
[Federal Register Volume 79, Number 144 (Monday, July 28, 2014)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 43829-43915]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2014-17195]



[[Page 43829]]

Vol. 79

Monday,

No. 144

July 28, 2014

Part II





Department of Transportation





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





Federal Railroad Administration





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





49 CFR Part 219





Control of Alcohol and Drug Use: Coverage of Maintenance of Way 
Employees, Retrospective Regulatory Review-Based Amendments (RRR); 
Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 79 , No. 144 / Monday, July 28, 2014 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 43830]]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Railroad Administration

49 CFR Part 219

[Docket No. FRA-2009-0039]
RIN 2130-AC10


Control of Alcohol and Drug Use: Coverage of Maintenance of Way 
Employees, Retrospective Regulatory Review-Based Amendments (RRR)

AGENCY: Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Department of 
Transportation. (DOT).

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: In response to Congress' mandate in the Rail Safety 
Improvement Act of 2008 (RSIA), FRA is proposing to expand the scope of 
its alcohol and drug regulations to cover employees who perform 
maintenance-of-way (MOW) activities. In addition, FRA is proposing 
certain substantive amendments that either respond to National 
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommendations or update and 
clarify the alcohol and drug regulations based on a retrospective 
regulatory review (RRR) analysis.

DATES: Comments: Submit comments on or before September 26, 2014.
    Public Hearing: FRA anticipates being able to resolve this 
rulemaking without a public, oral hearing. However, if FRA receives a 
specific request for a public, oral hearing prior to August 27, 2014, 
one will be scheduled and FRA will publish a supplemental notice in the 
Federal Register to inform interested parties of the date, time, and 
location of any such hearing.

ADDRESSES: Comments: Comments related to Docket No. FRA-2009-0039 may 
be submitted by any of the following methods:
     Online: Comments should be filed at the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal, http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online 
instructions for submitting comments.
     Fax: 202-493-2251.
     Mail: Docket Management Facility, U.S. DOT, 1200 New 
Jersey Avenue SE., W12-140, Washington, DC 20590.
     Hand Delivery: Room W12-140 on the Ground level of the 
West Building, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC between 9 
a.m. and 5 p.m. Monday through Friday, except federal holidays.
Instructions: All submissions must include the agency name and docket 
number or Regulatory Identification Number (RIN) for this rulemaking. 
Note that all comments received will be posted without change to http://www.regulations.gov including any personal information provided. 
Please see the Privacy Act heading in the ``Supplementary Information'' 
section of this document for Privacy Act information related to any 
submitted comments or materials.

Proposed Revised Part 219 Available in Docket No. FRA-2009-0039

    A revised version of part 219 incorporating all amendments proposed 
by this NPRM is available for review in the public docket of this 
rulemaking (docket no. FRA-2009-0039). Interested persons can review 
this document to learn how the proposed amendments would affect part 
219 as a whole.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For program and technical issues, 
contact Gerald Powers, Drug and Alcohol Program Manager, Office of 
Safety Enforcement, Mail Stop 25, Federal Railroad Administration, 1200 
New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590 (telephone 202-493-6313), 
gerald.powers@dot.gov. For legal issues, contact Elizabeth A. Gross, 
Trial Attorney, Office of Chief Counsel, Federal Railroad 
Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Mail Stop 10, Washington, 
DC 20590 (telephone 202-493-1342), elizabeth.gross@dot.gov; or Patricia 
V. Sun, Trial Attorney, Office of Chief Counsel, Federal Railroad 
Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Mail Stop 10, Washington, 
DC 20590 (telephone 202-493-6060), patricia.sun@dot.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents for Supplementary Information

I. Executive Summary
II. Statutory Authority and Proceedings to Date
III. Expansion of Part 219 to Employees Who Perform MOW Activities
    A. Background
    B. FRA's Proposed Definition of MOW Activities
    C. ``Regulated Employees'' and ``Regulated Service''
    D. Alternatives Considered for Part 219 Expansion
    1. Alternative No. 1: Adopt the ``roadway worker'' definition in 
Sec.  214.7
    2. Alternative No. 2: Include all employees who perform FRA 
safety-sensitive functions under Sec. Sec.  219.301 and 209.303
    E. MOW Employees and the Small Railroad Exception
    F. Railroad and Contractor Responsibility for Compliance
    G. MOW Employee Random Testing Rate
    H. MOW Employee Pre-employment Drug Testing
IV. Signal Contractors
V. Other Proposed Substantive Amendments
    A. Small railroads would no longer be excepted from the 
requirements for reasonable suspicion testing and pre-employment 
drug testing
    B. For purposes of the small railroad exception, a new 
definition of ``joint operations'' would be incorporated
    C. The post-accident toxicological (PAT) testing damage 
threshold for major train accidents would be increased
    D. Derailment and raking collisions would no longer be excluded 
from the Sec.  219.5 definition of impact accident
    E. PAT testing would be required for railroad highway-rail grade 
crossing accidents/incidents involving human-factor errors
    F. The provisions governing when regulated employees could be 
recalled for PAT testing would be amended
    G. Reasonable cause testing would be authorized only for 
reportable ``train accidents and ``train incidents''
    H. Federal reasonable cause testing would be authorized for 
additional operating rule violations or other errors
    I. Part 219 would be amended to conform certain provisions to 
the final conductor certification rule
VI. Primary Clarifying Amendments
    A. Reasonable suspicion and reasonable cause testing would be 
separated into different subparts, resulting in the re-designation 
of other subparts
    B. Random alcohol and drug testing would be reorganized and 
clarified
    C. Substituting ``Drug and Alcohol'' for ``Alcohol and Drug''
VII. Section-by-Section Analysis
VIII. Regulatory Impact and Notices
    A. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 and DOT Regulatory Policies 
and Procedures
    B. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 13272; Initial 
Regulatory Flexibility Assessment
    C. Paperwork Reduction Act
    D. Federalism Implications
    E. International Trade Impact Assessment
    F. Environmental Impact
    G. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
    H. Energy Impact
    I. Privacy Act

[[Page 43831]]

I. Executive Summary

    FRA has regulated the use of alcohol and drugs by certain railroad 
employees since 1985, when it issued a final rule establishing alcohol 
and drug use control regulations under 49 CFR part 219 (part 219). See 
50 FR 31508, Aug. 2, 1985. The rule contained certain prohibitions on 
the use and possession of alcohol and drugs by covered employees, who 
were defined as employees who had been assigned to perform covered 
service subject to the Hours of Service Act (45 U.S.C. 61-64b).\1\ See 
id. at 31569. The rule also contained requirements for post-accident 
toxicological (PAT) testing, discretionary reasonable cause and 
reasonable suspicion testing, co-worker and voluntary referral 
policies, pre-employment drug testing, and reporting. See id. at 31508. 
In 1988, FRA amended part 219 to require random drug testing of covered 
employees. See 53 FR 47102, Nov. 21, 1988. In 1994, FRA again amended 
part 219 to require random alcohol testing and reasonable suspicion 
testing, in conformance with the requirements of the Omnibus 
Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991 (Omnibus Act) (reasonable 
cause testing remained discretionary). See 59 FR 7448, Feb. 15, 1994. 
FRA has not fundamentally revised part 219 since 1994.\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ The hours of service (HOS) laws are currently found at 49 
U.S.C. ch. 211.
    \2\ In 2004, FRA expanded the scope of part 219 to cover foreign 
railroad foreign-based employees who perform train or dispatching 
service in the United States. See 69 FR 19270, Apr. 12, 2004. In 
2013, FRA added routine tests for certain non-controlled substances 
to its PAT testing program. See 78 FR 14217, Mar. 5, 2013.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Omnibus Act required the Department of Transportation (DOT or 
Department) to establish Federal workplace testing procedures for 
transportation employees. The Department's Procedures for 
Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Program are contained 
in 49 CFR part 40 (part 40), which is published by the DOT Office of 
the Secretary (OST). Only the DOT Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and 
Compliance (ODAPC) and the DOT Office of General Counsel (OGC) are 
authorized to interpret part 40 requirements. See 49 CFR 40.5.\3\ Part 
40 testing requirements and procedures apply to any drug or alcohol 
test required by DOT agency regulations, except for FRA's PAT testing 
and certain testing conducted pursuant to DOT-mandated peer prevention 
programs (including FRA's peer prevention program currently required by 
subpart E of part 219). See Sec.  219.701. FRA's PAT testing program 
pre-dates the enactment of the Omnibus Act, which specifically exempts 
the program from part 40. See Sec.  40.1(c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ Unless otherwise specified, all references to CFR sections 
and parts in this document refer to Title 49 of the CFR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to Congress' mandate in the RSIA, FRA is proposing to 
expand the scope of part 219 to cover employees who perform MOW 
activities. As used in this NPRM, the term ``employee'' includes 
employees, volunteers, and probationary employees of railroads and 
contractors (defined to include subcontractors) to railroads. In 
addition, because MOW employees are not subject to the HOS laws, FRA is 
proposing a new term-of-art--``regulated service''--that would 
encompass both covered service and MOW activities. Performance of 
regulated service would make an individual a ``regulated employee'' 
subject to part 219, regardless of whether the individual is employed 
by a railroad or a contractor to a railroad. This proposed expansion of 
part 219 would both comply with the RSIA mandate and respond in part to 
NTSB Recommendation R-08-07 (Apr. 10, 2008), available at http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/recletters/2008/R08_05_07.pdf. In Recommendation 
R-08-07, the NTSB advised FRA to expand its alcohol and drug 
regulations to all railroad employees and contractors who perform FRA 
safety-sensitive functions as defined by Sec. Sec.  209.301 and 209.303 
(the regulations setting forth the purpose, scope and coverage of FRA's 
procedures for disqualifying individuals from performing certain 
safety-sensitive functions).
    FRA is also proposing to amend part 219 in response to NTSB 
Recommendation R-01-17, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/recletters/2001/R01_17.pdf. Recommendation R-01-17 advised FRA to 
limit the current blanket exception for PAT testing after highway-rail 
grade crossing accidents to allow PAT testing when an accident was 
likely due to human factors or involved a regulated employee fatality.
    This NPRM also proposes amendments based on a retrospective review 
of part 219, which FRA has been implementing for more than 25 years. 
These amendments, which reflect practical lessons FRA has learned, are 
necessary to update and simplify the regulation's requirements.

Costs and Benefits of Proposed Rule

    The proposed rule would impose costs that are outweighed by the 
quantified safety benefits. For the 20-year period analyzed, the 
estimated costs that will be imposed on industry total approximately 
$24 million (undiscounted), with discounted costs totaling $14.2 
million (Present Value (PV), 7 percent) and $18.9 million (PV, 3 
percent). The estimated quantified benefits for this 20-year period 
total approximately $115.8 million (undiscounted), with discounted 
benefits totaling $57.4 million (PV, 7 percent) and $83.6 million (PV, 
3 percent).
    The costs would primarily be derived from implementation of the 
statutory mandate to expand the scope of part 219 to cover MOW 
employees. The benefits will primarily accrue from the expected injury, 
fatality, and property damage avoidance resulting from the expansion of 
part 219 to cover MOW employees, as well as the PAT testing threshold 
increase. The table below summarizes the quantified costs and benefits 
expected to accrue over a 20-year period from adoption of the proposed 
rule and identifies the statutory costs and benefits (those required by 
the RSIA mandate to expand part 219 to MOW employees) and the 
discretionary costs and benefits (those that are due to the non-RSIA 
requirements that FRA is proposing).

[[Page 43832]]



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         20 Year costs                                 Statutory              Discretionary
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PAT Testing Costs--Adding MOW.................................                  $52,000  .......................
PAT Testing Costs--Impact Def + Xing..........................                                          $241,974
Reasonable Suspicion Testing Costs............................                  842,398  .......................
Pre-Emp. Testing Costs--Adding MOW............................                  673,897  .......................
Pre-Emp. Testing Costs--Sm. RR................................                                            29,904
Random Testing Costs..........................................               20,863,074  .......................
Annual Report Costs...........................................                  160,911  .......................
Recordkeeping Requirements Costs..............................                1,397,840  .......................
                                                               -------------------------------------------------
    Total Costs...............................................               23,990,121                  271,878
                                                               -------------------------------------------------
                                                                                   24,261,999
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       20 Year Benefits                                Statutory              Discretionary
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accident Reduction Benefits...................................              115,369,281  .......................
PAT Testing Threshold Reduction Benefits......................                                           388,295
                                                               -------------------------------------------------
    Total Benefits............................................                     115,757,576
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. Statutory Authority and Proceedings to Date

    Currently, part 219 applies only to covered employees, defined in 
Sec.  219.5 as individuals who perform covered service subject to the 
HOS laws at 49 U.S.C. 21103, 21104, or 21105. In Section 412 of the 
RSIA (Section 412), Congress directed the Secretary to ``revise the 
regulations prescribed under section 20140 of title 49, United States 
Code, to cover all employees of railroad carriers and contractors or 
subcontractors to railroad carriers who perform maintenance-of-way 
activities.'' The Secretary has delegated this responsibility to the 
FRA Administrator. See 49 CFR 1.89(b); see also 49 U.S.C. 103(g). The 
RSIA does not define MOW activities.
    When the RSIA was enacted in 2008, FRA was already conducting a 
retrospective analysis of part 219, looking for ways to clarify the 
regulations and make the requirements less burdensome. This NPRM 
therefore proposes both amendments that would incorporate MOW employees 
and amendments suggested by FRA's retrospective analysis of part 219.
    As explained above, part 219 incorporates the alcohol and drug 
testing procedures found in part 40, which is published and 
administered by ODAPC. For this reason, FRA did not consult with the 
Railroad Safety Advisory Committee (RSAC) on this proposed rule. 
Instead, FRA gathered information and suggestions from railroads, labor 
organizations, and other stakeholders at railroad industry meetings. 
For example, railroad industry stakeholders provided statistics about 
the number of employees of railroads and contractors to railroads who 
perform MOW activities and submitted suggestions on how FRA should 
define MOW activities.

III. Expansion of Part 219 to Employees Who Perform MOW Activities

    In this NPRM, FRA is proposing to expand the scope of part 219 to 
include employees who perform MOW activities (MOW employees). As 
discussed above, the term ``employee,'' as used in this NPRM, includes 
employees, contractors, subcontractors, volunteers, and probationary 
employees. Accordingly, the term ``MOW employee'' includes any 
individual performing MOW activities for a railroad, whether employed 
directly by the railroad, employed by a contractor or subcontractor to 
the railroad, or a volunteer for the railroad. MOW employees are at a 
high safety risk because they work along railroad track and roadbed and 
may suffer injury or death as a result of being struck by trains or 
other on-track or fouling equipment. Additionally, MOW employees 
directly affect the safety of railroad operations because they work on 
or near railroad tracks, operate on-track or fouling equipment, and 
assist in directing trains through work areas. The purpose of expanding 
part 219 to include MOW employees is to improve safety by reducing the 
rate of alcohol and drug use among the MOW employee population.

A. Background

    On January 9, 2007, a southbound Massachusetts Bay Transit 
Administration (MBTA) passenger train, operated by the Massachusetts 
Bay Commuter Railroad (MBCR), struck a track maintenance vehicle that 
was on the track near Woburn, Massachusetts. See NTSB, Railroad 
Accident Report: Collision of Massachusetts Bay Transportation 
Authority Train 322 and Track Maintenance Equipment Near Woburn, 
Massachusetts, NTSB/RAR-08/01, PB2008-916301, Mar. 18, 2008, at 1, 
available at http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2008/RAR0801.pdf 
(``Woburn Report''). At the time of the collision, six MBCR MOW 
employees were replacing crossties and were working on or near the 
track maintenance vehicle. The train rounded a curve at 62 mph and 
struck the track maintenance vehicle. The MOW workers had only about 15 
seconds warning before the collision. Id. at 17. Two of the MBCR 
employees, a track foreman and a track worker/welder, were killed, and 
two were seriously injured. The NTSB investigated the collision and 
determined that one of its probable causes was the failure of the MOW 
crew to apply a shunting device that would have provided redundant 
signal protection for their track segment.\4\ An MBCR rule required the 
crew to have a shunting device at the end of the work area every time a 
track was taken out of service for maintenance. The track foreman in 
charge of the MOW crew, however, had not complied with this rule. Id. 
at vi and 17.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ The NTSB also found that a probable cause of the accident 
was the failure of the train dispatcher to maintain blocking that 
provided signal protection for the track segment occupied by the MOW 
crew. See id. at vi.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the MOW employees involved in the MBTA accident were not 
covered employees, Sec.  219.203(a)(4)(ii) requires PAT testing on the 
remains of any railroad employee fatally injured in a train accident or 
incident. The PAT testing results for the fatally injured foreman 
involved in the MBTA accident showed that that he had likely used 
marijuana within three hours of his

[[Page 43833]]

death. The NTSB concluded that the foreman's performance would likely 
have been measurably impaired at the time of the accident by his recent 
use of marijuana. The NTSB also concluded that the foreman's positive 
drug test result was ``not an isolated incident among MBCR maintenance-
of-way employees.'' Id. at 19. Between December 2003 and January 2007, 
the MBCR had four fatalities, one critical injury, and one potentially 
serious incident involving MOW employees. Id. Seven MOW employees were 
tested for drugs and/or alcohol as a result of these incidents. Id. 
(Four fatally injured employees were tested under FRA authority, and 
three surviving employees were tested under MBCR's company authority. 
Id.) Of the seven MOW employees tested, four had positive results, and 
one employee submitted a specimen that was a negative dilute which may 
have masked a positive. Id. The NTSB found that this high rate of 
positive test results was symptomatic of a substance abuse problem 
among MBCR MOW employees. Id.
    As part of its investigation of this accident, the NTSB reviewed 
industry-wide PAT testing data for accidents involving MOW employee 
fatalities. Over the 10-year period ending January 9, 2007, FRA PAT 
testing of 26 MOW fatalities resulted in 5 positive test results, a 
positive rate of 19.23%. Id. at 19. In contrast, the overall PAT 
testing positive rate for covered employees was only 6.56%. Id. The 
NTSB concluded that these results showed greater alcohol and drug use 
among MOW employees than among covered employees subject to part 219. 
Id. Thus, the NTSB determined that alcohol and drug use by MOW 
employees in the railroad industry was a safety concern. Id. at vi and 
19.
    The NTSB noted that FRA data indicate that MOW employees are about 
three times more likely to have positive test results than covered 
employees (19.23% positive for MOW employees vs. 6.56% positive for 
covered employees). See Woburn Report at 20. Attributing this 
difference ``to the deterrent value of the FRA's random testing program 
to which covered employees are subject but maintenance-of-way employees 
are not,'' the NTSB recommended that FRA revise its definition of 
covered employee to include all railroad employees and contractors who 
perform FRA safety-sensitive functions, as defined by Sec. Sec.  
209.301 and 209.303. See NTSB Recommendation R-08-07.
    Section 209.303 lists the safety-sensitive functions that an 
individual may be disqualified from performing if he or she has been 
found unfit to do so after committing a FRA safety violation. See Sec.  
209.301. If FRA expanded the scope of part 219 to cover the safety-
sensitive functions listed in Sec.  209.303, it would include not only 
covered employees, as currently defined, but all railroad employees and 
contractor employees (including managers and supervisors) who: (1) 
Inspect, install, repair, or maintain track and roadbed; (2) inspect, 
repair, or maintain locomotives, passenger cars, and freight cars; (3) 
conduct training and testing of employees when required to do so by the 
FRA's safety regulations; (4) perform service subject to the 
Transportation of Hazardous Materials Law (Hazmat Law); \5\ (5) 
supervise and otherwise direct the performance of the safety-sensitive 
functions; or (6) are in a position to direct the commission of 
violations of any FRA safety regulation. As discussed below, FRA does 
not currently believe that it is necessary to expand part 219 beyond 
railroad employees (including contractors, subcontractors, volunteers 
and probationary employees) who perform covered service and/or MOW 
activities for a railroad.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ The Transportation of Hazardous Materials Laws are located 
at 49 U.S.C. ch. 51. Under 49 U.S.C. 5103, the Secretary is directed 
to prescribe regulations for the ``safe transportation, including 
security, of hazardous materials in intrastate, interstate, and 
foreign commerce.'' These regulations apply to a person who performs 
a broad range of activities, including testing a ``packaging 
component that is represented, marked, certified, or sold as 
qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce'' 
and ``certif[ying] compliance with any requirements under this 
chapter.'' Such activities generally are not related to what would 
be considered railroad MOW activities.
     The Secretary delegated the authority to issue these 
regulations to the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety 
Administration (PHMSA), and the resulting regulations are found at 
49 CFR subtitle B, ch. 1. The broad extent of these regulations go 
far beyond what would be an appropriate scope for FRA's alcohol and 
drug regulation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. FRA's Proposed Definition of ``MOW Activities''

    In response to the mandate contained in Section 412 and NTSB 
Recommendation R-08-07, FRA is proposing to expand part 219 to include 
employees who perform MOW activities, as defined in proposed Sec.  
219.5. FRA's proposed definition of MOW activities includes the 
following: (1) The inspection, repair, or maintenance of track, 
roadbed, or electric traction systems; (2) the operation of on-track or 
fouling equipment utilized for the inspection, repair, or maintenance 
of track, roadbed, or electric traction systems; (3) the performance of 
flagman or watchman/lookout duties; (4) the obtaining of on-track 
authority and/or permission for the performance of activities described 
by the proposed definition; or (5) the granting of on-track authority 
and/or permission for operation over a segment of track while workers 
are performing activities described by the proposed definition.
    In drafting its proposed definition of ``MOW activities,'' FRA drew 
from Sec.  209.303's definition of FRA safety-sensitive functions and 
identified those activities that most closely fit the common 
understanding of MOW activities in the railroad industry. Based in part 
on feedback from stakeholders, FRA determined that these activities 
include the inspection, installation, repair, or maintenance of track 
and roadbed. See Sec.  209.303(b)(1). Individuals performing such 
activities work along railroad track and roadbed and may suffer serious 
injury or death from being struck by trains or other on-track or 
fouling equipment. These individuals also directly affect the safety of 
railroad operations because they work on or near railroad tracks, 
operate on-track or fouling equipment, and authorize or direct trains 
through working limits.
    In contrast, individuals performing the other FRA safety-sensitive 
functions listed in Sec.  209.303 do not typically experience the same 
type of safety risks because they generally do not work on or around a 
railroad's track or roadbed. Individuals who inspect, repair, or 
maintain locomotives, passenger cars, and freight cars, as described by 
Sec.  209.303(b)(2), generally perform these functions in locomotive or 
car repair facilities subject to blue flag protection. See 49 CFR part 
218, subpart B. Individuals who conduct training and testing of 
employees required by FRA safety regulations, as described in Sec.  
209.303(b)(3), may conduct such training without ever approaching a 
railroad track or roadbed. Individuals who perform service subject to 
the Hazmat Law may sometimes do so on or near a track or roadbed, but 
this is not necessarily the case. Nevertheless, any individuals 
performing the above activities would fall within the proposed expanded 
scope of part 219 if they otherwise perform covered service or MOW 
activities as defined in this NPRM.
    Once FRA decided to begin its MOW activities definition with the 
language from Sec.  209.303(b)(1), it decided to remove ``install'' 
from the definition because part 219 applies only to railroads that 
operate on track that is part of the general railroad system of

[[Page 43834]]

transportation. See Sec.  219.3(a). By not including the word 
``install'' in its proposed MOW activities definition, FRA would 
exclude the installation of track that has not yet been incorporated 
into the general railroad system of transportation. Rebuilding a track 
that is already part of the general system of transportation, however, 
would be covered by the definition because it would be considered 
repair or maintenance. Essentially, work on a track would be covered 
under the proposed MOW activities definition once the track became part 
of the general system of transportation and subject to FRA's track 
safety standards in 49 CFR part 213. FRA is specifically requesting 
public comment, however, on whether the installation of new track 
should be considered a MOW activity, and whether its proposed 
definition would improperly exclude other installation work that should 
be considered a MOW activity.
    FRA also decided, however, that its proposed definition of MOW 
activities should specifically include employees who work on electric 
traction systems. Electric traction is a wayside electric distribution 
system (such as an overhead catenary or third rail) that a railroad can 
utilize for locomotion in lieu of locomotive diesel engines. Electric 
traction systems also include various pieces of equipment that can be 
found along the railroad's right-of-way, such as power stations, power 
sub-stations, breaker sites, power feed lines, catenary towers, and 
power dispatching offices. Currently, Amtrak and other commuter 
railroads use electric traction systems.
    FRA also concluded that the definition of MOW activities should 
specifically include employees who perform duties as flagmen or 
watchmen/lookouts. While flagmen or watchmen/lookouts may not be 
directly engaged in the inspection, repair, or maintenance of track, 
roadbed, or electric traction systems, they are generally working in 
the foul of track and are providing on-track safety for employees who 
are engaged in such activities. For example, a flagman may be 
responsible for keeping all trains and on-track equipment clear of the 
working limits within which MOW activities are being performed. See 
Sec.  214.7. Watchmen/lookouts are also responsible under Sec.  214.329 
for providing train approach warnings to MOW employees who foul any 
track outside of working limits.\6\ Since flagmen and watchmen/lookouts 
must stay alert at all times to properly perform these safety-critical 
job duties, it would run counter to safety purposes to exclude their 
duties from FRA's proposed definition of MOW activities. FRA is 
proposing to define ``flagman'' and ``watchman/lookout'' in Sec.  219.5 
as those terms are currently defined in FRA's roadway worker 
regulations. See Sec.  214.7. Because these definitions have already 
been established by part 214, the railroad industry is already familiar 
with their meaning and application.\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ While Sec.  214.329 is phrased in terms of watchmen/lookouts 
providing train approach warning to roadway workers, FRA notes that 
the definition of ``roadway worker'' in Sec.  214.7 (discussed 
further below) is not craft-specific and would likely include any 
MOW employee (as defined in this NPRM) fouling a track outside of 
working limits. Any MOW employee fouling a track outside of working 
limits would therefore require a train approach warning by one or 
more watchmen/lookouts under Sec.  214.329.
    \7\ FRA notes that the term flagman is also used by the railroad 
industry to describe an employee (e.g., a ``conductor flagman'') who 
obtains on-track authority for contractors that are not contractors 
to a railroad and therefore not roadway workers. The general public 
also understands flagman to mean a person who flags highway traffic 
during highway construction or grade crossing projects. In this 
NPRM, FRA is proposing to define ``flagman'' solely as defined in 
Sec.  214.7, rather than in the sense of ``conductor-flagman'' or 
``highway-traffic-flagman.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For illustration purposes, part 219's proposed MOW activities 
definition would include (but not be limited to) the following 
activities: (1) The clearing of snow and ice from track and switches 
(but not from passenger station platforms, as discussed below); (2) the 
operation of on-track or fouling equipment used for repair/maintenance 
purposes such as tampers, tie-throwers, ballast machines, weed 
sprayers, etc. or working with such equipment; (3) the operation of on-
track rail inspection vehicles; (4) the requesting or granting of 
authority to occupy a segment of track for the purpose of performing 
MOW activities; and (5) the requesting or granting of permission for a 
train to proceed through MOW working limits. The above list is not 
exhaustive, and FRA is specifically requesting public comment on 
whether there are other functions that should be considered MOW 
activities that may not be included in its proposed definition. FRA is 
specifically interested in whether it should consider duties already 
covered by the alcohol and drug testing requirements of the Federal 
Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMSCA) as MOW activities, when 
those duties also impact the safe performance of MOW activities (e.g., 
the operation of tractor-trailers or other equipment for the purpose of 
loading or unloading MOW equipment or supplies onto or within the foul 
of the track).
    FRA proposes, however, to exclude the following types of activities 
from the definition of MOW activities: (1) The clearing of snow and ice 
from passenger station platforms; (2) other passenger station 
maintenance, such as painting, cleaning, sweeping platforms, etc.; (3) 
activities performed by individuals who are not engaged by or under 
contract to a railroad, such as workers who are installing cable for a 
public utility company or constructing a bridge for a government 
highway agency; (4) railroad bridge \8\ work that is not on the track 
or within four feet of the nearest rail (on a horizontal plane), such 
as painting the base of a bridge or diving to inspect a bridge 
structure; (5) engagement as a tractor-trailer operator solely for the 
purpose of hauling MOW equipment to and from a work site (although such 
persons would be included in the definition if they were engaged in 
loading or unloading MOW equipment or supplies onto or within the foul 
of the track); and (6) emergency work that is wholly the result of a 
natural disaster, such as a flood, tornado, or mudslide. As with the 
list of included activities above, this list of excluded activities is 
not exhaustive, and FRA is requesting public comment on what, if any, 
other activities should be specifically excluded from the definition of 
MOW activities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ Under Sec.  214.7, a ``railroad bridge'' is a structure 
supporting one or more railroad tracks above land or water with a 
span length of 12 feet or more measured along the track centerline. 
This includes the entire structure between the faces of the 
backwalls of abutments or equivalent components, regardless of 
number of spans, and includes all such structures, whether 
constructed of timber, stone, concrete, metal, or any combination of 
these materials. Under Sec.  237.5, a ``railroad bridge'' is any 
structure with a deck, regardless of length, which supports one or 
more railroad tracks, or any other undergrade structure with an 
individual span length of 10 feet or more located at such a depth 
that it is affected by live loads. See 49 CFR part 237, appendix A--
Supplemental Statement of Agency Policy on the Safety of Railroad 
Bridges.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA is also specifically requesting public comment on whether the 
proposed MOW activities definition should include any of the following 
activities: (1) Boring a pipe under a track; (2) paving a highway-rail 
grade crossing; (3) placing detour or other signs in conjunction with 
grade crossing work; (4) operating cranes for the loading and unloading 
of MOW equipment, regardless of whether or not that equipment is being 
loaded onto or within the foul of a track; (5) clearing and repairing a 
railroad track following an accident or incident; and (6) operating a 
bridge if the employee is not covered under the HOS laws.
    FRA notes that the proposed definition of MOW activities in part 
219 is narrower than the definition of roadway worker duties in Sec.  
214.7 of

[[Page 43835]]

FRA's railroad workplace safety rule (part 214). Consequently, a 
roadway worker as defined in part 214 may perform duties that would not 
be considered MOW activities as defined in part 219. For example, an 
employee who performs passenger station maintenance is performing 
roadway worker duties under part 214 (since a passenger station is 
considered a ``roadway facility'' under Sec.  214.7) but would not be 
performing MOW activities under part 219, so that performance of these 
duties would make the employee subject to part 214 but not to part 219. 
If FRA incorporates its proposed definition of MOW activities into part 
219, railroads would be required to distinguish between roadway workers 
as defined in part 214 and MOW employees as defined in part 219, and to 
realize that individuals may require roadway worker protection even if 
they are not performing MOW activities. The proposed MOW activities 
definition differs from the definition of roadway worker duties because 
it focuses exclusively on the nature of the activities being performed, 
and does not consider an employee's proximity to the track. Unlike 
under the roadway worker duties definition, MOW activities do not need 
to be performed either ``on or near track or with the potential of 
fouling a track.'' FRA is requesting public comment on how to make 
clear the differences between its proposed MOW employee and MOW 
activity definitions in part 219 and the roadway worker definition in 
Sec.  214.7. FRA is also asking for input on the scope of its proposed 
definitions, and the safety concerns that involve individuals 
performing MOW activities.

C. ``Regulated Employees'' and ``Regulated Service''

    To implement the expansion of part 219 to cover MOW employees, FRA 
is proposing to add two new definitions to Sec.  219.5: ``Regulated 
employee,'' which would refer to an any employee who is subject to part 
219 (whether a covered or MOW employee) and a corresponding term, 
``regulated service,'' which would refer to all activities subject to 
part 219 (again, both covered service and MOW activities). Together, 
these two proposed terms-of-art would encompass all individuals and 
duties subject to part 219, and would substitute for the awkward terms 
``covered employees and maintenance-of-way employees'' or ``covered 
service and MOW activities.'' FRA believes these proposed definitions 
would make its RSIA-mandated addition of MOW employees easier to 
understand and implement, but is requesting public comment on whether 
its proposed definitions would be clearly understood to refer to both 
covered service and MOW employees and duties.

D. Alternatives Considered for Part 219 Expansion

    Before proposing to expand the scope of this rule to cover MOW 
activities as defined above, FRA considered two alternative approaches 
for meeting the statutory mandate of Section 412. Although FRA is not 
proposing to adopt either alternative, FRA is requesting input on each 
approach's feasibility in comparison to the approach proposed in this 
NPRM. FRA is also requesting public comment on whether there are other 
approaches it should consider.
1. Alternative No. 1: Adopt the ``roadway worker'' definition in Sec.  
214.7.
    FRA initially considered adopting Sec.  214.7's definition of 
``roadway worker,'' since it is an established definition with which 
the railroad industry is familiar. As defined by Sec.  214.7, ``roadway 
worker'' includes any employee of a railroad (or a contactor to a 
railroad) who inspects, constructs, maintains, or repairs railroad 
track, bridges, roadway, signal and communication systems, electric 
traction systems, roadway facilities or roadway maintenance machinery 
``on or near track or with the potential of fouling a track.'' This 
definition of roadway worker also includes flagmen and watchmen/
lookouts.
    Although FRA initially assumed that the roadway worker population 
is generally the same as that of employees who perform MOW activities, 
FRA ultimately concluded that this is not so since Sec.  214.7 defines 
railroad employees (including employees of contractors to a railroad) 
as roadway workers if they perform any of the section's listed duties 
``on or near the track or with the potential to foul the track.'' This 
particular language applies to individuals performing duties that would 
not be considered MOW activities, such as maintenance of roadway 
facilities that could involve fouling the track. Individuals performing 
such duties may qualify as roadway workers, but they are not generally 
considered to be MOW employees if their activities do not involve work 
on track or roadbed.
    Furthermore, as used in part 214, a roadway worker is defined as 
any employee who performs one or more of the duties listed that has the 
potential of fouling a track, and this definition determines which 
employees must be provided roadway worker training and on-track 
protection in certain situations. In part 214, this broad language is 
not problematic because it is relatively easy for a railroad to provide 
employees with roadway worker training and on-track protection on short 
notice. However, FRA believes that adopting part 214's roadway worker 
definition would make it difficult for railroads and contractors to 
comply with the expanded scope of part 219, since part 219 elements 
often require advance planning before implementation For example, to 
establish an effective random testing program that meets FRA's minimum 
random testing rates, a railroad would first have to identify all 
employees and contractors who may ever perform duties qualifying them 
as roadway workers.
    Therefore, while FRA considered adopting the Sec.  214.7 roadway 
worker definition, FRA concluded that this definition was too broad for 
part 219 purposes. Nonetheless, FRA is requesting public comment on 
this alternative.
2. Alternative No. 2: Include all employees who perform FRA safety-
sensitive functions under Sec. Sec.  219.301 and 209.303.
    As a second alternative approach, FRA considered implementing NTSB 
recommendation R-08-07 in its entirety by expanding part 219 to cover 
all employees who perform FRA safety-sensitive functions under 
Sec. Sec.  209.301 and 209.303. For the reasons discussed below, FRA 
has determined that it is currently unnecessary to expand the scope of 
part 219 to such an extent.
    As discussed above, FRA believes that in addition to the covered 
employees already subject to part 219, MOW employees occupy the most 
at-risk safety-sensitive positions in the railroad industry. Their 
duties regularly require them to work on or alongside track and 
roadbed, putting them at risk for being struck by a train or other on-
track or fouling equipment. MOW employees also greatly impact safety 
because their activities can directly interfere with the movement of 
trains or other on-track equipment. Furthermore, as discussed above, 
the NTSB based recommendation R-08-07 upon its findings that illegal 
drug use by MOW employees may have played a role in a 2007 fatal MBTA 
accident, and that test data from FRA's PAT testing program showed an 
alcohol and drug use problem in the MOW employee population. See Woburn 
Report at 19-20.
    In contrast, as discussed earlier, individuals who perform the 
other FRA safety-sensitive functions listed in Sec.  209.303 (e.g., 
individuals who inspect, repair, or maintain locomotives,

[[Page 43836]]

passenger cars, and freight cars) do not pose or have similar safety 
risks because these functions, unlike MOW activities, are typically 
performed in designated shop areas or on track designated as repair 
track and, as such, individuals performing these functions are not 
subject to the same risks as individuals working on or around railroad 
track over which normal railroad operations are taking place. 
Furthermore, employees who perform Sec.  209.303 safety-sensitive 
functions but are neither covered employees nor MOW employees have a 
lower PAT testing positive rate than those who perform MOW activities. 
From January 1997 to August 2010, FRA conducted PAT tests on 14 fatally 
injured employees who were neither covered employees nor MOW workers. 
Only one of these fatalities tested positive, resulting in a PAT 
testing positive rate of 7.14% for fatalities who were neither covered 
employees nor MOW workers, which is comparable to the 6.56% PAT testing 
positive rate for covered employees cited by the NTSB in its report on 
the MBTA accident. See Woburn Report at 20. In comparison, the NTSB's 
examination of the PAT testing results from MOW fatalities found a 
positive rate of 19.23%, about three times as high as that for covered 
employees. Id.
    FRA is therefore not proposing at this time to apply part 219 to 
those Sec.  209.303 safety-sensitive employees who are neither covered 
employees nor MOW employees. Accordingly, as proposed, the expanded 
scope of part 219 would not cover all Sec.  209.303 safety-sensitive 
employees, as recommended by the NTSB. FRA believes this more limited 
scope is not only data-driven but appropriate given the need to 
minimize the burden and costs of implementing the mandate of Section 
412. However, as with the first alternative approach discussed above, 
FRA is requesting public comment on this alternative.

