
[Federal Register: May 2, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 86)]
[Proposed Rules]               
[Page 24190-24210]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr02my08-27]                         

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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

49 CFR Parts 531 and 533

[Docket No. NHTSA-2008-0069]

 
Passenger Car Average Fuel Economy Standards--Model Years 2008-
2020 and Light Truck Average Fuel Economy Standards--Model Years 2008-
2020; Request for Product Plan Information

AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 
Department of Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Request for comments.

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SUMMARY: The purpose of this request for comments is to acquire new and 
updated information regarding vehicle manufacturers' future product 
plans to assist the agency in analyzing the proposed passenger car and 
light truck corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards as required 
by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the Energy 
Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, Pub. L. 110-140. This 
proposal is discussed in a companion notice published today.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before July 1, 2008.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments [identified by Docket No. NHTSA-
2008-0069] by any of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to http://
www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting 
comments.
     Mail: Docket Management Facility: U.S. Department of 
Transportation, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., West Building Ground 
Floor, Room W12-140, Washington, DC 20590.
     Hand Delivery or Courier: West Building Ground Floor, Room 
W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. ET, 
Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. Telephone: 1-800-647-
5527.
     Fax: 202-493-2251.
    Instructions: All submissions must include the agency name and 
docket number for this proposed collection of information. Note that 
all comments received will be posted without change to http://
www.regulations.gov, including any personal information provided. 
Please see the Privacy Act heading below.
    Privacy Act: Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all 
comments received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual 
submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf 
of an association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's 
complete Privacy Act Statement in the Federal Register published on 
April 11, 2000 (65 FR 19477-78) or you may visit http://www.dot.gov/
privacy.html.
    Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or 
comments received, go to http://www.regulations.gov and follow the 
online instructions, or visit the Docket Management Facility at the 
street address listed above.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For non-legal issues, call Ken Katz, 
Lead Engineer, Fuel Economy Division, Office of International Policy, 
Fuel Economy and Consumer Programs, at (202) 366-0846, facsimile (202) 
493-2290, electronic mail ken.katz@dot.gov. For legal issues, call 
Rebecca Schade, Office of the Chief Counsel, at (202) 366-2992.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Introduction

    In December 1975, during the aftermath of the energy crisis created 
by the oil embargo of 1973-74, Congress enacted the Energy Policy and 
Conservation Act (EPCA). The Act established an automotive fuel economy 
regulatory program by adding Title V, ``Improving Automotive 
Efficiency,'' to the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Saving Act. 
Title V has been amended from time to time and codified without 
substantive change as Chapter 329 of Title 49 of the United States 
Code. Chapter 329 provides for the issuance of average fuel economy 
standards for passenger automobiles (passenger cars) and automobiles 
that are not passenger automobiles (light trucks).
    Section 32902(a) of Chapter 329 states that the Secretary of 
Transportation shall prescribe by regulation corporate average fuel 
economy (CAFE) standards for passenger cars for each model year. That 
section also states that ``[e]ach standard shall be the maximum 
feasible average fuel economy level that the Secretary decides the 
manufacturers can achieve in that model year.'' The Secretary has 
delegated the authority to implement the automotive fuel economy 
program to the Administrator of NHTSA. 49 CFR 1.50(f). Section 32902(f) 
provides that, in determining the maximum feasible average fuel economy 
level, we shall consider four criteria: Technological feasibility, 
economic practicability, the effect of other motor vehicle standards of 
the Government on fuel economy, and the need of the United States to 
conserve energy.
    Congress enacted the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 
(EISA) on December 18, 2007, which further amends Chapter 329 of Title 
49. EISA made a number of important changes to EPCA, including:
     Replacing the old statutory default standard of 27.5 mpg 
for passenger automobiles with a mandate to establish passenger 
automobile and light truck standards, beginning with model year (MY) 
2011, set sufficiently high to ensure that the average fuel economy of 
the combined industry wide fleet of all new passenger automobiles and 
light trucks sold in the United States during MY 2020 is at least 35 
mpg.
     Limiting to five the number of years for which standards 
can be established in a single rulemaking.
     Mandating the reforming of CAFE standards for passenger 
cars by requiring that all CAFE standards be based on one or more 
vehicle attributes,

[[Page 24191]]

thus ensuring that the improvements in fuel economy do not come at the 
expense of safety.
     Requiring that for each model year, beginning with MY 
2011, the domestic passenger cars of each manufacturer of those cars 
must achieve a measured average fuel economy that is not less than 92 
percent of the average fuel economy of the combined fleet of domestic 
and non-domestic passenger cars sold in the United States in that model 
year.
     Providing greater flexibility for automobile manufacturers 
by (a) increasing from three to five the number of years that a 
manufacturer can carry forward the compliance credits it earns for 
exceeding CAFE standards, (b) allowing a manufacturer to transfer the 
credits it has earned from one class of automobiles to another, and (c) 
authorizing the trading of credits between manufacturers.
    To assist the agency in analyzing the proposed CAFE standards, 
NHTSA has included a number of questions, found in an appendix to this 
notice, directed primarily toward vehicle manufacturers. In a companion 
document, which is being published today in the Federal Register, NHTSA 
is proposing passenger car and light truck average fuel economy 
standards for MYs 2011-2015. To facilitate our analysis, we are seeking 
detailed comments relative to the requests found in the appendices of 
this document. The appendices request information from manufacturers 
regarding their product plans--including data about engines and 
transmissions--from MY 2008 through MY 2020 for passenger cars and 
light trucks and the assumptions underlying those plans. Regarding 
light trucks, the agency is asking manufacturers to update the 
information it provided previously regarding MYs 2008 through 2011 
product plans and to provide information regarding future product plans 
for MYs 2012 to 2020. The appendices also ask manufacturers to assist 
the agency with its estimates of the future vehicle population and the 
fuel economy improvement attributed to technologies.
    To facilitate comments and to ensure the conformity of data 
received regarding manufacturers' product plans from MY 2008 through MY 
2020, NHTSA has developed spreadsheet templates for manufacturers' use. 
The uniformity provided by these spreadsheets is intended to aid and 
expedite our review, integration, and analysis of the information 
provided. These templates are the preferred format for data submittal, 
and can be found on the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 
(Volpe Center) Web site at: ftp://ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/
templates/ or can be requested from Ken Katz at ken.katz@dot.gov. The 
templates include an automated tool (i.e., a macro) that performs some 
auditing to identify missing or potentially erroneous entries. The 
appendices also include sample tables that manufacturers may refer to 
when submitting their data to the agency.

II. Submission of Comments

How Do I Prepare and Submit Comments?

    Comments should be submitted using the spreadsheet template 
described above. Please include the docket number of this document in 
your comments. Please submit two copies of your comments, including the 
attachments, to Docket Management at the address given above under 
ADDRESSES. Comments may also be submitted to the docket electronically 
by logging onto http://www.regulations.gov. Click on ``How to Use This 
Site'' and then ``User Tips'' to obtain instructions for filing the 
document electronically.

How Can I Be Sure That my Comments Were Received?

    If you wish Docket Management to notify you upon its receipt of 
your comments, enclose a self-addressed, stamped postcard in the 
envelope containing your comments. Upon receiving your comments, Docket 
Management will return the postcard by mail.

How Do I Submit Confidential Business Information?

    If you wish to submit any information under a claim of 
confidentiality, you should submit three copies of your complete 
submission, including the information you claim to be confidential 
business information, to the Chief Counsel, NHTSA, at the address given 
above under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. In addition, you should 
submit two copies, from which you have deleted the claimed confidential 
business information, to Docket Management at the address given above 
under ADDRESSES. When you send a comment containing information claimed 
to be confidential business information, you should include a cover 
letter setting forth the information specified in our confidential 
business information regulation. (49 CFR part 512.)

Will the Agency Consider Late Comments?

    We will consider all comments that Docket Management receives 
before the close of business on the comment closing date indicated 
above under DATES. Due to the timeframe of the upcoming rulemaking, we 
will be very limited in our ability to consider comments filed after 
the comment closing date. If Docket Management receives a comment too 
late for us to consider it in developing a final rule, we will consider 
that comment as an informal suggestion for future rulemaking action.

How Can I Read the Comments Submitted by Other People?

    You may read the comments received by Docket Management at the 
address given above under ADDRESSES. The hours of the Docket are 
indicated above in the same location. You may also see the comments on 
the Internet. To read the comments on the Internet, take the following 
steps:
    (1) Go to http://www.regulations.gov.
    (2) On that page, in the field marked ``search,'' type in the 
docket number provided at the top of this document.
    (3) The next page will contain results for that docket number; it 
may help you to sort by ``Date Posted: Oldest to Recent.''
    (4) On the results page, click on the desired comments. You may 
download the comments. However, since the comments are imaged 
documents, instead of word processing documents, the downloaded 
comments may not be word searchable.

Please note that even after the comment closing date, we will continue 
to file relevant information in the Docket as it becomes available. 
Accordingly, we recommend that you periodically check the Docket for 
new material.
    Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all comments 
received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual 
submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf 
of an association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's 
complete Privacy Act Statement in the Federal Register published on 
April 11, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 70; Pages 19477-78) or you may visit 
http://www.dot.gov/privacy.html.

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 2007; delegation of authority at 49 CFR 
1.50.


