for all 5 groups (1710 candelas).
    (b) For turn signals in Generation 3, the assemblies meet the 
minimum PI requirements for 3 of 5 test groups and allowable 60% of 
minimum PI at 15 of 19 individual test points. However, the overall PI 
output for Generation 3 turn signals of 2387 candelas is 40% greater 
than the combined minimum requirements for all 5 groups (1710 
candelas).\11\
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    \11\ In addition, the integrated side markers for Generation 3 
turn signals were tested and meet all photometric requirements.
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    (c) For turn signals in Generation 4, the assemblies meet the 
minimum PI requirements for 4 of 5 test groups and allowable 60% of 
minimum PI at 15 of 19 individual test points. However, the overall PI 
output for Generation 4 turn signals of 3307 candelas is 93% greater 
than the combined minimum requirements for all 5 groups (1710 
candelas).
    (d) For turn signals in Generation 5, the assemblies meet the 
minimum PI requirements for 2 of 5 test groups and allowable 60% of 
minimum PI at 12 of 19 individual test points. However, the overall PI 
output for Generation 5 turn signals of 2385 candelas is only 39% below 
the combined minimum requirements for all 5 groups (1710 candelas).
    (e) For turn signal assemblies in Generation 6, the assemblies also 
meet the minimum photometric intensity for 4 of 5 test groups and 
allowable 60% of minimum photometric intensity at 17 of 19 individual 
test points. The overall photometric intensity output for Generation 6 
turn signals of 5655 candelas is 231% greater than the combined minimum 
requirements for all 5 groups (1710 candelas).
    Thus, the new PI output for groups that exceed the minimum values 
are:
     Generations 1 and 2 achieve 122%-267% of minimum values.
     Generation 3 achieves 192%-428% of minimum values.
     Generation 4 achieves 125%-598% of minimum values.
     Generation 5 achieves 367%-445% of minimum values.
     Generation 6 achieves 143%-1185% of minimum values.
    As a result, according to Gillig, the groups that exceed the 
minimum values in each lamp compensate for the groups that are below 
the minimums to the extent that the overall PI outputs of the most 
recent four generation of lights (Generations 3-6) significantly exceed 
the overall PI output required for a front turn signal lamp (1710 
candelas).
    As part of Gillig's supplemental petition, it included a video 
which shows a side-by-side comparison of

[[Page 3547]]

Generation 1-6 turn signal assemblies with a newer generation of turn 
signal that exceeds all FMVSS No. 108 minimum requirements for 
photometry. Gillig says that the comparisons were performed with the 
lights in their various generations installed on the same bus as it was 
driven through a turning maneuver (filmed indoors to control ambient 
lighting throughout the comparisons). Gillig believes that it is 
evident from the multiple angles in the video that the lights from 
Generation 1-6 are so bright and large that they are virtually 
indistinguishable from the newer version.
    Gillig's complete petition and all supporting documents are 
available by logging onto the Federal Docket Management System (FDMS) 
website at: https://www.regulations.gov and following the online search 
instructions to locate the docket number listed in the heading of this 
notice.