E. MOW Employees and the Small Railroad Exception

    Since the inception of its alcohol and drug program in 1985, FRA 
has used the number of covered employees a railroad has (including 
covered service contractors and volunteers) as one factor in 
determining the railroad's risk of alcohol and drug-related accidents. 
See 50 FR 31529, Aug. 2, 1985. For example, FRA believes that generally 
small railroads, defined as those railroads that have 15 or fewer 
covered employees and no joint operations with other railroads, pose a 
lower risk of alcohol and drug-related accidents than larger railroads. 
Existing part 219 therefore requires larger railroads (defined as those 
railroads that either have 16 or more covered employees or are engaged 
in joint operations) to implement all of part 219, while small 
railroads have to implement only certain subparts of part 219. 
Currently under Sec.  219.3, small railroads do not have to comply with 
subpart D (reasonable suspicion and reasonable cause testing), subpart 
E (identification of troubled employees), subpart F (pre-employment 
testing) and subpart G (random alcohol and drug testing).\9\ The 
purpose of this small railroad exception is to limit part 219's 
regulatory burden on small railroads without adversely affecting 
safety.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ As discussed later in this preamble, FRA is proposing to 
modify the small railroad exception of Sec.  219.3 so that small 
railroads would no longer be exempt from the reasonable suspicion 
and pre-employment testing requirements of part 219.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA's use of a railroad's number of covered employees and 
participation in joint operations as measures of the railroad's risk of 
alcohol and drug-related accidents is a well-established approach with 
which the railroad industry is familiar. FRA is therefore proposing to 
continue counting only a railroad's covered employees for purposes of 
determining whether the railroad qualifies for the small railroad 
exception, particularly since FRA has found no safety rationale for 
doing otherwise. This would minimize implementation burdens by 
continuing to except a small railroad from full part 219 coverage 
provided that the railroad continues to meet Sec.  219.3 criteria.
    With respect to a contractor who performs MOW activities for a 
railroad, FRA proposes to amend Sec.  219.3 to apply part 219 to a MOW 
contractor to the same extent as it applies to the railroad for which 
the MOW contractor performs regulated service. As proposed, a 
contractor's level of part 219 compliance would be determined by the 
size of the railroad for which it is performing regulated service, 
regardless of the size of the contractor itself. To achieve this, FRA 
is proposing to add new language to the small railroad exception. 
Pursuant to this new language, if a contractor performs MOW activities 
exclusively for small railroads that are excepted from full compliance 
with part 219, the contractor would also be excepted from full 
compliance. For example, a MOW contractor with five employees who 
perform regulated service for a large railroad would have to implement 
a full part 219 program if the railroad for which it performs regulated 
service is required to do so, while a MOW contractor with 20 employees 
would not have to implement a full part 219 program if it performs 
regulated service for a small railroad that is excepted from full 
compliance with part 219.
    FRA recognizes that a MOW contractor may perform regulated service 
for multiple railroads, not all of which may be required to comply 
fully with part 219. To simplify application, FRA is proposing to add 
new language to the small railroad exception requiring a MOW contractor 
who performs regulated service for multiple railroads to implement a 
full part 219 program if the contractor performs regulated service for 
at least one large railroad fully subject to part 219. Under this 
proposal, if a MOW contractor performs regulated service for at least 
one large railroad, it would have to incorporate all of its regulated 
employees into a full part 219 program, even if only some of these 
employees perform regulated service for a large railroad, and 
regardless of whether or not a particular employee was currently 
performing regulated service for a large or a small railroad. This 
approach would allow a MOW contractor the flexibility to allocate its 
employees effectively and efficiently by allowing it to use any of its 
employees to perform regulated service for a large railroad on any 
given day.
    Although FRA considered amending the small railroad exception to 
allow a railroad to qualify for the small railroad exception if it did 
not have joint operations and the combined number of its covered 
employees and MOW workers was 15 or fewer, FRA ultimately decided that 
this approach would create several difficulties. For example, a 
railroad with 15 covered employees and five MOW employees that 
currently qualifies as a small railroad would become fully subject to 
part 219 if FRA counted the five MOW employees towards the 15 or fewer 
cutoff. FRA believes it would be unfair for a railroad's status to 
change simply because MOW employees were added to the count, without 
any actual change to the railroad's operations or the risks they would 
pose.
    Counting MOW contractors for purposes of the small railroad 
exception would present even more difficult issues. While Sec.  219.3 
currently counts contractor employees who perform covered service for a 
railroad for purposes of the small railroad exception, this approach 
has not been problematic because railroads generally hire covered 
service contractors, such as locomotive engineers, conductors, or train 
dispatchers, on a long-term basis. Similarly, the demand for signal 
service contractors is also stable, so it is fairly easy for a railroad 
to count its number

[[Page 43837]]

of covered service employees and contractors at any given time.
    In contrast, MOW work is variable, and MOW contractors frequently 
move from railroad to railroad. It is not unusual for a MOW contractor 
to perform work for a railroad only on a one-time basis. Including MOW 
contractors for purposes of the small railroad exception count could 
therefore create a situation where a railroad's status would vary from 
week to week. For instance, a railroad that loses its small railroad 
status after hiring MOW contractors to perform non-routine track 
maintenance could revert to small railroad status once its short-term 
contract with the MOW contractors expired. If a railroad no longer 
qualifies for small railroad status, it is no longer excepted from the 
requirement to implement a random testing program. Adoption of criteria 
that could result in short-term fluctuations in a railroad's status and 
requirements would be impracticable because implementation of a random 
testing program is generally a long-term commitment that involves 
contracting with collectors and other service providers.
    FRA also does not want to encourage the hiring of MOW contractors 
in lieu of MOW employees. Accordingly, for purposes of determining 
whether a railroad qualifies for the small railroad exception, since 
FRA is proposing to exclude contractor employees who perform MOW 
activities, FRA similarly proposes to exclude railroad employees who 
perform MOW activities. Furthermore, counting a railroad's MOW 
employees but not its MOW contractors would inaccurately reflect the 
safety risk presented by the railroad's total MOW worker population.
    FRA is proposing to maintain its current criteria for the small 
railroad exception, but is specifically requesting comment on the 
following questions:
     Should FRA amend the small railroad exception to consider 
MOW employees? If so, should FRA amend its current threshold of 15 
employees to account for the increased population of individuals 
performing MOW activities and covered service?
     Do railroads that currently meet the small railroad 
exception of Sec.  219.3 currently perform reasonable cause or random 
drug and alcohol testing under their own authority? If so, how does 
this small railroad company testing authority differ from the 
reasonable cause or random drug and alcohol testing conducted by larger 
railroads that fully complies with part 219? Should railroads that meet 
the existing small railroad exception also be required to fully comply 
with part 219?
     In light of the changes in the railroad operating 
environment since the inception of the small railroad exception, are 
there other approaches to the small railroad exception that FRA should 
consider? For example, given the criticality of ensuring the safety of 
all rail passenger operations (whether the operations are large or 
small), should the small railroad exception be modified, more narrowly 
tailored, or removed altogether for passenger operations? Similarly, 
given the increase in the volume and frequency of the rail 
transportation of DOT-regulated hazardous materials in recent years 
(e.g., flammable liquids), should the small railroad exception be 
modified, more narrowly tailored, or removed altogether if a railroad 
transports hazardous materials? For example, should the small railroad 
exception be limited to railroads that do not transport hazardous 
materials or that transport only certain low hazard hazardous 
materials? Should the exception be limited to railroads that do not 
transport hazardous materials above a certain threshold quantity? FRA 
is requesting information on the operations of small railroads as 
defined under Sec.  219.3: How many of these small railroads transport 
passengers and how many currently transport hazardous materials? For 
those small railroads that transport hazardous materials, what types of 
hazardous materials do they transport?
    Although in this NPRM, FRA is not proposing to modify its criteria 
for determining when a railroad meets the small railroad exception, FRA 
may do so in the final rule after consideration of any comments 
received in response to the above questions.

F. Railroad and Contractor Responsibility for Compliance

    FRA is proposing to hold both the railroad and the contractor 
responsible for ensuring that contractor employees performing regulated 
service for a railroad (contractor regulated employees) are in 
compliance with part 219. Since Sec.  219.9 currently provides that 
every person--including railroad agents and contractors--who violates 
or causes a violation of a part 219 requirement may be subject to a 
civil penalty, both railroads and contractors performing covered 
service for railroads are already responsible for part 219 compliance. 
FRA is stressing this provision because the expansion of part 219 to 
cover MOW employees would also subject a large population of MOW 
contractors to its requirements.
    While the RSIA-mandated expansion of part 219 to cover MOW 
employees may create complications for a railroad with a large number 
of MOW contractors, particularly if those contractors perform MOW 
activities for the railroad only on a periodic or temporary basis, 
there are several methods that a railroad and a regulated service 
contractor could use to ensure compliance with part 219. If a regulated 
service contractor is required to establish a random testing program 
because it provides regulated service for a railroad that is fully 
subject to part 219, the contractor could do any of the following:
     Establish its own part 219 program and provide the 
railroad with documentation of its compliance with part 219. The 
railroad should maintain this documentation for FRA audit purposes. If 
the contractor's documentation or program contains a deficiency or 
violation that the railroad could not have reasonably detected, FRA 
could use its enforcement discretion to take action solely against the 
contractor. As discussed earlier in the preamble, the extent of a 
regulated service contractor's responsibilities would be determined by 
the size of the railroad(s) with which it contracts.
     Contract with a consortium to administer its part 219 
program. The consortium could either place the contractor's regulated 
employees in a stand-alone random testing pool or in a random testing 
pool with the regulated employees of other regulated service 
contractors. The contractor could then submit documentation of its 
membership in the consortium and its compliance with part 219 to the 
contracting railroad. As with the method described above, if the 
contractor's documentation or program contains a deficiency or 
violation that the railroad could not have reasonably detected, FRA 
could use its enforcement discretion to take action only against the 
contractor. Upon request, FRA would assist a railroad in reviewing the 
part 219 documentation of its regulated service contractors.
     Have a railroad incorporate contractor employees who 
perform regulated service for it into the railroad's own part 219 
program.
    To minimize the burden of these proposed requirements and to 
promote compliance with part 219, FRA has developed model ``fill-in-
the-blank'' alcohol and drug policies (including testing plans) that 
can serve as templates for both railroads and contractors. These plans 
are currently available at FRA's Web site: http://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0345. FRA

[[Page 43838]]

developed one set of plans for entities that are subject to all of part 
219 and another for entities that qualify for the small railroad 
exception.
    FRA expects it to be common practice for a railroad to incorporate 
into its own part 219 program all of the contractor employees who 
perform regulated service for it, even if one or more of the 
contractors has its own part 219 program. A railroad that does so would 
ensure that all of its contractor regulated employees are in compliance 
with part 219 requirements, particularly the random testing 
requirements of subpart G. A railroad that chooses this approach would 
incorporate all contractor regulated employees into the railroad's own 
random testing program.
    One additional option would be for a railroad to accept a 
contractor's plan for random testing, regardless of whether that plan 
was managed by the contractor or by a consortium/third party 
administrator (C/TPA). Although not specifically proposed in the rule 
text, FRA is soliciting feedback on the following approach that could 
create a framework for a railroad wishing to accept a contractor's 
random testing plan. Under this approach, if a railroad accepted a 
contractor's random testing plan, the contractor could be required to 
comply with the following requirements:
     To certify in writing to the railroad that all of the 
contractor's regulated employees are subject to alcohol and drug 
testing as required by part 219 (including, as applicable, the 
requirements that all regulated employees be subject to selection for 
random testing as required by subpart G, have a DOT pre-employment drug 
test resulting in a negative result under subpart F, and be subject to 
a previous employer background check as required by Sec.  40.25); and
     To report, in an FRA model format, summary part 219 
testing data to the railroad at least every six months.
    FRA is soliciting public comment on whether the last alternative 
described above would make it easier for a railroad to ensure that its 
regulated contractor employees were complying with the requirements of 
part 219, without having to incorporate the contractor's regulated 
employees into its own part 219 program. If not, how could this 
approach be improved? What costs, if any, would it impose? Would 
contractors performing regulated service for railroads be willing to 
comply with the proposed requirements for written certification and 
reporting of summary testing data? Are there other approaches that both 
railroads and contractors could use to ensure that all contractor 
employees performing regulated service for a railroad are in compliance 
with part 219?

G. MOW Employee Random Testing Rate and Minimum Random Testing Pool 
Size

    As mentioned above, FRA is proposing to require random alcohol and 
drug testing for MOW employees (unless they perform regulated service 
solely for a railroad qualifying for the small railroad exception of 
Sec.  219.3). As with covered employees, FRA would set the minimum 
random rates for MOW employees according to the overall reported random 
testing violation rate for MOW employees in the railroad industry. See 
Sec. Sec.  219.602 and 219.608. Because MOW employees have never been 
subject to FRA random testing before, FRA only has data from its PAT 
testing of MOW fatalities (described above) on the prevalence of 
prohibited alcohol and drug use in the MOW employee population. FRA is 
therefore proposing to set the initial minimum annual percentage rates 
for MOW employees at 50% for drug testing and 25% for alcohol testing 
Although the initial minimum random rates for MOW employees would be 
higher than those currently set for covered employees,\10\ FRA set the 
same initial minimum random rates for covered employees. (FRA required 
random drug and alcohol testing for covered employees in 1988 and 1995, 
respectively. See 53 FR 47123, Nov. 21, 1988 and 59 FR 7448, Feb. 15, 
1994).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ In 2014 the random testing rates for covered employees are 
25% for drug testing and 10% for alcohol testing. (See 78 FR 78275, 
Dec. 26, 2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Railroads would initially be required to establish and maintain 
separate random testing selection pools for MOW employees. Maintaining 
distinct random testing pools for covered and MOW employees would make 
it easier for railroads to comply with the different minimum testing 
rates set for each employee population. Requiring separate random 
testing pools would also make it easier for railroads that are required 
to file an annual Management Information System (MIS) report under 
Sec.  219.800 to report separate random testing results for covered and 
MOW employees. FRA would in turn use the data from these separate pools 
to set the future minimum random rates for covered and MOW employees.
    Under existing Sec.  219.3, a railroad with 15 or fewer covered 
employees must conduct random testing if it has joint operations with 
another railroad, even though the railroad's small size may diminish 
the deterrence effect of the testing. The purpose of random testing is 
to make every regulated employee expect that he or she could be subject 
to a random alcohol or drug test any time he or she is on-duty and 
subject to performing covered service. FRA is concerned that the random 
testing conducted by very small railroads and contractors may have an 
insufficient deterrence effect. For example, a railroad with two 
covered employees and joint operations need only conduct one random 
alcohol test to meet the 10% minimum alcohol testing rate; afterwards, 
the railroad's random alcohol testing program would cease to have any 
deterrent effect because its covered employees would know that the 
alcohol testing required for the year had already been completed. A 
contractor who is required to conduct random testing because it 
performs regulated service for large railroads would have a similar 
problem if it has only a very small number of regulated employees.
    As will be further discussed below in the section-by-section 
analysis for Sec. Sec.  219.611(c) and 219.613(d), FRA is proposing the 
following regulatory change in response to this concern. Any individual 
random testing pool required under subpart G (whether maintained by a 
railroad, contractor to a railroad, or a consortium) must contain at 
least four entries and at least one entry per quarter must be selected 
and tested, even if doing so would require testing above FRA's minimum 
annual random testing rates. This new requirement would not excuse a 
railroad from complying with the minimum random testing percentage 
rates. (For example, a pool comprised of 16 MOW employees--who would be 
subject to random drug testing at a rate of 50%--would still be 
required to conduct at least eight random tests per year.) This 
requirement would apply both to railroads and contractors required to 
perform random testing.

H. MOW Employee Pre-employment Drug Testing

    FRA is proposing to grandfather all current MOW employees from the 
pre-employment drug testing requirements of subpart F.\11\ Under FRA's 
proposal, only MOW employees hired by a railroad or contractor after 
the effective date of the final rule would be required to have a 
negative DOT pre-employment drug test result before performing

[[Page 43839]]

regulated service for the first time. As with the minimum random 
testing rates discussed above, FRA's approach to implementing pre-
employment drug testing for MOW employees would be similar to its 
implementation of pre-employment drug testing for covered employees in 
1986, when FRA grandfathered employees who had performed covered 
service for a railroad prior to the effective date of the final rule. 
See 50 FR 31508, Aug. 2, 1985. Although current MOW employees would not 
be subject to a pre-employment drug test, FRA believes its proposal to 
initiate random drug testing of MOW employees at a base rate of 50% 
would provide sufficient deterrence for this group.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ While railroads are currently authorized to conduct pre-
employment alcohol testing for covered employees (so long as they 
treat all covered employees the same), such testing is not required 
under subpart F. See Sec.  219.502. FRA is not proposing to change 
this approach and require pre-employment alcohol testing for 
regulated employees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA understands that railroads may have already given some MOW 
employees a Federal pre-employment drug test (resulting in a negative) 
under the alcohol and drug testing regulations of another DOT agency. 
The most common area of interagency overlap is among MOW employees who 
are required by their employers to hold Commercial Driver's Licenses 
(CDL), since these employees are subject to the regulations of both FRA 
and the FMCSA. To hold a CDL, an individual must have a negative FMCSA 
pre-employment drug test. See Sec.  382.301. To ease the compliance 
burden for these employees and their employers, FRA would allow a 
negative pre-employment test conducted by an employing railroad under 
the rules and regulations of another DOT agency to satisfy the 
requirements of subpart F for employees transferring into regulated 
service for the first time. FRA has historically interpreted its pre-
employment drug testing requirements this way, and this proposed 
amendment would incorporate this interpretation into the regulatory 
text. See Federal Railroad Administration, Alcohol and Drug Testing 
Regulations (Parts 219 and 40) Interpretive Guidance Manual 
(``Interpretive Guidance Manual'') 32 (September 2006), available at 
http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Details/L02799.

IV. Signal Contractors

    Railroads and contractors should note that the RSIA made signal 
contractors subject to part 219. Effective July 16, 2009, section 
108(a) of the RSIA amended the HOS laws by eliminating the words 
``employed by a railroad carrier'' from the definition of ``signal 
employee''. See 49 U.S.C. 21101(4). As a result, contractor employees 
who install, repair, or maintain signal systems for a railroad are now 
considered covered employees under part 219, and signal contractors are 
responsible for compliance with part 219 to the same extent as any 
other covered service contractors. This statutory change does not 
necessitate any amendments to part 219. Nevertheless, FRA is mentioning 
this change to ensure that it is understood by the railroad industry.

V. Other Proposed Substantive Amendments

    This section contains a brief overview of the proposed amendments 
in this NPRM other than those discussed above. These proposed 
amendments will be discussed in greater detail in the section-by-
section analysis below.

A. Small Railroads Would No Longer Be Excepted From the Requirements 
for Reasonable Suspicion Testing and Pre-Employment Drug Testing

    Currently, the small railroad exception in Sec.  219.3(b)(2) 
provides, in part, that a railroad with 15 or fewer covered employees 
that does not engage in joint operations with another railroad is not 
subject to the requirements for reasonable suspicion or reasonable 
cause testing (subpart D), identification of troubled employees 
(subpart E), pre-employment drug testing (subpart F), or random testing 
(subpart G).
    FRA is proposing to modify the small railroad exception so that 
small railroads are no longer excepted from the reasonable suspicion 
testing requirements of subpart D. Subpart D requires railroads to 
conduct Federal reasonable suspicion testing on a covered employee when 
one or more supervisors reasonably suspects that the employee has 
violated an FRA prohibition against the use of alcohol or drugs. See 
Sec.  219.300(a). Small railroads would continue to be excepted, 
however, from the requirements for reasonable cause testing.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ As discussed in Section VI below, FRA is proposing to 
separate the requirements for reasonable suspicion and reasonable 
cause testing by leaving the reasonable suspicion requirements in 
their current location in subpart D and moving the reasonable cause 
testing requirements to a new subpart E.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA is also proposing to amend the small railroad exception so that 
small railroads are no longer excepted from subpart F, which requires a 
railroad to conduct a pre-employment drug test (resulting in a 
negative) on an individual before permitting him or her to perform 
regulated service for the first time. See Sec.  219.501(a). This 
proposed amendment would apply only to regulated employees hired by a 
small railroad after the effective date of a final rule (i.e., a 
negative pre-employment drug test would not be required for regulated 
employees hired by a small railroad before the effective date of any 
final rule issued in this proceeding).

B. For Purposes of the Small Railroad Exception, a new Definition of 
``Joint Operations'' Would Be Incorporated

    The small railroad exception is currently available to railroads 
that have 15 or fewer covered employees and do not operate on another 
railroad's tracks in the United States or otherwise engage in joint 
operations with another railroad in the United States, except as 
necessary for purposes of interchange. See Sec.  219.3(b)(2)(ii). While 
the small railroad exception uses the phrase ``joint operations,'' this 
term has never been defined in part 219. As a result, the meaning of 
``joint operations'' has been open to different interpretations. In 
order to support uniform application of the small railroad exception, 
FRA is proposing to add a definition of ``joint operations'' to part 
219.

C. The Post-Accident Toxicological (PAT) Testing Damage Threshold for 
Major Train Accidents Would Be Increased

    Part 219 currently requires railroads to conduct PAT testing for 
major train accidents,\13\ defined in part as train accidents that 
involve damage to railroad property of $1,000,000 or more. See Sec.  
219.201(a)(1)(iii). (A train accident also qualifies as a major train 
accident if it meets the current reporting threshold and involves 
either a fatality or a hazardous materials release accompanied by an 
evacuation or a reportable injury resulting from the hazardous material 
release. See Sec.  219.201(a)(1)(i)-(ii).) FRA is proposing to increase 
the railroad property damage threshold for major train accidents to 
$1,500,000 to account for inflation. Since major train accidents 
require all involved crew members to be PAT tested, this proposed 
change would reduce the burden on railroads (e.g., employee opportunity 
and wage costs) by reducing the number of employees subject to PAT 
testing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ PAT testing is also required for events that meet FRA's 
criteria for impact accidents, fatal train incidents, or passenger 
train accidents. See Sec.  219.201(a)(2)-(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Derailment and Raking Collisions Would No Longer Be Excluded From 
the Definition of Impact Accidents

    Part 219 also requires railroads to conduct PAT testing for impact 
accidents. Section 219.5 currently excludes from the definition of 
``impact accident'' derailment accidents, where a derailment of 
equipment causes an impact with other rail equipment, and

[[Page 43840]]

raking collisions (i.e., collisions caused by derailment of rolling 
stock or operation of equipment in violation of clearance limitations). 
FRA is proposing to remove these existing exclusions, and require PAT 
testing after both derailment and raking collisions.

E. PAT Testing Would Be Required for Railroad Highway-Rail Grade 
Crossing Accidents/Incidents Involving Human-Factor Errors

    Currently, Sec.  219.201(b) excepts from PAT testing any event 
involving a ``collision between railroad rolling stock and a motor 
vehicle or other highway conveyance at a rail/highway grade crossing.'' 
FRA is proposing to narrow this exception to require PAT testing after 
any highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident in which human-factor 
errors may have played a role.

F. The Provisions Governing When Regulated Employees Could Be Recalled 
for PAT Testing Would Be Amended

    Currently, a railroad may recall a covered employee for PAT testing 
only if three conditions are met: (1) the employee was released from 
duty under the normal procedures of the railroad; (2) the railroad's 
preliminary investigation indicates a clear probability that the 
employee played a major role in the cause or severity of the accident/
incident; and (3) the accident/incident occurred while the employee was 
on duty. See Sec.  219.203(b)(4). To improve its investigation of 
human-factor related accidents, FRA is proposing, not only to lower its 
threshold for employee recall by removing the requirement for the 
accident/incident to have occurred while a regulated employee was on 
duty, but also to require employee recall in certain circumstances.

G. Federal Reasonable Cause Testing Would Be Authorized Only for 
Reportable ``Train Accidents'' and ``Train Incidents''

    FRA believes the use of ``accident/incident'' in the introductory 
text of existing Sec.  219.301(b)(2) has led to confusion regarding 
whether reasonable cause testing is permitted following all part 225 
reportable accidents/incidents, which would include reportable events 
such as occupational illnesses and railroad casualties unconnected to 
the operation of on-track equipment. Because FRA never intended to 
authorize reasonable cause testing following occupational illness cases 
(e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome) and casualties unconnected to the 
movement of on-track equipment (e.g., slips-trips-and-falls resulting 
from safety concerns under the jurisdiction of the Occupational Safety 
and Health Administration (OSHA)), FRA is proposing to revise this 
existing language to specify that FRA reasonable cause testing is only 
authorized after ``train accidents'' (defined to include rail equipment 
accidents meeting the part 225 reporting threshold) and ``train 
incidents'' (defined to include events involving the operation of 
railroad on-track or fouling equipment resulting in a casualty, but in 
which the part 225 reporting threshold is not met). For the reasons 
discussed in VI.A below, FRA is proposing to include this revised 
language at Sec.  219.403(b).

H. Federal Reasonable Cause Testing Would Be Authorized for Additional 
Operating Rule Violations or Other Errors

    As mentioned above, FRA reasonable cause testing is also authorized 
after certain railroad operating rule violations and other errors 
specified in Sec.  219.301(b)(3). Currently, these rule violations and 
errors listed are primarily directed at covered employees. FRA is 
proposing to add rule violations and errors that would specifically 
address employees performing MOW activities, and to add others directed 
at signal workers performing covered service or reflect recent 
amendments to 49 CFR part 218, Railroad Operating Practices.

I. Part 219 Would Be Amended To Conform Certain Provisions to the Final 
Conductor Certification Rule

    On November 9, 2011, FRA published a final rule requiring the 
certification of conductors (49 CFR part 242), which was also mandated 
by the RSIA. (76 FR 69802, Nov. 9, 2011). This final rule became 
effective January 1, 2012. Id. FRA is therefore proposing to amend part 
219 so that those sections that apply to the certification of 
locomotive engineers would also clearly apply to the certification of 
conductors. The proposed definition for a Drug and Alcohol Counselor 
(DAC) is one of these conforming amendments.

VI. Primary Clarifying Amendments

    FRA is proposing several amendments that would both improve the 
organization of part 219 and make it easier to find pertinent 
requirements and information. Although these proposed amendments are 
discussed in the section-by-section analysis below, for the reader's 
convenience, a brief description of the major organizational amendments 
is included here.

A. Reasonable Suspicion and Reasonable Cause Testing Would Be Separated 
Into Different Subparts, Resulting in the Re-Designation of Other 
Subparts

    Currently, the requirements for reasonable suspicion testing and 
reasonable cause testing are both found in subpart D. Because of their 
similar names and the placement of both types of tests in subpart D, 
railroads often confuse one type of testing with the other, even though 
reasonable suspicion and reasonable cause testing have very different 
requirements. To clarify the substantive differences between the two, 
FRA is proposing to retain the requirements for reasonable suspicion 
testing in subpart D but move the requirements for reasonable cause 
testing to subpart E, which currently covers voluntary referral and co-
worker report policies. The proposed separation of reasonable suspicion 
and reasonable cause testing into different subparts is intended to 
help railroads distinguish between these two types of testing. This 
differentiation should be particularly helpful for small railroads, 
since FRA is proposing to require that those railroads implement 
reasonable suspicion, but not reasonable cause testing. To accommodate 
the movement of reasonable cause testing into subpart E, FRA is 
proposing to move (and amend as discussed below) the sections 
addressing the ``Identification of Troubled Employees'' currently found 
in that subpart to new subpart K, ``Peer Prevention Programs.''

B. Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Requirements Would Be Reorganized 
and Clarified

    FRA is proposing to revise and expand subpart G, which contains 
FRA's requirements for random alcohol and drug testing, to clarify 
these requirements and to incorporate published FRA guidance. See 
generally FRA, Part 219 Alcohol/Drug Program Compliance Manual, 2nd 
edition (2002) available at http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/details/L01186 
(Compliance Manual). In addition, FRA is proposing several substantive 
amendments which will be discussed below in the section-by-section 
analysis.

C. Substituting ``Drug and Alcohol'' for ``Alcohol and Drug''

    FRA has previously used both ``Drug and Alcohol'' and ``Alcohol and 
Drug'' as terms to describe its part 219 program and many of its 
components. For consistency, FRA is proposing to use only the term 
``Drug and Alcohol'' throughout part 219 and to substitute

[[Page 43841]]

``Drug and Alcohol'' wherever the term ``Alcohol and Drug'' is 
currently used.

VII. Section-by-Section Analysis

    As discussed earlier, FRA is proposing to add definitions for 
``regulated employee'' and ``regulated service'' which would serve as 
terms-of-art encompassing all individuals and duties subject to part 
219, including both covered service and MOW activities. Throughout most 
of part 219, FRA would replace the terms ``covered employee'' and 
``covered service'' with ``regulated employee'' and ``regulated 
service.'' The terms ``covered employee'' and ``covered service,'' 
however, would still be used where necessary, such as in proposed Sec.  
219.12, which addresses issues of overlap between part 219 and the HOS 
laws that apply only to covered employees.
    Throughout this NPRM, FRA is also proposing small changes to 
conform the regulatory language, where necessary, to the proposed 
substantive and reorganization amendments. To streamline this NPRM, FRA 
is not discussing most of these minimal clarifying amendments, none of 
which are intended to affect the regulation's substantive requirements.

Authority Citation

    The authority citation for part 219 would be amended to add a 
reference to Section 412, which mandated the expansion of part 219 to 
cover all employees of railroads and contractors or subcontractors to 
railroads who perform MOW activities.

Subpart A--General

Section 219.1--Purpose and Scope
    Currently, this section states that the purpose of part 219 is to 
``prevent accidents and casualties in railroad operations that result 
from impairment of employees by alcohol or drugs.'' FRA is proposing to 
amend this section to include a reference to the proposed definition of 
``employee'' in Sec.  219.5, which, as used in part 219, would include 
any individual (including a volunteer or a probationary employee) who 
performs regulated activities for a railroad or a contractor to a 
railroad. FRA is not proposing to include a similar reference every 
time ``employee'' is used, but believes it is appropriate to do so the 
first time it appears in part 219.
Section 219.3--Application
    FRA is proposing the following structural and substantive 
amendments to this section.
Paragraph (a)
    FRA proposes to amend paragraph (a) to apply part 219 to all 
railroads, except as provided in proposed paragraphs (a)(1)-(3) and 
paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of the section.
    The first exception, contained in proposed paragraph (a)(1), 
addresses operations that occur within the confines of industrial 
installations commonly referred to as ``plant railroads.'' Plant 
railroads are typified by operations such as those in steel mills that 
do not go beyond the plant's boundaries and that do not involve the 
switching of rail cars for entities other than themselves. This 
exception for plant railroads is currently found in paragraph (b)(1) of 
this section, but FRA believes it belongs more appropriately with the 
general applicability provisions of paragraph (a) (this will also 
permit proposed paragraph (b) to be dedicated solely to reporting 
requirements, as discussed below). FRA is also amending this language 
to specify that there is a definition of ``plant railroads'' in Sec.  
219.5.
    Proposed paragraph (a)(2) addresses operations commonly described 
as tourist, scenic, or excursion service to the extent that they occur 
on tracks that are not part of the general railroad system. FRA has 
decided to except tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion rail 
operations that are not part of the general system, regardless of 
whether they are insular or non-insular rail operations. FRA has 
elected to exclude these typically small operations from the 
requirements of part 219 because of the limited safety risk that these 
operations pose to members of the public due to the fact that their 
operations do not take place on the general system. This is new 
language for this section, but reflects FRA's tradition of exercising 
its jurisdiction in a way that excludes tourist, scenic, historic, or 
excursion operations that are not part of the general railroad system 
of transportation from certain portions of its regulations. See 
Statement of Agency Policy Concerning Enforcement of the Federal 
Railroad Safety Laws, The Extent and Exercise of FRA's Safety 
Jurisdiction, 49 CFR part 209, Appendix A (FRA's Policy Statement or 
the Policy Statement).
    Proposed paragraph (a)(3) would except from part 219 rapid transit 
operations in an urban area that are not connected to the general 
system (although rapid transit type operations with links to the 
general system would continue to be covered by part 219). This 
exception is currently found in paragraph (a)(2), which excepts 
railroads that ``provide commuter or other short-haul rail passenger 
service in a metropolitan or suburban area (as described by 49 U.S.C. 
20102) in the United States.'' The new language in proposed paragraph 
(a)(3) would conform part 219's language to that used in the 
applicability sections of other FRA regulations without changing the 
scope of the exception.
Paragraph (b)
    Paragraph (b) currently contains three different exceptions that 
are unique to part 219 and are available to both foreign and domestic 
railroads. To clarify these exceptions, and make them easier to find 
FRA is proposing to separate them into individual paragraphs as 
follows:
     As discussed above, the ``plant railroad'' exception would 
remain the same but would be moved from its current location in 
paragraph (b)(1) to proposed paragraph (a)(1). This exception is a 
general statement about FRA's jurisdiction and more properly belongs 
with the general applicability provisions.
     The exception in current paragraph (b)(2) for railroads 
with 15 or fewer covered employees that do not engage in joint 
operations with other railroads (the ``small railroad exception'') 
would be moved to paragraph (c) and amended to remove the exceptions 
related to reasonable suspicion testing and pre-employment testing.
     The exception in current paragraph (b)(3) would remain in 
paragraph (b), but the paragraph would be renamed ``Annual report 
requirements.''
Paragraph (c)
    As noted above, FRA is proposing to move the small railroad 
exception in existing paragraph (b)(2) to proposed paragraph (c) and to 
move the language currently in paragraph (c) relating to exceptions 
that apply only to foreign railroads to a new paragraph (d). In 
addition, because FRA is proposing to require that small railroads 
perform both reasonable suspicion and pre-employment drug testing 
(discussed below), paragraph (c)(1) would be amended to state that 
small railroads are excepted only from subparts E (reasonable cause 
testing), G (random testing), and K (peer support programs).
 Small Railroads Would No Longer Be Excepted From Reasonable 
Suspicion Testing
    Section 219.11(g) currently requires all railroads to ensure that 
supervisors who are responsible for covered employees are trained in 
the signs and symptoms of alcohol and drug abuse.