[[Page 24192]]


    Issued on: April 22, 2008.
Stephen R. Kratzke,
Associate Administrator for Rulemaking.

Appendix A

I. Definitions

    As used in these appendices--
    1. ``Automobile,'' ``fuel economy,'' ``manufacturer,'' and 
``model year,'' have the meaning given them in Section 32901 of 
Chapter 329 of Title 49 of the United States Code, 49 U.S.C. 32901.
    2. ``Cargo-carrying volume,'' ``gross vehicle weight rating'' 
(GVWR), and ``passenger-carrying volume'' are used as defined in 49 
CFR 523.2.
    3. ``Basic engine'' has the meaning given in 40 CFR 600.002-
93(a)(21). When identifying a basic engine, respondent should 
provide the following information:
    (i) Engine displacement (in liters). If the engine has variable 
displacement (i.e., cylinder deactivation) the respondent should 
provide both the minimum and maximum engine displacement.
    (ii) Number of cylinders or rotors.
    (iii) Number of valves per cylinder.
    (iv) Cylinder configuration (V, in-line, etc.).
    (v) Other engine characteristics, abbreviated as follows:

A--Atkinson cycle
AM--Atkinson/Miller cycle
D--Diesel cycle
M--Miller cycle
O--Otto cycle
OA--Otto/Atkinson cycle
V--V-shaped
I--Inline
R--Rotary
DI--Direct injection
IDI--Indirect injection
MPFI--Multipoint fuel injection
PFI--Port fuel injection
SEFI--Sequential electronic fuel injection
SIDI--Stoichiometric spark ignition direct injection
TBI--Throttle body fuel injection
NA--Naturally aspirated
T--Turbocharged
S--Supercharged
FFS--Feedback fuel system
2S--Two-stroke engines
C--Camless
OHV--Overhead valve
SOHC--Single overhead camshaft
DOHC--Dual overhead camshafts
VVT--Variable valve timing
ICP--Intake cam phasing
CCP--Coupled cam phasing
DCP--Dual cam phasing
VVLT--Variable valve lift and timing
VVLTD--Discrete variable valve lift and timing
VVLTC--Coupled variable valve lift and timing
VCT--Variable cam timing
CYDA--Cylinder deactivation
IVT--Intake valve throttling
CVA--Camless valve actuation
VCR--Variable compression ratio
LBFB--lean burn-fast burn combustion
E--Exhaust continuous phasing
EIE--Equal continuous intake and exhaust phasing
IIE--Independent continuous intake and exhaust
CV--Continuously variable valve lift
F--Fixed valve lift
SVI--Stepped variable intake with 2 or more fixed profiles

    4. ``Domestically manufactured'' is used as defined in Section 
32904(b)(2) of Chapter 329, 49 U.S.C. 32904(b)(2).
    5. ``Footprint'' means the product of average track width 
(measured in inches and rounded to the nearest tenth of an inch) 
times wheelbase (measured in inches and rounded to the nearest tenth 
of an inch) divided by 144 and then rounded to the nearest tenth of 
a square foot.
    6. ``Passenger car'' means an automobile of the type described 
in 49 CFR Part 523.3 and 523.4.
    7. ``Light truck'' means an automobile of the type described in 
49 CFR Part 523.3 and 523.5.
    8. A ``model'' of passenger car is a line, such as the Chevrolet 
Impala, Ford Fusion, Honda Accord, etc., which exists within a 
manufacturer's fleet.
    9. ``Model Type'' is used as defined in 40 CFR 600.002-
93(a)(19).
    10. ``Percent fuel economy improvements'' means that percentage 
which corresponds to the amount by which respondent could improve 
the fuel economy of vehicles in a given model or class through the 
application of a specified technology, averaged over all vehicles of 
that model or in that class which feasibly could use the technology. 
Projections of percent fuel economy improvement should be based on 
the assumption of maximum efforts by respondent to achieve the 
highest possible fuel economy increase through the application of 
the technology. The baseline for determination of percent fuel 
economy improvement is the level of technology and vehicle 
performance with respect to acceleration and gradeability for 
respondent's 2008 model year passenger cars or light trucks in the 
equivalent class.
    11. ``Percent production implementation rate'' means that 
percentage which corresponds to the maximum number of passenger cars 
or light trucks of a specified class, which could feasibly employ a 
given type of technology if respondent made maximum efforts to apply 
the technology by a specified model year.
    12. ``Production percentage'' means the percent of respondent's 
passenger cars or light trucks of a specified model projected to be 
manufactured in a specified model year.
    13. ``Project'' or ``projection'' refers to the best estimates 
made by respondent, whether or not based on less than certain 
information.
    14. ``Redesign'' means any change, or combination of changes, 
including powertrain changes, to a vehicle that would change its 
weight by 50 pounds or more or change its frontal area or 
aerodynamic drag coefficient by 2 percent or more.
    15. ``Refresh'' means any change, or combination of changes, 
including powertrain changes, to a vehicle that would change its 
weight by less than 50 pounds and would not change its frontal area 
or aerodynamic drag coefficient.
    16. ``Relating to'' means constituting, defining, containing, 
explaining, embodying, reflecting, identifying, stating, referring 
to, dealing with, or in any way pertaining to.
    17. ``Respondent'' means each manufacturer (including all its 
divisions) providing answers to the questions set forth in this 
appendix, and its officers, employees, agents or servants.
    18. ``Test Weight'' is used as defined in 40 CFR 86.082-2.
    19. ``Track Width'' means the lateral distance between the 
centerlines of the base tires at ground, including the camber angle.
    20. ``Transmission class'' is used as defined in 40 CFR 600.002-
93(a)(22). When identifying a transmission class, respondent also 
must indicate whether the type of transmission is equipped with a 
lockup torque converter (LUTC), a split torque converter (STC), and/
or a wide gear ratio range (WR) and specify the number of forward 
gears or whether the transmission is a continuously variable design 
(CVT). If the transmission is of a hybrid type, that should also be 
indicated. Other descriptive information may also be added, as 
needed.
    21. ``Truckline'' means the name assigned by the Environmental 
Protection Agency to a different group of vehicles within a make or 
car division in accordance with that agency's 2001 model year 
pickup, van (cargo vans and passenger vans are considered separate 
truck lines), and special purpose vehicle criteria.
    22. ``Variants of existing engines'' means versions of an 
existing basic engine that differ from that engine in terms of 
displacement, method of aspiration, induction system or that weigh 
at least 25 pounds more or less than that engine.
    23. ``Wheelbase'' means the longitudinal distance between front 
and rear wheel centerlines.

II. Assumptions

    All assumptions concerning emission standards, damageability 
regulations, safety standards, etc., should be listed and described 
in detail by the respondent.

III. Specifications--Passenger Car Data

    Go to ftp://ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/templates/ for 
spreadsheet templates.
    1. Identify all passenger car models currently offered for sale 
in MY 2008 whose production you project discontinuing before MY 2010 
and identify the last model year in which each will be offered.
    2. Identify all basic engines offered by respondent in MY 2008 
passenger cars which respondent projects it will cease to offer for 
sale in passenger cars before MY 2010, and identify the last model 
year in which each will be offered.
    3. For each model year 2008-2020, list all projected car lines 
and provide the information specified below for each model type. 
Model types that are essentially identical except for their 
nameplates (e.g., Ford Fusion/Mercury Milan) may be combined into 
one item. Engines having the same displacement but belonging to 
different engine families are to be grouped separately. Within the 
fleet, the vehicles are to be sorted first by car line, second by 
basic engine, and third by transmission type. For each model type, a 
specific indexed engine and transmission are to be identified. As

[[Page 24193]]

applicable, an indexed predecessor model type is also to be 
identified. Spreadsheet templates can be found at ftp://
ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/templates/. These templates include 
codes and definitions for the data that the Agency is seeking, 
including, but not limited to the following:

a. General Information

    1. Number--a unique number assigned to each model.
    2. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., TOY).
    3. Model--name of model (e.g., Camry).
    4. Nameplate--vehicle nameplate (e.g., Camry Solara).
    5. Fuel Economy--measured in miles per gallon; weighted (FTP + 
highway) fuel economy.
    6. Actual FE (FFVs)--measured in miles per gallon; for flexible 
fuel vehicles, fuel economy when vehicle is operated on gasoline 
only.
    7. Energy Consumption \1\--of total fuel energy (higher heating 
value) consumed over FTP and highway tests (each weighted as for 
items 5 and 6 above), shares attributable to the following loss 
mechanisms, such that the sum of the shares equals one.
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    \1\ This information is sought in order to account for a given 
vehicle model's fuel economy as partitioned into nine energy loss 
mechanisms. The agency may use this information to estimate the 
extent to which a given technology reduces losses in each mechanism.
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    A. System irreversibility governed by the Second Law of 
Thermodynamics.
    B. Heat lost to the exhaust and coolant streams.
    C. Engine friction (i.e., the part of mechanical efficiency lost 
to friction in such engine components as bearings and rods, as could 
be estimated from engine dynamometer test results).
    D. Pumping losses (i.e., the part of mechanical efficiency lost 
to work done on gases inside the cylinder, as could be estimated 
from engine dynamometer test results).
    E. Accessory losses (i.e., the part of fuel efficiency lost to 
work done by engine-driven accessories, as could be estimated from 
bench test results for the individual components).
    F. Transmission losses (i.e., the part of driveline efficiency 
lost to friction in such transmission components as gears, bearings, 
and hydraulics, as could be estimated from chassis dynamometer test 
results).
    G. Aerodynamic drag of the body, as could be estimated from 
coast-down test results.
    H. Rolling resistance in the tires, as could be estimated from 
coast-down test results.
    I. Work done on the vehicle itself, as could be estimated from 
the vehicle's inertia mass and the fuel economy driving cycles.
    8. Engine Code--unique number assigned to each engine.
    A. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC, 
HON).
    B. Name--name of engine.
    C. Configuration-classified as V = V4, V6, V8, V10 or V12; I = 
inline; R = rotary.
    D. Fuel--classified as CNG = compressed natural gas, D = diesel, 
E = electricity, E85 = ethanol flexible-fuel, E100 = neat ethanol, G 
= gasoline, H = hydrogen, LNG = liquefied natural gas, LPG = 
propane, M85 = methanol flexible-fuel, M100 = neat methanol.
    E. Engine's country of origin.
    F. Engine Oil Viscosity--typical values as text include 0W20, 
5W20, etc.; ratio between the applied shear stress and the rate of 
shear, which measures the resistance of flow of the engine oil (as 
per SAE Glossary of Automotive Terms).
    G. Cycle--combustion cycle of engine. Classified as A = 
Atkinson, AM = Atkinson/Miller, D = Diesel, M = Miller, O = Otto, OA 
= Otto/Atkinson.
    H. Air/Fuel Ratio--the weighted (FTP + highway) air/fuel ratio 
(mass): A number generally around 14.7.
    I. Fuel System--mechanism that delivers fuel to engine. 
Classified as DI = direct injection, IDI = indirect injection, MPFI 
= multipoint fuel injection, PFI = port fuel injection, SEFI = 
sequential electronic fuel injection, SIDI = Stoichiometric spark 
ignition direct injection, TBI = throttle body fuel injection.
    J. Aspiration--based on breathing or induction process of engine 
(as per SAE Automotive Dictionary). Classified as NA = naturally 
aspirated, S = supercharged, T = turbocharged, TT = twin 
turbocharged.
    K. Valvetrain Design--describes design of the total mechanism 
from camshaft to valve of an engine that actuates the lifting and 
closing of a valve (as per SAE Glossary of Automotive Terms). 
Classified as C = camless, DOHC = dual overhead cam, OHV = overhead 
valve, SOHC = single overhead cam.
    L. Valve Actuation/Timing--based on valve opening and closing 
points in the operating cycle (as per SAE J604). Classified as CC = 
continuously controlled, EIE = equal continuous intake and exhaust 
phasing, E = exhaust continuous phasing, F = fixed, IIE = 
independent continuous intake and exhaust phasing, or other 
designation, VCT = variable cam timing, VVTE = variable valve 
timing, exhaust, ICP = intake cam phasing, CCP = coupled cam 
phasing, DCP = dual cam phasing.
    M. Valve Lift--describes the manner in which the valve is raised 
during combustion (as per SAE Automotive Dictionary). Classified as 
CV = continuously variable (throttled), F = fixed, SVI = stepped 
variable intake with 2 or more fixed profiles, VVLTD = discrete 
variable valve lift and timing, VVLTC = coupled variable valve lift 
and timing.
    N. Cylinders--the number of engine cylinders. An integer 
equaling 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 or 12.
    O. Valves/Cylinder--the number of valves per cylinder. An 
integer from 2 through 5.
    P. Deactivation--weighted (FTP + highway) aggregate degree of 
deactivation. For example, enter 0.25 for deactivation of half the 
cylinders over half the drive cycle, and enter 0 for no valve 
deactivation.
    Q. Displacement--total volume displaced by a piston in a single 
stroke, measured in liters, also commonly referred to as engine 
size.
    R. Compression Ratio (min)--typically a number around 8; for 
fixed CR engines, should be identical to maximum CR.
    S. Compression Ratio (max)--a number between 8 and 1420; for 
fixed CR engines, should be identical to minimum CR.
    T. Horsepower--the maximum power of the engine combined with the 
associated engine speed when horsepower is maximum, measured as 
horsepower per revolutions per minute (hp @ rpm).
    U. Torque--the maximum torque of the engine, measured as ft-lb.
    9. Transmission Code--an integer; unique number assigned to each 
transmission.
    A. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC, 
HON).
    B. Name--name of transmission.
    C. Country of origin--where the transmission is manufactured.
    D. Type--type of transmission. Classified as C = clutch, CVT1 = 
belt or chain CVT, CVT2 = other CVT, T = torque converter.
    E. Number of Forward Gears--integer indicating number of forward 
gears (or blank or ``CVT'' for CVT).
    F. Control--classified as A = automatic, M = manual; automatic 
shift manual transmission (ASMT) would be coded as Type = C, Control 
= A.
    G. Logic--indicates aggressivity of automatic shifting. 
Classified as A = aggressive, C = conventional U.S. Provide 
rationale for selection in the transmission notes column.
    10. Origin--classification (under CAFE program) as domestic or 
import, listed as D = domestic, I = import.

b. Sales--Actual and Projected U.S. Production for MY 2008 to MY 
2020 Inclusive, Measured in Number of Vehicles

c. Vehicle Information

    1. Style--classified as Sedan; Coupe; Hatchback; Wagon; or 
Convertible.
    2. Class--classified as Two-Seater Car; Mini-Compact Car; 
Subcompact Car; Compact Car; Midsize Car; Large Car; Small Station 
Wagon; Midsize Station Wagon; or Large Station Wagon.
    3. Structure--classified as either Ladder or Unibody.
    4. Drive--classified as A = all-wheel drive; F = front-wheel 
drive; R = rear-wheel-drive; 4 = 4-wheel drive.
    5. Axle Ratio--ratio of the speed in revolutions per minute of 
the drive shaft to that of the drive wheels.
    6. Length--measured in inches; defined per SAE J1100, L103 
(Sept. 2005).
    7. Width--measured in inches; defined per SAE J1100, W116 (Sept. 
2005).
    8. Wheelbase--measured to the nearest tenth of an inch; as 
defined above.
    9. Track Width (front)--measured to the nearest tenth of an 
inch; defined per SAE J1100, W101-1 (Sept. 2005), and clarified 
above.
    10. Track Width (rear)--measured to the nearest tenth of an 
inch; defined per SAE J1100, W101-2 (Sept. 2005), and clarified 
above.
    11. Footprint--as defined above.
    12. Curb Weight--total weight of vehicle including batteries, 
lubricants, and other expendable supplies but excluding the driver, 
passengers, and other payloads, measured in pounds; per SAE J1100 
(Sept. 2005).

[[Page 24194]]

    13. Test Weight--weight of vehicle as tested, including the 
driver, operator (if necessary), and all instrumentation (as per SAE 
J1263); measured in pounds.
    14. GVWR--Gross Vehicle Weight Rating; as defined per 49 CFR 
523.2 measured in pounds.
    15. Towing Capacity (Standard)--measured in pounds.
    16. Towing Capacity (Maximum)--measured in pounds.
    17. Payload--measured in pounds.
    18. Cargo volume behind the front row--measured in cubic feet, 
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
    19. Cargo volume behind the second row--measured in cubic feet, 
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
    20. Cargo volume behind the third row--measured in cubic feet, 
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
    21. Enclosed Volume--measured in cubic feet.
    22. Passenger Volume--measured in cubic feet; the volume 
measured using SAE J1100 as per EPA Fuel Economy regulations (40 CFR 
600.315-82, ``Classes of Comparable Automobiles''). This is the 
number that manufacturers calculate and submit to EPA.
    23. Cargo Volume Index--defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 
2005).
    24. Luggage Capacity--measured in cubic feet; defined per SAE 
J1100, V1 (Sept. 2005).
    25. Seating (max)--number of usable seat belts before folding 
and removal of seats (where accomplished without special tools); 
provided in integer form.
    26. Number of Standard Rows of Seating--number of rows of seats 
that each vehicle comes standardly equipped with; provided in 
integer form, e.g. 1,2,3,4, or 5.
    27. Frontal Area--a measure of the wind profile of the vehicle, 
typically calculated as the height times width of a vehicle body, 
e.g. 35 square feet.
    28. Aerodynamic Drag Coefficient, Cd--a dimensionless 
coefficient that relates the motion resistance force created by the 
air drag over the entire surface of a moving vehicle to the force of 
dynamic air pressure acting only over the vehicle's frontal area 
e.g., 0.25.
    29. Tire Rolling Resistance, Crr--a dimensionless 
coefficient that relates the motion resistance force force due to 
tire energy losses (e.g., deflection, scrubbing, slip, and air drag) 
to a vehicle's weight e.g., 0.0012.
    30. Fuel Capacity--measured in gallons of diesel fuel or 
gasoline; MJ (LHV) of other fuels (or chemical battery energy).
    31. Electrical System Voltage--measured in volts, e.g., 12 volt, 
42 volts 2005).