VI. NHTSA Analysis

    As part of Gillig's petition, Gillig submitted third-party 
compliance test reports which indicated that the turn signal lamps 
failed to meet the turn signal lamp photometry requirements in Table VI 
of FMVSS No. 108 as outlined below:
     Generation 1 and 2 turn signal lamps--
    [cir] Two out of the five groups failed to meet the group minimum 
photometric intensity.
    [cir] Six out of the nineteen test points fell below 60% of the 
minimum requirement (the values ranged from 32% to 49% of the minimum 
requirement).
     Generation 3 turn signal lamps--
    [cir] Two out of the five groups failed to meet the group minimum 
photometric intensity.
    [cir] Four out of the nineteen test points fell below 60% of the 
minimum requirement (the values ranged from 40% to 53% of the minimum 
requirement).
     Generation 4 turn signal lamps--
    [cir] Two out of the five groups failed to meet the group minimum 
photometric intensity.
    [cir] Four out of the nineteen test points fell below 60% of the 
minimum requirement (the values ranged from 41% to 50% of the minimum 
requirement).
     Generation 5 turn signal lamps--
    [cir] Three out of the five groups failed to meet the group minimum 
photometric intensity.
    [cir] Seven out of the nineteen test points fell below 60% of the 
minimum requirement (the values ranged from 14% to 55% of the minimum 
requirement).
     Generation 6 turn signal lamps--
    [cir] Two out of the five groups failed to meet the minimum 
photometric intensity.
    [cir] Two out of the nineteen test points fell below 60% of the 
minimum requirement (the values ranged from 30% to 50% of the minimum 
requirement).
    The above summary indicates that the turn signal lamps in these 
vehicles are noncompliant.
    According to Gillig, the assemblies were certified as compliant 
using an axis of reference that did not correspond to the actual 
orientation of the lighting as installed on the bus. Gillig's petition 
concerns the ability of the lamps to meet FMVSS No. 108 for certain 
test points when tested at their final installation angle.
    NHTSA does not find Gillig's arguments persuasive that the 
noncompliant light output from the installed lamps is inconsequential 
to safety, as explained below:
    Consistent with what was previously stated in 63 FR 1663 (January 
23, 1996), NHTSA herein reiterates that the photometric requirements 
for turn signal lamps may be met at zones or groups of test points, 
instead of at individual test points as long as each individual test 
point is at least 60% of the minimum requirement. However, Gillig 
attempted to justify the noncompliance by pointing to the sum of all 
group minimums. Overall photometric intensity output, as described in 
Gillig's petition, is not defined by FMVSS No. 108 as the cumulative 
value of group minimums. Rather, FMVSS No. 108 per Table VI-a footnote 
1 permits a test point in a group to be less than the minimum required 
value, if and only if it is also not less than 60% of the minimum and 
the group minimum can be still met when adjacent test points within the 
group make up the difference. A group failing to meet the group minimum 
requirements is a noncompliance. In addition, it should also be noted 
that if a test point in a group has a value that is less than 60% of 
the minimum required value, then it is also non-compliant. The lamps as 
installed in Gillig's buses do not meet minimums and therefore will 
provide insufficient output to signal appropriately to motorists and 
pedestrians. The need for safety for this requirement is to have a 
vehicle's turn signal be clearly visible at all zones/groups.
    Furthermore, based on NHTSA's review of the submitted test reports, 
it appears that the turn signal lamps subject to the petition were not 
tested for visibility in their installed position. Having insufficient 
visibility would create a potentially unsafe condition if other 
motorists or pedestrians could not see the turn signal as intended by 
the standard.
    NHTSA reviewed Gillig's referenced inconsequential non-compliance 
petitions used to support its petition and found them to be 
unpersuasive. 61 FR 1663-1664 (January 22, 1996) showed failed 
photometric values of 10% below the minimum and 78 FR 46000 (July 30, 
2013) showed photometric values of 4% below the lower limit, both of 
which are supported by 55 FR 37602 (September 12, 1990) and ``Driver 
Perception of Just Noticeable Differences of Automotive Signal Lamp 
Intensities'' (DOT HS 808 209, September 1994) where a reduction of 25% 
of luminous intensity is required before the human eye can detect the 
difference between two lamps. 55 FR 37602 (September 12, 1990) and 
``Driver Perception of Just Noticeable Differences of Automotive Signal 
Lamp Intensities'' (DOT HS 808 209, September 1994) does not apply to 
Gillig's petition since each generation contained a failing group 
ranging from 41% to 77% below the required group minimum. 63 FR 70179 
(December 18, 1998) is unpersuasive as this pertains to stop lamps 
which have different activation requirements than turn signal lamps and 
more than one light source will always be illuminated, as opposed to 
turn signal lamps. 66 FR 38341 (July 23, 2001) is irrelevant because 
the term ``less critical'' does not necessarily mean it does not impact 
safety. 64 FR 44575 (August 16, 1999) is irrelevant because replacement 
of a turn signal bulb will restore optimal performance to the turn 
signal assembly and a more rigorous maintenance schedule is intended to 
compensate for an improper turn signal bulb outage indicator.

VII. NHTSA's Decision

    In consideration of the foregoing, NHTSA finds that Gillig has not 
met its burden of persuasion that the FMVSS No. 108 noncompliance is 
inconsequential as it relates to motor vehicle safety. Accordingly, 
Gillig's petition is hereby denied and Gillig is obligated to provide 
notification of, and a remedy for, that noncompliance under 49 U.S.C. 
30118 through 30120.


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    Authority: (49 U.S.C. 30118, 30120: delegations of authority at 
49 CFR 1.95 and 501.8)

Jeffrey Mark Giuseppe,
Associate Administrator for Enforcement.
[FR Doc. 2019-01920 Filed 2-11-19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-59-P