[[Page 43842]]

(This provision also requires railroads to train covered employee 
supervisors on FRA PAT testing criteria.) This requirement applies to 
small railroads as well, even though they are currently excepted from 
having to conduct reasonable suspicion testing in accordance with 
current Sec.  219.3(b)(2). Because small railroads must already meet 
the mandatory supervisory training requirements in Sec.  219.11(g), FRA 
believes that removing the current exception and requiring small 
railroads to conduct reasonable suspicion testing would promote safety 
with fairly low additional costs.
    The proposed expansion of part 219 to include MOW activities would 
require supervisors of employees who perform MOW activities to also 
comply with the training requirements in Sec.  219.11(g). As with 
supervisors of covered employees, all railroads, regardless of size, 
must ensure that supervisors of employees who perform MOW activities 
have been trained on reasonable suspicion and post-accident testing 
criteria.
 Small Railroads Would No Longer Be Excepted From Pre-
employment Drug Testing
    Current paragraph (b)(2) excepts small railroads from the 
requirement to conduct pre-employment drug testing. FRA is proposing to 
remove this exception, because many small railroads already pre-
employment drug test all applicants (not just those applying for 
covered service) under their own company authority. This has resulted 
in many small railroads mistakenly using DOT forms to conduct company 
authority pre-employment drug tests. Requiring small railroads to use 
only FRA authority for pre-employment drug tests of regulated employees 
would address this problem, and would also eliminate the ability of 
individuals to dodge FRA pre-employment drug tests by applying to small 
railroads instead of larger ones. The removal of the current small 
railroad exception to pre-employment drug testing would also make FRA's 
pre-employment testing policy consistent with that of other DOT modes, 
since no other DOT agency excepts small employers from conducting pre-
employment drug tests. This proposed amendment would only apply to 
regulated employees who are hired by small railroads after the 
effective date of any final rule.
    Furthermore, FRA believes the reasons behind its initial decision 
to except small railroads from pre-employment drug testing no longer 
apply. In 1986, when FRA's pre-employment drug testing requirements 
went into effect, small railroads could not benefit from economies of 
scale because drug testing was new and collection and other test costs 
were high. See 49 FR 24293, June 12, 1984. This is no longer true 
today, as the workplace drug testing industry is well-established, and 
collectors, laboratories, and other service agents are widely 
available. Furthermore, drug use is now a significant issue in many 
small communities where small railroads operate.
 Other Proposed Amendments to the Small Railroad Exception
    FRA is proposing to amend the introductory text of paragraph (c)(1) 
to clarify that small railroads are not authorized to perform Federal 
alcohol and drug testing under the subparts from which they are 
excepted. In other words, in addition to not requiring small railroads 
to conduct Federal reasonable cause or random testing, FRA is also not 
authorizing small railroads to conduct such testing. The proposed 
amendment would therefore clarify that small railroads are prohibited 
from conducting reasonable cause or random testing under Federal 
authority, and may only do so under their own authority. (FRA is also 
proposing to amend this paragraph to incorporate the small railroad 
criteria currently found in Sec.  219.3(b)(2), no substantive change is 
intended.)
    FRA proposes to amend the small railroad exception for proposed 
subpart K (Peer Support Programs) differently. Because FRA wants to 
limit the regulatory burden on small entities, FRA is not proposing to 
require small railroads to implement peer support programs. However, 
FRA does not want to prohibit small railroads from voluntarily 
implementing peer support programs such as those contemplated by new 
proposed subpart K. Accordingly, FRA proposes to authorize small 
railroads to implement peer referral and support programs because these 
programs encourage and facilitate the referral and rehabilitative 
support of regulated employees who abuse alcohol or drugs. This 
proposed exception from proposed subpart K would be the only exception 
which would neither require, nor prohibit, small railroads from 
implementing the requirements of part 219 under FRA authority.
    As discussed in section III.F of this preamble, paragraph (c)(2) 
would state that a regulated employee who performs only MOW activities 
would not be counted when determining whether the railroad had 15 or 
fewer covered employees as required to meet the small railroad 
exception.
    Also as discussed in section III.F of this preamble, paragraph 
(c)(3) would state that a contractor must perform MOW activities 
exclusively for small railroads in order to qualify for the small 
railroad exception.
    As previously discussed in section III.G of this preamble, under 
proposed paragraph (c)(4), if a contractor is subject to all of part 
219 (including subparts E, G, and K) because it performs regulated 
service for at least one railroad that is not a small railroad, only 
those railroads which must also comply with all of part 219 (in other 
words, railroads that do not qualify for the small railroad exception) 
would share responsibility for ensuring the contractor's full 
compliance with part 219. If the contractor also performs regulated 
service for small railroads, these small railroads would not share 
responsibility for the contractor's full compliance.
Public Comment Invited
    Currently, a railroad's HOS contractors are counted when 
determining whether a railroad qualifies for the small railroad 
exception. Part 219 makes no distinctions, however, for those HOS 
contractors who work for a railroad only on a temporary basis. FRA is 
asking for comment on whether such a distinction should be made. For 
example, should a small railroad still qualify for the exception if it 
temporarily engages enough HOS contractors (e.g., signal contractors) 
to bring its number of covered employees above the 16 employee 
threshold? If so, how long can an HOS contractor work for the railroad 
and still be considered a ``temporary'' employee?
Paragraph (d)
    FRA is proposing to move the applicability exceptions that apply 
only to foreign railroads to a new paragraph (d), which would be 
entitled ``Foreign railroads.'' The following structural and 
clarification amendments are also being proposed:
     New language in paragraph (d)(1) would clarify that part 
219 does not apply to the operations of a foreign railroad that occur 
outside the United States. For example, a major train accident on a 
foreign railroad that occurred outside the United States would not be 
subject to FRA's PAT testing requirements under subpart C. This would 
not be a new exception, but rather a clarification of current 
requirements.
     FRA would combine the exceptions currently in paragraphs 
(c)(1) and (c)(2) into new paragraph (d)(2), since both exceptions 
exclude certain foreign

[[Page 43843]]

railroad operations from subparts E through G. The intent of this 
proposed consolidation is to improve clarity and reduce redundancy, and 
no substantive changes are intended. FRA would also amend these 
exceptions to incorporate the proposed move of peer programs from 
subpart E to new subpart K (see discussion above).
Section 219.4--Recognition of a Foreign Railroad's Workplace Testing 
Program
    This section contains provisions regarding the recognition of a 
foreign railroad's workplace testing program as a ``compatible 
alternative'' to certain requirements of part 219. FRA is proposing 
minimal clarifying amendments to this section, none of which are 
intended to affect its substantive requirements. Paragraphs (a)(1) and 
(b)(1) would be amended to reflect that FRA is proposing to move 
existing subpart E (Identification of Troubled Employees) to a new 
subpart K (Peer Support Programs). The final sentence of paragraph 
(b)(1) would be further amended to correct a mistaken reference to 
subpart E that should be a reference to the pre-employment testing 
requirements of subpart F.
    Paragraph (b)(2) would be amended to clarify what type of 
requirements are contained in the various referenced subparts. For 
example, FRA is proposing to clarify that subpart C contains the 
requirements for PAT testing.
Section 219.5--Definitions
    FRA is proposing to amend the definitions section of part 219 to 
add several new definitions, to revise and clarify certain current 
definitions, and to delete unnecessary definitions.

New Definitions

Administrator
    A new definition of ``Administrator'' would clarify that the term 
means the Administrator of the FRA or the Administrator's delegate.
Associate Administrator
    A new definition of ``Associate Administrator'' would clarify that 
the term means the FRA's Associate Administrator for Railroad Safety/
Chief Safety Officer or the Associate Administrator's delegate.
Category of Regulated Employee
    A new definition, ``category of regulated employee,'' would mean a 
broad class of either covered employees or MOW employees. For the 
purpose of determining random testing rates under proposed Sec.  
219.625, if an individual performs both covered service and MOW 
activities, he or she would be placed in the category which comprises 
the majority of his or her regulated service. For example, an 
individual who performs covered service 45 percent of the time and MOW 
activities 55 percent of the time should be placed in the random 
testing pool for MOW employees.
Contractor
    A new definition of ``contractor'' would clarify that this term 
includes both a contractor and a subcontractor performing functions for 
a railroad.
Counselor
    FRA is proposing to add this term to encompass a Drug and Alcohol 
Counselor (as discussed below), Employee Assistance Program Counselor, 
or Substance Abuse Professional, since most, but not all, of the 
education, counseling, and treatment requirements in new subpart K 
could be conducted by a person who meets the credentialing and 
qualification requirements for any of these professions.
DOT-Regulated Employee
    A new definition of ``DOT-regulated employee'' would clarify that 
this term means any person who is subject to drug testing and/or 
alcohol testing under any DOT agency regulation. This term would 
include both individuals currently performing DOT safety-sensitive 
functions (as designated in other DOT agency regulations) and 
applicants for employment subject to DOT pre-employment drug testing.
DOT Safety-Sensitive Duty or DOT Safety-Sensitive Function
    A new definition of ``DOT safety-sensitive duty'' or ``DOT safety-
sensitive function'' would clarify that these terms mean a function 
designated by a DOT agency, the performance of which makes an 
individual subject to the drug testing and/or alcohol testing 
requirements of that DOT agency. For part 219 purposes, the performance 
of regulated service would be a DOT safety-sensitive duty or function.
Drug and Alcohol Counselor or DAC
    FRA is proposing to adopt a definition for ``Drug and Alcohol 
Counselor'' or ``DAC'' from 49 CFR 242.7. As specified in Sec.  
242.111, an individual whose records show a conviction or other State 
action for abuse of drugs or alcohol, must be evaluated and 
successfully treated by a DAC as a condition of conductor 
certification. Although a DAC must meet the same credentialing 
requirements as a Substance Abuse Professional (SAP), this evaluation 
and treatment may not be called a SAP evaluation because Sec.  40.3 
specifies that a SAP may provide such services only after a violation 
of a DOT alcohol and drug regulation, and a conviction or other State 
action (e.g., driving while impaired) is not a violation of part 219.
Employee
    FRA is proposing to adopt a new definition of ``employee'' to 
clarify that this term includes any individual (including volunteers 
and probationary employees) performing activities for a railroad or a 
contractor to a railroad. The proposed amendment would incorporate 
previous FRA guidance that volunteers who perform covered service are 
to be considered covered employees. See Compliance Manual 2.2.
Employee Assistance Program Counselor or EAP Counselor
    FRA is proposing to restore to part 219 the term ``Employee 
assistance program counselor or EAP counselor.'' A previous definition 
of ``EAP counselor'' was removed when FRA amended part 219 to conform 
to subpart P of part 40, which requires an evaluation by a SAP when an 
employee has violated a DOT drug or alcohol regulation (i.e., by 
refusing to take or having a positive result on a DOT alcohol or drug 
test). See 59 FR 7457, Feb. 15, 1994. A part 219 definition of 
``Employee assistance program counselor or EAP counselor'' is still 
required, however, because a SAP's role is to evaluate an employee 
after he or she has committed an DOT alcohol or drug testing violation, 
but Sec.  219.403, which governs voluntary referrals, specifies that an 
employee may only self-refer before he or she has committed a violation 
of Sec. Sec.  219.101 or 219.102. The proposed definition of ``Employee 
assistance program counselor or EAP counselor'' is adapted from the 
``EAP counselor'' definition in Sec.  240.7 of FRA's locomotive 
engineer certification regulations.
Evacuation
    For clarification purposes, FRA is proposing to define the term 
``evacuation,'' which, when accompanying a release of hazardous 
material lading from railroad equipment, is listed in Sec.  
219.201(a)(1)(ii)(A) as one of the criteria which determines whether a 
train accident qualifies as a ``major train accident'' requiring the 
PAT testing of all crew members involved. This has been one of the 
criteria for PAT testing since the inception of the program. See 50 FR 
31508, Aug. 2, 1985.

[[Page 43844]]

    To qualify as an evacuation for purposes of PAT testing, an event 
must involve the relocation of at least one person who is not a 
railroad employee to a safe area in order to avoid exposure to a 
hazardous material release. This relocation would normally be ordered 
by local authorities and could be either mandatory or voluntary. The 
definition would not include the closure of public roadways for 
hazardous material spill containment purposes, unless that closure was 
accompanied by an evacuation order. FRA is specifically requesting 
public comment on whether the proposed definition would help railroads 
make PAT testing determinations and whether it properly encompasses the 
various events that should qualify as an evacuation.
Flagman, Fouling a Track
    To clarify FRA's proposed requirements for employees who perform 
MOW activities, FRA would add definitions of ``flagman'' and ``fouling 
a track,'' both of which are modeled on the definitions in Sec.  214.7 
of FRA's roadway worker regulations.
Highway-Rail Grade Crossing
    FRA also proposes to incorporate the definition of ``highway-rail 
grade crossing'' found in Sec.  225.5 of its accident and incident 
reporting regulations. The proposed incorporation of a part 225 
definition into part 219 would lessen the burden on entities who have 
to comply with both regulations by maintaining consistency between the 
regulations and by making it unnecessary to refer to part 225 to 
determine what a ``highway-rail grade crossing'' means in part 219. By 
incorporating part 225's definition of a ``highway-rail grade 
crossing'' into part 219, FRA proposes to incorporate part 225's 
guidance on this term as well. See FRA, FRA Guide for Preparing 
Accident/Incident Reports (Guide), 23-24 (2011), available at http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/ProcessFile.aspx?doc=FRAGuideforPreparingAccIncReportspubMay2011.pdf, 
which states that all crossing locations within industry and rail 
yards, ports, and dock areas are considered to be highway-rail grade 
crossings.
Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Accident/Incident
    A new definition of ``highway-rail grade crossing accident/
incident'' would clarify the meaning of the phrase as used in part 219. 
The proposed definition is essentially identical to language describing 
highway-rail grade crossing impacts found in the definition for 
``accident/incident'' in FRA's accident and incident reporting 
regulations. See 49 CFR 225.5. As with the proposed definition for 
``highway-rail grade crossing,'' FRA believes maintaining consistency 
between part 219 and part 225 will minimize confusion for regulated 
entities.
Joint Operations
    As discussed earlier, FRA is proposing to add a definition of 
``joint operations'' to clarify the meaning of that term as used in the 
small railroad exception of Sec.  219.3. This proposed definition, 
which is not intended to make any substantive changes or to create any 
additional burdens on small railroads, would define joint operations as 
``rail operations conducted by more than one railroad on the same track 
(except for certain minimal joint operations necessary for the purpose 
of interchange), regardless of whether such operations are the result 
of contractual arrangements between the railroads, order of a 
governmental agency or a court of law, or any other legally binding 
directive.'' FRA interprets the phrase ``rail operations'' in this 
definition broadly, so that it would encompass dispatching and other 
types of operations. For example, a railroad that has fewer than 
sixteen covered employees but dispatches trains for another railroad 
would be considered to have joint operations with that railroad.
    A railroad entering another railroad's yard to perform switching 
operations would also constitute joint operations. For purposes of this 
definition, railroads that operate on the same track would not be 
conducting joint operations if their respective operations are 
absolutely separated by physical means, such as a split rail derail or 
the removal of a section of rail, and there is no physical possibility 
that the railroads' respective operations could overlap on the same 
track. However, this exclusion from joint operations would not apply 
when one railroad merely agrees, whether informally or by contract, not 
to engage in operations on the same track as another railroad, or when 
railroad operations are only temporally separated because they operate 
over the same track at different times of the day.
    The proposed definition would also exclude certain minimal joint 
operations necessary for the purpose of interchange, so long as: (1) 
The maximum authorized speed for operations on the shared track does 
not exceed 20 mph; (2) operations are conducted under restricted speed 
(operating rules that require every locomotive and train to proceed at 
a speed that permits stopping within one half the range of vision of 
the locomotive engineer); (3) the maximum distance for operations on 
the shared track does not exceed three miles; and (4) any operations 
extending into one of the railroad's yards are for the sole purpose of 
setting out or picking up cars on a designated interchange track. By 
excluding the above operations from its proposed ``joint operations'' 
definition, FRA would focus scarce agency resources on the operations 
with the greatest safety risk.
Maintenance-of-Way Activities or MOW Activities, Maintenance-of-Way 
Employee or MOW Employee
    As discussed earlier, FRA would add definitions of ``maintenance-
of-way activities or MOW activities'' and ``maintenance-of-way employee 
or MOW employee'' as part of its proposed expansion of part 219 to 
cover employees who perform MOW activities.
    FRA's proposed definition of MOW employee would cover any employee 
(as defined in proposed Sec.  219.5, this would include volunteers and 
probationary employees) who performs MOW activities for a railroad or a 
contractor to a railroad. As discussed above, MOW activities would be 
defined to include (in part) activities such as the inspection, repair, 
or maintenance of track, roadbed, or electric traction systems and the 
operation of on-track or fouling equipment utilized for the inspection, 
repair, or maintenance of track, roadbed, or electric traction systems.
On-Track or Fouling Equipment
    FRA would add a new definition of ``on-track or fouling equipment'' 
that would include any railroad equipment positioned on or over the 
rails or fouling a track. In this proposed definition, FRA provides 
examples of what would be considered on-track or fouling equipment, 
including trains, locomotives, cuts of cars, single cars, motorcars, 
yard switching trains, work trains, inspection trains, track motorcars, 
highway-rail vehicles, push cars, or other roadway maintenance machines 
(such as ballast tamping machines), if this equipment is positioned on 
or over rails or is fouling a track.
Other Impact Accident
    FRA would add a definition of ``other impact accident'' to clarify 
the meaning of the phrase as it is used in FRA's proposed amendment to 
the definition of ``impact accident.'' As defined, an ``other impact 
accident'' would include any accident/incident involving contact

[[Page 43845]]

between on-track or fouling equipment that is not otherwise classified 
as another type of collision (e.g., a head-on collision, rear-end 
collision, side collision, raking collision, or derailment collision). 
This definition would also include impacts in which single cars or cuts 
of cars are damaged during operations involving switching, train 
makeup, setting out, etc.
Person
    A new definition of ``person'' would clarify that this term means 
an entity of any type covered under 1 U.S.C. 1, including, but not 
limited to, the following: A railroad; a manager, supervisor, official, 
or other employee or agent of a railroad; any owner, manufacturer, 
lessor, or lessee of railroad equipment, track, or facilities; any 
independent contractor providing goods or services to a railroad, such 
as a service agent performing functions under part 40 of this title; 
and any employee of such owner, manufacturer, lessor, lessee, or 
independent contractor. While similar to the definition currently found 
in Sec.  219.9, under this proposed definition a ``person'' would 
specifically include an independent contractor who provides goods or 
services to a railroad, such as a service agent (e.g., a collection 
site, laboratory, Substance Abuse Professional (SAP), or other entity) 
that provides alcohol and drug testing services to a railroad subject 
to part 219 and part 40. See 49 CFR part 40, subpart Q--Roles and 
Responsibilities of Service Agents. This definition would be added for 
clarification purposes only, since railroad service agents are already 
required to comply with both part 219 and part 40.
Plant Railroad
    A new definition of plant railroad would clarify the meaning of 
that term as used in Sec.  219.3. This proposed definition reflects 
FRA's longstanding approach, consistent with its published policy 
statement referenced below, of excluding certain plant operations from 
the exercise of its jurisdiction.
    In Sec.  219.3, FRA would continue to except plant railroads, as 
defined in proposed Sec.  219.5, from the requirements of this part. 
Although FRA's Statement of Agency Policy Concerning Enforcement of the 
Federal Railroad Safety Laws, The Extent and Exercise of FRA's Safety 
Jurisdiction, 49 CFR part 209, appendix A (FRA's Policy Statement or 
the Policy Statement) already explains in detail when an entity's 
operations qualify for plant railroad status, FRA proposes to 
incorporate this language into a new definition of ``plant railroad'' 
to make these qualifications easier to find. To enable better 
understanding of this term, the proposed definition would also 
incorporate language clarifying when an entity's operations do not 
qualify for plant railroad status. The proposed definition of the term 
``plant railroad'' is consistent with FRA's Policy Statement that 
provides that the agency will exercise its safety jurisdiction over a 
rail operation that moves rail cars for entities other than itself 
because those movements bring the track over which the entity is 
operating into the general system. FRA's Policy Statement specifically 
provides that ``operations by the plant railroad indicating it [i]s 
moving cars on . . . trackage for other than its own purposes (e.g., 
moving cars to neighboring industries for hire)'' brings plant track 
into the general system and thereby subjects it to FRA's safety 
jurisdiction. This interpretation of the term ``plant railroad'' has 
been upheld in litigation before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 
Fifth Circuit. See Port of Shreveport-Bossier v. Federal Railroad 
Administration, No. 10-60324 (5th Cir. 2011) (unpublished per curiam 
opinion).
Raking Collision
    A new definition for ``raking collision'' would clarify that a 
raking collision occurs when there is a collision between parts, with 
the lading of a train on an adjacent track, or with a structure such as 
a bridge. Collisions that occur at a turnout are not considered raking 
collisions. The proposed definition is identical to the definition of 
raking collision contained in FRA's guidance regarding accident/
incident reporting. See FRA Guide for Preparing Accident/Incident 
Reports at 20 (Accident Reporting Guide).
Regulated Employee and Regulated Service
    As discussed in section III.B of this preamble, FRA is proposing a 
new term ``regulated employee.'' As proposed, ``regulated employee'' 
would refer to all employees who are subject to part 219, including 
covered employees and MOW employees, and employees of a railroad or a 
contractor to a railroad who perform covered service or MOW activities. 
Another new proposed definition of ``regulated service'' would mean the 
duties which regulated employees perform that make them subject to part 
219.
Responsible Railroad Supervisor
    FRA would incorporate the description of ``responsible railroad 
supervisor'' currently in Sec.  219.302(d) into a new definition of 
this term.
 Side Collision
    As with ``raking collision,'' FRA proposes to add a definition of 
``side collision'' taken from the Accident Reporting Guide. A side 
collision occurs when one consist strikes the side of another consist 
at a turnout, and includes collisions at switches or at railroad 
crossings at grade. See Accident Reporting Guide at 20.
Tourist, Scenic, Historic, or Excursion Operations That Are Not Part of 
the General Railroad System of Transportation
    A new definition of ``tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion 
operations that are not part of the general railroad system of 
transportation'' would clarify the meaning of that term as used in the 
proposed application provisions of Sec.  219.3. The proposed definition 
clarifies that the phrase means a tourist, scenic, historic, or 
excursion rail operation that is conducted only on track used 
exclusively for that purpose (i.e., there are no freight, intercity 
passenger, or commuter passenger railroad operations on the track). If 
there are any freight, intercity passenger, or commuter passenger 
railroad operations on the track, the track is considered part of the 
general system, and the rail operation would not meet the definition of 
term as used in Sec.  219.3. This proposed definition is consistent 
with FRA's longstanding policy that excludes insular operations 
entirely from FRA's safety jurisdiction and excludes non-insular 
operations from all but a limited number of Federal safety laws, 
regulations and orders. See 49 CFR part 209, Appendix A (defining the 
terms insular and non-insular).
Watchman/Lookout
    FRA would add a definition of ``watchman/lookout'' identical to 
that in Sec.  214.7 of its roadway worker regulations.

Revised Definitions

Covered Employee
    The current definition of ``covered employee'' includes, in part, 
``a person who has been assigned to perform service in the United 
States subject to the hours of service laws (49 U.S.C. ch. 211) during 
a duty tour, whether or not the person has performed or is currently 
performing such service, and any person who performs such service.'' 
FRA proposes to amend this definition to clarify that ``person'' 
includes employees, volunteers, and probationary employees, and by

[[Page 43846]]

updating its reference to the hours of service laws so that a ``covered 
employee'' would be defined as one ``who is performing covered service 
under the hours of service laws at 49 U.S.C. 21101, 21104, or 21105 or 
who is subject to performing such covered service, regardless of 
whether the person has performed or is currently performing covered 
service.'' FRA believes this proposed language is clearer than that in 
the current definition, and it also makes the reference to the hours of 
service laws consistent with that contained elsewhere in part 219. No 
substantive change to this definition is intended.
Covered Service
    FRA would amend the definition of ``covered service'' to provide 
examples of the types of activities generally considered covered 
service and to refer to Appendix A of 49 CFR part 228, Requirements of 
the Hours of Service Act: Statement of Agency Policy and 
Interpretation. The proposed amendments are for clarification purposes 
only; no substantive change is intended.
FRA Representative
    The definition of ``FRA representative'' would be amended to 
clarify that the term includes the oversight contractor for FRA's Drug 
and Alcohol Program and the staff of FRA's Associate Administrator for 
Railroad Safety.
Impact Accident
    As discussed in section V.D of this preamble, the definition of 
``impact accident'' would be amended to remove the exceptions for 
derailment collisions \14\ and raking collisions. FRA originally 
excepted derailment collisions and raking collisions from the 
definition of ``impact accident'' because it believed that these types 
of collisions were not normally caused by human-factors. See 50 FR 
31539 and 31542, Aug. 2, 1985 and 54 FR 39647, Sep. 27, 1989.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ Derailment collisions fall within the definition of 
``obstruction accidents'' in FRA's Accident Report Guide. See 
Accident Reporting Guide at 24. But for the purposes of part 219, 
this type of collision is referred to only as a derailment 
collision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA has since found that both derailment collisions and raking 
collisions can be caused by human-factors, such as alcohol and/or drug 
impairment. For example, a derailment collision could occur when a 
dispatcher fails to properly notify trains of a derailment, or when a 
crew does not operate its train at the proper speed after such a 
notification. Similarly, a raking collision could occur when a train 
crew does not comply with the special handling instruction for a high-
wide load or when cars are left standing on a track without sufficient 
clearance.
    Additionally, FRA has found evidence that railroads sometimes 
improperly apply the exception for derailment collisions and raking 
collisions in situations involving true impact accidents. For example, 
railroads have sometimes claimed that PAT testing was not required 
because equipment from a train derailed just prior to what otherwise 
would be considered a head-on, rear-end, or side collision with other 
on-track equipment. FRA did not intend the exception for a derailment 
collision to apply when on-track equipment derailed immediately prior 
to striking other on-track equipment. FRA believes that these sorts of 
events should be classified as impact accidents. FRA has also found 
that the difference between side collisions and raking collisions is 
not understood by some railroads, who have erroneously claimed that 
accidents occurring at a turnout (switch) were raking collisions. For 
example, some railroads have claimed that a raking collision has 
occurred when a switch crew strikes cars they had previously left 
fouling a track or when a train operates out of a siding and strikes 
another train. These types of accidents, however, are actually side 
collisions or other impacts and should therefore be considered impact 
accidents.\15\ (FRA notes that currently under Sec.  219.201(a)(1), a 
derailment collision would qualify as a Major Train Accident if it 
resulted in damage to railroad property of $1 million or more.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ As discussed below, FRA is also proposing to clarify the 
part 219 definition of side collision, to specifically include 
accidents/incidents that occur at a switch or turnout. This is the 
same definition for a side collision as used in the Accident 
Reporting Guide.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA does not anticipate that its proposal to remove the exceptions 
for derailment collisions and raking collisions would significantly 
increase PAT testing costs. FRA believes that the regulated employees 
involved in these collisions will often be excluded from PAT testing 
when a ``railroad representative can immediately determine, on the 
basis of specific information, that the employee(s) had no role in the 
cause(s) or severity of the accident/incident.'' See Sec.  
219.203(a)(3).
    In order to improve clarity, FRA also proposes to restructure this 
definition by listing each type of impact accident separately. FRA 
would also incorporate its previous guidance that an impact with a 
derail does not qualify as an ``impact with a deliberately-placed 
obstruction, such as a bumping post,'' since bumping posts are mostly 
permanent objects found at the end of a line, while derails are mobile 
and can easily be moved from place to place. See FRA, Alcohol and Drug 
Testing Regulations (Parts 219 and 40) Interpretive Guidance Manual 
(``Interpretive Guidance Manual'') 18 (September 2006), available at 
http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Details/L02799.
    FRA would also clarify that the definition of ``impact accident'' 
excludes the impact of rail equipment with ``naturally-occurring 
obstructions such as fallen trees, rock or snow slides, livestock, 
etc.''
Medical Facility
    FRA would add language to the definition of ``medical facility'' to 
reflect the main purpose for including this definition in this part; 
that is, that a medical facility is a hospital, clinic, physician's 
office, or laboratory which can collect PAT testing specimens and 
address an individual's post-accident medical needs. In order to 
improve consistency, FRA would also substitute ``medical facility'' 
wherever ``treating facility'' currently appears throughout part 219.
Railroad Property Damage or Damage to Railroad Property
    The definition of ``railroad property damage or damage to railroad 
property'' would be clarified to mean damage to railroad property as 
calculated according to the FRA Guide for Preparing Accident/Incident 
Reports. Additional language from the Guide would clarify what costs 
must be included (damage to on-track equipment, signals, track, track 
structure, or roadbed; and labor costs including hourly wages, 
transportation costs, and hotel expenses) and excluded (damage to 
lading and the cost of clearing a wreck, although the cost of 
contractor services and of renting and operating machinery is included, 
as is the cost of any additional damage caused while clearing the 
wreck) when calculating railroad property damage to determine whether 
PAT testing is required under FRA's regulations. These clarifications 
would be incorporated to enable easier compliance with this part, and 
no substantive changes are intended.
Train Accident
    The definition of ``train accident'' would be amended to clarify 
that it refers to rail equipment accidents under Sec.  225.19(c) and to 
specify that rail

[[Page 43847]]

equipment accidents include, but are not limited to, collisions, 
derailments, and other events involving the operation of on-track or 
fouling equipment.
Train Incident
    The definition of ``train incident'' would be amended to clarify 
that it includes events involving the operation of on-track or fouling 
equipment that results in a casualty, but in which damage to railroad 
property does not exceed the applicable reporting threshold.

Deleted Definitions

DOT Agency
    The definition of ``DOT agency'' would be removed because it is 
being replaced by the proposed definition of ``DOT, The Department, or 
DOT agency.''
General Railroad System of Transportation
    The definition of ``general railroad system of transportation'' 
would be removed because FRA's proposed amendments to the application 
section of this part (Sec.  219.3) would make this definition 
redundant.
Train
    The definition of ``train'' would be removed because part 219 
already contains definitions for ``train accident'' and ``train 
incident'' that specifically include on-track equipment (which includes 
trains).
Section 219.9--Responsibility for Compliance
    Currently, this section contains provisions relating to compliance 
with part 219 and penalties for violations of part 219. FRA is 
proposing to amend this section by removing the language addressing 
penalty amounts in paragraph (a) and placing it in a new Sec.  219.10, 
entitled ``Penalties.'' This organization would be similar to the 
approach taken in other FRA regulations (see 49 CFR parts 232, 238, and 
239), and-would make it easier for railroads to find specific 
provisions relating to either compliance or penalties.
    Proposed paragraph (a) would clarify that while part 219 
requirements are stated in terms of a railroad's duty, the duty to meet 
part 219 requirements applies to any person performing a function 
required by part 219. This language would apply equally to the 
requirements of part 40, since Sec.  219.701 requires all testing 
conducted under part 219 testing (except for PAT testing in subpart C) 
to comply with part 40. Also, existing paragraph (a) contains language 
defining the term ``person'' as used in part 219. As discussed in the 
section-by-section analysis for Sec.  219.5, FRA is proposing to move 
this definition of ``person'' to Sec.  219.5 and amend it to clarify 
that it includes any entity who acts as a service agent for a railroad 
under part 40.
    FRA is also proposing several minimal changes to the language 
contained in paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(2), and (c). These amendments are 
intended to increase the clarity of this section and not to make any 
substantive changes. For example, paragraph (b)(2) currently states 
that when an employee engaged in joint operations is required to 
participate in Federal PAT, reasonable suspicion, or reasonable cause 
testing and is then subject to adverse action allegedly arising from 
that testing (or an alleged refusal to participate in such testing), 
the other railroad (i.e., the railroad by which the employee is not 
directly employed) must provide to the employee any necessary witnesses 
and documents on a reasonable basis. FRA is proposing to amend this 
requirement to clarify that the other railroad must also provide such 
witnesses and documents to the regulated employee's employing railroad.
Section 219.10--Penalties
    As discussed immediately above, FRA is proposing to transfer the 
penalty provisions currently found in Sec.  219.9 to a new Sec.  
219.10, entitled ``Penalties.'' This amendment is not intended to make 
any substantive changes to the penalty provisions, but is intended to 
increase the clarity and organization of part 219.
Section 219.11--General Conditions for Chemical Tests
    This section contains various general provisions regarding FRA 
alcohol and drug testing requirements. FRA is proposing amendments to 
this section as described below.
Paragraph (a)
    FRA would re-designate current paragraph (a) as paragraph (a)(1), 
and add new paragraph (a)(2). Paragraph (a) currently states that 
``[a]ny employee who performs covered service for a railroad is deemed 
to have consented to testing as required in subparts B, C, D, and G of 
this part; and consent is implied by performance of such service.'' 
Proposed paragraph (a)(1) would amend this language to clarify that 
``[a]ny regulated employee who is subject to performing regulated 
service'' is deemed to have consented to testing. This amendment is 
necessary because under proposed Sec.  219.615(c)(1), a regulated 
employee can be required to participate in random testing whenever the 
employee is on-duty and subject to performing regulated service, even 
if the employee is not performing regulated service at the time. FRA 
would also remove the language ``and consent is implied by performance 
of such service,'' as it believes this language is unnecessary and 
redundant. FRA would also amend this paragraph to clarify that 
performance of regulated service means consent to testing mandated by 
the peer prevention requirements of proposed subpart K.
    New paragraph (a)(2) would clarify that regulated employees 
required to participate in Federal testing under part 219 must be on-
duty and subject to performing regulated service at the time of a 
breath alcohol test or urine specimen collection. This requirement 
would not apply to the pre-employment drug testing of applicants for 
regulated service positions.
Paragraph (b)
    Paragraph (b)(1) would be amended to clarify that regulated 
employees must participate in Federal testing as required by part 219 
and as implemented by a representative of the railroad or an employing 
contractor.
    Paragraph (b)(2) currently provides that ``[i]n any case where an 
employee has sustained a personal injury and is subject to alcohol or 
drug testing under this part, necessary medical treatment must be 
accorded priority over provision of the breath or body fluid 
specimen(s).'' This provision would be amended to replace ``has 
sustained a personal injury'' with ``is suffering a substantiated 
medical emergency,'' as certain medical emergencies that do not involve 
a personal injury (e.g. a stroke) may necessitate prioritizing medical 
treatment over testing. New language would further clarify that a 
medical emergency is an acute medical condition requiring immediate 
medical care, and a railroad may require an employee to substantiate a 
medical emergency by providing verifiable documentation from a credible 
outside professional substantiating the emergency situation within a 
reasonable period of time.
Paragraph (c)
    FRA is proposing minor amendments throughout existing paragraph (c) 
to reflect the updated terminology proposed in this NPRM (e.g., 
regulated employee, medical facility) and to account for FRA's proposal 
to separate reasonable cause and reasonable suspicion testing into two 
separate subparts.