d. MSRP--Measured in Dollars (2008); Actual and Projected Average 
MSRP (Sales-Weighted, Including Options) for MY 2008 to MY 2020 
Inclusive

e. Hybridization

    1. Type of hybridization of the vehicle, if any--classified as E 
= electric, H = hydraulic.
    2. Voltage (volts) or, for hydraulic hybrids, pressure (psi).
    3. Energy storage capacity--measured in MJ.
    4. Battery type--Classified as NiMH = Nickel Metal Hydride; Li-
ion = Lithium Ion.
    5. Percentage of breaking energy recovered and stored over the 
FTP and HFET (weighted 55/45) recovered and stored.
    6. Percentage of maximum motive power provided by stored energy 
system.

f. Planning and Assembly

    1. US/Canadian/Mexican Content--measured as a percentage; 
overall percentage, by value, that originated in U.S., Canada and 
Mexico.
    2. Final Assembly City.
    3. Final Assembly State/Province (if applicable).
    4. Final Assembly Country.
    5. Predecessor--number and name of model upon which current 
model is based, if any.
    6. Last Freshening--model year.
    7. Next Freshening--model year.
    8. Last Redesign--model year; where redesign means any change, 
including powertrain changes, or combination of changes to a vehicle 
that would change its weight by 50 pounds or more or change its 
frontal area or aerodynamic drag coefficient by 2 percent or more.
    9. Next Redesign--model year.
    10. Employment Hours Per Vehicle--number of hours of U.S. labor 
applied per vehicle produced.
    g. The agency also requests that each manufacturer provide an 
estimate of its overall passenger car CAFE for each model year. This 
estimate should be included as an entry in the spreadsheets that are 
submitted to the agency.
    4. Does respondent project introducing any variants of existing 
basic engines or any new basic engines, other than those mentioned 
in your response to Question 3, in its passenger car fleets in MYs 
2008-2020? If so, for each basic engine or variant indicate:
    a. The projected year of introduction,
    b. Type (e.g., spark ignition, direct injection diesel, 2-cycle, 
alternative fuel use),
    c. Displacement (If engine has variable displacement, please 
provide the minimum and maximum displacement),
    d. Type of induction system (e.g., fuel injection with 
turbocharger, naturally aspirated),
    e. Cylinder configuration (e.g., V-8, V-6, I-4),
    f. Number of valves per cylinder (e.g., 2, 3, 4),
    g. Valvetrain design (e.g., overhead valve, overhead camshaft),
    h. Valve technology (e.g., variable valve timing, variable valve 
lift and timing, intake valve throttling, camless valve actuation, 
etc.),
    i. Horsepower and torque ratings,
    j. Models in which engines are to be used, giving the 
introduction model year for each model if different from ``a,'' 
above.
    5. Relative to MY 2008 levels, for MYs 2008-2020 please provide 
information, by carline and as an average effect on a manufacturer's 
entire passenger car fleet, on the weight and/or fuel economy 
impacts of the following standards or equipment:
    a. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS No. 208) 
Automatic Restraints.
    b. FMVSS No. 201 Occupant Protection in Interior Impact.
    c. Voluntary installation of safety equipment (e.g., antilock 
brakes).
    d. Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
    e. California Air Resources Board requirements.
    f. Other applicable motor vehicle regulations affecting fuel 
economy.
    6. For each of the model years 2008-2020, and for each passenger 
car model projected to be manufactured by respondent (if answers 
differ for the various models), provide the requested information on 
new technology applications for each of items ``6a'' through ``6r'' 
listed below:
    (i) Description of the nature of the technological improvement;
    (ii) The percent fuel economy improvement averaged over the 
model;
    (iii) The basis for your answer to 6(ii), (e.g., data from 
dynamometer tests conducted by respondent, engineering analysis, 
computer simulation, reports of test by others);
    (iv) The percent production implementation rate and the reasons 
limiting the implementation rate;
    (v) A description of the 2008 baseline technologies and the 2008 
implementation rate; and
    (vi) The reasons for differing answers you provide to items (ii) 
and (iv) for different models in each model year. Include as a part 
of your answer to 6(ii) and 6(iv) a tabular presentation, a sample 
portion of which is shown in Table III-A.
    a. Improved automatic transmissions. Projections of percent fuel 
economy improvements should include benefits of lock-up or bypassed 
torque converters, electronic control of shift points and torque 
converter lock-up, and other measures which should be described.
    b. Improved manual transmissions. Projections of percent of fuel 
economy improvement should include the benefits of increasing 
mechanical efficiency, using improved transmission lubricants, and 
other measures (specify).
    c. Overdrive transmissions. If not covered in ``a'' or ``b'' 
above, project the percentage of fuel economy improvement 
attributable to overdrive transmissions (integral or auxiliary gear 
boxes), two-speed axles, or other similar devices intended to 
increase the range of available gear ratios. Describe the devices to 
be used and the application by model, engine, axle ratio, etc.
    d. Use of engine crankcase lubricants of lower viscosity or with 
additives to improve friction characteristics or accelerate engine 
break-in, or otherwise improved lubricants to lower engine friction 
horsepower. When describing the 2008 baseline, specify the viscosity 
of and any fuel economy-improving additives used in the factory-fill 
lubricants.
    e. Reduction of engine parasitic losses through improvement of 
engine-driven accessories or accessory drives. Typical engine-driven 
accessories include water pump, cooling fan, alternator, power 
steering pump, air conditioning compressor, and vacuum pump.
    f. Reduction of tire rolling losses, through changes in 
inflation pressure, use of

[[Page 24195]]

materials or constructions with less hysteresis, geometry changes 
(e.g., reduced aspect ratio), reduction in sidewall and tread 
deflection, and other methods. When describing the 2008 baseline, 
include a description of the tire types used and the percent usage 
rate of each type.
    g. Reduction in other driveline losses, including losses in the 
non-powered wheels, the differential assembly, wheel bearings, 
universal joints, brake drag losses, use of improved lubricants in 
the differential and wheel bearing, and optimizing suspension 
geometry (e.g., to minimize tire scrubbing loss).
    h. Reduction of aerodynamic drag.
    i. Turbocharging or supercharging.
    j. Improvements in the efficiency of 4-cycle spark ignition 
engines including (1) increased compression ratio; (2) leaner air-
to-fuel ratio; (3) revised combustion chamber configuration; (4) 
fuel injection; (5) electronic fuel metering; (6) interactive 
electronic control of engine operating parameters (spark advance, 
exhaust gas recirculation, air-to-fuel ratio); (8) variable valve 
timing or valve lift; (9) multiple valves per cylinder; (10) 
cylinder deactivation; (11) friction reduction by means such as low 
tension piston rings and roller cam followers; (12) higher 
temperature operation; and (13) other methods (specify).
    k. Direct injection gasoline engines, with and without 
turbocharging/supercharging.
    l. Naturally aspirated diesel engines, with direct or indirect 
fuel injection.
    m. Turbocharged or supercharged diesel engines with direct or 
indirect fuel injection.
    n. Stratified-charge reciprocating or rotary engines, with 
direct or indirect fuel injection.
    o. Two cycle spark ignition engines.
    p. Use of hybrid drivetrains.
    q. Use of fuel cells; provide a thorough description of the fuel 
cell technology employed, including fuel type and power output.
    r. Other technologies for improving fuel economy or efficiency.
    7. For each model of respondent's passenger car fleet projected 
to be manufactured in each of MYs 2008-2020, describe the methods 
used to achieve reductions in average test weight. For each 
specified model year and model, describe the extent to which each of 
the following methods for reducing vehicle weight will be used. 
Separate listings are to be used for 4x2 passenger cars and 4x4 
passenger cars.
    a. Substitution of materials.
    b. ``Downsizing'' of existing vehicle design to reduce weight 
while maintaining interior roominess and comfort for passengers, and 
utility, i.e., the same or approximately the same, payload and cargo 
volume, using the same basic body configuration and driveline layout 
as current counterparts.
    c. Use of new vehicle body configuration concepts, which 
provides reduced weight for approximately the same payload and cargo 
volume.
    8. Indicate any MY 2008-2020 passenger car model types that have 
higher average test weights than comparable MY 2007 model types. 
Describe the reasons for any weight increases (e.g., increased 
option content, less use of premium materials) and provide 
supporting justification.
    9. For each new or redesigned vehicle identified in response to 
Question 3 and each new engine or fuel economy improvement 
identified in your response to Questions 3, 4, 5, and 6, provide 
your best estimate of the following, in terms of constant 2008 
dollars:
    a. Total capital costs required to implement the new/redesigned 
model or improvement according to the implementation schedules 
specified in your response. Subdivide the capital costs into 
tooling, facilities, launch, and engineering costs.
    b. The maximum production capacity, expressed in units of 
capacity per year, associated with the capital expenditure in (a) 
above. Specify the number of production shifts on which your 
response is based and define ``maximum capacity'' as used in your 
answer.
    c. The actual capacity that is planned to be used each year for 
each new/redesigned model or fuel economy improvement.
    d. The increase in variable costs per affected unit, based on 
the production volume specified in (b) above.
    e. The equivalent retail price increase per affected vehicle for 
each new/redesigned model or improvement. Provide an example 
describing methodology used to determine the equivalent retail price 
increase.
    10. Please provide respondent's actual and projected U.S. 
passenger car sales, 4x2 and 4x4, 0-8,500 lbs. GVWR for each model 
year from 2008 through 2020, inclusive. Please subdivide the data 
into the following vehicle categories:
    i. Two-Seater Car (e.g., Chevrolet Corvette, Honda S2000, 
Porsche Boxster)
    ii. Mini-Compact Car (e.g., Audi TT, Mitsubishi Eclipse, Mini 
Cooper)
    iii. Compact Car (e.g., Ford Focus, VW Golf, Kia Rio)
    iv. Midsize Car (e.g., Chevrolet Malibu, Honda Accord, Toyota 
Camry)
    v. Large Car (e.g., Ford Crown Victoria, Cadillac DTS, Mercedes 
Maybach)
    vi. Small Station Wagon (e.g., BMW 325 Sport Wagon, Subaru 
Impreza Wagon, Pontiac Vibe/Toyota Matrix)
    vii. Midsize Station Wagon (e.g., Saab 9-5 Wagon, Volvo V70 
Wagon, Jaguar X-Type Wagon)
    viii. Large Station Wagon (e.g., Mercedes E-Class Wagon, Dodge 
Magnum, BMW 530 XiT Wagon)