[[Page 43848]]

Paragraph (d)
    This paragraph, which currently requires an employee who is tested 
under either subpart C (PAT testing) or subpart H (which applies part 
40 procedures to part 219 testing except for PAT tests) to execute a 
consent form upon request, conflicts directly with the Department's 
specific prohibition on the use of consent forms in Sec.  40.27. To 
resolve this conflict, FRA proposes to remove the reference to subpart 
H in this paragraph, thus making execution of a consent form an 
available option only for PAT testing under subpart C.
Paragraph (e)
    Paragraph (e) currently provides that nothing in part 219 may be 
construed to ``authorize the use of physical coercion or any other 
deprivation of liberty in order to compel breath or body fluid 
testing.'' FRA is proposing to amend this paragraph by re-designating 
this language as paragraph (e)(3), and by adding new paragraphs (e)(1) 
and (e)(2).
    Proposed paragraph (e)(1) would clarify that a regulated employee 
notified of his or her selection for Federal testing under part 219 
must cease to perform his or her assigned duties and proceed to the 
testing site as soon as possible without adversely affecting safety. 
For example, a train crew selected for random testing would not be 
required to proceed immediately to the testing site if the crew had 
received special instructions to remain on the train and protect it 
until a relief crew arrived. In such a situation, FRA would not expect 
the train crew to violate their specific instructions, and random 
testing would occur only after the crew was relieved. This language is 
currently contained in Sec.  219.701(c), but FRA believes it belongs 
more appropriately in Sec.  219.11 as it is a general condition 
regarding Federal tests. Similarly, paragraph (e)(2) would further 
specify that a railroad must ensure that the absence of a regulated 
employee from his or her assigned duties for testing does not adversely 
affect safety.
Paragraph (f)
    Under current paragraph (f), any railroad employee (as discussed 
earlier, the term ``employee'' would include volunteers and 
probationary employees of a railroad or a contractor to a railroad) who 
performs service for a railroad who dies within 12 hours of an accident 
or incident is deemed to have consented to the removal of specimens for 
the purpose of PAT testing under part 219. FRA is proposing to amend 
this paragraph by replacing the word ``service'' with the word 
``duties.'' This change is intended to make it clear that any 
individual who performs duties for a railroad, regardless of whether or 
not those duties are regulated service (covered service or MOW 
activities), is deemed to have consented to the removal of specimens 
for PAT testing. FRA is also proposing other clarifying amendments to 
this paragraph (i.e., that consent is implied by the performance of 
duties for the railroad since no consent form is required). No 
substantive changes are intended.
Paragraph (g)
    Paragraph (g) currently requires at least three hours of supervisor 
training regarding the signs and symptoms of alcohol and drug use and 
the qualifying criteria for PAT testing under subpart C. This training 
must include (at a minimum) ``information concerning the acute 
behavioral and apparent physiological effects of alcohol and the major 
drug groups on the controlled substances list.'' FRA is proposing to 
amend this existing training requirement to incorporate supervisory 
training on the signs and symptoms of ``other impairing drugs,'' since 
drugs that are not controlled substances can also have ``acute 
behavioral and apparent physiological'' effects.
    FRA is also proposing to amend this paragraph by removing the three 
hour duration requirement (a design standard) and replacing it with a 
requirement that supervisors demonstrate their understanding of the 
training at its conclusion (a performance standard). Supervisors could 
do so through either a written or oral examination, which must contain 
questions related to both the PAT testing regulations of subpart C and 
the signs and symptoms of alcohol and drug influence, intoxication, and 
misuse. FRA believes the proposed amendment would improve the required 
supervisor training by making it based on a performance standard rather 
than a design standard. See Office of Management and Budget, Circular 
A-4, 8 (Sep. 17, 2003) (discussing performance standards as opposed to 
design standards). Currently, the three hour duration requirement does 
not actually ensure that a supervisor has understood the contents of 
the training. Under the proposed amendment, railroads would have the 
flexibility to make the training as long--or short--as necessary to 
produce supervisors who could demonstrate their understanding of the 
requirements. Overall, FRA believes that the effectiveness of the 
training is better measured by the outcomes it produces, as opposed to 
the amount of time it lasts.
Paragraph (h)
    FRA is proposing only a minor editorial revision to paragraph (h) 
to delete an unnecessary paragraph reference.
Section 219.12--Hours of Service Laws Implications
    FRA is proposing a new section Sec.  219.12 to clarify the 
relationship between the alcohol and drug testing requirements of part 
219 and the HOS requirements of 49 U.S.C. ch. 211.
Paragraph (a)
    Proposed paragraph (a) clarifies that HOS limitations do not excuse 
a railroad from conducting PAT or reasonable suspicion testing. These 
types of tests must be performed regardless of HOS requirements because 
they are triggered by specific unpredictable events that indicate the 
possible existence of a safety issue related to alcohol or drug use. 
When an event occurs that mandates PAT or reasonable suspicion testing, 
determining the cause of the event is of greater safety concern than 
compliance with the HOS requirements. Thus, this proposed paragraph 
provides that if a railroad establishes that excess service under the 
HOS laws is caused solely by the railroad's need to complete required 
PAT or reasonable suspicion testing, that the railroad used reasonable 
due diligence in completing the required PAT or reasonable suspicion 
testing, and that the railroad completed the collection within the time 
limits of Sec.  219.203(d) (for PAT testing) or Sec.  219.305 (for 
reasonable suspicion testing), FRA will not take enforcement action for 
the excess service. The railroad would, however, still be required to 
file an excess service report
    While technically a new part 219 requirement, this language would 
incorporate past FRA guidance on the impact of PAT testing and 
reasonable suspicion testing on HOS limitations. See Compliance Manual 
2.3.
Paragraph (b)
    As with PAT and reasonable suspicion testing, reasonable cause 
testing is triggered by the occurrence of a specific unpredictable 
event (a train accident, train incident, or rule violation), the cause 
or severity of which may be linked to a safety issue involving alcohol 
or drug use by a regulated employee. FRA would therefore not pursue an 
HOS violation if the excess service was caused solely by a railroad's 
decision to conduct

[[Page 43849]]

reasonable cause testing, so long as the railroad used reasonable due 
diligence to complete the test and did so within the time limitations 
of proposed Sec.  219.407 (i.e., within eight hours of the observation, 
event or supervisory notification that was the basis for the test). The 
crucial difference between incurring excess service to conduct PAT or 
reasonable suspicion testing as compared to reasonable cause testing, 
is that reasonable cause testing, unlike both PAT and reasonable 
suspicion testing, is authorized, but not required by part 219. For 
this reason, proposed paragraph (b) clarifies that a railroad would be 
allowed to, but is not required to, exceed HOS limitations to perform 
reasonable cause testing. The railroad would, however, still be 
required to file an excess service report.
Paragraph (c)
    Proposed paragraph (c) clarifies that random tests must be handled 
differently from the other types of tests discussed above, since random 
tests are timed and planned in advance. When conducting random alcohol 
and drug tests, compliance with HOS requirements must take precedence 
since the timing of a random test is predictable and is not triggered 
by a potential safety concern. With one exception, railroads must 
schedule random tests with sufficient time for completion within an 
employee's HOS limitations. The only exception to this general rule is 
if an employee's random drug test requires additional time to complete 
because of the need to conduct a directly observed collection (see 
Sec.  40.67). In such direct observation situations, FRA would allow 
completion of the test to exceed the employee's HOS limitations not 
because the random test was unplanned, but because the occurrence of 
the direct observation was unpredictable and indicative of the fact 
that the employee may be trying to cheat the test. As with the other 
types of tests described above, to not have an HOS penalty assessed, a 
railroad must show that any excess service was caused solely by the 
need to respond to a direct observation, must complete the random test 
as soon as practicable, and must report any excess service to FRA. FRA 
would also amend this paragraph to prohibit a railroad from placing a 
regulated employee on duty solely for the purpose of conducting a 
Federal random test.
Paragraph (d)
    Similar to proposed paragraph (c)'s requirements related to random 
tests, proposed paragraph (d) would clarify that railroads must 
schedule follow-up tests, which are also planned events, with 
sufficient time to allow testing to be completed within a covered 
employee's HOS limitations. A railroad may place an employee on-duty 
solely for the purpose of a follow-up test if the employee is subject 
to being called for duty, with the caveat that an employee may be 
placed on duty for a follow-up alcohol test only if the employee's 
return-to-duty agreement requires total abstention from alcohol use. 
This exception is necessary because absent such an agreement, an 
employee may legitimately use alcohol when not prohibited by Sec.  
219.101 (that is, when not on-duty, not within four hours of reporting 
for duty, and not after receiving notice to report). In such a case, a 
follow-up test for alcohol could result in an employee being penalized 
for legitimate alcohol use. FRA anticipates few instances where an 
employee will be placed on-duty solely for the purpose of follow-up 
testing, but a railroad that chooses to do so must document why the 
action was necessary and provide the documentation to FRA upon request.
Section 219.23--Railroad Policies
    This section establishes the requirements for a railroad's Federal 
alcohol and drug testing policy. FRA is proposing to clarify the 
language in this section governing the following requirements: (1) the 
providing of written notice to a regulated employee whenever a Federal 
alcohol or drug test is required under part 219; (2) the use of DOT 
forms for FRA-mandated alcohol and drug tests; and (3) the educational 
materials employers must provide to employees. FRA would also conform 
the section's structure to reflect amendments proposed in this section 
and elsewhere in part 219.
Paragraph (a)
    Paragraph (a) currently requires a railroad to provide ``clear and 
unequivocal written notice'' to an employee when an alcohol or drug 
test is being required under FRA regulations. While the use of DOT 
testing forms satisfies this notice requirement, FRA is proposing 
several clarifications. First, FRA is proposing to amend this paragraph 
to clarify that the written notice must be provided by either a 
railroad employee or a designated service agent (e.g., by a collector 
providing a DOT form to an employee for an FRA random test) and must 
include the basis for the test (this requirement is currently contained 
in paragraph (b) of this section). Second, FRA would replace the phrase 
``violation of a specified operating/safety rule enumerated in subpart 
D of this part'' with the simpler phrase ``reasonable cause.'' Finally, 
FRA would clarify that the notice requirements for PAT tests must be 
handled differently since notice of PAT tests may be provided only 
through use of a FRA-specific PAT testing form.
Paragraph (b)
    The last sentence of current paragraph (b) provides that use of a 
DOT form is prohibited for a non-Federal test. This provision, amended 
to clarify that use of the DOT form is also prohibited for PAT testing, 
remains in revised paragraph (b). FRA also proposes to amend this 
paragraph to specify that the FRA PAT testing form may not be used for 
any other type of test. This is not a new requirement, but is currently 
found in the final sentence of paragraph (c) of this section.
Paragraph (c)
    Proposed paragraph (c) discusses various requirements related to 
part 219 educational materials that must be provided to regulated 
employees. These requirements are found in existing paragraph (d) of 
this section. FRA is proposing minor amendments to clarify the language 
in this section and to provide railroads greater flexibility in making 
the required educational materials available to employees. As proposed, 
a railroad could post these materials continuously in an easily visible 
location at a designated reporting place for regulated employees, 
provided the railroad also supplies copies to any labor organizations 
representing a class or craft of regulated employees (if applicable). 
Alternatively, a railroad could provide these materials in some other 
manner that ensures that regulated employees can find and access them, 
such as posting them on a Web site accessible to all regulated 
employees. Through longstanding informal guidance, FRA has allowed 
railroads to post educational materials in easily visible locations. 
Thus, this proposed amendment would incorporate this guidance into the 
rule text. Because MOW employees are going to be newly subject to part 
219 requirements and may be unfamiliar with the regulation, for three 
years after the effective date of the final rule, FRA is proposing to 
require a hard copy of the educational materials to be provided to each 
MOW employee. FRA is also proposing new language in this paragraph 
specifying that the requirement to provide educational materials to 
regulated employees would not apply to applicants for a regulated 
service position who either refuse to participate

[[Page 43850]]

in pre-employment testing or who have a pre-employment test result 
indicating a part 219 violation. This requirement is currently in Sec.  
219.104(a)(ii), but FRA believes it belongs more appropriately in this 
section, as it discusses the applicability of Sec.  219.23.
Paragraph (d)
    Currently, paragraph (e) of this section contains requirements 
governing the content of the educational materials that a railroad must 
provide to its covered employees. FRA is proposing to move these 
requirements to proposed paragraph (d). New language in the 
introductory text of paragraph (d) would clarify that the educational 
materials that must be made available to employees are the materials 
that are specified in proposed paragraph (c) of this section.
    While paragraph (e)(1) currently requires training materials to 
include the ``identity'' of the person designated to answer employee 
questions about the materials, proposed paragraph (d)(1) would include 
this requirement but replace the word ``identity'' with ``position 
title, name, and means of contacting'' that individual. Similarly, 
language currently in paragraph (e)(2) would be moved to proposed 
paragraph (d)(2) and amended to require educational materials to 
identify each class or craft subject to part 219 (e.g., engineers, 
conductors, MOW employees, signal maintainers, train dispatchers) 
instead of using less specific terms such as ``regulated employees'' or 
``covered employees.''
    Language currently found in paragraph (e)(3) would be amended in 
proposed paragraph (d)(3) to replace ``safety-sensitive'' with 
``regulated service'' and to require the educational materials provided 
to regulated employees to distinguish between FRA's prohibitions on 
alcohol use and on drug use. FRA proposes to distinguish between the 
two prohibitions by explicitly stating that a railroad must provide 
sufficient information about regulated service that regulated employees 
perform so that a regulated employee knows when he or she must be in 
compliance with part 219's prohibition regarding alcohol use. This 
amendment is necessary because unlike part 219's prohibition on alcohol 
use, which applies when an employee is on duty and required to perform 
or is available to perform regulated service, FRA's prohibitions on 
drug use apply at all times, not just when a regulated employee is on 
duty and performing (or subject to performing) regulated service.
    Existing paragraph (e)(5) would be further amended in proposed 
paragraph (d)(5) to simplify the reference to reasonable cause testing 
authority provided by subpart E.
    FRA would also move the language in paragraph (e)(12) to proposed 
paragraph (d)(12) and amend it to require railroads to provide 
educational materials on both alcohol and drug misuse.
Section 219.25--Previous Employer Drug and Alcohol Checks
    This new section would direct railroads and contractors to Sec.  
40.25, which requires employers to request and review the drug and 
alcohol testing record of any individual they intend to use to perform 
DOT safety-sensitive functions. This requirement applies only to a 
railroad or contractor's direct employees. For example, a railroad 
would not be required to check the alcohol and drug testing record of 
the direct employees of a contractor, since this responsibility would 
belong to the contractor. While Sec.  219.701 requires all testing 
under part 219 (except for PAT testing under subpart C) to be completed 
in accordance with the requirements of part 40, FRA's experience has 
been that railroads sometimes overlook the drug and alcohol background 
check required by Sec.  40.25. The proposed amendment would address 
this concern by specifically reminding railroads and contractors of the 
Sec.  40.25 requirement.
    This section would also remind railroads that they must comply with 
the prior alcohol and drug conduct requirements of Sec.  240.119(c) for 
certified locomotive engineers and Sec.  242.115(e) for certified 
conductors. Under these sections, a railroad determining whether a 
person may be or may remain certified as a locomotive engineer or 
conductor must consider certain part 219 violations and refusals that 
occurred within a period of sixty consecutive months (five years) prior 
to the review of the individual's records. As with the reference to 
Sec.  40.25, these references to parts 240 and 242 are intended only to 
remind railroads of their existing responsibilities, not to make any 
substantive changes.

Subpart B--Prohibitions

Section 219.101--Alcohol and Drug Use Prohibited
Paragraph (a)(1)
    Section 219.101 contains FRA's general prohibitions on the use and 
possession of alcohol and drugs by railroad employees. Currently, 
paragraph (a)(1) prohibits the use and possession of both alcohol and 
controlled substances while a covered employee is assigned to perform 
covered service. Existing Sec.  219.103 provides an exception to the 
prohibition on the use and possession of controlled substances, so long 
as certain conditions are met regarding the controlled substance's 
prescription or authorization by a medical practitioner.
    While not specifically proposed in this NPRM, FRA is soliciting 
public feedback on whether it should consider removing part 219's 
longstanding prohibitions against the on-duty possession of alcohol and 
controlled substances. These prohibitions were originally intended to 
make FRA's alcohol and drug requirements similar to those in Rule G, a 
longstanding railroad operating rule which prohibited the on-duty use 
and possession of alcohol, and was later amended to address the use and 
possession of controlled substances. See 49 FR 24266, June 12, 1984. As 
currently written, however, the FRA's prohibition against the 
possession of controlled substances applies not only to the possession 
of illicit drugs (e.g., PCP, cocaine), but also to many prescription 
drugs which have legitimate medical uses (e.g., muscle relaxants, pain 
relievers), but have been classified by the Drug Enforcement 
Administration (DEA) as controlled substances because of their 
potential for abuse. Therefore, strictly read, FRA's prohibition 
against the on-duty possession of all controlled substances would 
prohibit the on-duty possession of many common prescription drugs, 
unless that possession was incident to proper use of the prescribed 
drug as provided for by Sec.  219.103.
    Similarly, because of its roots in Rule G, part 219 currently 
prohibits the on-duty possession of alcohol. Strictly read, this 
prohibition would ban the on-duty possession of many commonly sold 
over-the-counter cough and cold remedies that contain alcohol. FRA 
solicits comment on whether part 219 should continue to prohibit the 
on-duty possession of all controlled substances and alcohol, noting 
that no other DOT agency prohibits the on-duty possession of both 
controlled substances and alcohol.
    While FRA does not want to prohibit the use of legal prescription 
drugs or over-the-counter drugs by regulated employees, provided that 
such use complies with the requirements of Sec.  219.103 (discussed 
below), FRA is specifically seeking public comment on whether removing 
the prohibitions on possession of controlled substances and/or alcohol 
would have an adverse effect on railroad safety. Removing the 
prohibition on possessing controlled substances or alcohol would not 
affect a railroad's ability to take action under its own authority if a 
railroad employee

[[Page 43851]]

was found in possession of alcohol or a controlled substance in 
violation of a railroad operating rule, such as Rule G. See id.
    FRA would also amend paragraph (a)(1) to prohibit the use or 
possession of alcohol or any controlled substance by regulated 
employees while they are ``on-duty and subject to performing regulated 
service for a railroad.'' This proposed language is intended to clarify 
that this prohibition applies whenever a regulated employee is subject 
to performing regulated service for a railroad, not only when the 
employee is actually performing regulated service.
Paragraph (a)(4)
    Paragraph (a)(4) applies to regulated employees who have a breath 
or blood alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater but less than 0.04 on 
a Federal test. Specifically, current paragraph (a)(4) prohibits an 
employee whose Federal test indicates an alcohol concentration of 0.02 
or greater, but less than 0.04, from performing covered service until 
the start of his or her next regularly scheduled duty period, but not 
less than eight hours from the administration of the test. Since an 
alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater but less than 0.04 is not a 
violation of Sec.  219.101, an alcohol test result in this range may 
not be used for locomotive engineer or conductor certification purposes 
under part 240 or part 242. FRA is proposing to redesignate the current 
text of paragraph (a)(4) as paragraph (a)(4)(i), and add a new 
paragraph (a)(4)(ii) to clarify that a railroad is not prohibited from 
taking further action under its own authority against an employee whose 
Federal test result indicates an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or 
greater but less than 0.04, since a result in this range indicates the 
presence of alcohol in the employee's system. This new language is 
taken from FRA guidance and is intended for clarification purposes 
only, not to make any substantive change to the regulatory requirement. 
See Compliance Manual 3.5.2.
Paragraph (a)(5)
    Currently, paragraph (a)(5) states that a test result with an 
alcohol concentration below 0.02 must be considered negative and is not 
evidence of alcohol misuse. It also provides that a railroad may not 
use a Federal test result below 0.02 either as evidence in a company 
proceeding or as a basis for subsequent testing under company 
authority, and that a railroad may compel cooperation in additional 
breath or body fluid testing only if it has an independent basis for 
doing so.
    FRA is proposing to add new language to this paragraph clarifying 
that an independent basis for subsequent company authority alcohol 
testing would exist only when, after a negative FRA reasonable 
suspicion alcohol test result, an employee exhibits additional or 
continuing signs and symptoms of alcohol use. (A railroad may not, 
however, conduct an additional FRA test in such situations.) If an 
independent basis for testing exists and a subsequent company authority 
alcohol test indicates a violation of a railroad alcohol operating 
rule, the company test result is independent of the Federal test result 
and must stand on its own merits. FRA is proposing this amendment, 
which is taken from FRA guidance, to allow railroads to perform company 
authority alcohol tests in the infrequent and limited circumstances 
where an employee continues to exhibit signs and symptoms of alcohol 
use even after the employee's FRA test result indicates an alcohol 
concentration below 0.02.
Section 219.102--Prohibition on Abuse of Controlled Substances
    Currently, this section prohibits employees performing covered 
service from using a controlled substance at any time, except as 
permitted by Sec.  219.103. FRA's only proposed amendment to this 
section would substitute the term ``regulated employee'' for 
``employee'' to reflect the expansion of this part to cover employees 
who perform MOW activities.
Section 219.103--Use of Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs
    Despite its title, ``Prescribed and over-the-counter drugs,'' Sec.  
219.103 currently covers only a small portion of prescription drugs and 
no over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, since most prescription and OTC drugs 
are not Schedule II-V controlled substances. FRA is not proposing any 
changes to this section, which has not been changed since its 
implementation in 1985. Instead, FRA is asking for information in 
response to several questions. How do railroads administer Sec.  
219.103's requirements? Does this section effectively address the 
safety concerns raised by the use of prescription and OTC drugs by 
individuals subject to part 219? What, if any, amendments should FRA 
make to address the increase in prescription and OTC drug use over the 
last 25 years? Are any amendments necessary to address FRA's proposed 
addition of employees who perform MOW activities?
Section 219.104--Responsive Action
    FRA is proposing both clarifying and structural changes to this 
section, which addresses what responsive action a railroad must take 
when it determines that an employee subject to part 219 has either 
violated certain provisions part 219 (or the alcohol or drug misuse 
rule of another DOT agency) or refused to provide breath or body fluid 
specimens under a mandatory provision of the regulation. Specifically, 
FRA proposes to clarify that: (1) The responsive action requirements of 
this section (except for the right to a hearing under proposed 
paragraph (c) do apply to a regulated service applicant who has refused 
to take a pre-employment test, as determined by the provisions of part 
40; (2) the notice a railroad must provide to a regulated employee 
before removing him or her from regulated service must be in writing; 
and (3) that regulated employees have the right to request a hearing 
under this section following an alleged violation of Sec.  219.101 or 
Sec.  219.102.
Paragraph (a)
    FRA proposes to add a new sentence to paragraph (a)(2) specifying 
that the procedures and rights in this section apply to reasonable 
cause tests conducted under FRA authority, but not to reasonable cause 
tests conducted under a company's own authority. This would not be a 
substantive change, only a reminder to railroads of one important 
distinction between a reasonable cause test conducted under FRA 
authority and one conducted under company authority. FRA also proposes 
to remove the word ``mandatory'' as used in paragraph (a)(2) to 
describe the provisions under which a railroad may require an employee 
to participate in alcohol or drug testing, since neither reasonable 
cause or pre-employment alcohol testing are mandatory under part 219. 
If, however, a regulated employee (or applicant for regulated service) 
refuses a reasonable cause or pre-employment alcohol test that has been 
conducted under FRA authority, the employee would be subject to the 
consequences for unlawful refusals found in this section.
    Currently, paragraph (a)(3) explains that the procedures and rights 
in Sec.  219.104 and the informational requirements in Sec.  219.23 do 
not apply: (1) When a test is conducted under other than part 219 
authority (e.g., a test under a company medical policy); and (2) when 
an applicant refuses to participate in a pre-employment test or 
otherwise has a positive pre-employment test indicating the misuse

[[Page 43852]]

of alcohol or controlled substances. FRA is proposing to move the 
language addressing Sec.  219.23 into Sec.  219.23 itself, and to move 
the remainder of this paragraph to a new paragraph (e), which would 
contain provisions specifically discussing the applicability of this 
section.
Paragraph (b)
    Currently, paragraph (b) requires a railroad, prior to 
``withdrawing'' an employee from covered service, to provide notice to 
the employee of the reason for his or her withdrawal. FRA would clarify 
that this notice must be in writing. A railroad may initially give an 
employee verbal notice, provided the railroad follows up as soon as 
practicable with an official written notice. For consistency of 
language throughout this section, FRA is also proposing to replace 
``withdrawing'' in this paragraph with the term ``removing.'' FRA would 
also require the notice to inform the employee that he or she is 
prohibited from performing any DOT safety-sensitive functions until he 
or she successfully completes the evaluation, referral, and treatment 
processes required for return-to-duty under part 40. FRA believes this 
information would discourage employees from job hopping to try to avoid 
their return-to-duty requirements. A railroad may also use this notice 
to comply with Sec.  40.287, which requires an employer to provide to 
each employee who violates a DOT drug and alcohol regulation a listing 
of SAPs readily available to the employee and acceptable to the 
employer, with names, addresses, and telephone numbers.
Paragraph (c)
    Paragraph (c)(1) currently specifies that employees can request a 
hearing if they ``[deny] that the test result is valid evidence of 
alcohol or drug use prohibited by this subpart.'' FRA is proposing to 
remove this phrase in to make clear that the removal from duty and 
hearing procedures in this section also apply to violations of 
Sec. Sec.  219.101 or 219.102 that have not been detected through 
testing (e.g., a refusal or a violation of the prohibition against 
possessing alcohol). This proposed amendment would clarify that an 
employee may demand a hearing for any violation of Sec. Sec.  219.101 
or 219.102, regardless of whether the alleged violation was based on a 
test result.
    Similarly, FRA would amend paragraph (c)(4) to clarify that the 
statement that part 219 does not limit the procedural rights or 
remedies available (e.g., at common law or through an applicable 
bargaining agreement) to an employee, applies to all violations of part 
219, not just those based on test results.
Paragraph (d)
    Currently, paragraph (d) provides that a railroad must comply with 
``the return-to-service and follow-up testing requirements, and the 
Substance Abuse Professional [SAP] conflict-of-interest prohibitions, 
contained in Sec. Sec.  40.305, 40.207, and 40.209 of this title.'' FRA 
would simplify this language by deleting these section citations and 
referring generally to the requirements in part 40 for SAP evaluations, 
the return-to-duty process, and follow-up testing.
Paragraph (e)
    FRA is proposing to add a new paragraph (e), which would clarify 
when the requirements of this section do not apply.
    Paragraph (e)(1) would contain the language currently in paragraph 
(a)(3)(i) stating that the requirements of this section do not apply to 
actions based on alcohol or drug testing that is not conducted under 
part 219.
    Paragraph (e)(2) would clarify that the requirements in this 
section do not apply to Federal alcohol tests with a result less than 
0.04. As discussed above in the analysis of Sec.  219.101(a)(4), 
because a Federal alcohol test with a result below 0.04 is not a 
violation of Sec.  219.101, a railroad is not required to take 
responsive action under this section. Under Sec.  219.101(a)(4), the 
only consequence for a Federal test result between 0.02-0.039 is 
removal of the employee from regulated service for a minimum of eight 
hours. (This is because a test result in this range is evidence of 
alcohol use but not of impairment.) A railroad must therefore use its 
own authority for any other actions (e.g., any return-to-duty or 
follow-up tests for an alcohol test result below .04 must be 
administered under company authority).
    Paragraph (e)(3) would contain new language clarifying that this 
section also does not apply to a locomotive engineer or conductor who 
has had an off-duty conviction for, or a completed state action to 
cancel, revoke, suspend, or deny a motor vehicle-driver's license for 
operating while under the influence of or impaired by alcohol or a 
controlled substance. While parts 240 and 242 require an individual 
with such an off-duty conviction to undergo a substance abuse 
evaluation, an off-duty conviction is not a violation of Sec.  219.101 
or Sec.  219.102.
    Paragraph (e)(4) would contain new language clarifying that this 
section does not apply to applicants who decline to participate in pre-
employment testing and withdraw the application for employment prior to 
the commencement of the test (the determination of when a test 
commences is made according to the provisions of part 40).
    Paragraph (e)(5) would clarify that the hearing procedures in 
paragraph (c) of this section do not apply to an applicant who tests 
positive or refuses a DOT pre-employment test.
    Paragraph (e)(6) would clarify that an applicant who tests positive 
or refuses any DOT pre-employment test must complete the return-to-duty 
requirements in paragraph (d) before performing DOT safety-sensitive 
functions subject to the alcohol and drug regulations of any DOT 
agency. Under Sec.  40.25(j), an employee who tested positive or 
refused to test cannot perform any DOT safety-sensitive functions until 
and unless the employee documents successful completion of the part 40 
return-to-duty process.
Section 219.105--Railroad's Duty To Prevent Violations
Paragraph (a)
    Currently, paragraph (a) of this section provides that a railroad 
may not with ``actual knowledge'' permit an employee to remain or go on 
duty in covered service in violation of either Sec.  219.101 or Sec.  
219.102. FRA is proposing to clarify when a railroad is deemed to have 
``actual knowledge'' of such a violation. As proposed, actual knowledge 
would be limited to the knowledge of a railroad manager or supervisor 
in the employee's chain of command. A manager or supervisor would be 
considered to have actual knowledge of a violation when he or she: (1) 
Personally observes an employee violating part 219 by either using or 
possessing alcohol, or by using drugs (observing potential signs and 
symptoms of alcohol/drug use would not by itself constitute actual 
knowledge); (2) receives information regarding a violation from a 
previous employer as part of a Sec.  40.25 background check; or (3) 
receives an employee's admission of prohibited alcohol possession or 
use or drug use.
Paragraph (b)
    Although FRA is not proposing to amend paragraph (b) of this 
section, FRA is taking this opportunity to clarify what ``due 
diligence'' means in this paragraph's requirement for a railroad to 
``exercise due diligence to assure compliance with Sec. Sec.  219.101 
and 219.102.'' When FRA proposed to add

[[Page 43853]]

new paragraph (b), FRA stated its purpose as follows:

    to describe the limitations on railroad liability with respect 
to the prevention of the violations of the Subpart B prohibitions. . 
. . In summary, the provisions require the railroad to exercise a 
high degree of care to prevent violations, but do not impose 
liability where, despite such efforts, an individual employee uses 
alcohol or drugs in a manner that is prohibited (and the railroad is 
not aware of the conduct).

54 FR 39649, Sep. 27, 1989. Paragraph (b) therefore places an 
affirmative duty on a railroad to use due diligence to prevent 
violations of Sec.  219.101 or Sec.  219.102, and a railroad that can 
show it has done so will have only limited liability under part 219 for 
the violations of its individual employees. Conversely, a railroad 
could be found to have violated Sec.  219.105(b) if it did nothing 
after becoming aware that a regulated employee had an active substance 
abuse disorder that could manifest itself in actual violations of Sec.  
219.101 or Sec.  219.102. The due diligence a railroad most exercise to 
prevent violations will vary on a case-by-case basis and railroads 
uncertain how this provision may apply in certain situations are 
encouraged to contact FRA for guidance.
Paragraph (c)
    FRA is proposing to add new a paragraph (c) to this section, which 
would clarify that a railroad's alcohol and/or drug use education, 
prevention, identification, intervention, or rehabilitation programs or 
policies must be designed and implemented in such a way that they do 
not circumvent or otherwise undermine the requirements of part 219. It 
would also clarify that a railroad must make all documents, data, or 
other records related to such programs or policies available to FRA 
upon request. This paragraph would not establish a new power for FRA, 
but would merely clarify and explain FRA's authority to conduct 
inspections and investigations under 5 U.S.C. 20107.
Rule G Observations and Public Comment Requested
    Currently, FRA guidance directs a railroad to require its 
supervisors to make and record a specified number of observations of 
covered employees for compliance with its operating rule on alcohol 
and/or drug prohibitions (e.g., Rule G), as part of its part 217 
operational tests and inspections program. See generally Sec.  217.9. 
These observations are often referred to as ``Rule G observations.'' At 
a minimum, FRA guidance states that each quarter a railroad should 
conduct a number of part 217 observations that equals the number of its 
covered employees. For example, if a railroad has 100 covered 
employees, it should conduct at least 100 observations per quarter. See 
Compliance Manual 11.3.3.2.
    FRA requests public comment on whether Sec.  219.105 should be 
amended to incorporate this guidance regarding Rule G observations. FRA 
is particularly interested in comment regarding both the safety 
benefits of requiring a specific number of Rule G observations and the 
costs and burdens of such a requirement. Also, to what extent are these 
observations already being performed throughout the railroad industry? 
FRA may ultimately decide to include a Rule G observation requirement 
in a final rule.
Section 219.107--Consequences of Unlawful Refusal
    Currently, this section provides that an employee who refuses to 
provide breath or body fluid specimens when required by a mandatory 
provision of part 219 must be disqualified from performing covered 
service for nine months. FRA is proposing several clarifying amendments 
to this section.
Paragraph (a)
    In paragraph (a), FRA would replace the term ``disqualified'' with 
``withdrawn'' to distinguish between the withdrawal requirement of this 
section and the disqualification requirements for certified engineers 
in part 240 and certified conductors in part 242. (Similar amendments 
would also be made to paragraphs (c)-(e) of this section.) FRA would 
also clarify that provision of an adulterated or substituted specimen, 
as defined in part 40, is a refusal under part 219 and subject to the 
withdrawal requirements of this section. FRA would also remove the word 
``mandatory'' which may be misleading because neither reasonable cause 
nor pre-employment alcohol testing are mandatory for railroads in part 
219. However, a regulated employee (or applicant for regulated service) 
who refuses a reasonable cause test or a pre-employment alcohol test 
conducted under FRA authority has always been subject to the 
consequences for unlawful refusals found in this section.
Paragraph (b)
    Currently, paragraph (b) requires a railroad, prior to withdrawing 
an employee from covered service, to provide notice to that employee 
both of the reason for his or her withdrawal and of the procedures 
available to the employee under Sec.  219.104(c) to request a hearing. 
FRA proposes to amend this paragraph to clarify that this notice must 
be in writing. A railroad may provide an employee with an initial 
verbal notice, but must follow this up as soon as practicable with an 
official written notice.
Paragraph (c)
    Currently, paragraph (c) generally provides that a railroad with 
notice of an employee's withdrawal from covered service may not 
authorize or permit the employee to perform such service on its behalf. 
FRA would revise this paragraph to clarify that this withdrawal 
provision applies ``only'' to an employee's performance of regulated 
service, and not to the employee's performance of non-regulated 
service. FRA would also add an additional sentence clarifying that 
during the period of withdrawal, a railroad with notice of the 
withdrawal may not authorize or permit the employee to perform any 
regulated service on its behalf.
Paragraph (e)
    Currently, paragraph (e) states that upon expiration of a mandatory 
nine month withdrawal period, an employee may return to covered service 
only under the conditions specified in Sec.  219.104(d) and must be 
subject to follow-up testing as provided by that section. Because Sec.  
219.104(d) also requires return-to-duty testing, FRA proposes to amend 
paragraph (e) to clarify that the employee must also be subject return-
to-duty testing. This proposed amendment is not intended to 
substantively change the existing requirement, only to clarify that 
Sec.  219.104(d) requires both return-to-duty and follow-up testing.

Subpart C--Post-Accident Toxicological Testing

Section 219.201--Events for Which Testing is Required.
Paragraph (a)
    Currently, this section defines the types of accidents or incidents 
for which PAT testing is required and states that a railroad must make 
a good faith determination as to whether an event meets the criteria 
for PAT testing. Specifically, existing paragraph (a) requires a 
railroad to conduct PAT testing after the following qualifying events: 
(1) major train accidents; (2) impact accidents; (3) fatal train 
incidents; and (4) passenger train accidents. FRA is proposing both to 
amend the criteria defining some of these qualifying events and to 
create a new qualifying event requiring PAT

[[Page 43854]]

testing, ``Human-Factor Highway-rail Grade Crossing Accident/
Incident.''
 Major Train Accidents
    Paragraph (a)(1) defines a ``major train accident'' as any train 
accident meeting the part 225 reporting threshold that involves either: 
(1) a fatality; (2) a hazardous material release accompanied by either 
an evacuation or a reportable injury caused by the release; or (3) 
damage to railroad property of $1,000,000 or more. (As discussed in the 
section-by-section analysis for Sec.  219.5, FRA is proposing a new 
part 219 definition for ``evacuation,'' to clarify the meaning of that 
term as used in the definition of ``major train accident.'') FRA is 
proposing two substantive amendments to the criteria for a major train 
accident.
    First, FRA would clarify that the fatality in a major train 
accident can be ``to any person,'' regardless of whether the person is 
an employee of the railroad. For example, a train accident meeting the 
reporting threshold would qualify as a major train accident requiring 
PAT testing if it resulted in a fatality to an uninvolved bystander 
near the track.
    Second, and as discussed in Section V.D of this preamble, FRA would 
increase the property damage threshold for major train accidents from 
$1,000,000 to $1,500,000. On November 19, 2008, the Association of 
American Railroads (AAR) petitioned FRA to increase the damage 
threshold for major train accidents to $1,500,000 and the damage 
threshold for impact accidents to $250,000.\16\ FRA last increased the 
property damage thresholds for major train accidents and impact 
accidents in January 1, 1995, when FRA increased the threshold for 
major train accidents from $500,000 to $1,000,000, and the threshold 
for impact accidents from $50,000 to $150,000. See 59 FR 7452, Feb. 15, 
1994). In its petition, the AAR asserted that these thresholds needed 
to be raised again to account for inflation since 1994. In calculating 
its proposed thresholds, the AAR measured inflation both by the rail 
cost recovery index and the Gross Domestic Product, assuming an annual 
4 percent increase.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ A copy of AAR's petition is available for review in the 
public docket of this rulemaking (docket no. FRA-2009-0039).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA agrees with AAR that the property damage threshold for major 
train accidents should be increased to $1,500,000 to account for 
inflation, and is proposing to increase that threshold accordingly. FRA 
utilized publically available price indices from the Bureau of Labor 
Statistics for comparison and consistency: the Producer Price Index--
All Commodities \17\ and the Consumer Price Index--All Urban Consumers 
Inflation Calculator,\18\ and also extrapolated an index for comparison 
from part 225, Appendix B--Procedure for Determining Reporting 
Threshold. FRA found that all three indices supported raising the major 
accident threshold from $1,000,000 to $1,500,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, Producer Price Index-
Commodities, available at http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost.
    \18\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index, available 
at http://www.bls.gov/CPI/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Impact accidents
    As discussed above, AAR also asked FRA to increase its railroad 
property damage threshold for impact accidents from $150,000 to 
$250,000. After consideration, FRA has decided to maintain its current 
impact accident threshold of $150,000. Doing so will allow inflation to 
increase the number of events that qualify for PAT testing as impact 
accidents, which involve human error more than other types of PAT 
testing events. (For instance, impact accidents such as collisions 
between trains are usually due to human error. In contrast, major train 
accidents such as derailments are often due to track defects.) 
Conducting PAT testing for more impact accidents will allow FRA to 
identify a greater number of events involving human factor errors 
caused or contributed to by the misuse of alcohol or drugs.
    While FRA is proposing to amend the Sec.  219.5 definition of 
``impact accident'' to remove the exceptions for raking collisions and 
derailment collisions, as discussed above, FRA is not proposing any 
amendments to the ``impact accident'' testing criteria found in this 
section.
 Fatal Train Incident
    Currently, paragraph (a)(3) defines a ``fatal train incident'' as 
any train incident that results in a fatality to an on-duty railroad 
employee and that involves the operation of on-track equipment. FRA 
proposes to clarify that to qualify as a fatal train incident, the 
fatality must have occurred within 12 hours of the train incident, 
although the deceased employee need not have been performing regulated 
service at the time of the train incident. For example, the criteria 
for a fatal train incident would be met if the operation of on-track 
equipment involved a fatality to a mechanical employee, regardless of 
whether the employee was performing regulated service at the time of 
the train incident, so long as the fatality occurred within 12 hours of 
the train incident's occurrence.
 Passenger Train Accident
    FRA is proposing to amend the definition of ``passenger train 
accident'' in this paragraph to be more consistent with the rest of 
this section. No substantive effects are intended.
 Human-Factor Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Accident/Incident
    Currently, Sec.  219.201(b) prohibits PAT testing after a 
``collision between railroad rolling stock and a motor vehicle or other 
highway conveyance at a rail/highway grade crossing,'' even if the 
collision would otherwise qualify as a PAT testing event. As mentioned 
in section V.E of this preamble, FRA would narrow this exception by 
creating a new qualifying event, ``Human-factor highway-rail grade 
crossing accident/incident'' in paragraph (a)(5), which would specify 
when PAT testing would be required after a qualifying human-factor 
highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident. (In Sec.  219.203 below, 
FRA discusses who would be subject to PAT testing after a qualifying 
human-factor highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident.)
    This proposal is based in part on NTSB Recommendation R-01-17, in 
which the NTSB recommended that FRA narrow its exception for highway-
rail grade crossing accidents to require PAT testing of any railroad 
signal, maintenance, or other employee whose actions at or near a grade 
crossing may have contributed to the cause or severity of a highway-
rail grade crossing accident. The NTSB based this recommendation on its 
investigation of a 1999 highway-rail grade crossing accident at McLean, 
Illinois, in which an Amtrak train collided with an automobile, killing 
both the automobile driver and a passenger. The NTSB found that the 
automobile driver had no warning that a train was approaching, since 
the flashing lights and gates at the crossing had failed to activate. 
The NTSB concluded that the probable cause of this activation failure 
was a signal maintainer who, after taking the crossing equipment out of 
service for maintenance, had made repairs and then left without 
restoring the equipment back to operating status. Although the 
maintainer was directly responsible for the signal and gate failure, he 
was not subject to PAT testing because of the grade crossing control 
exception. See NTSB, Railroad Accident Report: Collision of Amtrak 
Train 304-26 with a Highway Vehicle at a Highway-Rail Grade Crossing 
McLean, Illinois September 26, 1999, NTSB/

[[Page 43855]]

RAR-01/03, PB2001-916303, Sep. 18, 2001, at v, available at http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2001/RAR0103.pdf. Since the 1999 McLean 
collision, FRA has investigated other highway-rail grade crossing 
accidents in which the actions of railroad employees and contractors 
may have played a role. See FRA, Accident Investigation Report, HQ-
2005-106, at 4 (available at http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Find#p1_z5_lAC_kHQ-2005-106) and Accident Investigation Report, HQ-2006-12, at 4 
(available at http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Find#p1_z5_lAC_kHQ-2006-12).
    FRA's proposed new qualifying event termed ``human-factor highway-
rail grade crossing accident/incident'' would be in new paragraph 
(a)(5). Under proposed paragraph (a)(5)(i), PAT testing would be 
required after a highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident whenever 
a regulated employee interfered with the normal functioning of a grade 
crossing signal system, in testing or otherwise, without first 
providing for the safety of highway traffic that depends on the normal 
functioning of such a system. Because this language is adapted from the 
prohibition against such interference contained in FRA's grade crossing 
regulation (see 49 CFR 234.209), a grade crossing accident/incident 
involving a Sec.  234.209 violation would qualify as a human-factor 
highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident for PAT testing.\19\ See 
FRA's Signal & Train Control Compliance Manual for additional guidance 
on the meaning of interference.\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ Section 234.209(b) states that ``interference'' includes 
(but is not limited to): (1) trains, locomotives or other railroad 
equipment standing within the system's approach circuit, other than 
normal train movements or switching operations, where the warning 
system is not designed to accommodate those activities; and (2) not 
providing alternative methods of maintaining safety for the highway 
user while testing or performing work on the warning systems or on 
track and other railroad systems or structures which may affect the 
integrity of the warning system.
    \20\ According to the Signal & Train Control Compliance Manual, 
``Interference is any condition that circumvents, hinders, impedes, 
or diminishes whatsoever the intended warning of a system, and may 
be accomplished by installing, repairing, replacing, operating, or 
manipulating a warning system component used in detecting the 
presence of or of displaying warning of a train, or indicating the 
operation of the warning system. There is no difference between 
accidental or intentional interference with respect to the 
enforcement of this [rule].'' FRA, Signal & Train Control Compliance 
Manual: Part 234--Grade Crossing Signal System Safety, at 234-24, 
available at http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Find#p1_z10_lCM_kSignal%20and%20Train%20Control.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under proposed paragraphs (a)(5)(ii) and (a)(5)(iii), PAT testing 
after a highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident would be required 
if the event involved violations of the flagging duties found in FRA's 
grade crossing regulations. See 49 CFR 234.105(c)(3)-(c)(2), 234.106, 
and 234.107(c)(1)(i). The sections referenced in these paragraphs 
permit trains to operate through malfunctioning grade crossings if an 
appropriately equipped flagger, law enforcement officer, or crewmember 
provides warning for each direction of highway traffic. For example, 
when a false activation occurs, Sec.  234.107(c)(1)(i) requires 
flagging by an appropriately equipped flagger if one is available. 
Under proposed paragraphs (a)(5)(ii) and (a)(5)(iii), an employee who 
failed to comply with this flagging requirement would be subject to PAT 
testing if a highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident then 
occurred. Under paragraph (a)(5)(iv), FRA would further narrow its 
exclusion for highway-rail grade crossing accident/incidents by 
requiring PAT testing if a fatality of a regulated employee performing 
duties for the railroad was involved. As with fatal train incidents, a 
deceased regulated employee would be subject to PAT regardless of 
whether the employee was at fault. For example, a regulated employee 
would be subject to PAT testing if the employee died while operating an 
on-rail truck that collided with a motor vehicle at a highway-rail 
grade crossing, regardless of who was at fault for the collision.
    Similarly, paragraph (a)(5)(v) would require PAT testing if a 
highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident involved a regulated 
employee whose violation of an FRA regulation or railroad operating 
rule may have played a role in the cause or severity of the accident/
incident. While proposed paragraphs (a)(5)(i)-(iv) of this section 
would specify the circumstances under which PAT testing would be 
required for highway-rail grade crossing accidents/incidents involving 
human-factor errors, paragraph (a)(5)(v) would serve as a catch-all 
provision to require PAT testing for highway-rail grade crossing 
accidents/incidents that involve human-factor errors other than those 
specified in paragraphs (a)(5)(i)-(iv).
Paragraph (b)
    Currently, paragraph (b) provides that no PAT testing ``may be 
required in the case of a collision between railroad rolling stock and 
a motor vehicle or other highway conveyance at a rail/highway grade 
crossing.'' FRA would make conforming changes to this paragraph to 
allow PAT testing for human-factor highway-rail grade crossing 
accident/incidents.
Section 219.203--Responsibilities of Railroads and Employees
    Currently, this section sets forth general requirements for both 
railroads and employees regarding PAT testing, by specifying which 
employees must be tested, when employees must be excluded from PAT 
testing, and the time and place of specimen collections. As discussed 
further below, FRA is proposing substantive amendments to this section 
to specify which employees must be tested in human-factor highway-rail 
grade crossing accidents/incidents. Structural revisions are also being 
proposed to increase the clarity and organization of this section.
Paragraph (a)--Employees Tested
    Currently, paragraph (a) contains requirements regarding which 
employees must be tested after the various qualifying events. FRA is 
proposing to: (1) Reorganize and clarify this paragraph; and (2) add 
new language specifying which employees must be tested after a human-
factor highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident.
Paragraph (a), Introductory Text
    FRA would add introductory text in paragraph (a) stating that 
regulated employees must cooperate with the collection of PAT testing 
specimens. This existing requirement is currently found in the final 
sentence of paragraph (a)(1)(i).
Paragraph (a)(1)
    Proposed paragraph (a)(1) would state that a regulated employee 
whose actions may have played a role in the cause or severity of a PAT 
testing qualifying event (e.g., an operator, dispatcher, or signal 
maintainer) must provide blood and urine samples for PAT testing, 
regardless of whether the employee was present or on-duty at the time 
or location of the qualifying event. This language is generally 
consistent with the existing language of this section except that as 
proposed, regulated employees who may not have been on-duty or present 
at the time of a qualifying event are subject to PAT testing. This 
difference reflects the proposed change to FRA's PAT testing recall 
provisions, discussed in the section-by-section analysis below for 
paragraph (e) of this section.
Paragraph (a)(2)
    Proposed paragraph (a)(2) would specify that testing of the remains 
of an on-duty employee fatally injured in a qualifying event is 
required if the employee dies within 12 hours of the qualifying event 
as a result of such

[[Page 43856]]

qualifying event, regardless of whether the employee was performing 
regulated service, was at fault, or was a direct employee of a 
railroad, or a volunteer or contractor to a railroad. Part 219 already 
requires such fatality testing. See Sec. Sec.  219.11(f) and 
219.203(a)(4)(ii).
Paragraph (a)(3)
    Proposed paragraph (a)(3) would contain requirements specifying 
which regulated employees must be tested for major train accidents. 
Paragraph (a)(3)(i) would clarify that all crew members of on-track 
equipment involved in a major train accident must be PAT tested, 
regardless of fault. This requirement already applies to all crew 
members of trains involved in a major train accident. See Sec.  
219.203(a)(3). Paragraph (a)(3)(ii) would require a regulated employee 
who is not an assigned crew member of an involved train or other on-
track equipment to be PAT tested, if it can be immediately determined 
that the regulated employee may have played a role in the cause or 
severity of the major train accident.
Paragraph (a)(4)
    Proposed paragraph (a)(4), which applies specifically to fatal 
train incidents, would state that the remains of an on-duty employee 
performing duties for a railroad who is fatally injured during the 
event must be tested, regardless of whether he or she was performing 
regulated service, was at fault, or was an employee or volunteer for a 
railroad or contractor to a railroad.
Paragraph (a)(5)
    Proposed new paragraph (a)(5) would contain new language specifying 
which regulated employees must be PAT tested following human-factor 
highway-rail grade crossing accidents/incidents. Proposed paragraph 
(a)(5)(i) would clarify that under proposed Sec.  219.201(a)(5)(i), 
only regulated employees who interfered with the normal functioning of 
a grade crossing signal system and whose actions may have contributed 
to the cause or severity of the event must be PAT tested. Proposed 
paragraphs (a)(5)(ii) and (a)(5)(iii) would clarify the testing 
requirements for human-factor highway-rail grade crossing accidents/
incidents under proposed Sec.  219.201(a)(5)(ii) and (iii). These 
paragraphs specify that in the event of a grade crossing activation 
failure, PAT testing would be required if a regulated employee 
responsible for flagging (either flagging highway traffic or acting as 
an appropriately equipped flagger as defined in Sec.  234.5), or an on-
site regulated employee directly responsible for ensuring flagging, 
either fails to do so, or contributes to the cause or severity of the 
accident/incident.
    Proposed paragraph (a)(5)(iv) would clarify that, for human-factor 
highway-rail grade crossing accidents/incidents under Sec.  
219.201(a)(5)(iv), the remains of the fatally-injured regulated 
employee(s) (as defined in Sec.  219.5) must be tested.
    Proposed paragraph (a)(5)(v) would clarify that, for human-factor 
highway-rail grade crossing accidents/incidents under Sec.  
219.201(a)(5)(v), only a regulated employee who violated an FRA 
regulation or railroad operating rule and whose actions may have 
contributed to the cause or severity of the event must be tested.
Paragraph (a)(6)
    Proposed paragraph (a)(6) would reword the requirement currently in 
Sec.  219.203(a)(3), which states that a railroad must exclude from PAT 
testing an employee involved in an impact accident or passenger train 
accident with injury, or a surviving employee involved in a fatal train 
incident, if the railroad immediately determines that the employee had 
no role in the cause or severity of the event. In making this 
determination, a railroad must consider the same immediately available 
information it considers in determining whether an event qualifies for 
PAT testing under Sec.  219.201. Proposed paragraph (a)(6) would 
similarly exclude an employee who survives a human-factor highway-rail 
grade crossing accident/incident. In contrast, proposed paragraphs 
(a)(6)(i) and (a)(6)(ii) would clarify that a regulated employee who 
has been involved in a major train accident or any employee who has 
been fatally injured in a qualifying event while on-duty must be 
subject to PAT testing.
Paragraph (b)--Railroad Responsibility
    Proposed paragraph (b)(1) would incorporate an amended version of 
language currently contained in paragraph (a)(1)(i), under which a 
railroad must take all practicable steps to ensure that each regulated 
employee who is subject to PAT testing provides specimens as required, 
including a regulated employee who may not have been present or on-duty 
at the time of the PAT testing event, but who may have played a role in 
its cause or severity. Including such regulated employees who may not 
have been present or on-duty at the time of the qualifying event 
reflects a proposed change to FRA's PAT testing recall provisions, as 
discussed below in paragraph (e) of this section.
    Paragraph (b)(3) would state that FRA PAT testing takes precedence 
over any toxicological testing conducted by state or local law 
enforcement officials. This would not be a new requirement, since it 
incorporates FRA guidance that testing performed by local law 
enforcement must not interfere with FRA PAT testing. See Interpretive 
Guidance Manual at 20.
Paragraph (c)--Alcohol Testing
    Paragraph (c) would contain language currently found in paragraph 
(a)(1)(ii), which allows a railroad to require a regulated employee who 
is subject to PAT testing to also be subject to additional PAT breath 
alcohol testing. A railroad may not, however, conduct breath alcohol 
testing on an employee who has been recalled for PAT testing unless the 
employee is still on and has never left railroad property. If an 
employee has been recalled after having left railroad property, the 
employee's breath test result would have no probative value, since a 
``positive'' breath alcohol test result could be due to legitimate 
alcohol use that occurred after the employee went off-duty and left 
railroad property. Paragraph (e)(4) below also addresses employee 
recall.
Paragraph (d)--Timely Specimen Collection
    A new paragraph (d)(1) would combine two requirements currently 
found elsewhere in this subpart: (1) The requirement in existing 
paragraph (b)(1) of this section that railroads make ``every reasonable 
effort to assure that specimens are provided as soon as possible after 
the accident or incident,'' and (2) the requirement in current Sec.  
219.209(c) stating that if specimens are not collected within 4 hours 
of the qualifying event, the railroad must prepare and maintain a 
record stating the reasons the test was not promptly administered. 
(Specimens not collected within 4 hours should still be collected as 
soon thereafter as possible, in accordance with Sec.  219.203(b)(1).)
    FRA is also proposing to require a railroad to notify FRA's Drug 
and Alcohol Program Manager immediately by phone whenever a specimen 
collection takes longer than four hours. In addition, Sec.  219.209(c) 
currently requires a railroad to prepare a written explanation of any 
delay in specimen collection beyond four hours, but does not require 
the railroad to submit that report unless requested to do so by FRA. 
FRA is proposing to amend this provision to require railroads to submit 
these written reports within 30 days after expiration of the month 
during which the qualifying event occurred. FRA is also proposing to 
move the language currently in paragraphs (b)(2),

[[Page 43857]]

(b)(3), and (b)(4) (pertaining to written delay reports) to proposed 
paragraphs (d)(2), (d)(3), and (d)(4), respectively. Proposed paragraph 
(d)(4), however, would no longer contain any requirements concerning 
the recall of employees for testing because FRA is proposing to move 
these employee recall requirements to proposed paragraph (e), as 
discussed immediately below.
Paragraph (e)--Employee Recall
    Currently, paragraph (b)(4) of this section addresses employee 
recall for the purpose of PAT testing. Generally, that paragraph 
provides that a railroad must retain in duty status any covered 
employees who may be subject to PAT testing until a railroad 
representative determines whether an event qualifies for PAT testing 
and, if it does qualify, who must be PAT tested (see Sec.  219.201). 
Furthermore, that paragraph also currently provides that an employee 
may not be recalled for PAT testing if the employee has been released 
from duty under normal procedures, except for in very narrow 
circumstances (i.e., a railroad may recall an employee for testing 
after he or she has been released from duty only if: (1) The employee 
went off duty under the normal procedures of the railroad prior to 
being instructed by a railroad supervisor to remain on duty pending 
completion of the required determinations; (2) the railroad's 
preliminary investigation indicates a clear probability that the 
employee played a major role in the cause and/or severity of the 
qualifying event; and (3) the qualifying event actually occurred during 
the employee's tour of duty. Currently, however, a railroad is not 
required to recall a covered employee for PAT testing, even if these 
conditions have been met. Existing paragraph (b)(4) also provides that 
an employee who has been transported to receive medical care is not 
off-duty for purposes of PAT testing.
    In addition to moving these recall provisions into new paragraph 
(e), as discussed earlier, FRA is proposing to require employees to be 
recalled for PAT testing in certain situations. Employee recall would 
be required in these situations even if the qualifying event did not 
occur during the employee's duty tour. To further consolidate these 
provisions, FRA would move to paragraph (e)(1) language currently in 
paragraph (b)(4)(iii), which states that an employee who has been 
transported to receive medical care has not been released from duty for 
purposes of PAT testing and that a railroad is not prohibited from 
testing an employee who has failed to remain available for PAT testing 
as required. Proposed paragraph (e)(1) would also generally prohibit a 
railroad from recalling an employee for PAT testing if the employee has 
already been released from duty under the normal procedures of the 
railroad, unless the conditions in proposed paragraph (e)(2) have been 
met.
    Proposed paragraph (e)(2) would mandate employee recall for PAT 
testing if two of the three requirements in existing paragraph (b)(4) 
are met. As proposed, an employee would have to be immediately recalled 
and placed on duty for PAT testing if: (1) The railroad could not 
retain the employee in duty status because he or she went off duty 
under normal carrier procedures before being instructed to remain on 
duty pending the testing determination; and (2) the railroad's 
preliminary investigation indicated a clear probability that the 
employee played a role in the cause or severity of the accident/
incident. As proposed, the current requirement for the qualifying event 
to have occurred during the employee's duty tour would be removed.
    Proposed paragraph (e)(3) would require an employee to be recalled 
regardless of whether the qualifying event occurred while the employee 
was on duty, except that an employee could not be recalled if more than 
24 hours has passed since the event. This paragraph would also clarify 
that an employee who has been recalled for PAT testing must be placed 
on duty before he or she is PAT tested.
    Proposed paragraph (e)(4) would specify that both urine and blood 
specimens must be collected from an employee who is recalled for PAT 
testing. For the reasons discussed earlier in paragraph (c) of this 
section, if an employee left railroad property before being recalled, 
the employee's specimens could be tested for drugs only. A recalled 
employee may be tested for alcohol, however, if he or she stayed on 
railroad property and the railroad's company policy completely 
prohibits the use of alcohol on railroad property.
    Proposed paragraph (e)(5) would require a railroad to document its 
attempts to contact an employee who must be recalled for PAT testing. 
As proposed, the railroad must also notify FRA and provide 
documentation in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (d)(1) 
if it is unable to contact and obtain a specimen from an employee 
subject to the mandatory recall requirement within 24 hours of a 
qualifying event. In the narrative report that the railroad submits to 
FRA, the railroad must show that it made a good faith effort to contact 
the employee, recall the employee, place the employee on duty, and 
obtain specimens from the employee.
    For illustrative purposes, under these proposed recall provisions, 
a railroad would be required to recall a dispatcher whose actions had 
played a role in the cause of a qualifying event, even if the 
dispatcher went off duty before the event occurred. While the 
dispatcher would have to be recalled as soon as the determination to 
test is made (and no later than within 24 hours of the qualifying 
event), the dispatcher could not be alcohol tested unless he or she had 
remained on railroad property and the railroad's company policy 
completely prohibits the use of alcohol on railroad property. As 
another example, if a switch crew had left a switch improperly lined or 
a yard crew had failed to apply sufficient hand brakes to a cut of cars 
that rolled away, the crew would have to be recalled for PAT testing 
even if they had gone off-duty, so long as the additional requirements 
of proposed paragraph (e)(2) had been met.
Paragraph (f)--Place of Specimen Collection
    As part of the proposed reorganization of this section, FRA is 
proposing to move the provisions contained in current paragraph (c) 
regarding the place of specimen collection to new paragraph (f). 
Currently, paragraph (c) requires an employee who is subject to PAT 
testing to be transported to a pre-designated independent medical 
facility for collection of PAT testing specimen(s). In proposed 
paragraph (f), FRA would clarify that this requirement applies only to 
the collection of urine and blood specimens, since optional PAT breath 
alcohol tests do not have to be conducted at an independent medical 
facility. (Proposed Sec.  219.203(c) authorizes a railroad to conduct 
Federal breath alcohol testing in accordance with part 40 following a 
qualifying event, so long as the testing does not interfere with the 
timely collection of required specimens in compliance with part 219.)
    Although FRA believes that as a best practice railroads should pre-
designate medical facilities for PAT testing as much as practicable, 
FRA is proposing to remove this requirement because of several 
impractical burdens it poses. For example, an emergency responder may 
take an injured employee to a non-designated medical facility, and the 
prompt treatment of injured employees must take precedence over any 
railroad pre-designation. Furthermore, even if a railroad pre-
designates a medical

[[Page 43858]]

facility, the medical facility and its employees may not be aware of or 
honor this designation.
    FRA is also proposing to clarify in paragraph (f)(1) that a 
phlebotomist (a certified technician trained and qualified to draw 
blood in accordance with state requirements) is a ``qualified medical 
professional'' who may draw blood specimens for PAT testing. (For PAT 
testing purposes, a qualified medical professional does not need to be 
qualified under the requirements of part 40, since part 40 does not 
apply to FRA PAT testing.) FRA would also clarify that a qualified 
railroad or hospital contracted collector may collect or assist in the 
collection of specimens, so long as the medical facility has no 
objections.
    Proposed paragraph (f)(2) would clarify that employees who are 
subject to performing regulated service are deemed to have consented to 
PAT testing under Sec.  219.11(a), as employees who perform covered 
service already are. FRA would also allow urine to be collected from an 
injured regulated employee who has already been catheterized for 
medical purposes, regardless of whether the employee is conscious, 
although a regulated employee could not be catheterized solely for the 
purpose of collecting a PAT urine specimen. Although this language was 
previously contained in part 219, it was removed when part 40 addressed 
the issue (under part 40, urine may be collected from a person 
catheterized for medical purposes only if that person is conscious). 
This proposal would allow urine to be collected from an unconscious 
catheterized employee only for PAT testing, since FRA PAT testing is 
not subject to part 40's prohibition against collecting urine from an 
unconscious person. This proposed change would not, however, apply to 
other FRA tests that are subject to the requirements of part 40, such 
as reasonable cause or random testing.
Paragraph (g)--Obtaining Cooperation of Facility
    FRA proposes to move the provisions regarding the obtaining of a 
medical facility's cooperation for PAT testing, currently contained in 
paragraph (d), to a new paragraph (g). Proposed paragraph (g)(1) would 
require railroads to refer to the instructions and information in FRA's 
PAT testing shipping kit and the requirements of subpart C when seeking 
the cooperation of a medical facility. FRA is also proposing to amend 
this paragraph by removing one of the two phone numbers given for the 
National Response Center (NRC), 1-800-424-8801, as this phone number no 
longer belongs to the NRC.
Paragraph (h)--Discretion of Physician
    As part of its reorganization of this section, FRA would move the 
statement that nothing in this subpart limits a medical professional's 
discretion to determine whether drawing a blood specimen is consistent 
with the health of an employee subject to PAT testing from its current 
location in paragraph (e) to new paragraph (h). FRA is proposing no 
substantive amendments to this language.
Section 219.205--Specimen Collection and Handling
    This section contains requirements regarding the collection and 
handling of specimens collected for PAT testing. Generally, specimens 
must be collected using an FRA PAT testing shipping kit and Form FRA 
6180.73 and must be shipped to FRA's designated laboratory within 
certain time limitations.
Paragraph (a)
    Currently, paragraph (a) provides that PAT testing specimens must 
be ``obtained, marked, preserved, handled, and made available to FRA 
consistent with the requirements of this subpart, and the technical 
specifications set forth in Appendix C to this part.'' FRA is proposing 
to amend this language to add that specimens must also be collected 
according to the instructions in the PAT shipping kit.
Paragraph (b)
    FRA would remove language in paragraph (b) stating that Forms 
6180.73 and 6180.74 may be ``ordered from the laboratory specified in 
Appendix B [to part 219].'' This language is no longer necessary 
because FRA now includes Forms 6180.73 and 6180.74 in its standard PAT 
shipping kits, and Form 6180.75 in its fatality kits.
Paragraph (c)
    In paragraph (c)(1), FRA proposes to delete the phrase ``whenever 
possible'' to emphasize that railroads are always required to follow 
the instructions in the shipping kit and Appendix C when placing PAT 
testing specimens in the shipping kit and preparing them for shipment.
    Currently, paragraph (c)(2) states that shipping kits may be 
ordered directly from the FRA-designated laboratory. FRA is proposing 
to amend this language to require that a railroad request an order form 
from FRA's Drug and Alcohol Program Manager before ordering a PAT 
shipping kit from its designated PAT laboratory. In addition, FRA would 
clarify that fatality shipping kits are being made available only to 
Class I, Class II, and commuter railroads to conserve resources. In the 
rare instance where a small railroad has a PAT testing event involving 
a fatality to an on-duty employee, the small railroad should contact 
the National Railroad Response Center. FRA will then provide a fatality 
kit to a medical examiner or assist the small railroad in obtaining one 
from a larger railroad.
    FRA is also proposing to remove paragraph (c)(3), which states that 
a limited number of shipping kits are available at FRA's field offices, 
since FRA field offices no longer have these kits.
Paragraph (d)
    Currently, paragraph (d) requires specimens to be shipped as soon 
as possible by pre-paid ``air express or air freight (or other means 
adequate to ensure delivery within twenty-four (24) hours from time of 
shipment).'' FRA proposes to remove the language regarding ``air 
freight'' shipments so that specimens must be shipped by air express or 
other adequate means. FRA also proposes to allow railroads greater 
flexibility by allowing them to hold specimens in a secure refrigerator 
if delivery cannot be ensured within 24 hours due to a suspension in 
delivery services. As proposed, a secure refrigerator could be used to 
hold specimens for a maximum of 72 hours, since FRA believes this is 
ample time for a railroad to ensure shipment of specimens through 
alternative means.
Paragraph (e)
    To ensure greater specimen security, FRA proposes to add new 
paragraph (e) to this section, which would prohibit a specimen kit or a 
transportation box from being opened after it has been sealed, even if 
a railroad or medical facility discovers that an error had been made 
either with the specimens or the chain of custody form. If such an 
error is discovered, the railroad or medical facility must make a 
contemporaneous written record of it and send that record to the 
laboratory, preferably with the transportation box.
Section 219.207--Fatality
    FRA is proposing several minor clarifying amendments to this 
section, which contains requirements specifically addressing fatality 
PAT testing. None of these amendments are intended to have a 
substantive effect on the requirements of this section.
    For fatalities, existing paragraph (a) requires railroads to obtain 
``body fluid and/or tissue specimens.'' FRA is

[[Page 43859]]

proposing to amend this language to replace ``and/or'' with ``and,'' as 
FRA has always expected railroads to collect both body fluid and tissue 
specimens. (FRA is proposing a similar clarification to paragraph (c)). 
In addition, FRA would clarify that the shipping kit referenced in this 
paragraph is the ``post-mortem shipping kit.''
    In paragraph (b), FRA is proposing to remove one of the two phone 
numbers given for the National Response Center (NRC), 1-800-424-8801, 
since this phone number is no longer correct.
    Paragraph (d) currently states that ``Appendix C to this part 
specifies body fluid and tissue specimens for toxicological analysis in 
the case of a fatality.'' FRA is proposing to clarify that this 
information can also be found in the ``instructions included inside the 
shipping kits.''
Section 219.209--Reports of Tests and Refusals
    Currently, paragraph (a)(2)(v) of this section requires railroads 
reporting tests and refusals to include the number, names, and 
occupations of tested employees. To protect privacy interests and 
reduce reporting burdens, FRA is proposing to require railroads to 
report only the number of employees tested.
    Existing paragraph (b) requires a railroad to provide FRA a 
``concise narrative report'' if, as a result of non-cooperation of an 
employee or any other reason, it is unable to obtain PAT testing 
specimens from an employee subject to PAT testing. As proposed, FRA 
would require the railroad to immediately notify FRA's Drug and Alcohol 
Program Manager by phone of the failure, in addition to the current 
requirement for a written, narrative report. If a railroad 
representative is not able to speak directly to the FRA Drug and 
Alcohol Program Manager, the railroad must leave a detailed voicemail 
explaining the circumstances and reasons for the failure. This 
telephonic report would assist both railroads and FRA in determining 
whether an employee has refused to be tested.
    Currently, paragraph (c) requires railroads to maintain records 
explaining why PAT testing was not performed within four hours of a 
qualifying event. FRA is proposing to delete this requirement from 
Sec.  219.209 because it is already addressed in proposed Sec.  
219.203(d)(1), as discussed above in the section-by-section analysis 
for that section.
Section 219.211--Analysis and Follow-Up
    Since part 40 does not apply to FRA PAT testing, FRA is proposing 
to amend paragraph (b) of this section to incorporate part 40's 
prohibition on standing down (temporarily removing from service) an 
employee solely based upon a laboratory report indicating a non-
negative test result, before the MRO has completed verification of this 
test result. See Sec.  40.21(a). As proposed, an employee could be 
removed from regulated service only after an MRO has verified that the 
employee has had a confirmed positive test for a drug or drug 
metabolite, an adulterated test, or a substituted test.
    Paragraph (c) would be amended to provide the address of the FRA 
Associate Administrator for Railroad Safety.
    Paragraph (e) would be amended to replace ``Alcohol/Drug Program 
Manager'' with ``Drug and Alcohol Program Manager'' for consistency 
throughout part 219. FRA would also amend this paragraph to permit 
employees to respond to test results more easily through email.
    Currently, paragraph (g)(3) provides that FRA's PAT testing program 
does not authorize railroads to hold an employee out of service pending 
the receipt of the test results, ``nor does it restrict a railroad from 
taking such action in an appropriate case.'' FRA would clarify that a 
railroad must have additional information regarding an employee's 
actions or inaction, independent of the mere fact that he or she was 
involved in a qualifying event, to justify holding him or her out of 
service under its own authority. As with the proposed stand-down 
provision in paragraph (b) regarding laboratory reports, FRA seeks to 
clarify that an employee's involvement in a PAT testing event is not in 
itself a basis for holding the employee out of regulated service.
Section 219.213--Unlawful Refusals; Consequences
    Currently, paragraph (b) requires a railroad to provide notice to 
an employee who is being withdrawn from service under part 219 for 
refusing to provide a specimen for PAT testing. FRA is proposing to 
amend this paragraph to clarify that this notice must be in writing.

Subpart D--Reasonable Suspicion Testing

    Currently, the requirements for both reasonable suspicion testing 
and reasonable cause testing are contained in Subpart D--Testing for 
Cause. Because these types of tests are similarly named, reasonable 
suspicion testing is frequently confused with reasonable cause testing 
even though their criteria are completely different, and reasonable 
suspicion testing is mandatory while reasonable cause testing is 
discretionary. To highlight the distinctions between these two types of 
tests, FRA is proposing to separate its reasonable suspicion and 
reasonable cause testing requirements into two subparts. While subpart 
D would continue to contain FRA's requirements for reasonable suspicion 
testing, FRA's reasonable cause testing requirements would be moved to 
proposed subpart E. (The Identification of Troubled Employees 
requirements currently in subpart E would be moved to new subpart K, 
which would address Peer Prevention Programs.)
Section 219.301--Mandatory Reasonable Suspicion Testing
    This section would contain general provisions requiring railroads 
to conduct reasonable suspicion testing. The language in paragraph (a), 
which addresses reasonable suspicion alcohol tests, and paragraph (b), 
which addresses reasonable suspicion drug tests, would be generally 
consistent with the existing requirements in Sec.  219.300, but FRA is 
proposing new language in paragraph (a) to clarify that a reasonable 
suspicion alcohol test is not required to confirm an on-duty employee's 
possession of alcohol.
    Paragraph (c) would require all reasonable suspicion tests to 
comply with the requirements of proposed Sec.  219.303 (which is 
generally consistent with existing requirements found in Sec.  
219.300(b) and is discussed in more detail below).
    Paragraph (d) would reference the provision in proposed Sec.  
219.11(b)(2) stating that in a case where an employee is suffering a 
substantiated medical emergency and is subject to alcohol or drug 
testing under part 219, necessary medical treatment must be accorded 
priority over provision of the breath or body fluid specimens. This 
replaces similar language currently found in Sec.  219.300(c), which 
states that reasonable suspicion testing is not required when a 
regulated employee is in need of immediate medical attention. However, 
FRA proposes to add new language in proposed Sec.  219.305 clarifying 
that reasonable suspicion testing is still required if the employee's 
condition stabilizes within eight hours.
Section 219.303--Reasonable Suspicion Observations
    This section would contain the requirements for reasonable 
suspicion observations currently in Sec.  219.300(b).