See Table III-B for a sample format.
    11. Please provide your estimates of projected total industry 
U.S. passenger car sales for each model year from 2008 through 2020, 
inclusive. Please subdivide the data into 4x2 and 4x4 sales and into 
the vehicle categories listed in the sample format in Table III-C.
    12. Please provide your company's assumptions for U.S. gasoline 
and diesel fuel prices during 2008 through 2020.
    13. Please provide projected production capacity available for 
the North American market (at standard production rates) for each of 
your company's passenger carline designations during MYs 2008-2020.
    14. Please provide your estimate of production lead-time for new 
models, your expected model life in years, and the number of years 
over which tooling costs are amortized.

    Note: The parenthetical numbers in Table III-A refer to the 
items in Section III, Specifications.


                                                      Table III-A.--Sample Technology Improvements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Percent fuel                      Models on           Production share of model with
                                                Baseline         economy        Basis for         which               technological improvement
         Technological improvement             technology     improvement,     improvement    technology is --------------------------------------------
                                                                    %           estimate         applied       2008     2009     2010     2011     2012
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6a.) Improved Auto Trans.:
    A5.....................................  ..............             4.0  ..............  ..............       20       35       50       60       80
    A6.....................................  ..............             4.5  ..............  ..............       15       20       30       40       55
    A7.....................................  ..............             5.0  ..............  ..............        0        0       15       25       35
(6b) Improved Manual Trans.:
    M5.....................................  ..............             1.0  ..............  ..............       12       15       20       25       32
    M6.....................................  ..............             0.7  ..............  ..............        0        0        0        8       10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 24196]]


                                           Table III-B.--Sample Actual and Projected U.S. Passenger Car Sales
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Amalgamated Motors Passenger Car Sales Projections
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                    Model year
                       Model line                        -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               2008            2009            2010            2011            2012            2013
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Two-Seater..............................................          43,500  ..............
Mini-Compact............................................         209,340  ..............
Subcompact..............................................         120,000  ..............
Compact.................................................          60,000  ..............
Midsize.................................................          20,000  ..............
Large...................................................          29,310  ..............
Small Station Wagon.....................................          54,196  ..............
Midsize Station Wagon...................................          38,900  ..............
Large Station Wagon.....................................          24,000  ..............
                                                         -----------------
    Total...............................................         599,246
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                                   Table III-C.--Sample Total U.S. Passenger Car Sales
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Model type                              2008            2009            2010            2011            2012            2013
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Two-Seater..............................................  ..............
Mini-Compact............................................  ..............
Subcompact..............................................  ..............
Compact.................................................  ..............
Midsize.................................................  ..............
Large...................................................  ..............
Small Station Wagon.....................................  ..............
Midsize Station Wagon...................................  ..............
Large Station Wagon.....................................  ..............
    Total...............................................  ..............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Specifications--Light Truck Data

    Go to ftp://ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/templates/ for 
spreadsheet templates.
    1. Identify all light truck models currently offered for sale in 
MY 2008 whose production you project discontinuing before MY 2010 
and identify the last model year in which each will be offered.
    2. Identify all basic engines offered by respondent in MY 2008 
light trucks which respondent projects it will cease to offer for 
sale in light trucks before MY 2010, and identify the last model 
year in which each will be offered.
    3. For each model year 2008-2020, list all projected light truck 
lines and provide the information specified below for each model 
type. Model types that are essentially identical except for their 
nameplates (e.g., Chrysler Town & Country/Dodge Caravan) may be 
combined into one item. Engines having the same displacement but 
belonging to different engine families are to be grouped separately. 
Within the fleet, the vehicles are to be sorted first by light truck 
line, second by basic engine, and third by transmission type. For 
each model type, a specific indexed engine and transmission are to 
be identified. As applicable, an indexed predecessor model type is 
also to be identified. Spreadsheet templates can be found at ftp://
ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/CAFE/templates/. These templates include 
codes and definitions for the data that the Agency is seeking, 
including, but not limited to the following:

a. General Information

    1. Number--a unique number assigned to each model.
    2. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., GMC).
    3. Model--name of model (e.g., Escalade).
    4. Nameplate--vehicle nameplate (e.g., Escalade ESV).
    5. Fuel Economy--measured in miles per gallon; weighted (FTP + 
highway) fuel economy.
    6. Actual FE (FFVs)--measured in miles per gallon; for flexible 
fuel vehicles, fuel economy when vehicle is operated on gasoline 
only.
    7. Energy Consumption \2\--of total fuel energy (higher heating 
value) consumed over FTP and highway tests (each weighted as for 
items 5 and 6 above), shares attributable to the following loss 
mechanisms, such that the sum of the shares equals one.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ See supra note 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A. Systems irreversibility governed by the Second Law of 
Thermodynamics.
    B. Heat lost to the exhaust and coolant streams.
    C. Engine friction (i.e., the part of mechanical efficiency lost 
to friction in such engine components as bearings and rods, as could 
be estimated from engine dynamometer test results).
    D. Pumping losses (i.e., the part of mechanical efficiency lost 
to work done on gases inside the cylinder, as could be estimated 
from engine dynamometer test results).
    E. Accessory losses (i.e., the part of fuel efficiency lost to 
work done by engine-driven accessories, as could be estimated from 
bench test results for the individual components).
    F. Transmission losses (i.e., the part of driveline efficiency 
lost to friction in such transmission components as gears, bearings, 
and hydraulics, as could be estimated from chassis dynamometer test 
results).
    G. Aerodynamic drag of the body, as could be estimated from 
coast-down test results.
    H. Rolling resistance in the tires, as could be estimated from 
coast-down test results.
    I. Work done on the vehicle itself, as could be estimated from 
the vehicle's inertia mass and the fuel economy driving cycles.
    8. Engine Code--unique number assigned to each engine.
    A. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC, 
HON.)
    B. Name--name of engine.
    C. Configuration--classified as V = V4, V6, V8, V10 or V12; I = 
inline; R = rotary.
    D. Fuel--classified as CNG = compressed natural gas, D = diesel, 
E = electricity, E85 = ethanol flexible-fuel, E100 = neat ethanol, G 
= gasoline, H = hydrogen, LNG = liquefied natural gas, LPG = 
propane, M85 = methanol flexible-fuel, M100 = neat methanol.
    E. Engine's country of origin.
    F. Engine Oil Viscosity--typical values as text include 0W20, 
5W20, etc.; ratio between the applied shear stress and the rate of 
shear, which measures the resistance of flow of the engine oil (as 
per SAE Glossary of Automotive Terms).
    G. Cycle--combustion cycle of engine. Classified as A = 
Atkinson, AM = Atkinson/

[[Page 24197]]