[[Page 43860]]

Paragraph (a)
    The language in paragraph (a), which addresses the observations 
required for alcohol tests, and paragraph (b), which addresses the 
observations required for drug tests, would be generally consistent 
with the existing reasonable suspicion observation requirements in 
Sec.  219.300(b), although additional language would be added to both 
paragraphs to clarify that these observations must be made by a 
``responsible railroad supervisor.''
Paragraph (b)
    Additional language in paragraph (b) would clarify that although 
two supervisors are required to make the required observations for 
reasonable suspicion drug testing, only one of these supervisors must 
to be on-site and trained in accordance with Sec.  219.11(g). This 
incorporates long-standing FRA guidance, since two on-site trained 
supervisors are rarely available. See Compliance Manual 11.3.3.3. The 
supervisor who is trained and on-site is required to describe the signs 
and symptoms that he or she observed to the off-site supervisor so that 
the off-site supervisor can confirm that reasonable suspicion of drug 
abuse exists. Because of privacy concerns, this communication between 
supervisors may be made by telephone, but not by radio or email.
Paragraph (c)
    FRA is proposing new language in paragraph (c). Under this new 
language, a regulated employee who has had an FRA reasonable suspicion 
test may not be held out of service pending receipt of the employee's 
test result, although a railroad may hold the employee out of service 
under its own authority if the railroad has an independent basis for 
doing so. For example, a railroad may remove a regulated employee from 
service if the employee is exhibiting signs of drunken behavior, 
regardless of whether Federal reasonable suspicion testing was 
performed.
Paragraph (d)
    Paragraph (d) would contain new language requiring railroads to 
document and maintain the basis for each determination to conduct a 
reasonable suspicion test (e.g., the determining supervisor(s)'s 
observations of the employee's signs and symptoms). The trained 
supervisor who made the determination should complete this 
documentation as soon as practicable. This proposal would incorporate 
FRA's long-standing guidance and interpretation regarding this 
requirement. See id.
Section 219.305--Prompt Specimen Collection; Time Limits
    This section would contain provisions regarding the prompt 
collection of specimens for reasonable suspicion testing. These 
requirements are currently found in Sec.  219.300(d)(1) and Sec.  
219.302(a), (c), and (e).
Paragraph (a)
    Proposed paragraph (a) would contain language currently in Sec.  
219.302(a), which specifies that, consistent with the need to protect 
life and property, testing must be promptly conducted following the 
observations upon which the reasonable suspicion testing determination 
is based.
Paragraph (b)
    Paragraph (b) would state that whenever a railroad cannot collect 
reasonable suspicion testing specimens within two hours of the 
determination to test, the railroad must prepare and maintain a record 
explaining the reasons for the delay. If, however, a railroad has not 
collected reasonable suspicion testing specimens within eight hours of 
its determination to test, the railroad must discontinue its collection 
attempts and record why the test could not be conducted. Currently, 
this requirement is found only in Sec.  219.300(d)(1) and applies only 
to reasonable suspicion alcohol tests, but FRA is proposing to 
specifically apply this requirement to reasonable suspicion drug tests 
as well. The proposed requirement for a railroad to cease its attempts 
to conduct a reasonable suspicion drug test if it has not done so 
within eight hours of the railroad's determination to test would 
supersede the current language in Sec.  219.302(b)(1) (which currently 
addresses both reasonable suspicion and reasonable cause testing). 
Consistent with existing language in Sec.  219.302(e), paragraph (b) 
would specify that the eight-hour deadline has been met if the railroad 
has delivered the employee to the collection site (where the collector 
is present) and made a request to commence specimen collection.
    Proposed paragraph (b) would also contain language similar to that 
currently in Sec.  219.300(d)(1), under which reasonable suspicion 
testing records required by that section must be submitted upon request 
of the FRA Administrator. The amended requirement in paragraph (b) 
would instead require these records to be submitted upon request of the 
FRA Drug and Alcohol Program Manager.
Paragraph (c)
    Paragraph (c) would incorporate, without change, language currently 
found in Sec.  219.302(c), which addresses the reasonable suspicion 
testing of employees who have been released from duty, who have been 
transported to receive medical care, or who have failed to remain 
available for testing.

Subpart E--Reasonable Cause Testing

    As discussed above, FRA is proposing to move its reasonable cause 
testing requirements from subpart D to subpart E to separate reasonable 
suspicion and reasonable cause testing into distinct subparts. As 
discussed further below, FRA is proposing the following substantive 
amendments to its reasonable cause testing requirements: (1) Requiring 
a railroad to select and perform all reasonable cause testing under 
either FRA or company authority; (2) specifying that reasonable cause 
testing is only authorized after ``train accidents'' and ``train 
incidents,'' as defined in Sec.  219.5; and (3) adding new rule 
violations or other errors related to railroad operating practices as a 
basis for Federal reasonable cause testing.
Section 219.401--Authorization for Reasonable Cause Testing
    This section would contain an amended version of the conditions for 
FRA reasonable cause testing currently in Sec.  219.301. Under Sec.  
219.301, a railroad currently has three options if the conditions for a 
reasonable cause test outlined in the section have been met: (1) 
Conducting a reasonable cause test under FRA authority; (2) conducting 
a reasonable cause test under its own authority; or (3) choosing not to 
conduct a reasonable cause test. A railroad does not have to announce 
in advance or be consistent as to which option it chooses; thus, a 
railroad may decide to conduct an FRA reasonable cause test for one 
event, and a company reasonable cause test for the next, without any 
explanation. This flexibility has, unfortunately, had the unintended 
effect of creating confusion within the railroad industry. In some 
instances, FRA believes it has led to arbitrary decision making by 
railroads. For example, Federal reasonable cause testing is sometimes 
performed in situations that don't meet one of the conditions specified 
in current Sec.  219.301, but which would nevertheless qualify for 
company reasonable cause testing.
    In new paragraph (a), FRA is proposing to address these issues by 
requiring each railroad to decide and announce (in the educational 
materials the railroad would be required to

[[Page 43861]]

provide to its regulated employees under Sec.  219.23(e)(5)) whether it 
will be exclusively using FRA or its own authority for reasonable cause 
testing after Sec.  219.403 testing events. For example, under this 
proposal, a railroad that announces it will be using FRA authority for 
reasonable cause tests would then be prohibited from conducting 
reasonable cause tests under its own authority. However, this 
restriction would apply only to reasonable cause tests conducted after 
an event listed in Sec.  219.403. A railroad may always use its own 
authority to test for events that are outside of FRA's criteria for 
reasonable cause testing.
    Consistent with existing Sec.  219.301(a), proposed paragraph (b) 
of this section would authorize railroads to conduct reasonable cause 
testing under certain conditions. FRA is not proposing any substantive 
changes to this general authorizing language, except to clarify that it 
would apply only when a railroad conducts reasonable cause testing 
under FRA authority.
Section 219.403--Requirements for Reasonable Cause Testing
    This section would describe when FRA reasonable cause testing is 
authorized. As briefly discussed earlier in Section V.H of this 
preamble, FRA is proposing to specify that reasonable cause testing is 
authorized only after ``train accidents'' and ``train incidents,'' as 
defined in Sec.  219.5, and not after all part 225 reportable 
``accidents/incidents.'' In addition, as briefly discussed earlier in 
Section V.I of this preamble, FRA is proposing to authorize Federal 
reasonable cause testing for additional rule violations or other errors 
that reflect the expansion of part 219 to MOW workers, relate to signal 
systems and highway-rail grade crossing warning systems, and reflect 
recent amendments to 49 CFR part 218, Railroad Operating Practices.
Introductory Text
    If a potential reasonable cause testing event occurs, FRA would 
require a railroad to determine whether it has the authority to conduct 
an FRA reasonable cause test before it can begin reasonable cause 
testing process. As proposed, a railroad would have to make a threshold 
determination about its authority before it can conduct a reasonable 
cause test.
Paragraph (a)
    Existing Sec.  219.301(b)(2) is currently titled ``Accident/
incident'' and authorizes reasonable cause testing following ``an 
accident or incident reportable under part 225'' when ``a supervisory 
employee of the railroad has a reasonable belief, based on specific, 
articulable facts, that the employee's acts or omissions contributed to 
the occurrence or severity of the accident or incident.'' FRA is 
proposing to make this language paragraph (a) of this section and amend 
it to clarify that reasonable cause testing is only authorized 
following train accidents and train incidents, as defined in Sec.  
219.5.
    FRA believes the phrases ``accident/incident'' and ``accident or 
incident reportable under part 225'' in existing Sec.  219.301(b)(2) 
could imply that FRA reasonable cause testing is authorized after all 
part 225 reportable accidents/incidents. This implication is 
problematic because the term accident/incident, as defined in Sec.  
225.5, includes many events that should not justify FRA reasonable 
cause testing. Specifically, the term ``accident/incident'' includes 
many employee injuries and illnesses that are designed to conform with 
OSHA's recordkeeping/reporting requirements, but that do not 
necessarily fall otherwise within FRA's railroad safety 
jurisdiction.\21\ See Accident Reporting Guide at 1-2 (stating that 
``FRA's accident/incident reporting regulations that concern railroad 
occupational casualties should be maintained, to the extent 
practicable, in general conformity with OSHA's recordkeeping and 
reporting regulations'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Because FRA's employee injury and illness recordkeeping/
reporting requirements employ equivalent standards to those 
promulgated by OSHA, OSHA permits railroads to record and report 
employee injuries and illnesses only to FRA. Id. FRA then shares 
this employee injury and illness data with OSHA. Id. at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA audits have found some instances in which this confusing 
language has led a railroad to conduct FRA reasonable cause testing 
after all reportable injuries, regardless of whether or not a 
reportable injury was connected with the movement of on-track 
equipment. For example, FRA has encountered situations where railroads 
were conducting FRA reasonable cause testing after slips, trips, and 
falls resulting in a reportable injury, even if the railroad had 
insufficient reason to believe that the employee's act or omission 
contributed to the injury (which is also a violation of existing Sec.  
219.301(b)(2)).
    Furthermore, confusion about whether FRA reasonable cause testing 
is authorized following all part 225 reportable accidents/incidents 
could potentially create a situation where a railroad utilizes FRA 
reasonable cause testing in a clearly inappropriate situation. For 
example, the Sec.  225.5 definition of ``accident/incident'' includes 
occupational illnesses, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, carbon monoxide 
poisoning, noise-induced hearing loss, and various dust diseases of the 
lungs. See Accident Reporting Guide at Appendix E-2 through E-5. FRA 
also requires railroads to record and report certain suicide data, 
including a suicide attempt made by an employee on duty. See id. at 33. 
These are just a few examples of the events that could qualify as part 
225 reportable accident/incidents that FRA believes should clearly not 
serve as a basis for FRA reasonable cause testing.\22\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ Although Sec.  219.5 does currently define ``accident or 
incident reportable under part 225'' to exclude ``covered data'' 
cases under part 225, ``covered data'' cases are only a small subset 
of part 225 reportable accidents/incidents that should not authorize 
FRA reasonable cause testing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA is proposing to correct this confusion by specifying in 
proposed Sec.  219.403(a) that FRA reasonable cause testing is 
authorized following ``train accidents'' and ``train incidents,'' as 
defined by Sec.  219.5, when a responsible railroad supervisor has a 
reasonable belief, based on specific, articulable facts, that the 
individual employee's acts or omissions contributed to the occurrence 
or severity of the train accident or train incident. By using the terms 
train accident and train incident, FRA is attempting to remove any 
implication that reasonable cause testing could be authorized following 
any part 225 reportable accident/incident. (A railroad would still 
remain free, however, to perform company authority reasonable cause 
testing for an accident/incident that otherwise did not qualify as a 
train accident or train incident.) FRA specifically requests public 
comment on the clarity of the proposed language.
    As an editorial change, FRA is also proposing to replace the term 
``supervisory employee'' with ``responsible railroad supervisor'' for 
consistency with the remainder of the subpart.
Paragraph (b)
    Paragraph (b) would contain a list of rule violations and other 
errors that would be grounds for FRA reasonable cause testing when a 
regulated employee is directly involved. The rule violations and other 
errors currently in Sec.  219.301(b)(3) would be moved to proposed 
paragraphs (b)(1)-(b)(4), (b)(6)-(b)(8), and (b)(10) of this section, 
without any substantive amendments. Proposed paragraphs (b)(5), (b)(9), 
(b)(11)-(b)(12), and (b)(13)-(b)(18) would contain additional rule 
violations and other errors that would be new

[[Page 43862]]

grounds for FRA reasonable cause testing, as discussed below.\23\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ Railroads should note that FRA reasonable cause drug 
testing authority does not apply if a rule violation or error 
results in an event that qualifies for mandatory PAT testing under 
Sec.  219.201. See Sec.  219.301(e). Reasonable cause alcohol 
testing authority may, however, currently be exercised in PAT 
testing situations when ``breath test results can be obtained in a 
timely manner at the scene of the accident and conduct of such tests 
does not materially impede the collection of specimens under subpart 
C.'' Id. Similar provisions (amended as discussed below) are found 
in Sec.  219.409 of the proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Additional Rule Violations or Other Errors Related to Railroad 
Operating Practices
    In proposed paragraphs (b)(5) and (b)(9), FRA would add two new 
categories to the rule violations or other errors that are grounds for 
reasonable cause testing. These additional categories reflect recent 
amendments to 49 CFR part 218--Railroad Operating Practices.
    In 2008, FRA amended part 218 to require railroads to adopt and 
comply with operating rules regarding shoving and pushing movements and 
the operation of switches. See 73 FR 8475-8482, Feb. 13, 2008. 
Specifically, Sec. Sec.  218.103-218.107 require railroads to adopt and 
comply with operating rules regarding switches. FRA believes that many 
of these operating rule requirements for switches are already reflected 
by the current reasonable cause testing provisions, which authorize 
testing for ``[a]lignment of a switch in violation of a railroad rule, 
failure to align a switch as required for movement, operation of a 
switch under a train, or unauthorized running through a switch'' and 
``[e]ntering a crossover before both switches are lined for movement or 
restoring either switch to normal position before the crossover 
movement is completed.'' Sec.  219.301(b)(3)(iv) and (vii). 
Nevertheless, paragraph (b)(5) would authorize FRA reasonable cause 
testing if a regulated employee fails to restore and secure a main 
track switch when required.
    Similarly, Sec.  218.99 establishes certain requirements for 
railroad operating rules regarding shoving and pushing movements. FRA 
is proposing to authorize reasonable cause testing only for certain 
Sec.  218.99 operating rule violations. For instance, FRA would not 
authorize such testing when the violation of an operating rule does not 
pose a sufficient safety concern (e.g., a failure to conduct a required 
job briefing). FRA would, however, authorize reasonable cause testing 
if a regulated employee violates a valid Sec.  218.99(b)(3) railroad 
operating rule addressing point protection.
 Additional Rule Violations or Other Errors Related to MOW 
Employees
    To reflect the proposed expansion of part 219 to cover MOW 
employees, paragraphs (b)(13)-(b)(17) would authorize FRA reasonable 
cause testing for certain rules violations and errors related to the 
performance of MOW activities. Under paragraph (b)(13), testing would 
be authorized for the failure of a machine operator that results in a 
collision between a roadway maintenance machine and/or other on-track 
equipment or a regulated employee. Under paragraph (b)(14), testing 
would be authorized for the failure of a roadway worker-in-charge to 
notify all affected employees when releasing working limits. Under 
paragraph (b)(15), testing would be authorized for the failure of a 
flagman or watchman/lookout to notify employees of an approaching train 
or other on-track equipment. Under paragraph (b)(16), testing would be 
authorized for the failure to ascertain on-track safety before fouling 
a track. Under paragraph (b)(17), testing would be authorized for the 
improper use of individual train detection (ITD) in a manual 
interlocking or control point.
    FRA is requesting public comment on whether these proposed 
paragraphs sufficiently address those MOW operating rule violations and 
errors that justify reasonable testing by posing a safety concern. Are 
there other operating rule violations and errors that should be 
included?
 Additional Rule Violations or Other Errors Related to Covered 
Service
    FRA is also proposing new rule violations and other errors that 
would be grounds for FRA reasonable cause testing primarily for covered 
employees. The first two additional rule violations or other errors 
related to signal systems and highway-rail grade crossing warning 
systems. Interference with the normal functioning of a signal system or 
a grade-crossing signal device is a serious safety concern, as is the 
failure to properly perform any required stop-and-flag duties. Such 
failures could result in a collision between trains or a highway-rail 
grade crossing accident.
    First, under paragraph (b)(11), FRA would authorize reasonable 
cause testing if a regulated employee has interfered with the normal 
functioning of any grade crossing signal system or any signal or train 
control device without first taking measures to provide for the safety 
of highway traffic or train operations which depend on the normal 
functioning of such a device. Such interference includes, but would not 
be limited to, failure to provide alternative methods of maintaining 
safety for highway traffic or train operations while testing or 
performing work on the devices or on track and other railroad systems 
or structures which may affect the integrity of the system. This 
proposed provision adopts language from the unlawful interference 
provisions of Sec.  234.209 (grade crossing systems) and Sec.  236.4 
(signals) and is intended to encompass the same types of interference 
that are covered by those sections. The types of devices referred to by 
this provision would include (but are not limited to) a wayside or cab 
signal system, component, or warning device, as well as the flashing 
lights or gates at a highway-rail grade crossing. For example, FRA 
reasonable cause testing would be authorized whenever the actions of a 
regulated employee result in a false proceed signal or a highway-rail 
grade crossing activation failure.
    Second, under paragraph (b)(12), FRA reasonable cause testing would 
also be authorized if a regulated employee failed to perform required 
stop-and-flag duties as required after of a malfunction of a grade 
crossing signal system. FRA is proposing this revision because a 
regulated employee who fails to perform stop-and-flag duties as 
required after a malfunction of a grade crossing signal system may not 
be the same regulated employee who originally interfered with the 
normal functioning of the system.
    Finally, in paragraph (b)(18), FRA reasonable cause testing would 
be authorized if a failure to apply three point protection (by fully 
applying the locomotive and train brakes, centering the reverser, and 
placing the generator field switch in the off position) results in a 
reportable injury to a regulated employee.
Public Comment Requested
    As with its proposed MOW operating rule violations and errors, FRA 
is requesting public comment on whether additional rule violations or 
errors should be added. FRA is also interested in feedback recommending 
changes to the wording ``proposed rule violations or other errors'' as 
used in this section. Because FRA reasonable cause testing would remain 
optional, a contracting company that performs regulated service for a 
railroad would not be required to conduct FRA reasonable cause tests on 
its regulated employees. However, a railroad could conduct FRA 
reasonable cause testing of contractors when they are performing 
regulated service on the railroad's behalf.

[[Page 43863]]

Section 219.405--Documentation Requirements
    FRA is proposing to require a railroad to create and maintain 
written documentation describing the basis for each reasonable cause 
test it conducts under FRA authority. The railroad supervisor who 
determines that reasonable cause exists for FRA testing would have to 
document the observations or facts that he or she relied upon in making 
the determination. To ensure that a supervisor's recollection of the 
incident is as fresh as possible, FRA would require the supervisor to 
document the basis for each reasonable cause test promptly, although 
the supervisor would not be expected to complete this documentation 
before the test has been performed. The minimum supervisory 
documentation requirements would vary according to the basis for the 
reasonable cause test. If the basis for a reasonable cause test is the 
occurrence of a train accident or train incident, a supervisor must 
document, at a minimum, the following: (1) The amount of railroad 
property damage; and (2) the basis for the supervisor's belief that an 
employee's acts or omissions contributed to the occurrence or severity 
of the train accident or train incident. If the basis for a reasonable 
cause test is a rule violation or other error, a supervisor would have 
to document, at a minimum, the following: (1) The type of violation 
involved; and (2) the extent of each tested employee's involvement in 
the violation. FRA believes that this proposed documentation 
requirement would decrease the number of improperly performed Federal 
reasonable cause tests.
Section 219.407--Prompt Specimen Collection; Time Limitations
    This section would contain language similar to that in proposed 
Sec.  219.305 (which addresses specimen collection and time limitation 
requirements for reasonable suspicion testing), but would also clarify 
that the eight-hour time period for conducting reasonable cause testing 
runs from the time a railroad supervisor is notified of the occurrence 
of a train accident, train incident, or rule violation, rather than 
from the time of the train accident, train incident, or rule 
violation's occurrence.
Section 219.409--Limitations on Authority
Paragraph (a)
    This paragraph would contain language currently in Sec.  
219.301(e), with three proposed clarifications. First, FRA would 
clarify that if an event qualifies for mandatory PAT testing, a 
railroad is prohibited from conducting FRA reasonable cause tests in 
lieu of, or in addition to, the required PAT tests. Second, FRA would 
remove the word ``compulsory,'' which misleadingly implies that FRA 
reasonable cause testing is required, when it is optional but 
authorized in certain situations. Third, FRA would remove the second 
sentence of the current Sec.  219.301(e), which, in part, states that 
``breath test authority is authorized in any case where breath test 
results can be obtained in a timely manner at the scene of an accident 
and conduct of such tests does not materially impede the collection of 
specimens under Subpart C of this part.'' FRA believes this sentence is 
confusing because FRA is proposing, in Sec.  219.203(c), to allow only 
PAT breath alcohol tests to be performed after a PAT qualifying event, 
although such testing should be recorded on the Part 40 Alcohol Testing 
Form (ATF).
Paragraph (b)
    For reasons similar to those discussed in proposed Sec.  
219.211(b), paragraph (b) of this section would prohibit a railroad 
from holding a regulated employee out of service pending the results of 
an FRA reasonable cause test. A railroad would not be prohibited from 
holding an employee out of service under its own authority, however, so 
long as the railroad is not doing so simply because it is waiting for 
the employee's FRA reasonable cause test result.
Paragraph (c)
    This paragraph would contain new language requiring a supervisor to 
make a reasonable cause determination for each crew member, instead of 
for the crew as a whole. For example, if a train crew operated their 
train past an absolute block signal, a supervisor would have to 
consider the engineer's actions apart from those of the conductor, to 
ensure that only those crew members who may have contributed to the 
rule violation are tested. In this example, if a supervisor discovers 
that the conductor was on the ground setting out a freight car when the 
train passed the signal, the supervisor should require only the 
engineer to undergo FRA reasonable cause testing.

Subpart F--Pre-Employment Tests

Section 219.501--Pre-Employment Drug Testing
Paragraph (a)
    Currently, paragraph (a) of this section prohibits a railroad from 
allowing an individual to perform covered service unless the individual 
has had a Federal pre-employment drug test with a negative test result. 
FRA is proposing to amend this paragraph to require a regulated 
employee to have a negative Federal pre-employment drug test result for 
each railroad for which the employee performs regulated service, 
although this requirement would apply only to a railroad's direct 
employees, and not to employees of contractors who perform regulated 
service for the railroad.
Paragraph (b)
    Currently, paragraph (b) states that, for purposes of pre-
employment drug testing only, the term covered employee includes an 
applicant. The paragraph also states that no record may be maintained 
if an applicant declines to be tested and withdraws his or her 
application for employment. FRA is proposing to move this language to 
new paragraph (e) and to amend it as discussed below.
    As proposed, new paragraph (b) would address the pre-employment 
drug testing requirements for contractor employees. In contrast to its 
proposed pre-employment drug testing requirements for regulated 
employees (see the discussion of paragraph (a) above), FRA would not 
require a contractor employee who performs regulated service for 
multiple railroads to have a negative Federal pre-employment drug test 
result for each railroad. Instead, each railroad would only have to 
verify and document that the contractor employee has a negative Federal 
pre-employment drug test result on file with the contractor who is his 
or her direct employer. However, a contractor employee would be 
required to have a new Federal pre-employment drug test if the he or 
she switches direct employers by working for another contractor who 
provides regulated service to railroads.
Paragraph (c)
    FRA is proposing a new paragraph (c) to clarify that a railroad 
would not have to conduct an FRA pre-employment drug test if an 
applicant or first-time transfer to regulated service already has a 
negative drug test result from a pre-employment test conducted by the 
railroad under the authority of another DOT agency, such as the Federal 
Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). FRA believes this 
flexibility most benefits employees in positions requiring a commercial 
driver's license (CDL) (e.g., certain MOW employees and signal 
maintainers), since a negative FMCSA pre-employment drug test result is 
one prerequisite to holding a CDL.

[[Page 43864]]

See 49 CFR 382.301. Under this proposal, a railroad would not have to 
wait for a negative FRA pre-employment drug test result before 
transferring a CDL holder to a regulated service position for the first 
time, although the railroad would remain free to perform a second pre-
employment drug test under its own authority. Since many MOW employees 
already hold CDLs because they operate railroad commercial motor 
vehicles, FRA believes this proposal would substantially lessen the 
number of pre-employment drug tests railroads would have to perform 
after the effective date of the final rule. (FRA has previously 
included this pre-employment drug testing interpretation in its 
guidance. See Interpretive Guidance Manual at 32.)
    This provision would apply, however, only to negative DOT pre-
employment drug tests that had been conducted by the railroad itself. A 
CDL holder would still need a negative FRA pre-employment drug test for 
each railroad for which he or she performs regulated service. For 
example, a CDL holder who had a negative DOT pre-employment drug test 
for Railroad A would still need a negative FRA pre-employment drug test 
result for Railroad B before he or she could begin to perform regulated 
service for Railroad B.
Paragraph (d)
    As mentioned above, FRA would move an amended version of the 
language currently in paragraph (b) to a new paragraph (d). As 
proposed, to decline a pre-employment drug test and have no record kept 
of that declination, an applicant must withdraw his or her application 
before the drug testing process begins. In Sec.  40.63(c), DOT states 
that the drug testing process begins when either the collector or the 
employee selects an individually wrapped or sealed collection 
container.
Paragraph (e)
    In new paragraph (e), FRA would exempt two groups of employees from 
pre-employment drug testing: (1) Employees who are performing MOW 
activities for a railroad prior to the effective date of the final 
rule; and (2) employees who are performing regulated service for a 
small railroad (as defined in Sec.  219.3(c)) prior to the effective 
date of the final rule. However, a MOW or regulated employee would be 
exempted only so long as the employee continues to work for the same 
railroad that he or she was working for prior to the effective date of 
the final rule. A previously exempted employee would be required to 
have a negative Federal pre-employment drug test result if he or she 
applies to perform regulated activities for a new railroad.
Section 219.502--Pre-Employment Alcohol Testing
    FRA is proposing only minor amendments to this section, which 
addresses optional pre-employment alcohol testing.
Paragraphs (a)(1)-(a)(2)
    Currently, paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section refer to 
pre-employment alcohol testing for ``safety-sensitive employees'' who 
perform ``safety-sensitive functions.'' (In this context, ``safety-
sensitive'' is referring to ``DOT safety-sensitive functions'' and 
``DOT safety-sensitive employees,'' as defined in this proposed rule, 
and not FRA ``safety-sensitive functions'' as used in Sec.  209.301 and 
Sec.  219.303.) For clarification purposes only, FRA would substitute 
``regulated employees'' and ``regulated service'' wherever ``safety-
sensitive employees'' or ``safety-sensitive functions'' now appear, 
since FRA would designate regulated employees and regulated service as 
DOT safety-sensitive employees and DOT safety-sensitive functions for 
purposes of this part.
Paragraph (a)(5)
    As in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section, FRA would amend 
paragraph (a)(5) by substituting ``regulated service'' for ``safety-
sensitive functions.'' FRA would also amend this paragraph to clarify 
that a railroad may not permit a regulated employee with an alcohol 
concentration of 0.04 or greater to perform regulated service until the 
employee has completed the return-to-duty process in Sec.  219.104(d).
Paragraph (b)
    Currently, paragraph (b) of this section (addressing pre-employment 
alcohol testing) contains language identical to current Sec.  
219.501(b) (addressing pre-employment drug testing), which provides 
that, as used in subpart H of this part, the term covered employee 
includes an applicant for pre-employment testing only. It also provides 
that no record may be maintained if an applicant declines to be tested 
and withdraws his or her application for employment. As discussed above 
for Sec.  219.501(b), FRA is also proposing to amend the language in 
Sec.  219.502(b) to clarify that an individual must decline to 
participate in a pre-employment alcohol test by withdrawing his or her 
application before the testing process begins. As defined by DOT in 
Sec.  40.243(a), the testing process begins when an individually 
wrapped or sealed mouthpiece is selected by the collector or the 
employee.
Section 219.503--Notification; Records
    Currently, the first and second sentences of this section require 
railroads to provide medical review of pre-employment drug tests and to 
``notify'' an applicant of the ``results of the drug and alcohol test'' 
as provided for by subpart H. FRA would amend both sentences to clarify 
that subpart H incorporates the requirements found in part 40. In 
addition, FRA would amend the second sentence to clarify that a 
railroad must provide written notice not only when an applicant has a 
positive test result but also when an applicant has another type of 
non-negative test result (an adulteration, substitution, or refusal). 
FRA would not, however, require written notification of negative pre-
employment alcohol or drug tests.
    FRA would also amend the third sentence of this section to clarify 
that a railroad must maintain a record if an application was denied 
because the applicant had a non-negative Federal pre-employment test. 
It is important to maintain records for individuals who have a non-
negative test result on a pre-employment test, even if it resulted in 
their application for employment being denied, because such individuals 
must comply with the return-to-service and follow-up testing 
requirements of part 40 prior to performing DOT safety-sensitive 
functions for any employer regulated by a DOT agency. FRA is therefore 
proposing to specify that the only time a record does not have to be 
maintained is when an applicant withdrew an application to perform 
regulated service prior to the commencement of the testing process. FRA 
believes that this is the only time that such records are not 
necessary.
Section 219.505--Non-Negative Tests and Refusals
    Currently, this section provides that an individual who ``refuses'' 
a pre-employment test may not perform covered service based upon the 
application and examination with respect to which such refusal is made. 
FRA believes this language is too narrow for two reasons. First, it 
should also clarify that an individual may not begin performing 
regulated service if he or she has a non-negative test result (e.g., a 
positive, adulterated, or substituted test result) on a DOT pre-
employment test. Second, the prohibition on performing covered service 
should be extended to the performance of any DOT safety-sensitive 
functions. FRA therefore proposes to

[[Page 43865]]

amend this section to specifically prohibit individuals who refused or 
who had a non-negative pre-employment test result from performing DOT 
safety-sensitive functions for any DOT-regulated employer until they 
have completed the Federal return-to-duty process of Sec.  219.104(d). 
This amendment would also standardize the requirements of this section 
with Sec.  40.25(e), which provides that an employer who obtains 
information that an employee has violated a DOT agency drug or alcohol 
regulation must not use that individual to perform DOT safety-sensitive 
functions unless the employer receives information that the individual 
has complied with the return-to-duty requirements of part 40 or any 
other DOT agency.

Subpart G--Random Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs

    A properly constructed and managed random testing program is a 
valuable tool for deterring the misuse of drugs and abuse of alcohol by 
regulated employees. As such, it is an essential cornerstone to a 
successful part 219 drug and alcohol safety program. The goal of random 
drug and alcohol testing is for all regulated employees to believe that 
they may be called for a random test without advance warning any time 
they are on-duty and subject to performing regulated service.
    Subpart G currently contains few definite requirements for FRA 
random testing. Given this lack of specificity, finding and 
understanding FRA's random testing requirements can sometimes be a 
difficult task. FRA is proposing to revise and expand subpart G, 
although very few of the proposed amendments would result in 
substantive changes to the regulatory requirements. Rather, the primary 
purpose of the proposed amendments is to clarify the applicable 
requirements and provide railroads additional information on how to 
properly implement and manage an FRA random testing program. Much of 
this additional information is currently contained in the second 
edition of FRA's Part 219 Alcohol/Drug Program Compliance Manual 
(``Compliance Manual''). Available to the public on FRA's Web site 
(http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/details/L01186), the Compliance Manual 
promotes part 219 compliance by clarifying both the regulation's 
requirements and FRA's expectations. See Compliance Manual 1.2. The 
program standards contained in the Compliance Manual have formed the 
basis of FRA's part 219 railroad audits for over nine years and have 
been particularly useful in helping railroads establish effective FRA 
random testing programs. Incorporating this important guidance into the 
regulations will help railroads understand and implement the complex 
random testing requirements of subpart G, thereby improving the 
deterrence value of FRA random testing and promoting railroad 
safety.\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ After publication of the final rule, FRA will revise and 
update the Compliance Manual as necessary to reflect any new 
requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In order to effectively incorporate this operational guidance, FRA 
is proposing to reorganize subpart G. The principal proposed changes 
can be summarized as follows:
     Individual sections on random drug testing requirements 
(Sec. Sec.  219.601-219.605) and random alcohol testing requirements 
(Sec. Sec.  219.607-219.611) would be combined into single sections 
addressing both drug and alcohol random testing. Because the 
differences between the requirements for random drug and alcohol 
testing are minimal, this consolidation would eliminate a significant 
amount of redundancy.
     Requirements for random testing plans, pools, selections, 
and collections would be separated and placed into individual sections 
dedicated to those subjects. These sections would also incorporate 
guidance from the Compliance Manual.
     Subpart G would be amended to explain how a regulated 
service contractor could either participate in a railroad's FRA random 
testing program or operate its own FRA-accepted random testing program 
(either independently or through a C/TPA).
     Railroads would be required to demonstrate that all 
employees (defined in Sec.  219.5 to include employees, volunteers, or 
probationary employees of a railroad or a contractor to a railroad), 
performing regulated service are in compliance with the random testing 
requirements of subpart G. FRA is also proposing a mechanism that would 
provide a clear path for the future incorporation of any additional 
categories of employees into the random testing requirements of subpart 
G. This mechanism would eliminate the need to extensively amend subpart 
G if the scope of part 219 was expanded again in the future.
Section 219.601--Purpose and Scope of Random Testing Programs
    This section would contain general language explaining the purpose 
of Federal random testing programs and would clarify how subpart G 
applies to regulated employees, including contractors and volunteers, 
who work for more than one railroad or are subject to the random 
testing requirements of more than one DOT agency.
    Paragraph (a) would explain that the purpose of random testing 
programs is to promote safety by deterring regulated employees from 
misusing drugs or abusing alcohol.
    Paragraph (b) would require a railroad to ensure that all of its 
regulated employees are subject to the random testing requirements of 
subpart G, including its regulated employees who are contractors or 
volunteers performing regulated service for the railroad. Specifically, 
this paragraph is intended to clarify that a railroad is obligated to 
ensure that all individuals performing regulated service for the 
railroad either as a contractor or volunteer are subject to FRA's 
random testing requirements when performing regulated service for that 
railroad. Of course, a railroad would not be required to ensure that 
contractor employees or volunteers are compliant with subpart G when 
they are performing regulated service for another railroad. FRA 
believes this clarification is necessary given the proposed expansion 
of part 219 to cover a large population of MOW contractors. A 
contractor who failed or refused to comply with the random testing 
requirements of this subpart when performing regulated service for any 
railroad could be subject to the civil penalty sanctions of Sec.  
219.9.
    Paragraph (c) would state that a regulated service contractor or 
volunteer could be incorporated into more than one FRA random testing 
program if: (1) The contractor or volunteer would otherwise not be part 
of a non-railroad testing program (discussed in proposed Sec.  219.609) 
that meets the requirements of subpart G and is acceptable to the 
contracting railroad; or (2) the contracting railroad cannot verify 
that the contractor or volunteer is part of an FRA random testing 
program that meets the requirements of subpart G and is acceptable to 
the railroad. This section would not require a railroad to accept 
either a railroad or non-railroad random testing program. A railroad 
would always be free to incorporate regulated service contractor 
employees and volunteers into its own random testing program, 
regardless of whether or not they are already part of a program run by 
another railroad or a contracting company.
    Paragraph (d) would explain how railroads must handle regulated 
employees who are subject to the random testing regulations of more 
than one DOT agency. (For example, a regulated employee may be subject 
to the random testing requirements of both FRA and FMCSA if he or she 
holds a

[[Page 43866]]