Miller, D = Diesel, M = Miller, O = Otto, OA = Otto/Atkinson.
    H. Air/Fuel Ratio--the weighted (FTP + highway) air/fuel ratio 
(mass): a number generally around 14.7.
    I. Fuel System--mechanism that delivers fuel to engine. 
Classified as DI = direct injection, IDI = indirect injection, MPFI 
= multipoint fuel injection, PFI = port fuel injection, SEFI = 
sequential electronic fuel injection, SIDI = Stoichiometric spark 
ignition direct injection, TBI = throttle body fuel injection.
    J. Aspiration--based on breathing or induction process of engine 
(as per SAE Automotive Dictionary). Classified as NA = naturally 
aspirated, S = supercharged, T = turbocharged, TT = twin 
turbocharged.
    K. Valvetrain Design--describes design of the total mechanism 
from camshaft to valve of an engine that actuates the lifting and 
closing of a valve (as per SAE Glossary of Automotive Terms). 
Classified as C = camless, DOHC = dual overhead cam, OHV = overhead 
valve, SOHC = single overhead cam.
    L. Valve Actuation/Timing--based on valve opening and closing 
points in the operating cycle (as per SAE J604). Classified as 
CC=continuously controlled, EIE = equal continuous intake and 
exhaust phasing, E = exhaust continuous phasing, F = fixed, ICP = 
intake continuous phasing, IIE = independent continuous intake and 
exhaust phasing, or other designation, VCT = variable cam timing, 
VVTE = variable valve timing, exhaust, ICP = intake cam phasing, CCP 
= coupled cam phasing, DCP = dual cam phasing.
    M. Valve Lift--describes the manner in which the valve is raised 
during combustion (as per SAE Automotive Dictionary). Classified as 
CV = continuously variable (throttled), F = fixed, SVI = stepped 
variable intake with 2 or more fixed profiles, or other designation, 
VVLTD = discrete variable valve lift and timing, VVLTC = coupled 
variable valve lift and timing.
    N. Cylinders--the number of engine cylinders. An integer 
equaling 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 or 12.
    O. Valves/Cylinder--the number of valves per cylinder. An 
integer from 2 through 5.
    P. Deactivation--weighted (FTP + highway) aggregate degree of 
deactivation. For example, enter 0.25 for deactivation of half the 
cylinders over half the drive cycle, and enter 0 for no valve 
deactivation.
    Q. Displacement--total volume displaced by a piston in a single 
stroke, measured in liters, also commonly referred to as engine 
size.
    R. Compression Ratio (min)--typically a number around 8; for 
fixed CR engines, should be identical to maximum CR.
    S. Compression Ratio (max)--a number between 8 and 20; for fixed 
CR engines, should be identical to minimum CR.
    T. Horsepower--the maximum power of the engine combined with the 
associated engine speed when horsepower is maximum, measured as 
horsepower per revolutions per minute (hp @ rpm).
    U. Torque--the maximum torque of the engine, measured as ft-lb.
    9. Transmission Code--an integer; unique number assigned to each 
transmission.
    A. Manufacturer--manufacturer abbreviation (e.g., GMC, FMC, 
HON).
    B. Name--name of transmission.
    C. Country of origin--where the transmission is manufactured.
    D. Type--type of transmission. Classified as C = clutch, CVT1 = 
belt or chain CVT, CVT2 = other CVT, T = torque converter.
    E. Number of Forward Gears--integer indicating number of forward 
gears (or blank or ``CVT'' for CVT).
    F. Control--classified as A = automatic, M = manual; automatic 
shift manual transmission (ASMT) would be coded as Type = C, Control 
= A.
    G. Logic--indicates aggressivity of automatic shifting. 
Classified as A = aggressive, C = conventional U.S. Provide 
rationale for selection in the transmission notes column.
    10. Origin--classification (under CAFE program) as domestic or 
import, listed as D = domestic, I = import.
    11. Light Truck Indicator--an integer; a unique number assigned 
to each vehicle which represents the design feature(s) that classify 
it as a light truck. Classified as:
    0. The vehicle neither has off-road design features (defined 
under 49 CFR 523.5(b) and described by numbers 1 and 2 below) nor 
has functional characteristics (defined under 49 CFR 523.5(a) and 
described by numbers 3 through 7 below) that would allow it to be 
properly classified as a light truck, thus the vehicle is properly 
classified as a passenger car.
    1. The vehicle has 4-wheel drive (includes all wheel drive) and 
has at least four of the following characteristics:
    (i) Approach angle of not less than 28 degrees;
    (ii) Breakover angle of not less that 14 degrees;
    (iii) Departure angle of not less than 20 degrees;
    (iv) Running clearance of not less than 20 centimeters;
    (v) Front and rear axle clearances are not less than 18 
centimeters.
    2. The vehicle is rated at more than 6000 lb gross vehicle 
weight (GVW), and has at least four of the following 
characteristics:
    (i) Approach angle of not less than 28 degrees;
    (ii) Breakover angle of not less that 14 degrees;
    (iii) Departure angle of not less than 20 degrees;
    (iv) Running clearance of not less than 20 centimeters;
    (v) Front and rear axle clearances are not less than 18 
centimeters.
    3. The vehicle transports more that 10 persons;
    4. The vehicle provides temporary living quarters;
    5. The vehicle transports property on an open bed;
    6. The vehicle, in its standard version without reference to 
options (or ``delete'' options), provides greater cargo-carrying 
than passenger-carrying volume; or
    7. The vehicle permits expanded use of the automobile for cargo-
carrying purposes or other nonpassenger-carrying purposes through:
    (i) For light trucks manufactured prior to model year 2012, the 
removal of seats by means installed for that purpose by the 
automobile's manufacturer or with simple tools, such as screwdrivers 
and wrenches, so as to create a flat, floor level, surface extending 
from the forwardmost point of installation of those seats to the 
rear of the automobile's interior; or
    (ii) For light trucks manufactured in model year 2008 and 
beyond, for vehicles equipped with at least 3 rows of designated 
seating positions as standard equipment, permit expanded use of the 
automobile for cargo-carrying purposes or other nonpassenger-
carrying purposes through the removal or stowing of foldable or 
pivoting seats so as to create a flat-leveled cargo surface 
extending from the forwardmost point of installation of those seats 
to the rear of the automobile's interior.

b. Sales--Actual and Projected U.S. Production for MY 2008 to MY 
2020 Inclusive, Measured in Number of Vehicles

c. Vehicle Information

    1. Style--classified as Crossover; Pickup; Sport Utility; or 
Van.
    2. Class--classified as Cargo Van; Crossover Vehicle; Large 
Pickup; Midsize Pickup; Minivan; Passenger Van; Small Pickup; Sport 
Utility Vehicle; or Sport Utility Truck.
    3. Structure--classified as either Ladder or Unibody.
    4. Drive--classified as A = all-wheel drive; F = front-wheel 
drive; R = rear-wheel-drive; 4 = 4-wheel drive.
    5. Axle Ratio--ratio of the speed in revolutions per minute of 
the drive shaft to that of the drive wheels.
    6. Length--measured in inches; defined per SAE J1100, L103 
(Sept. 2005).
    7. Width--measured in inches; defined per SAE J1100, W116 (Sept. 
2005).
    8. Wheelbase--measured to the nearest tenth of an inch; as 
defined above.
    9. Track Width (front)--measured in inches; defined per SAE 
J1100, W101-1 (Sept. 2005), and clarified above.
    10. Track Width (rear)--measured in inches; defined per SAE 
J1100, W101-2 (Sept. 2005), and clarified above.
    11. Footprint--wheelbase times average track width; measured in 
square feet, clarified above.
    12. Running Clearance--measured in centimeters; defined per 49 
CFR 523.2.
    13. Front Axle Clearance--measured in centimeters; defined per 
49 CFR 523.2.
    14. Rear Axle Clearance--measured in centimeters; defined per 49 
CFR 523.2.
    15. Approach Angle--measured in degrees; defined per 49 CFR 
523.2.
    16. Breakover Angle--measured in degrees; defined per 49 CFR 
523.2.
    17. Departure Angle--measured in degrees; defined per 49 CFR 
523.2.
    18. Curb Weight--total weight of vehicle including batteries, 
lubricants, and other expendable supplies but excluding the driver, 
passengers, and other payloads, measured in pounds; per SAE J1100 
(Sept. 2005).
    19. Test Weight--weight of vehicle as tested, including the 
driver, operator (if

[[Page 24198]]

necessary), and all instrumentation (as per SAE J1263); measured in 
pounds.
    20. GVWR--Gross Vehicle Weight Rating; as defined per 49 CFR 
523.2 measured in pounds.
    21. Towing Capacity (Standard)--measured in pounds.
    22. Towing Capacity (Maximum)--measured in pounds.
    23. Payload--measured in pounds.
    24. Cargo volume behind the front row--measured in cubic feet, 
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
    25. Cargo volume behind the second row--measured in cubic feet, 
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
    26. Cargo volume behind the third row--measured in cubic feet, 
defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 2005).
    27. Enclosed Volume--measured in cubic feet.
    28. Passenger Volume--measured in cubic feet; the volume 
measured using SAE J1100 as per EPA Fuel Economy regulations (40 CFR 
600.315-82, ``Classes of Comparable Automobiles''). This is the 
number that manufacturers calculate and submit to EPA.
    29. Cargo Volume Index--defined per Table 28 of SAE J1100 (Sept. 
2005).
    30. Luggage Capacity--measured in cubic feet; defined per SAE 
J1100, V1 (Sept. 2005).
    31. Seating (max)--number of usable seat belts before folding 
and removal of seats (where accomplished without special tools); 
provided in integer form.
    32. Number of Standard Rows of Seating--number of rows of seats 
that each vehicle comes standardly equipped with; provided in 
integer form, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
    33. Frontal Area--a measure of the wind profile of the vehicle, 
typically calculated as the height times width of a vehicle body, 
e.g. 35 square feet.
    34. Aerodynamic Drag Coefficient, Cd--a dimensionless 
coefficient that relates the motion resistance force created by the 
air drag over the entire surface of a moving vehicle to the force of 
dynamic air pressure acting only over the vehicle's frontal area 
e.g., 0.25.
    35. Tire Rolling Resistance, Crr--a dimensionless coefficient 
that relates the motion resistance force due to tire energy losses 
(e.g., deflection, scrubbing, slip, and air drag) to a vehicle's 
weight e.g., 0.0012.
    36. Fuel Capacity--measured in gallons of diesel fuel or 
gasoline; MJ (LHV) of other fuels (or chemical battery energy).
    37. Electrical System Voltage--measured in volts, e.g., 12 volt, 
42 volts 2005).

d. MSRP--Measured in Dollars (2008); Actual and Projected Average 
MSRP (Sales-Weighted, Including Options) for MY 2008 to MY 2020 
Inclusive

e. Hybridization

    1. Type of hybridization of the vehicle, if any--classified as E 
= electric, H = hydraulic.
    2. Voltage (volts) or, for hydraulic hybrids, pressure (psi).
    3. Energy storage capacity--measured in MJ.
    4. Battery type--Classified as NiMH = Nickel Metal Hydride; Li-
ion = Lithium Ion.
    5. Percentage of breaking energy recovered and stored over the 
FTP and HFET (weighted 55/45).
    6. Percentage of maximum motive power provided by stored energy 
system.

f. Planning and Assembly

    1. U.S./Canadian/Mexican Content--measured as a percentage; 
overall percentage, by value, that originated in U.S., Canada and 
Mexico.
    2. Final Assembly City.
    3. Final Assembly State/Province (if applicable).
    4. Final Assembly Country.
    5. Predecessor--number and name of model upon which current 
model is based, if any.
    6. Last Freshening--model year.
    7. Next Freshening--model year.
    8. Last Redesign--model year; where redesign means any change, 
including powertrain changes, or combination of changes to a vehicle 
that would change its weight by 50 pounds or more or change its 
frontal area or aerodynamic drag coefficient by 2 percent or more.
    9. Next Redesign--model year.
    10. Employment Hours per Vehicle--number of hours of U.S. labor 
applied per vehicle produced.
    g. The agency also requests that each manufacturer provide an 
estimate of its overall light truck CAFE for each model year. This 
estimate should be included as an entry in the spreadsheets that are 
submitted to the agency.
    4. Does respondent project introducing any variants of existing 
basic engines or any new basic engines, other than those mentioned 
in your response to Question 3, in its light truck fleets in MYs 
2008-2020? If so, for each basic engine or variant indicate:
    a. The projected year of introduction,
    b. Type (e.g., spark ignition, direct injection diesel, 2-cycle, 
alternative fuel use),
    c. Displacement (If engine has variable displacement, please 
provide the minimum and maximum displacement),
    d. Type of induction system (e.g., fuel injection with 
turbocharger, naturally aspirated),
    e. Cylinder configuration (e.g., V-8, V-6, I-4),
    f. Number of valves per cylinder (e.g., 2, 3, 4),
    g. Valvetrain design (e.g., overhead valve, overhead camshaft),
    h. Valve technology (e.g., variable valve timing, variable valve 
lift and timing, intake valve throttling, camless valve actuation, 
etc.),
    i. Horsepower and torque ratings,
    j. Models in which engines are to be used, giving the 
introduction model year for each model if different from ``a,'' 
above.
    5. Relative to MY 2008 levels, for MYs 2008-2020, please provide 
information, by truckline and as an average effect on a 
manufacturer's entire light truck fleet, on the weight and/or fuel 
economy impacts of the following standards or equipment:
    a. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS No. 208) 
Automatic Restraints;
    b. FMVSS No. 201 Occupant Protection in Interior Impact;
    c. Voluntary installation of safety equipment (e.g., antilock 
brakes);
    d. Environmental Protection Agency regulations;
    e. California Air Resources Board requirements;
    f. Other applicable motor vehicle regulations affecting fuel 
economy.
    6. For each of the model years 2008-2020, and for each light 
truck model projected to be manufactured by respondent (if answers 
differ for the various models), provide the requested information on 
new technology applications for each of items ``6a'' through ``6r'' 
listed below:
    (i) description of the nature of the technological improvement;
    (ii) the percent fuel economy improvement averaged over the 
model;
    (iii) the basis for your answer to 6(ii) (e.g., data from 
dynamometer tests conducted by respondent, engineering analysis, 
computer simulation, reports of test by others);
    (iv) the percent production implementation rate and the reasons 
for limiting the implementation rate;
    (v) a description of the 2008 baseline technologies and the 2008 
implementation rate; and
    (vi) the reasons for differing answers you provide to items (ii) 
and (iv) for different models in each model year. Include as a part 
of your answer to 6(ii) and 6(iv) a tabular presentation, a sample 
portion of which is shown in Table IV-A.
    a. Improved automatic transmissions. Projections of percent fuel 
economy improvements should include benefits of lock-up or bypassed 
torque converters, electronic control of shift points and torque 
converter lock-up, and other measures which should be described.
    b. Improved manual transmissions. Projections of percent of fuel 
economy improvement should include the benefits of increasing 
mechanical efficiency, using improved transmission lubricants, and 
other measures (specify).
    c. Overdrive transmissions. If not covered in ``a'' or ``b'' 
above, project the percentage of fuel economy improvement 
attributable to overdrive transmissions (integral or auxiliary gear 
boxes), two-speed axles, or other similar devices intended to 
increase the range of available gear ratios. Describe the devices to 
be used and the application by model, engine, axle ratio, etc.
    d. Use of engine crankcase lubricants of lower viscosity or with 
additives to improve friction characteristics or accelerate engine 
break-in, or otherwise improved lubricants to lower engine friction 
horsepower. When describing the 2008 baseline, specify the viscosity 
of and any fuel economy-improving additives used in the factory-fill 
lubricants.
    e. Reduction of engine parasitic losses through improvement of 
engine-driven accessories or accessory drives. Typical engine-driven 
accessories include water pump, cooling fan, alternator, power 
steering pump, air conditioning compressor, and vacuum pump.
    f. Reduction of tire rolling losses, through changes in 
inflation pressure, use of materials or constructions with less 
hysteresis, geometry changes (e.g., reduced

[[Page 24199]]

aspect ratio), reduction in sidewall and tread deflection, and other 
methods. When describing the 2008 baseline, include a description of 
the tire types used and the percent usage rate of each type.
    g. Reduction in other driveline losses, including losses in the 
non-powered wheels, the differential assembly, wheel bearings, 
universal joints, brake drag losses, use of improves lubricants in 
the differential and wheel bearing, and optimizing suspension 
geometry (e.g., to minimize tire scrubbing loss).
    h. Reduction of aerodynamic drag.
    i. Turbocharging or supercharging.
    j. Improvements in the efficiency of 4-cycle spark ignition 
engines including (1) increased compression ratio; (2) leaner air-
to-fuel ratio; (3) revised combustion chamber configuration; (4) 
fuel injection; (5) electronic fuel metering; (6) interactive 
electronic control of engine operating parameters (spark advance, 
exhaust gas recirculation, air-to-fuel ratio); (8) variable valve 
timing or valve lift; (9) multiple valves per cylinder; (10) 
cylinder deactivation; (11) friction reduction by means such as low 
tension piston rings and roller cam followers; (12) higher 
temperature operation; and (13) other methods (specify).
    k. Direct injection gasoline engines, with and without 
turbocharging/supercharging.
    l. Naturally aspirated diesel engines, with direct or indirect 
fuel injection.
    m. Turbocharged or supercharged diesel engines with direct or 
indirect fuel injection.
    n. Stratified-charge reciprocating or rotary engines, with 
direct or indirect fuel injection.
    o. Two cycle spark ignition engines.
    p. Use of hybrid drivetrains.
    q. Use of fuel cells; provide a thorough description of the fuel 
cell technology employed, including fuel type and power output.
    r. Other technologies for improving fuel economy or efficiency.
    7. For each model of respondent's light truck fleet projected to 
be manufactured in each of MYs 2008-2020, describe the methods used 
to achieve reductions in average test weight. For each specified 
model year and model, describe the extent to which each of the 
following methods for reducing vehicle weight will be used. Separate 
listings are to be used for 4x2 light trucks and 4x4 light trucks.
    a. Substitution of materials.
    b. ``Downsizing'' of existing vehicle design to reduce weight 
while maintaining interior roominess and comfort for passengers, and 
utility, i.e., the same or approximately the same, payload and cargo 
volume, using the same basic body configuration and driveline layout 
as current counterparts.
    c. Use of new vehicle body configuration concepts, which 
provides reduced weight for approximately the same payload and cargo 
volume.
    8. Indicate any MY 2008-2020 light truck model types that have 
higher average test weights than comparable MY 2007 model types. 
Describe the reasons for any weight increases (e.g., increased 
option content, less use of premium materials) and provide 
supporting justification.
    9. For each new or redesigned vehicle identified in response to 
Question 3 and each new engine or fuel economy improvement 
identified in your response to Questions 3, 4, 5, and 6, provide 
your best estimate of the following, in terms of constant 2008 
dollars:
    a. Total capital costs required to implement the new/redesigned 
model or improvement according to the implementation schedules 
specified in your response. Subdivide the capital costs into 
tooling, facilities, launch, and engineering costs.
    b. The maximum production capacity, expressed in units of 
capacity per year, associated with the capital expenditure in (a) 
above. Specify the number of production shifts on which your 
response is based and define ``maximum capacity'' as used in your 
answer.
    c. The actual capacity that is planned to be used each year for 
each new/redesigned model or fuel economy improvement.
    d. The increase in variable costs per affected unit, based on 
the production volume specified in (b) above.
    e. The equivalent retail price increase per affected vehicle for 
each new/redesigned model or improvement. Provide an example 
describing methodology used to determine the equivalent retail price 
increase.
    10. Please provide respondent's actual and projected U.S. light 
truck sales, 4x2 and 4x4, 0-8,500 lbs. GVWR, and 8,501-10,000 lbs. 
GVWR for each model year from 2008 through 2020, inclusive. Please 
subdivide the data into the following vehicle categories:
    i. Compact Pickup (e.g., Ford Ranger, Chevrolet Colorado, Nissan 
Frontier).
    ii. Standard Pickup--Light (e.g., Ford F150, Chevrolet 
Silverado, Toyota Tundra).
    iii. Standard Pickup--Heavy (e.g., Ford F250/350, Dodge Ram 
2500/3500).
    iv. Standard Cargo Van--Light (e.g., Chevrolet Savana, Ford E-
150).
    v. Standard Cargo Van--Heavy (e.g., Chevrolet G2500, Ford E-250/
350, Dodge Sprinter).
    vi. Compact Passenger Van/Minivan (e.g., Toyota Sienna, Dodge 
Caravan, Nissan Quest).
    vii. Standard Passenger Van--Light (e.g., GMC Express, Ford E-
150).
    viii. Standard Passenger Van--Heavy (e.g., Ford E-250/350, Dodge 
Sprinter).
    ix. Compact Sport Utility (e.g., Jeep Wrangler, Toyota RAV4).
    x. Mid-size Sport Utility (e.g., Chevrolet Trailblazer, Ford 
Explorer, Toyota 4Runner).
    xi. Full-size Sport Utility (e.g., Chevrolet Tahoe, Ford 
Expedition, Nissan Titan).
    xii. Crossover Vehicle (e.g., Toyota RX 330, Nissan Murano, 
Acura MDX).
    xiii. Sport Utility Truck (e.g., Cadillac Escalade EXT, Honda 
Ridgeline).
    See Table IV-B for a sample format.
    11. Please provide your estimates of projected total industry 
U.S. light truck sales for each model year from 2008 through 2020, 
inclusive. Please subdivide the data into 4x2 and 4x4 sales and into 
the vehicle categories listed in the sample format in Table IV-C.
    12. Please provide your company's assumptions for U.S. gasoline 
and diesel fuel prices during 2008 through 2020.
    13. Please provide projected production capacity available for 
the North American market (at standard production rates) for each of 
your company's light truckline designations during MYs 2008-2020.
    14. Please provide your estimate of production lead-time for new 
models, your expected model life in years, and the number of years 
over which tooling costs are amortized.