CDL.) The proposed language of paragraph (d) is generally consistent 
with paragraph (h) of existing Sec.  219.602, but would be revised to 
clarify that regulated employees subject to the random testing 
regulations of more than one DOT agency may not be included in more 
than one DOT random testing pool and that this provision applies to 
both random drug and alcohol testing, as discussed below.
    Currently, paragraph (h) of Sec.  219.602 states that covered 
employees subject to random drug testing under the drug testing rules 
of more than one DOT agency for the same railroad must be subject to 
random drug testing selection at the applicable rate set by the DOT 
agency regulating more than 50% of the employee's functions. For 
example, if FMCSA regulates 60 percent of a regulated employee's DOT 
functions, the railroad must subject him or her to random testing 
selection at or above the minimum annual random testing rate set by 
FMCSA. This has been historic DOT guidance regarding Federal random 
testing. See Office of Drug & Alcohol Policy and Compliance, U.S. 
Dep't. of Transp., Best Practices for DOT Random Drug and Alcohol 
Testing 3, available at http://www.dot.gov/odapc/best-practices-dot-random-drug-and-alcohol-testing. A similar provision is inexplicably 
missing, however, from the random alcohol testing sections of the 
existing regulation. As there is no logical reason for this provision 
to apply only to random drug testing, FRA believes that this is an 
accidental oversight in the current regulation. Furthermore, FRA 
guidance has historically applied this requirement to random alcohol 
testing, as well as drug testing. See generally Compliance Manual 
9.5.3.1(e) (discussing the requirements for employees from different 
DOT agencies without distinguishing between random drug and alcohol 
testing). Accordingly, proposed paragraph (d) would correct this 
oversight and clarify that this provision applies to both drug and 
alcohol random testing.
Section 219.603--General Requirements for Random Testing Programs
    This section would contain requirements that apply generally to FRA 
random testing programs. This section would also act as a table of 
contents for subpart G, directing readers to the specific sections 
containing the detailed requirements for random testing entries, pools, 
selections, etc. FRA believes including such information near the 
beginning of subpart G would help make the regulation more reader-
friendly.
    Paragraph (a) would generally require a railroad to ensure that its 
random testing program is designed and implemented in a way that its 
regulated employees should reasonably believe that they may be called 
for FRA random testing without advance notice any time they are on duty 
and subject to performing regulated service. FRA understands that 
ensuring this perception may be difficult for smaller railroads and 
contractor companies with a limited number of individuals in a testing 
pool, but FRA expects all entities to comply with this provision to the 
extent possible. FRA could find a railroad in violation of this section 
if it determines the railroad has not made a good faith effort to 
comply.
    Paragraph (b) would prohibit a random testing program from having a 
bias, having an appearance of bias, or providing an opportunity for a 
regulated employee to avoid complying with subpart G. For example, this 
paragraph would prohibit a supervisor from performing the selection for 
a random testing pool to which he or she belonged, as this would create 
an appearance of bias.
    Paragraph (c) would require a railroad to submit for FRA approval a 
random testing plan meeting the requirements of Sec. Sec.  219.603-
219.609 and addressing all employees as defined in Sec.  219.5 
(including contractors and volunteers) who perform regulated service on 
the railroad's behalf. Paragraphs (d)-(j) would identify where 
railroads may find the subpart G requirements for random pools (Sec.  
219.611), random selections (Sec.  219.613), random collections (Sec.  
219.615), railroad and employee cooperation (Sec.  219.617), responsive 
action (Sec.  219.619), service agents (Sec.  219.621), and records 
(Sec.  219.623), respectively.
Section 219.605--Submission and Approval of Random Testing Plans
    This section would contain requirements for the submission, 
approval, and amendment of random testing plans by railroads subject to 
the requirements of subpart G.
    Paragraph (a)(1) would require a railroad to submit a random 
testing plan directly to the FRA Drug and Alcohol Program Manager 
(Program Manager) for approval. This submission must be made no later 
than 30 days prior to the date a railroad commences operations. If a 
railroad previously qualified for the small railroad exception under 
Sec.  219.3, but no longer does, it must submit its random testing plan 
no later than 30 days after it ceases to qualify as a small railroad. 
No random testing plan or substantive amendment to such plan may be 
implemented prior to obtaining FRA approval. While Sec. Sec.  
219.601(a) and 219.607(a) currently direct railroads to submit random 
testing plans to the Associate Administrator for Safety (for plan 
approval by the Administrator), the task of approving random testing 
plans has been delegated as a matter of practice to the Program 
Manager, who has played this role since the implementation of random 
testing in 1989. Amending this section to specify that plans must be 
submitted to the Program Manager would not substantively alter the 
approval process, but would enhance the efficiency by reflecting actual 
FRA practice.
    Paragraph (a)(2) would provide a railroad three options for 
addressing different categories of regulated employees in its random 
testing plan. A railroad could either submit a separate plan for each 
category, combine all categories into a single plan, or amend a plan 
currently approved by FRA to incorporate an additional category. This 
approach is intended to provide maximum flexibility for railroads 
incorporating additional categories of regulated employees into their 
random testing plans. (Under the proposed rule, the only categories of 
regulated employees subject to the requirements of part 219 are covered 
employees and MOW employees. This proposed requirement would also 
apply, however, to any additional categories of employees that might be 
added to the scope of part 219 in the future.) FRA would still 
independently evaluate each plan or plan amendment submitted by a 
railroad to ensure that it met the requirements of subpart G. FRA would 
not approve individual plans or plan amendments that appear to 
discriminate against a particular group of regulated employees or that 
fail to meet the requirements of subpart G. A railroad could also not 
submit separate random testing plans for subcategories of regulated 
employees, such as engineers, conductors, or signalmen.
    Paragraph (b) would specify that FRA will notify a railroad in 
writing whether its plan is approved, with specific explanation as to 
necessary revisions if the plan is not approved. Plans that are not 
approved must be revised and resubmitted by a railroad within 30 days 
of that notice. Failure to resubmit a disapproved plan with the 
necessary revisions would be considered a failure to submit a plan. 
This is slightly different from language currently found in Sec.  
219.601(c),\25\ which states that a

[[Page 43867]]

failure to resubmit is a failure to implement a plan. FRA believes that 
the proposed language is a more accurate description of the underlying 
violation, however, because in such a situation there is no approved 
random testing plan to implement. This amendment would not 
substantively change existing requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ The requirements of proposed paragraph (b) are currently 
found in Sec.  219.601(c) for random drug testing, but are 
inexplicably missing from the sections on random alcohol testing. 
FRA believes this is an accidental oversight, as there is no logical 
reason for these plan submission requirements to apply only to 
random drug testing. Proposed paragraph (b) would correct the 
oversight and ensure that the requirements apply to both random drug 
and alcohol testing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (c) would require a railroad to implement a random 
testing plan no later than 30 days after FRA approval. Currently, 
railroads are required to implement random testing plans no later than 
60 days following FRA approval. See Sec. Sec.  219.601(d)(2) and 
219.607(c)(2). When FRA's random testing requirements first became 
effective in 1988, allowing railroads 60 days to implement an approved 
random testing plan was appropriate given the newness of the 
regulation. Since that time, however, the railroad industry has become 
quite familiar with FRA's random testing requirements. Even if a 
railroad underwent an operational change that required it to implement 
an FRA random testing program for the first time (for example, if a 
railroad with 15 or fewer covered employees began engaging in joint 
operations \26\), there are numerous existing resources (such as 
established service agents, C/TPAs, FRA guidance, etc.) that can help 
the railroad promptly and efficiently implement a random testing plan. 
Given the availability of these resources and the knowledge of FRA's 
random testing program requirements throughout the railroad industry, 
FRA believes that 30 days is now sufficient for a railroad to implement 
a random testing plan following FRA approval.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ Railroads should note that because this NPRM is not 
proposing any amendments to the small railroad exception of Sec.  
219.3(c), no railroad that was previously excepted from the Subpart 
G random testing requirements would lose that exception as a result 
of this proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (d)(1) would require a railroad to submit a substantive 
amendment to an already-approved random testing plan at least 30 days 
prior to its intended effective date. Any such amendment could not be 
implemented prior to FRA approval. See Sec. Sec.  219.601(a) and 
219.607(a). An example of a substantive amendment would be any change 
to a railroad's construction of its random testing pools or its method 
of conducting random selections. If a railroad is uncertain whether an 
amendment is substantive or not, it should contact the Program Manager 
for guidance.
    Paragraph (d)(2) would incorporate FRA guidance by clarifying that 
FRA pre-approval is not required for non-substantive amendments, but 
that the railroad must notify FRA of any such amendment prior to its 
effective date. See Compliance Manual 9.4.3.2. Examples of non-
substantive amendments would include, but not be limited to, replacing 
or adding a service provider, such as a C/TPA, laboratory, collector, 
or MRO. FRA recognizes that current guidance in the Compliance Manual 
describes a change in service provider (except for a collector) as a 
substantive change for which pre-approval is necessary. Id. FRA's 
experience, however, has indicated that requiring approval for a change 
of service provider is not necessary because it imposes a burden on 
railroads that does not significantly promote safety. Accordingly, 
paragraph (d)(2) would specifically note that a change in service 
providers is not a substantive change requiring pre-approval.
    Paragraph (e) would address railroad random testing plans that were 
approved prior to the effective date of the final rule. A railroad 
would not be required to resubmit such a plan unless it required 
amendment to comply with the final rule. If a railroad is required to 
submit either a new or an amended plan as a result of the final rule, 
this submission must be made at least 30 days before the effective date 
of the final rule.
Section 219.607--Requirements for Random Testing Plans
    Generally, this section would direct a railroad to submit and 
comply with a random testing plan containing certain items of 
information. This is not a new requirement, and FRA guidance provides 
direction on what information such plans must contain.
    Paragraph (a) would generally require a railroad to submit a random 
testing plan meeting the requirements of subpart G and to comply with 
those requirements when implementing the plan. Similar language can 
currently be found in Sec.  219.601(b).
    New language in paragraph (b) would inform railroads, contractor 
companies, and service agents that they may request a model random 
testing plan from the Program Manager. While this proposed language is 
new, FRA has historically made a model random testing plan available to 
railroads, and the plan is available for review and download on FRA's 
Web site at http://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0345. After modifying the 
model plan as necessary to fit its needs and the requirements of 
subpart G, a railroad could then submit it to FRA for approval.\27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ After publication of the final rule, FRA will revise and 
update its model random testing plan as necessary to reflect any new 
requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    New language in paragraph (c) would specify certain information 
that a railroad's random testing plan must contain. Each item of 
information identified by paragraph (c) would have to be contained in a 
separate, clearly identified section of a random testing plan. For 
example, each plan would be required to have separate sections 
dedicated to items of information such as the total number of covered 
employees; the name, address, and contact information for the 
railroad's Designated Employer Representative; the method used to make 
random selections; etc. While section 9.4.3 of the Compliance Manual 
briefly discusses similar information requirements, proposed paragraph 
(c) provides additional detail and specificity regarding these 
mandatory elements of information, which largely mirror and somewhat 
expand the format of FRA's model random testing plan. By specifying the 
elements that must be included in every random testing plan, FRA 
intends to further the standardization of random testing plans. 
Standardizing random testing plans would promote compliance with 
subpart G by making it easier for FRA inspectors to evaluate plans, 
provide guidance and feedback on the development and implementation of 
such plans to regulated entities, and compare a railroad's actual 
practice with the required plan elements.
Section 219.609--Inclusion of Contractors and Volunteers in Random 
Testing Plans
    Currently, subpart G does not discuss how a railroad's random 
testing plan should incorporate contractor employees and volunteers. 
FRA has nevertheless historically provided railroads informal guidance 
on how to manage random testing for covered service contractors and 
volunteers. This section would incorporate this guidance into part 219.
    The introductory text of paragraph (a) would clearly state that a 
railroad's random testing plan must demonstrate that all of its 
regulated service contractor employees and volunteers are part of an 
FRA-compliant random testing program. Paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) 
would explain two ways that a railroad could demonstrate compliance 
with this requirement:

[[Page 43868]]

     Under paragraph (a)(1), a railroad could incorporate into 
its own random testing plan any contractor employee and/or volunteer 
performing regulated service on its behalf. The railroad would be 
responsible for ensuring that such individuals were selected and tested 
according to its random testing plan; or
     Under paragraph (a)(2), a railroad could indicate in its 
random testing plan that all contractor employees and/or volunteers 
performing regulated service on its behalf are included in a non-
railroad random testing program meeting subpart G requirements. As used 
in subpart G, a non-railroad random testing program is one conducted by 
either a service agent (such as a C/TPA) or a contractor company. A 
railroad utilizing this option would be required to append to its 
random testing plan one or more addenda explaining how it would ensure 
that its regulated service contractor employees and volunteers are in 
compliance with subpart G. Such addenda could be either the non-
railroad random testing program itself or a detailed description of the 
program and how it complies with FRA requirements.\28\

    \28\ Railroads would be able to obtain information about the 
non-railroad random testing program under proposed Sec.  219.623 
(discussed below), which would require contractor companies and 
service agents to provide random testing records upon request to any 
railroad for which they are performing random testing 
responsibilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FRA believes the above options would facilitate subpart G 
compliance. For example, a railroad utilizing the paragraph (a)(2) 
option would be able to directly analyze the random testing programs of 
its contracting companies. This would help ensure that contracting 
companies performing regulated service for more than one railroad are 
in compliance with subpart G.
    Railroads should note that paragraph (a) would not require them to 
accept and incorporate a non-railroad random testing program into their 
own random testing programs. A railroad would always be able to comply 
with subpart G by incorporating regulated service contractor employees 
and volunteers into its own random testing program, regardless of 
whether or not such individuals were already part of a non-railroad 
random testing program that complied with the requirements of subpart 
G.
    Paragraph (b) would generally require a random testing plan and any 
attached addenda to contain sufficient details to fully document that 
the railroad is meeting the subpart G requirements for all personnel 
performing regulated service on its behalf.
    Paragraph (c) would specify that a railroad accepting a non-
railroad random testing program would remain responsible for ensuring 
that the non-railroad program is properly subjecting the railroad's 
regulated service contractor employees and volunteers to the random 
testing requirements of subpart G. For example, this provision would 
require a railroad to evaluate for subpart G compliance any non-
railroad random testing plan that it accepts.
    Paragraph (d) would specify that FRA would not require submission 
and would not approve random testing plans for contractor companies or 
service agents under the provisions of Sec.  219.603. FRA believes 
there may be a vast number of such contractor companies and service 
agents, and does not believe it would be a beneficial use of its 
resources to attempt to approve and audit all of them. Rather, as 
provided in paragraph (c), responsibility for ensuring that such plans 
and programs comply with the requirements of subpart G would rest with 
the railroad employing the contractor company or service agent. The 
only time FRA might address a non-railroad random testing plan would be 
when the plan itself was appended to a railroad's random testing plan, 
as described in paragraph (a)(2). In such situations, FRA could look at 
the non-railroad plan and note instances of non-compliance, which FRA 
would then communicate to the railroad for it to pursue on its own 
behalf with the contracting company or service agent.
Section 219.611--Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Pools
    Subpart G currently provides railroads little guidance on the 
creation or management of random testing pools. Random testing pools 
are only briefly discussed in Sec.  219.601(b)(2)(ii)-(iii), which 
requires all covered employees to be included in an FRA random testing 
pool and each random testing pool to contain only covered employees. 
FRA believes that subpart G can be improved by including this new 
section dedicated to requirements on how to implement random testing 
pools. In addition to some new substantive requirements (discussed 
below), this section would also incorporate FRA guidance on the proper 
creation and management of random testing pools. See generally 
Compliance Manual 9.5. FRA has been auditing railroads according to the 
standards of the Compliance Manual since it was published in 2002.
Paragraph (a)--General
    Paragraph (a) would require a railroad to ensure that its random 
testing pools include all personnel performing regulated service on its 
behalf, except that a railroad would not have to include regulated 
employees who are part of a non-railroad random testing program that 
has been accepted by the railroad and is compliant with subpart G.
Paragraph (b)--Pool Entries
    Paragraph (b) would contain requirements for pool entries, and the 
introductory text would state that a railroad must clearly indicate who 
will be tested when a specific pool entry is selected. FRA would not 
approve vaguely defined pool entries lacking either clarity or 
specificity. For example, if a railroad's pool entry is a job function, 
the railroad must indicate exactly who would be tested when an entry is 
selected. Would the individual performing that job function on the 
first shift of the selected day be tested, or the individual performing 
that job function for the first train into a certain yard after 
midnight? Would all individuals performing that job function be tested 
or would a single individual from that group be tested? As an 
illustration, if a pool entry was the job function ``third shift 
dispatcher,'' additional information (such as the desk that the 
dispatcher was working on) would be required if there was more than one 
individual acting as a third shift dispatcher and only one random test 
was to be performed.
    Paragraph (b)(1) would identify three types of pool entries that 
are generally permitted: (1) Individual employee names or 
identification numbers; (2) train symbols; and (3) specific job 
assignments. These three options have traditionally been accepted by 
FRA as pool entries if they otherwise meet the requirements of subpart 
G. See Compliance Manual 9.5.3.1(f). If a railroad wishes FRA to 
consider other types of pool entries, it should include them in the 
random testing plan submitted to FRA for approval under proposed Sec.  
219.605. Although not required, FRA encourages smaller railroads to use 
individual employees or identification numbers as pool entries, rather 
than trains or job assignments. Individual pool entries are preferable 
for a smaller railroad because this maximizes its limited number of 
pool entries. Larger pool entries (such as train symbols), contain more 
than one employee, and would make a small railroad reach its required 
minimal annual testing rate earlier in the year than if it used 
individual pool entries. This could be problematic if the small 
railroad's random testing is not spread evenly through the year to 
achieve

[[Page 43869]]

maximum deterrence effect, as required by proposed Sec.  219.615(c)(2) 
(discussed below). Small railroads also do not face the same logistical 
and cost difficulties that make train symbols or job functions useful 
as entries for larger railroads.
    Paragraph (b)(1) would also incorporate FRA guidance by stating 
that pool entries must be of a generally consistent size and type. See 
Compliance Manual 9.5.3.1(f). For example, a pool could not combine 
individual employee entries with job function entries that identify 
multiple individuals. FRA would likely not take exception to a pool 
consisting of train symbols where the crew sizes might slightly vary. 
However, FRA may take exception to a pool made up of both individual 
employees and job assignments, or with job assignments which might vary 
in size from one employee to dozens of employees, as pool entries of 
vastly different size and type would adversely affect the chances that 
some individuals may be selected over others. A railroad contemplating 
unusual or possibly controversial pool make-ups should request FRA 
approval for that approach in its random testing plan.
    Paragraph (b)(2) would state that pool entries may not be 
constructed in a way that permits a railroad field manager or field 
supervisor to have discretion over which regulated employees would be 
selected for random testing. For example, if the selected entry was 
``third shift dispatcher'' and more than one individual met this 
description, a railroad could not permit a field manager/supervisor to 
decide which third shift dispatcher would be subject to random testing. 
Field managers/supervisors may personally know the individuals involved 
in a random selection, and permitting a field manager/supervisor to 
exercise discretion in this manner could create a situation where he or 
she was using that discretion to target or protect a specific 
individual. This language would supplement other proposed provisions 
prohibiting railroads from utilizing a selection method or conducting 
random testing collections in a way that permits a railroad field 
manager or supervisor to have discretion over which particular 
regulated employees would be selected for random testing.
    Paragraph (b)(3) would incorporate FRA guidance by requiring a 
railroad to construct and maintain pool entries so that all regulated 
employees have an equal chance of being selected for random testing 
during each selection draw. See Compliance Manual 9.6.3. This 
requirement would apply even to regulated employees who were selected 
for random testing during a previous selection draw. For example, a 
railroad could not remove a regulated employee from a testing pool 
simply because he or she had already been selected for random testing 
that year. In order for a random testing program to have a deterrence 
effect, each regulated employee must believe that he or she could be 
selected for testing during any selection draw, regardless of whether 
or not he or she was selected for testing the week, month, or year 
before.
Paragraph (c)--Minimum Number of Pool Entries
    Paragraph (c) would contain new language requiring a random testing 
pool to have at least four entries. A railroad could not use 
placeholder entries (entries that do not represent legitimate 
selections of regulated employees, whether individuals, train symbols, 
or job assignments) to comply with this requirement. This would be a 
new requirement not currently found in the regulation, Compliance 
Manual, or other published FRA guidance.
    This proposal would address FRA's concern that random testing pools 
with fewer than four entries (regardless of whether the entries are 
individuals, trains, or job assignments) can diminish the deterrence 
effect of random testing. For example, if a railroad with only three 
regulated employees as entries in a pool was required to test for 
alcohol at a minimum annual rate of 10 percent,\29\ the railroad would 
meet this requirement once it had selected and tested only one 
regulated employee. Once this test was completed, the deterrence effect 
of random testing would vanish because the railroad's other regulated 
employees could learn that the only test required for the year had 
already been completed. The purpose of random testing is to make every 
regulated employee expect that he or she could be subject to an alcohol 
or drug test any day. If the railroad has a limited number of entries 
in its random testing pool, this purpose is defeated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ In this scenario, even though the railroad has 15 or fewer 
covered employees, it is required to implement a Subpart G random 
testing program under Sec.  219.3 because it engages in joint 
operations with another railroad.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Of course, the problem of small random testing pools and a 
diminished deterrence effect does not vanish once a pool has four or 
more entries. The same concern can exist for random testing pools with 
5, 10, or even more entries, depending on the minimum annual testing 
rate. For this reason, this proposed amendment is only one component of 
FRA's solution for this difficulty. The second component is found in 
proposed Sec.  219.613(d), which would require a railroad to select and 
test at least one entry from a random testing pool per quarter (i.e., 
every three months), regardless of the size of the pool and regardless 
of whether the railroad has already met its minimum annual random 
testing rate requirement. (A quarter would not need to be based on a 
calendar determination if a railroad is making selections on a monthly 
basis.) While Sec.  219.613(d) will be independently discussed below, 
its relevance to Sec.  219.611(c) lies in the fact that even a small 
random testing pool can provide a deterrence effect, so long as the 
pool members anticipate that at least one individual will be selected 
and tested per quarter. FRA intends Sec. Sec.  219.611(c) and 
219.613(d) to work together to promote the deterrence effect of random 
testing.
    FRA does not believe it would be appropriate under Sec.  219.613(d) 
to require railroads to select and test at least one entry from a pool 
per quarter without also requiring pools to have at least four entries. 
If the four entry requirement did not exist, a railroad could 
theoretically maintain a random testing pool with only one entry, which 
would then necessarily be subject to random testing four times a year 
as a result of proposed Sec.  219.613(d). FRA believes that four is 
appropriate for the minimum number of pool entries because it 
complements the proposed Sec.  219.613(d) requirement to select and 
test at least one entry per pool per quarter, which results in a 
minimum number of four tests per year. Under this approach, perfect 
odds for a four entry pool would result in each entry being selected 
for random testing once per year. (Of course, the odds are not perfect, 
and any entry in a four entry pool could end up being selected for 
random testing four times a year. It is this imperfection that 
generates the deterrence effect of random testing, so that every 
regulated employee believes that he or she can be selected for testing 
at any time, regardless of whether he or she was previously selected 
for testing.)
    Overall, FRA's experience in helping railroads implement random 
testing programs indicates that there is no compelling reason for a 
railroad to maintain a random testing pool with fewer than four 
entries. FRA believes that this new requirement would not adversely 
impact railroads with fewer than four regulated employees, since 
paragraph (c) would specify that a railroad with fewer than four 
regulated employees could comply with this requirement by having those 
employees incorporated into either a railroad program or a non-railroad 
program (e.g.,

[[Page 43870]]

by joining a C/TPA), so long as the random testing pool contained at 
least four entries.
Paragraph (d)--Pool Construction
    Paragraph (d) would contain requirements for the construction of 
random testing pools.
    Paragraph (d)(1) would prohibit a railroad from placing in an FRA 
random testing pool anyone who is not an individual subject to the 
random alcohol and drug testing requirements of a DOT agency (i.e., an 
individual who is not a ``DOT-regulated employee''). Including non-DOT-
regulated employees in an FRA random testing pool would dilute the 
chances of a DOT-regulated employee being selected, thereby diminishing 
the deterrence value of random testing. Furthermore, a railroad mixing 
DOT-regulated and non-DOT-regulated employees in random testing pools 
would find it difficult to determine whether it was properly testing at 
the mandatory minimum percentage rate for DOT-regulated employees.
    Paragraph (d)(2) would prohibit a single railroad from including a 
regulated employee in more than one DOT random testing pool. For 
example, a railroad could not include a regulated employee who holds a 
CDL in both an FRA and an FMCSA random testing pool. Rather, as 
provided by proposed Sec.  219.601(d), a railroad must determine which 
agency regulates more than 50 percent of a regulated employee's DOT 
safety-sensitive duties and place that employee in the random testing 
pool that is testing at the required minimum annual rate of that 
agency. This paragraph would not prohibit a regulated employee from 
belonging to more than one FRA random testing pool if he or she 
performs regulated service for more than one railroad, each of which 
includes him or her in its own random testing program. Rather, it 
merely would state that an individual cannot be included in more than 
one DOT testing pool by the same railroad.
    Paragraph (d)(3) would permit a railroad to place all DOT-regulated 
employees (both FRA and non-FRA regulated individuals) in a single 
random testing pool. Such a mixed pool, however, would have to be 
tested at the highest minimum random testing rate mandated by a DOT 
agency for any individual pool entry. For example, if the highest rate 
for an individual pool entry was 50 percent, the entire pool must be 
tested at a rate of 50 percent, regardless of whether other individual 
pool entries were subject to a lower minimum testing rate. Similarly, 
this paragraph would also permit railroads to place different 
categories of FRA regulated employees into a single testing pool, even 
if the minimum annual testing rates for those categories were 
different, so long as the entire pool was tested at the highest minimum 
testing rate for any individual entry.
    This proposal is different from the strict wording of certain 
provisions in current part 219, which require railroads using a service 
agent to ensure that only FRA ``covered employees'' are in the service 
agent's random testing pool. See Sec. Sec.  219.601(b)(2)(iii) and 
219.607(b)(1)(i). However, FRA has not been actively enforcing this 
requirement, and other current provisions contradict it. See Sec. Sec.  
219.602(i) and 219.608(f). Furthermore, both FRA and ODAPC have 
independently published guidance specifying that employees regulated by 
different DOT agencies can be mixed in the same pool. See Compliance 
Manual 9.5.3.1(e) and Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance, 
Best Practices for DOT Random Drug and Alcohol Testing, available at 
http://www.dot.gov/odapc/best-practices-dot-random-drug-and-alcohol-testing. Paragraph (d)(3), therefore, would make the wording of part 
219 consistent with FRA and DOT's actual practice.
    Paragraph (d)(4) would incorporate FRA guidance indicating that a 
railroad does not need to place regulated employees in separate pools 
for random drug and alcohol testing selection. See Compliance Manual 
9.5.3.1(c). This paragraph would not, however, permit a railroad to 
make selections from a pool for drug testing, and then sub-select for 
alcohol testing from within that selected group. It would permit a 
railroad, however, to select employees for drug testing only and other 
employees for both drug and alcohol testing so long as every employee 
in the pool had an equal chance for selection for each group.
    Paragraph (d)(5) would require a railroad to incorporate an 
individual into a random testing pool as soon as possible after his or 
her hire or transfer into regulated service. This requirement would 
promote both safety and fairness by ensuring that an individual newly 
hired or transferred into regulated service would be subject to 
selection during the next random testing selection period. Railroads 
must have a mechanism to ensure that these personnel are entered into a 
random pool without delay.
Paragraph (e)--Frequency of Regulated Service
    Paragraph (e) would incorporate FRA guidance addressing the 
potential dilution of random testing pools by individuals who perform 
regulated service on a de minimis basis. See Compliance Manual 9.5.3.2. 
FRA considers such individuals to present a lesser safety risk than 
individuals who routinely perform regulated service. The purpose of 
paragraph (e) is to promote safety by focusing random testing on the 
population of employees who perform regulated service on a routine 
basis.
    Paragraph (e)(1) would prohibit a railroad from placing individuals 
into a random testing pool for any selection period in which they are 
not expected to perform regulated service. Such individuals present a 
lesser safety risk, and their inclusion in a random testing pool would 
dilute the chances that an individual who routinely performs regulated 
service would be selected.
    Paragraph (e)(2) would address railroad employees who perform 
regulated service on average less than once a quarter. FRA considers 
such employees to be a de minimis safety concern and do not require 
them to be included in a railroad's random testing program. A railroad 
may randomly test de minimis employees, but must do so by placing them 
in a separate random testing pool, and not in a random testing pool 
that includes employees who perform regulated service on a routine 
basis.
    Paragraph (e)(3) would require railroads to make a good faith 
effort when determining the frequency with which an individual performs 
regulated service. Individuals who perform regulated service on a de 
minimis basis would have to be evaluated each selection period as to 
the likelihood of their performing regulated service in the upcoming 
quarter.
Paragraph (f)--Pool Maintenance
    Paragraph (f) would incorporate FRA guidance by requiring a 
railroad to update pool entries at least monthly, regardless of how 
often selections are made. See Compliance Manual 9.5.3.1 (introductory 
text) and 9.5.3.3. For example, if a railroad conducted selections 
every three months, it would still have to update the pool entries on a 
monthly basis. At each monthly update, a railroad would be required to 
ensure that each random testing pool was complete and did not contain 
outdated or inappropriate entries. It is important for outdated and 
inappropriate entries to be immediately removed from random testing 
pools because their inclusion dilutes the population of regulated 
employees in the pool.

[[Page 43871]]

Paragraph (g)--Multiple Pools
    Paragraph (g) would permit a railroad to maintain more than one 
random testing pool if it can demonstrate that selecting from multiple 
pools would still meet the requirements of subpart G and that having 
multiple pools would not adversely impact the construction of pool 
entities. See Compliance Manual 9.5.3.1 (c). Multiple random testing 
pools can be problematic if they create an unnecessary level of 
complexity in the management of the railroad's random selection and 
testing process. Under paragraph (g), FRA would evaluate the structure 
of a railroad's random testing pools to ensure that it facilitates a 
coherent, effective, and efficient deterrence program. Multiple random 
testing pools that adversely impact the deterrence value of random 
testing would not be approved as part of a railroad's random testing 
plan.
Section 219.613--Random Testing Selections
    Properly constructed pools will not guarantee an effective random 
testing program if the method of selection from those pools is flawed. 
Random testing selections must be conducted in a manner ensuring that 
each regulated employee has an equal chance of being selected during 
each selection draw. This applies to selections at the level of both 
the random testing pool and the railroad as a whole. The purpose of 
this section, therefore, is to ensure that a railroad's random testing 
selections are conducted in a way that promotes the deterrence effect 
of random testing.
    Discussed in greater depth below, paragraphs (a) through (k) would 
incorporate FRA guidance on proper random testing selections. See 
generally Compliance Manual 9.6.
Paragraph (a)--General
    Paragraph (a) would require a railroad to ensure that each 
regulated employee has an equal chance of being selected for random 
testing whenever a selection is performed. A railroad may not increase 
or decrease an individual's chance of selection by weighting any 
particular entry or pool. See Compliance Manual 9.6.3.3. For example, a 
railroad may not remove an already-selected regulated employee from a 
pool in order to increase the chances that another regulated employee 
will be selected for testing. This requirement is intended to help 
ensure that each regulated employee believes that he or she can be 
selected for testing during any selection draw, even if he or she was 
already selected for testing the week, month, or year before.
Paragraph (b)--Method of Selection
    Paragraph (b)(1) would incorporate FRA guidance by requiring a 
railroad to utilize a selection method that meets the requirements of 
subpart G and that is acceptable to FRA. See Compliance Manual 9.6.4.2. 
An acceptable method would be either a computer selection program or 
the proper use of a random number table. Id. A railroad could include a 
different selection method in the random plan that it submits for FRA 
approval under Sec.  219.603, but the plan would likely not be approved 
unless the railroad could demonstrate clearly that the method complied 
with subpart G. For railroads wishing to conduct selections through the 
use of a random number table, FRA has drafted a guidance document 
explaining how this approach can be implemented in compliance with 
subpart G. A railroad can obtain this guidance document by contacting 
the FRA Drug and Alcohol Program Manager. It is also included as 
Appendix C to the model random testing plan, available on FRA's Web 
site at http://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0345.
    Paragraph (b)(2) would specify that a selection method must be free 
of bias (either real or apparent) and must employ objective, neutral 
criteria to ensure that every employee has a statistically equal chance 
of being selected during a specified time frame. A selection method 
could not utilize subjective factors that would permit a railroad to 
manipulate selections to either target or shield from testing a certain 
regulated employee. See Compliance Manual 9.6.1. These requirements are 
found in multiple sections of the current rule addressing random drug 
testing (for example, Sec.  219.601(b)(1) and Sec.  219.602(e)), but 
are missing from the sections on random alcohol testing. FRA believes 
that this is an accidental oversight, as there is no logical reason for 
drug selections to be made according to objective and neutral criteria, 
but not alcohol selections. Furthermore, FRA has historically 
interpreted subpart G in a manner that applies these requirements to 
random alcohol testing. See generally Compliance Manual 9.6 (discussing 
selection procedures without distinguishing between random drug and 
random alcohol testing). This paragraph would correct this oversight 
and ensure that the requirements specifically apply to both random drug 
and random alcohol testing.
    Paragraph (b)(3) would require a railroad to be able to verify the 
randomness of its selection method. Examples of how a railroad could do 
so include, but are not limited to, analyzing the source code of a 
computer selection program or reviewing past selections to ensure that 
the results appear to conform to randomness (e.g., the same individual 
is not always selected first). Paragraph (b)(3) would also require a 
railroad to maintain any records necessary to document random 
selections for a minimum of two years from the date the designated 
testing window for the selection closed. Such records include, but are 
not limited to, documentation indicating the composition of the random 
selection pool and the entries that were selected from it. See 
Compliance Manual 9.6.2.
Paragraph (c)--Minimum Random Testing Rate
    Paragraph (c) would incorporate FRA guidance by requiring a 
railroad to make sufficient selections to ensure that each random 
testing pool will meet the minimum annual testing rates. See Compliance 
Manual 9.6.5. To support the deterrence effect of random testing, 
railroads would also have to ensure that random tests are reasonably 
distributed throughout the calendar year. See Compliance Manual 
9.6.5.1. FRA understands that the distribution of random selections and 
tests throughout the year cannot be absolutely perfect. Nevertheless, a 
railroad would be in violation of this section if its distribution of 
selections and tests throughout the year suggested that the tests were 
loaded into certain months or quarters because the railroad had failed 
to properly monitor its random test completion rate and was trying to 
comply with the minimum annual testing rate at the last minute. 
Similarly, a railroad would be in violation of this paragraph if it 
made all its selections and conducted all required testing within the 
first quarter of a year, thereby eliminating the deterrence value of 
random testing for the remainder of the year.
    Paragraph (c)(2) would incorporate FRA guidance by requiring a 
railroad to continuously monitor changes in its workforce to ensure 
that the required number of selections and tests will be completed 
annually. See Compliance Manual 9.6.5.4.
    Paragraph (c)(3) would explain how a railroad must calculate the 
total number of regulated employees eligible for random testing 
selection throughout a year and the total number of selections that it 
needs to complete and test to meet the minimum annual testing rate. The 
substantive requirements of this proposed paragraph are essentially the 
same as those contained in current

[[Page 43872]]