    Note: The parenthetical numbers in Tables IV-A refer to the 
items in Section IV, Specifications.


                                                       Table IV-A.--Sample Technology Improvements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Percent fuel                      Models on           Production share of model with
                                                Baseline         economy        Basis for         which               technological improvement
         Technological improvement             technology     improvement,     improvement    technology is --------------------------------------------
                                                                    %           estimate         applied       2010     2011     2012     2013    2014+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6a.) Improved Auto Trans.:
    A5.....................................  ..............             4.0  ..............  ..............       20       35       50       60       80
    A6.....................................  ..............             4.5  ..............  ..............       15       20       30       40       55
    A7.....................................  ..............             5.0  ..............  ..............        0        0       15       25       35
(6b.) Improved Manual Trans.:
    M5.....................................  ..............             1.0  ..............  ..............       12       15       20       25       32
    M6.....................................  ..............             0.7  ..............  ..............        0        0        0        8       10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 24200]]


                         Table IV-B.--Sample Actual and Projected U.S. Light Truck Sales
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Amalgamated Motors Light Truck Sales Projections
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Model year
            Model line             -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                        2010         2011         2012         2013         2014        2015+
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Compact Pickup....................       43,500
Standard Pickup--Light............      209,340
Standard Pickup--Heavy............      120,000
Standard Cargo Van--Light.........       20,000
Standard Cargo Van--Heavy.........       29,310
Compact Passenger Van/Minivan.....       54,196
Standard Passenger Van--Light.....       38,900
Standard Passenger Van--Heavy.....       24,000
Compact Sport Utility.............      125,000
Mid-size Sport Utility............      221,000
Full-size Sport Utility...........      165,000
Crossover Vehicle.................       98,000
Sport Utility Truck...............       10,000
                                   --------------
    Total.........................    1,158,246
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                                    Table IV-C.--Sample Total U.S. Light Truck Sales
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Model type                               2010         2011         2012         2013         2014         2015        2016+
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Compact Pickup...............................................  ...........
Standard Pickup--Light.......................................  ...........
Standard Pickup--Heavy.......................................  ...........
Standard Cargo Van--Light....................................  ...........
Standard Cargo Van--Heavy....................................  ...........
Compact Passenger Van/Minivan................................  ...........
Standard Passenger Van--Light................................  ...........
Standard Passenger Van--Heavy................................  ...........
Compact Sport Utility........................................  ...........
Mid-size Sport Utility.......................................  ...........
Full-size Sport Utility......................................  ...........
Crossover Vehicle............................................  ...........
Sport Utility Truck..........................................  ...........
    Total....................................................  ...........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. Technologies, Cost and Potential Fuel Economy Improvements

    The agency requests that manufacturers and other interested 
parties separately describe any fuel economy-related technologies 
not listed in the tables below. For the technologies listed in the 
tables below and any additional technologies, the agency requests 
that each manufacturer and other interested parties provide 
estimates of the model year of availability of each technology. 
Because engineering, planning and financial constraints prohibit 
most technologies from being applied across an entire fleet of 
vehicles within a year, the agency requests information on possible 
constraints on the rates at which each technology can penetrate a 
manufacturer's fleet. The agency refers to these as ``phase-in 
caps.'' \3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ In NHTSA's 2006 rulemaking establishing CAFE standards for 
MY 2008-2011 light trucks, the agency considered phase-in caps by 
ceasing to add a given technology to a manufacturer's fleet in a 
specific model year once it has increased the corresponding 
penetration rate by at least amount of the cap. Having done so, it 
applied other technologies in lieu of the ``capped'' technology.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Also for the technologies listed in the tables below and any 
additional technologies, the agency requests estimates of the range 
of costs and fuel economy improvements of available fuel economy 
technologies. Estimates of energy loss reduction estimates should 
also be provided.
    The agency also asks that manufacturers or other interested 
parties provide information on appropriate sequencing of 
technologies, so that accumulated cost and fuel consumption effects 
may be evaluated incrementally. As examples of possible technology 
sequences, ``decision trees'' are shown in Appendix B below.
    Considering the appropriate sequencing of technologies, the 
estimates requested above should follow the format provided by 
Tables 1 through 6:
    Table 1: The list of technologies, and estimates of the first 
model year in which each technology is expected to be available for 
significant commercial use.
    Table 2: Estimates of highest incremental share of fleet to 
which a technology could be added in a single model year (``phase-in 
cap'' percentage) for individual technologies, if relevant.
    Table 3: Estimates of the incremental cost and Retail Price 
Equivalent (in 2008 dollars) of each technology, assuming preceding 
technologies have already been applied and/or superseded. Costs 
should be described as manufacturer cost, supplier cost, or some 
other basis. Retail Price Equivalent multipliers should be provided 
for each technology. If cost reductions available through learning 
effects are anticipated, information should be provided regarding 
what the learning effects are, when and at what production volumes 
they occur, and to what degrees such learning is expected to be 
available.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ ``Learning effects'' describes the reduction in unit 
production costs as a function of accumulated production volume and 
small redesigns that reduce costs. Applying learning effects, or 
``curves,'' requires estimates of three parameters: (1) The initial 
production volume that must be reached before cost reductions begin 
to be realized (referred to as ``threshold volume''); (2) the 
percent reduction in average unit cost that results from each 
successive doubling of cumulative production volume (usually 
referred to as the ``learning rate''); and (3) the initial cost of 
the technology. The method applies this effect for up to two 
doublings of production volume. For example, a 20 percent applied 
with a 25,000 unit threshold would reduce the applicable 
technology's incremental cost by up to 36 percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 4: Estimates of the incremental fuel consumption reduction 
achieved by each technology, assuming preceding technologies

[[Page 24201]]

have already been applied and/or superseded.
    Table 5: Estimates of the percentage by which each technology 
reduces energy losses attributable to each of nine energy loss 
mechanisms.
    Table 6: Estimates of the amount by which the fuel consumption 
exceeds the value obtained by combining (through multiplication) 
fuel consumption reduction estimates shown in Table 2.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ When two or more technologies are added to a particular 
vehicle model to improve its fuel efficiency, the resultant fuel 
consumption reduction may sometimes be higher or lower than the 
product of the individual effectiveness values for those items. This 
may occur because one or more technologies applied to the same 
vehicle partially address the same source or sources of engine or 
vehicle losses. Alternately, this effect may be seen when one 
technology shifts the engine operating points, and therefore 
increases or reduces the fuel consumption reduction achieved by 
another technology or set of technologies. The difference between 
the observed fuel consumption reduction associated with a set of 
technologies and the product of the individual effectiveness values 
in that set is sometimes referred to as a ``synergy.'' Synergies may 
be positive (increased fuel consumption reduction compared to the 
product of the individual effects) or negative (decreased fuel 
consumption reduction).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The agency has included sample tables for manufacturers' use. 
Spreadsheet templates for these tables can be found at ftp://
ftpserver.volpe.dot.gov/pub/cafe/templates/.

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Appendix B. Technology Decision Trees
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[FR Doc. 08-1185 Filed 4-23-08; 9:16 am]

BILLING CODE 4910-59-C