Sec. Sec.  219.601(b)(2)(ii) and 219.607(b)(1), and no substantive 
change is intended.
Paragraph (d)--Selection Frequency
    Paragraph (d) would require a railroad to select and test at least 
one entry from each random testing pool every three months (i.e., once 
per quarter), regardless of the size of the pool or how often 
selections are made. This is a new requirement not currently found in 
subpart G or FRA's published guidance. Paragraph (d) would not, 
however, excuse the railroad from complying with the applicable minimum 
annual percentage rates (e.g., for a pool of 16 MOW workers subject to 
a minimum annual random drug testing rate of 50 percent, a railroad 
would still have to select and test a minimum of eight entries per 
year).
    This paragraph would complement proposed Sec.  219.611(c) 
(discussed above), which would require random testing pools to include 
at least four entries. Both proposals would address FRA's concern that 
small random testing pools do not create a sufficient deterrence 
effect. As discussed above, FRA believes a sufficient deterrence effect 
would be created if at least one entry from a random testing pool is 
selected for testing each quarter. FRA is soliciting public comment on 
whether it should consider requiring at least one selection to be made 
at a rate greater or less than quarterly.
    FRA does not believe that the combined requirements of proposed 
Sec. Sec.  219.611(c) and 219.613(d) would create an undue burden for 
railroads. A railroad would have the following options to comply with 
these proposed provisions:
     If the railroad has four or more entries in each random 
testing pool, it could select and test at least one entry from each 
pool per quarter.
     If the railroad has fewer than four regulated employees, 
it could join a C/TPA so that its regulated employees are placed into a 
pool with regulated employees from other DOT-regulated entities. Any C/
TPA pool with FRA regulated employees would still be required to have 
more than four entries, and at least one entry from each pool must 
still be tested per quarter.
     If an employer is a contractor company performing 
regulated service for a railroad, the contractor's regulated employees 
could be incorporated into the railroad's subpart G random testing 
program.
Paragraph (e)--Discarded Selection Draws
    Paragraph (e) would require a railroad to utilize a completed 
selection draw to identify which individuals must be subject to random 
testing. This requirement would apply regardless of the number of 
entries selected. A completed selection draw could not be discarded 
without an acceptable explanation, such as the selection was made from 
a pool that was incomplete or inaccurate (e.g., a selected employee was 
no longer employed by the railroad).\30\ For each instance where 
selected individuals were not random tested, a railroad would have to 
maintain records documenting the specific reason why testing was not 
completed. This requirement would prevent a railroad from discarding a 
selection simply because it was not satisfied with who was or was not 
selected for random testing (i.e., because the railroad wished to 
either target or protect certain regulated employees). For example, a 
railroad manager would be prohibited from discarding a selection draw 
because he wished to protect a selected individual whom he knew was 
using drugs or alcohol in violation of FRA prohibitions. See Compliance 
Manual 9.6.4.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ Railroads should note that while proposed Sec.  219.613(e) 
would permit a selection draw to be discarded for an ``acceptable'' 
reason, it does not permit the cancellation of a random test that 
has already been completed as a result of that draw. See Sec.  
40.209(b)(10) (prohibiting a railroad from cancelling a test because 
an employee claimed that he or she was improperly selected for 
testing).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Paragraph (f)--Increasing Random Selections
    Paragraph (f) would specify that if a railroad was not able to 
complete a collection for all selections during the designated testing 
window, as provided by Sec.  219.615(f) (which would require a railroad 
to have an acceptable reason for an incomplete collection) or Sec.  
219.617(a)(3) (which would excuse an employee notified of a random test 
in a situation involving a substantiated medical emergency involving 
the employee or an immediate family member), the railroad may over-
select during the draw for the next designated window to ensure that it 
is meeting the minimum random testing rate. Railroads doing so should 
remain aware, however, of the Sec.  219.613(c) requirements that random 
tests be distributed reasonably throughout the calendar year. A 
railroad could violate this requirement if it had numerous incomplete 
collections throughout the calendar year and then drastically increased 
selection during the final designated testing window in that year in 
order to meet the minimum random testing rate.
Paragraph (g)--Selection Snapshots
    Paragraph (g) would incorporate FRA guidance by requiring a 
railroad to capture and maintain an electronic or hard copy snapshot of 
the entries in each random testing pool at the time of a selection. 
While FRA guidance currently directs railroads to maintain a hard copy 
of such snapshots, this proposed provision would specifically permit 
electronic copies. See Compliance Manual 9.5.3.4. The snapshot must be 
contemporaneous with the time of the selection, and pool entries could 
not be re-created from records after the time of the selection. 
Documentation of each snapshot would be required to be maintained for 
two years, in accordance with the record-keeping requirements of 
subpart J (referenced by proposed Sec.  219.623). FRA would review such 
snapshots during its audits to ensure that the random testing pool from 
which a selection was made was complete.
Paragraph (h)--Multiple DOT Agencies
    Paragraph (h) would remind railroads that regulated employees who 
are subject to the regulations of more than one DOT agency must be 
subject to random drug testing at or above the minimum annual 
percentage rate set by the DOT agency regulating more than 50 percent 
of the employee's DOT functions, as provided by proposed Sec.  
219.601(d).
Section 219.615--Random Testing Collections
    This section would contain requirements governing random testing 
collections, many of which are incorporated from traditional FRA 
guidance on the proper management of random testing collections. See 
generally Compliance Manual 9.7.3. These requirements would supplement, 
and not replace, the drug and alcohol testing procedural requirements 
of part 40, which apply to random testing under Sec.  219.701.
    Overall, the proposed requirements of this section would continue 
to emphasize the deterrence value of random testing. If specimen 
collections are thoughtfully planned and properly executed, regulated 
employees should generally perceive that they may be selected for 
random testing anytime they are subject to performing regulated 
service.
Paragraph (a)--Minimum Random Testing Rates
    Paragraph (a) would require a railroad to complete a sufficient 
number of random testing collections from each

[[Page 43873]]

random testing pool to meet the minimum annual percentage rates.
Paragraph (b)--Designated Testing Window
    Paragraph (b) would incorporate FRA guidance by requiring a 
railroad to complete the collection for a selected pool entry within 
its designated testing window (which a railroad must describe in its 
random testing plan under proposed Sec.  219.607(c)(13)). See generally 
Compliance Manual 9.7.3.2. A designated testing window is the specified 
time frame within which a railroad must complete a collection once an 
entry has been selected for random testing (for example, from midnight 
on Monday through midnight the following Monday). Such designated 
testing windows are necessary because regulated employees may not be 
on-duty and subject to performing regulated service on the date for 
which they are selected. If a railroad does not complete a collection 
within the designated testing window, the selection is no longer valid. 
A selected employee cannot be subjected to random testing outside a 
designated testing window. See generally Compliance Manual 9.7.3.2.
Paragraph (c)--Collection Timing
    Paragraph (c)(1) would state that a regulated employee may be 
subject to random testing only when he or she is on duty and subject to 
performing regulated service. Sections 219.601(b)(6) and 219.607(b)(5) 
currently require a covered employee to be on-duty when subject to 
testing. The additional language in this proposed paragraph is intended 
for clarification purposes only.
    Paragraph (c)(2) would restate the current requirement that random 
collections must be unannounced and spread reasonably through the 
calendar year. See Sec.  219.602(g) and Sec.  219.607(b)(3). As 
provided by FRA guidance, collections must also be spread unpredictably 
throughout a designated testing window and reasonably cover all 
operating days of the week (including operating weekends and holidays), 
shifts, and locations. See Compliance Manual 9.7.3.3. While the 
distribution of collections during a specific time period does not have 
to be perfectly equal to that time period's percentage of a railroad's 
total operations (e.g., if 20 percent of a railroad's operations occur 
during a specific day in a week, a railroad is not required to conduct 
exactly 20 percent of its random tests during that day), sufficient 
random testing during a time period must be conducted to establish a 
deterrence effect. Id. For example, a railroad would be in violation of 
this provision if 30 percent of its operations occurred on Saturdays 
and Sundays, but only 5 percent of collections occurred on a Saturday 
and no tests occurred on Saturday afternoons. Id. If a railroad 
predictably did not perform random testing during a certain time, day, 
month, etc., an employee may believe that he or she could use drugs 
and/or alcohol at those times, without risk of FRA random testing.
    Paragraph (c)(3) would incorporate FRA guidance by requiring random 
alcohol test collections to be performed unpredictably and in 
sufficient numbers at either end of an operating shift to establish an 
acceptable deterrence effect throughout the entire shift. See 
Compliance Manual 9.7.3.5. The predictability of alcohol testing is a 
special concern for FRA because breath testing can only detect alcohol 
use for a limited amount of time (a few hours) afterwards. As stated 
earlier, FRA realizes that railroads often conduct alcohol tests at the 
beginning or end of a train crew's shift for operational reasons, but 
alcohol testing must be conducted at other times to prevent crews from 
being able to predict when tests are likely to occur. For example, if 
random alcohol testing occurs only at the end of shifts, an employee 
may consume alcohol at the beginning of a shift under the assumption 
that his or her alcohol use would not be detectable by the end of the 
shift. FRA is therefore proposing to require a railroad to conduct some 
of its random alcohol tests at both the beginning and end of shifts. At 
least 10 percent of a railroad's random alcohol tests should occur at 
the opposite end of the shift in which it usually tests in order to 
generate an acceptable level of deterrence throughout an entire shift. 
See Compliance Manual 9.7.3.5.
    Paragraph (c)(4) would clarify that if a regulated employee is 
selected for both random drug and alcohol testing, these tests may be 
conducted separately, so long as both tests can be completed by the end 
of the employee's shift and the railroad does not inform the employee 
that an additional random test will occur later. Conducting the tests 
in this manner could have two benefits for a railroad. First, it could 
minimize burdens resulting from either operational delays or possible 
hours-of-service violations due to the sometimes lengthy times required 
for drug testing specimen collections. Second, it could support the 
railroad's compliance with the FRA requirement that at least 10 percent 
of random alcohol tests must be conducted at opposite ends of the 
shift.
Paragraph (d)--Collection Scheduling
    The introductory text of paragraph (d) would incorporate FRA 
guidance by clarifying that, while pool entries must be selected 
randomly, railroads do not have to select random testing dates or 
schedule specimen collections randomly. See Compliance Manual 9.7.3.2. 
A railroad may choose the date and time on which a pool entry is to be 
notified and tested, so long as its pool entries are randomly selected 
and urine collections and breath alcohol tests are completed within the 
railroad's designated testing window. As provided by paragraph (d)(1), 
scheduling could be based upon the availability of the selected pool 
entry, the logistics of performing the collection, and any other 
requirements of subpart G. See Compliance Manual 9.7.3.2. However, when 
a selected pool entry contains different employees at different times 
(such as a train crew or a job function), paragraph (d)(2) would 
prohibit a railroad from using its discretion to schedule the test on a 
date which would deliberately target or protect a particular employee. 
See Compliance Manual 9.7.3.2.
    Similarly, paragraph (d)(2) would prohibit railroad field 
supervisors and/or managers from using their discretion or personal 
knowledge to intentionally choose dates or times that would alter the 
identity of who would be tested. See Compliance Manual 9.7.3.6. FRA 
understands that the individual who schedules testing dates for a 
railroad may have some personal knowledge as to who would be tested as 
a result of that scheduling. Generally, FRA believes that any risk to 
the integrity and credibility of a random testing program is minimized 
when the person making scheduling decisions is located at the level of 
the railroad's headquarters, rather than at the field level where it is 
easier for personal considerations to come into play.
Paragraph (e)--Notification Requirements
    Paragraph (e)(1) would restate existing Sec.  219.601(b)(4), which 
prohibits a railroad from notifying a regulated employee of his or her 
random testing selection until the duty tour in which the random 
testing collection is to be conducted. Consistent with this existing 
regulatory requirement, notification may occur only so far in advance 
as is reasonably necessary to ensure the regulated employee's presence 
at the

[[Page 43874]]

time and place of the scheduled collection.\31\ See Sec.  
219.601(b)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ As stated earlier, while Sec.  219.601(b)(4) currently 
specifies that these notification requirements apply to random drug 
testing, similar language is missing from the sections on random 
alcohol testing. The proposed provision would correct this oversight 
and clarify that these requirements also apply to random alcohol 
testing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (e)(2) would further provide that, unless there is an 
acceptable reason for the delay, collections must be conducted as soon 
as possible and commence no later than two hours after notification. 
This would be a new requirement not currently found in FRA regulations 
or guidance. (While FRA guidance currently directs railroads to notify 
train crews in transit no more than an hour before their arrival, this 
guidance applies only to train crews selected for random testing and 
does not directly address the time in which a random testing collection 
must begin. See Compliance Manual 9.7.3.8.) FRA believes that two hours 
is more than enough time to begin a collection once a regulated 
employee has been notified of his or her selection for random testing.
    Consistent with current guidance, paragraph (e)(2) would require a 
regulated employee to be monitored after notification and, when 
possible, immediately escorted by supervisory or management personnel 
to the collection location. Id. These requirements would ensure that a 
regulated employee notified of his or her selection for random testing 
does not have the opportunity to either obtain false samples/
contaminating products or to otherwise avoid the collection. Id.
    Paragraph (e)(3) would restate current provisions requiring a 
railroad to inform a notified regulated employee that his or her 
selection was on a random basis. See Sec. Sec.  219.601(b)(7) and 
219.607(b)(7). It would also clarify that a railroad may satisfy this 
requirement by showing the regulated employee a completed DOT Custody 
and Control Form (CCF) or DOT Alcohol Testing Form (ATF) indicating the 
basis for testing, so long as the employee has been shown and directed 
to sign the CCF or ATF as required by Sec. Sec.  40.73 and 40.241.
Paragraph (f)--Incomplete Collections
    Paragraph (f) would require a railroad to use due diligence to 
ensure that a test is completed for each selection, unless there is an 
acceptable reason for not conducting the test. This language would 
incorporate historic FRA guidance directing railroads to ensure that a 
collection is completed for each selection, unless there is an 
acceptable reason for failing to do so. See Compliance Manual 9.7.3.7. 
New language would require a railroad to document its reasons for 
failing to complete the test of a selection in sufficient detail to 
allow FRA to determine whether due diligence was exercised and whether 
there was an acceptable reason for the failure.
    Under this paragraph, only an unforeseen and unpredictable problem 
would be an acceptable explanation for not completing a collection. An 
example of an acceptable explanation would be an illness of a regulated 
employee that extended throughout the entire designated testing window. 
FRA would likely not accept explanations involving problems that should 
be within the railroad's control (for example, a collector that does 
not show up for a collection or the lack of an available supervisor 
when required). FRA would also not accept an explanation that was based 
upon convenience or the operational priority of certain trains within a 
railroad's system.
Paragraph (g)--Hours-of-Service Limitations
    For covered employees, paragraph (g) would govern the relationship 
between FRA's random testing and HOS requirements. Under this 
paragraph, a random testing collection not completed within a covered 
employee's HOS limitations must be immediately terminated and may not 
be rescheduled. Since the railroad controls the timing of a random 
test, a railroad is responsible for ensuring that sufficient time is 
available to complete a random testing collection, even for situations 
involving an employee who has a shy bladder and utilizes the entire 
three hours permitted by Sec.  40.193 to provide a urine sample for 
drug testing. See Interpretive Guidance Manual at 41.
    Paragraph (g)(2), however, would require a railroad to continue a 
random testing collection regardless of any HOS limitations when a 
direct observation collection is required under Sec.  40.67(a) or 
(c).\32\ See Interpretive Guidance Manual at 41. Generally, a mandatory 
direct observation is required when: (1) There is evidence indicating 
that the employee may have attempted to tamper with his or her specimen 
at the collection site (for example, the temperature of the employee's 
urine specimen is out of the normal range); or (2) an MRO has ordered 
an immediate direct observation collection because the employee had no 
legitimate medical reason for an invalid laboratory result or because 
the employee's positive or refusal (adulterated/substituted) test 
result was cancelled because a split specimen test could not be 
performed. See Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance, DOT's 
Direct Observation Procedures, available at http://www.dot.gov/odapc/dot-direct-observation-procedures. Direct observation collections would 
have to be completed in these situations, regardless of HOS 
limitations, because there is some indication that the employee, 
perhaps knowing that he or she may test positive, may have tried to 
beat the test. If a mandatory direct observation collection does result 
in an HOS violation, the railroad would be required to submit an excess 
service report as required by 49 CFR part 228. In such situations FRA 
would use its prosecutorial discretion in deciding whether to pursue 
action against the railroad for the HOS violation. See Interpretive 
Guidance Manual at 41.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ Direct observation collections are also required under 
Sec.  40.67(b) for all return-to-duty and follow-up testing. 
Proposed paragraph (g)(2) would not apply to Federal return-to-duty 
tests, however, because an employee must have a negative return-to-
duty test before resuming the performance of regulated service. It 
also would not apply to Federal follow-up tests because their 
scheduling is within the discretion of the railroad. However, a 
direct observation follow-up test would have to proceed regardless 
of HOS limitations if something occurred during the collection that 
would have independently triggered a mandatory direct observation 
test under Sec. Sec.  40.67(a) and (c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section 219.617--Participation in Random Alcohol and Drug Testing
    This section would combine, clarify, and expand upon the 
participation requirements currently found at Sec.  219.603 (for drug 
testing) and Sec.  219.609 (for alcohol testing).
    Under paragraph (a)(1), a railroad would have to require a selected 
regulated employee to cooperate in random testing. If an individual was 
performing regulated service when notified of his or her selection, 
paragraph (a)(2) would require the railroad to ensure that he or she 
ceased to perform regulated service and proceeded to the testing site 
as soon as possible without affecting safety. The railroad would also 
have to ensure that a regulated employee's absence from his or her 
assigned duties did not adversely affect safety.
    Paragraph (a)(3) would specify that a regulated employee who has 
been notified of his or her selection could be excused from random 
testing only by a substantiated medical emergency involving either the 
employee or an immediate family member. This requirement is currently 
found in Sec. Sec.  219.603 and 219.609, and railroads have often 
questioned FRA to clarify its meaning when faced with an employee who 
failed to appear for or abandoned

[[Page 43875]]

a random test, claiming a medical emergency.\33\ New language in 
paragraph (a)(3) would clarify that a medical emergency is an acute 
medical condition requiring immediate emergency care. A regulated 
employee claiming that he or she had a medical emergency would be 
required to provide verifiable documentation from a credible outside 
professional (such as a doctor, dentist, hospital, law enforcement 
officer, or school authority) within a reasonable time after the 
emergency occurred. A regulated employee who was excused from random 
testing because of a properly documented medical emergency could not be 
later subject to random testing by the railroad under the same 
selection. A regulated employee who avoided a random test by claiming a 
medical emergency that was unverifiable or did not meet the threshold 
of an acute medical condition requiring immediate emergency care would 
be deemed to have refused the test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ The text of current Sec. Sec.  219.603 and 219.609 
specifically states that an employee may be excused from testing 
only for a ``documented medical or family emergency.'' Historically, 
FRA has interpreted a ``family emergency'' to mean a medical 
emergency involving a family member. In other words, FRA would not 
permit a covered employee to be excused from random testing for a 
``family emergency'' that was not also a medical emergency. For 
example, a covered employee would not be excused from random testing 
because he or she needed to pick up his or her child at daycare, 
unless that child was experiencing a medical emergency. Therefore, 
the purpose of FRA's proposed language, which applies to a 
``substantiated medical emergency involving the employee or an 
immediate family member,'' is to clarify how FRA has been 
interpreting the current language, and not to make any substantive 
changes to the current requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While paragraph (a) would address the random testing 
responsibilities of a railroad, paragraph (b) would address the random 
testing responsibilities of a regulated employee. Under paragraph 
(b)(1), a regulated employee would be required to cooperate with the 
random selection and testing process and to proceed to a testing site 
upon notification as soon as possible without adversely affecting 
safety. Under paragraph (a)(2), the responsibility for determining 
whether there would be an adverse effect on safety would rest with the 
railroad, and a railroad should not notify a regulated employee of his 
or her selection for random testing until it has determined that the 
individual's absence from his or her duties would not adversely affect 
safety. A notified regulated employee should therefore assume that the 
railroad has already determined that he or she may report immediately 
for testing without adversely affecting safety. Under paragraph (b)(2), 
a regulated employee would be required to fully cooperate and comply 
with the testing procedures of part 40 (such as providing the required 
specimens and completing the required paperwork and certifications), 
which are incorporated into FRA's random testing requirements by Sec.  
219.701.
Section 219.619--Positive Alcohol and Drug Test Results and Refusals; 
Procedures
    This section would combine the requirements for responding to 
positive random alcohol and drug testing results currently found in 
Sec. Sec.  219.605 and 219.611, and would clarify that these procedures 
apply to refusals as well. No substantive change is intended to the 
current requirements.
Section 219.621--Use of Service Agents
    This section would contain new provisions clarifying the role that 
a service agent, such as a consortium/third party administration (C/
TPA), may play in supporting a railroad's FRA random testing program. 
Although the role of service agents is discussed in subpart Q and 
Appendix F of part 40, part 219 does not discuss the responsibilities 
and limitations for service agents that perform random testing 
responsibilities on behalf of railroads. Currently, service agents are 
only incompletely addressed in Sec. Sec.  219.601(b)(2)(iii) and 
219.607(b)(1)(i), which briefly mention how a railroad can use a 
service agent to maintain random testing pools and perform random 
selections. Proposed Sec.  219.621 would improve the regulation by 
providing additional direction on how service agents may and may not be 
utilized.
    Paragraph (a) would clarify that railroads may use service agents 
to perform any role specifically permitted under subpart Q of part 40 
(Roles and Responsibilities of Service Agents). Examples of these roles 
include, but are not limited to, maintaining random testing pools, 
conducting random selections, and performing random drug collections or 
alcohol tests.
    Paragraph (b) would prohibit railroads from using a service agent 
to notify a regulated employee that he or she has been selected for 
Federal random testing, as this function must be performed by the 
individual's direct employer. Using a service agent (such as a 
collector) to notify a regulated employee of his or her selection is 
problematic because the regulated employee may not be aware that the 
service agent is an authorized agent of the railroad. This doubt may 
lead the regulated employee to refuse to comply with the service 
agent's random testing instructions, which could result in the employee 
being charged with a refusal. Rather than addressing the difficulties 
of ensuring that regulated employees are fully aware and confident of a 
service agent's authority, FRA believes it is simpler to require all 
notifications to be issued by an individual's direct employer, unless 
otherwise provided for by the railroad's FRA-approved random testing 
plan. If a railroad's random testing plan does specifically authorize a 
service agent to notify regulated employees, FRA would likely only 
approve that plan if it specified that the railroad would train or 
otherwise ensure that its regulated employees knew that a service agent 
was authorized to provide such notification. A direct employer must 
notify regulated employees of their selection for random testing also 
because Sec.  219.617(a)(2) requires a railroad to ensure that a 
notified regulated employee proceeds to the collection site as soon as 
possible without affecting safety. This safety determination should be 
made by an individual who is responsible for the operational safety of 
the railroad, not a service agent who would probably not have the 
requisite knowledge and experience to make such a safety determination.
    Paragraph (b) would also remind railroads that a service agent may 
not perform any roles that are reserved for employers under Sec.  
40.355 and would specify that only a railroad or a contractor company 
performing railroad-accepted testing can be considered an employer 
under Sec.  40.355.
    Paragraph (c) would remind railroads and contractor companies of 
their responsibilities under Sec.  219.9 (discussed above) by 
clarifying that the primary responsibility for subpart G compliance 
rests with the railroad, although FRA reserves the right to bring an 
enforcement action against a railroad, its service agents, its 
contractors, or its employees.
    Paragraph (d) would clarify that a C/TPA conducting random testing 
may calculate the number of regulated employees who must be tested 
either for each individual railroad belonging to the C/TPA, or for the 
total number of regulated employees covered by the C/TPA. If a C/TPA is 
making selections from a combined employer random pool, it must ensure 
that it is testing at a rate equal to the highest minimum annual 
percentage rate established under the random testing regulations of a 
DOT agency for any individual member of that pool.

[[Page 43876]]

Section 219.623--Records
    This section would contain general provisions governing the 
maintenance of random testing records. This section would not make any 
major substantive changes to the record requirements currently found in 
subpart G.
    Paragraph (a) would specify that railroads are required to maintain 
random testing records for a minimum of two years, as provided by 
proposed Sec.  219.901. This requirement is currently found in Sec.  
219.901(c) and Sec.  219.903(c).
    Paragraph (b) would contain new language clarifying that contractor 
companies and service agents performing subpart G random testing 
requirements must provide required records whenever requested either by 
FRA or the employing railroad, although the railroad remains ultimately 
responsible for maintaining the records required by subpart G.
Section 219.625--FRA Administrator's Determination of Random Alcohol 
and Drug Testing Rates
    FRA is proposing to combine the provisions currently addressing the 
Administrator's determination of the minimum annual percentage rate for 
random drug testing (current Sec.  219.602) and random alcohol testing 
(current Sec.  219.608) into a new Sec.  219.625. No substantive 
changes have been made to the rate determination criteria found in the 
current rule for either drugs or alcohol, although some of the language 
has been streamlined and clarified. (For example, FRA is proposing 
minor changes to clarify that FRA only considers MIS data for random 
testing positives and/or violations when determining the minimum annual 
random percentage rates.) With the exception of the proposed provisions 
contained in paragraph (c), this section only contains provisions 
related to the determination of random testing rates that are already 
in current subpart G.
    Paragraph (c) would contain new language establishing criteria for 
the future incorporation of any new category of regulated employees 
added to the scope of part 219. Although paragraph (c) would 
immediately affect the expansion of part 219 to MOW employees, it is 
also intended to apply if FRA decides to expand part 219 to cover 
additional categories of employees.
    For any new category of employees, the introductory text of 
paragraph (c) would establish the initial minimum annual percentage 
rates for random drug testing (50 percent) and random alcohol testing 
(25 percent). As previously discussed in Section III.H of this NPRM in 
relation to MOW employees, FRA believes that these higher initial 
random testing rates are appropriate because FRA set the same rates 
when it initiated random testing for covered employees. FRA believes it 
is fair to start all new categories of regulated employees at the same 
rates.
    Paragraph (c)(1) would provide that the Administrator would 
reconsider these initial minimum annual percentage rates once FRA had 
at least 18 months worth of MIS testing data for the new category of 
regulated employees. FRA briefly considered proposing that the rates 
could be changed once it had data for two years, but concluded that 
this approach could be problematic given that railroads are only 
required to submit MIS data annually. See Sec.  219.800(a). If a new 
category of regulated employee was added to part 219 any time after the 
start of the MIS reporting year, it would take three MIS reporting 
cycles (three years) to collect two complete years' worth of data. By 
requiring only 18 months of MIS data, FRA could reconsider its initial 
testing rates based on only two years of MIS reports on the drug and 
alcohol testing results of regulated employees, so long as this new 
employee category was incorporated within the first six months of FRA's 
MIS reporting cycle. FRA believes this approach would provide greater 
flexibility to adjust initial testing rates in response to MIS data 
indicating that such an adjustment may be appropriate.
    Paragraph (c)(2) would provide that the Administrator will 
determine separate random testing rates for each new category of 
regulated employees for a minimum of three full calendar years after 
that category has been incorporated into part 219. Paragraph (c)(3) 
would further provide that the Administrator could combine a new 
category of regulated employees with the larger regulated employee 
population once the categories' positive rates have been identical for 
two years. This would permit the Administrator sufficient time to 
ensure that the deterrence value of the random testing rates has been 
clearly established before considering whether to change the testing 
rates for a new employee category. The Administrator would also be able 
to carefully monitor positive rate trends for the new category that 
might otherwise be lost if these employees were automatically made part 
of the larger population of regulated employees.

Subpart H--Drug and Alcohol Testing Procedures

Section 219.701--Standards for Drug and Alcohol Testing
    Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section would be amended to reflect 
the proposed separation of the requirements for reasonable suspicion 
and reasonable cause into two separate subparts, as discussed in 
Section VI.A of this preamble. These paragraphs would also be amended 
to clarify that any alcohol or drug testing conducted as the result of 
a co-worker or non-peer referral under a proposed subpart K peer 
prevention program must be conducted under FRA authority and comply 
with the requirements of part 40.
    Currently, paragraph (c) of this section requires covered employees 
notified of their selection for testing to proceed to the testing site 
immediately, or as soon as they can stop performing covered service 
safely. FRA is proposing to move this requirement to Sec.  219.11(e). 
FRA believes this provision is a general requirement that belongs more 
appropriately in Sec.  219.11, titled ``General conditions for chemical 
tests''.

Subpart I--Annual Report

Section 219.800--Annual Reports
    Paragraph (b) of this section would be amended to update and 
correct the internet link containing the electronic version of the MIS 
form and information on where to submit the form.
    FRA is also proposing a new paragraph (f) specifying that railroads 
would be required to report MIS information separately for covered 
employees and MOW employees. Separate MIS reporting would allow FRA to 
gather the data necessary to establish separate random testing rates 
for MOW employees. FRA is specifically requesting public comment on 
what type of burdens this would impose on railroads and whether 
separate MIS reporting should be required only when there are separate 
testing rates for covered employees and MOW employees.

Subpart J--Recordkeeping Requirements

Section 219.901--Retention of Alcohol and Drug Testing Records
    FRA's requirements for the retention of alcohol testing records are 
currently contained in Sec.  219.901, while the requirements for the 
retention of drug testing records are contained in Sec.  219.903. The 
requirements contained in these two sections, however, are essentially 
identical. For the purpose of streamlining the regulations, therefore,

[[Page 43877]]

FRA is proposing to incorporate the requirements for both alcohol and 
drug testing records into Sec.  219.901, which would be renamed 
``Retention of alcohol and drug testing records.'' This structural 
change is intended for clarification purposes only, and no major 
substantive amendments are being proposed.
    In addition to this structural change, FRA is also proposing 
several minimal and clarifying amendments to the provisions of Sec.  
219.901, as discussed below.
Paragraph (a)(2)
    FRA currently requires railroads to maintain all Federal alcohol 
and drug test results, including negative or cancelled results, for a 
period of two years. See Sec.  219.901(c)(2)(i)-(iii) and Sec.  
219.903(c)(2)(i)-(ii). Under Sec.  40.333(a)(4), however, railroads 
must maintain documents related to negative or cancelled alcohol and 
drug tests only for a period of one year. Generally, whenever a 
railroad is subject to multiple recordkeeping requirements of different 
lengths, it must comply with the requirement that mandates the longest 
retention period. See Compliance Manual 14.5. Railroads are not excused 
from complying with FRA's two-year retention requirement for negative 
and cancelled test records, therefore, simply because Sec.  
40.333(a)(4) requires employers to keep such records only for one year.
    However, in an effort to ease this recordkeeping burden on 
railroads, new language in proposed paragraph (a)(2) would permit 
railroads to maintain legible and accessible scanned or electronic 
copies of test records for the second year that they are required to be 
maintained by FRA, whenever Sec.  40.333 requires those records to be 
kept only for one year. Permitting railroads to maintain legible and 
accessible scanned or electronic copies of test records for the second 
year of FRA's mandatory retention period would reduce any difficulties 
railroads may face in finding physical space in which to maintain 
hardcopies of these records.
Paragraph (b)(1)
    Railroads must currently maintain a summary record of each covered 
employee's alcohol or drug test results for a period of five years. See 
Sec.  219.901(b)(1) and Sec.  219.903(b)(1)(i). FRA has not been 
actively enforcing this requirement, however, so long as a railroad has 
maintained the individual files of each regulated employee's alcohol 
and drug tests for a period of five years. Therefore, FRA is proposing 
to amend paragraph (b)(1) to permit a railroad to comply by maintaining 
either a summary record or the individual files for the five year 
period. This amendment would both reflect FRA's enforcement policy and 
support smaller railroads, which often find it impractical to maintain 
the summary records currently required.
Paragraph (c)(1)(ii)
    Railroads must currently maintain documents related to the random 
testing process. Proposed paragraph (c)(1)(ii) would be amended to 
clarify that the scope of this requirement includes the railroad's 
approved random testing plan and FRA's approval letter for that plan.
Paragraph (c)(1)(iii)
    Currently, the language of Sec.  219.901(c)(1)(iii) and Sec.  
219.903(c)(1)(ii) specifies that railroads must maintain records 
related to decisions to administer Federal reasonable suspicion tests 
for a period of two years. Decisions to administer Federal reasonable 
cause tests, however, are not specifically addressed by this 
requirement. In its guidance, FRA states that this oversight was 
inadvertent and that this requirement also applies to Federal 
reasonable cause testing determinations. See Compliance Manual 14.5. 
Proposed paragraph (c)(1)(iii) would incorporate this guidance by 
clarifying that the two-year retention requirement also applies to 
records related to Federal reasonable cause testing determinations.
Paragraph (c)(4)(iii)
    Railroads are currently required to maintain documentation on 
supervisor training regarding reasonable suspicion testing 
determinations. See Sec.  219.901(c)(4)(iii) and Sec.  
219.903(c)(4)(iii). Under Sec.  219.11(g), however, railroads must 
train supervisors regarding both reasonable suspicion testing 
determinations and the criteria for making determinations concerning 
PAT testing. New language in proposed paragraph (c)(4)(iii) would 
clarify that the maintained training documents must include training 
attendance records and training materials, and that railroads must also 
maintain supervisor training documents related to PAT testing 
determinations. FRA guidance applies this provision to documents 
related to the training requirements of Sec.  219.11(g), which 
addresses both reasonable suspicion and PAT testing determinations. Id. 
The proposed amendment would incorporate this guidance into the 
regulations.
FRA Would No Longer Require Training Certification
    Under Sec.  219.901(c)(iv) and Sec.  219.903(c)(iv), railroads are 
currently required to maintain records certifying that any training 
conducted under part 219 complies with the requirements for such 
training. In its retrospective review, FRA found that it had never 
inspected for this requirement because it audits railroads' training 
documents directly to ensure that they comply with part 219. FRA is 
proposing to reduce its recordkeeping requirements by removing the need 
to maintain certification records.
Section 219.903--Access to Facilities and Records
    Due to the consolidation of the provisions in Sec.  219.901 and 
Sec.  219.903 into proposed Sec.  219.901, which would apply both to 
alcohol and drug testing records, the requirements for facilities and 
records access currently contained in Sec.  219.905 would be moved to 
proposed Sec.  219.903, entitled ``Access to facilities and records.'' 
Paragraph (a) of this section would also be further amended to reflect 
the consolidation of Sec.  219.901 and Sec.  219.903 into a single 
Sec.  219.901.

Subpart K--Peer Support Programs

    Currently, subpart E requires railroads to design and implement 
voluntary referral and co-worker report policies. Under these policies, 
a covered employee who abuses alcohol or drugs as part of a treatable 
condition may maintain an employment relationship with a railroad so 
long as he or she obtains counseling and treatment by entering the 
railroad's subpart E program. These policies are beneficial because 
they provide assistance to valuable covered employees who have 
substance abuse disorders that can be addressed through appropriate 
counseling or treatment.
    The success of peer support programs would be supported if the 
benefit of addressing substance abuse disorders through such 
rehabilitative programs is clearly understood by railroad management, 
employees, and any involved collective bargaining organizations. Over 
the years, however, FRA's experience enforcing the requirements of the 
current subpart E has revealed that the railroad industry is sometimes 
confused about the subpart's intent and FRA's expectations for 
compliance. This NPRM is therefore proposing to rewrite various peer 
support program provisions to provide additional detail, clarity, and 
focus. The proposed amendments would also give

[[Page 43878]]

railroads greater flexibility to develop peer support programs that 
both promote safety and encourage regulated employees to utilize the 
peer support programs to address any treatable substance abuse issues.
    FRA's audits of subpart E programs have also discovered that 
covered employee usage of peer support programs can vary from railroad 
to railroad, even though the various programs all appear to meet the 
subpart E requirements. To the extent that low usage rates of a subpart 
E program at a railroad may be the result of policies that are unclear 
or misunderstood, FRA's proposed amendments are an effort to bolster 
participation by ensuring that the requirements for peer support 
programs are clearly understood by the railroad industry.
    Furthermore, in order to accommodate dedicating an entire subpart 
each to reasonable cause testing and reasonable suspicion testing, as 
discussed above in Section VI.A of this preamble, this NPRM is 
proposing to move the requirements for peer support programs from the 
current subpart E to a new subpart K. FRA would also change the title 
of subpart K from ``Identification of Trouble Employees'' to ``Peer 
Support Programs.'' FRA believes the new title is a more accurate 
reflection of the purpose and intent of subpart K, which is to provide 
support to regulated employees who abuse alcohol or drugs as part of a 
treatable condition.
    Similarly, FRA is proposing to replace the phrase ``co-worker 
report'' with the phrase ``co-worker referral'' throughout subpart K. 
FRA believes that ``referral'' is preferable in this situation because 
``report'' may sometimes have a negative connotation that discourages 
employees from referring co-workers who genuinely need assistance.
    FRA is also proposing to streamline the regulations by requiring 
railroads to maintain a single peer support program policy, as opposed 
to the current rule, which requires a separate voluntary referral 
policy and co-worker report policy. The peer support program policy 
required by proposed subpart K would then be required to contain both a 
self-referral policy and a co-worker referral policy. By making self-
referrals and co-worker referrals part of the same peer support program 
policy, FRA is emphasizing that these programs work together towards 
the same purpose. FRA is also proposing to clarify that peer support 
program policies are permitted to accept non-peer referrals, as will be 
discussed further in the section-by-section analysis below.
Section 219.1001--Requirement for Peer Support Programs
Paragraph (a)
    Paragraph (a) of this section would specify that the purpose of 
subpart K is to help prevent the adverse effects of alcohol misuse and 
drug use by regulated employees through the implementation of peer 
referral and support programs. This purpose is slightly more specific 
than that contained in current Sec.  219.401(a), which states only that 
the purpose of subpart E is to prevent the use of alcohol and drugs in 
connection with covered service.
Paragraph (b)
    Paragraph (b) would require a railroad to adopt, publish, and 
implement a subpart K-compliant peer support program policy that is 
designed to encourage and facilitate the referral and rehabilitative 
support of regulated employees who abuse alcohol or drugs. This 
language is slightly different from that contained in current Sec.  
219.401(b)(1), which states that the policy must be designed to also 
facilitate the ``identification'' of employees who abuse drugs or 
alcohol. Because FRA believes that the word ``identification'' does not 
accurately reflect the purpose of subpart K, FRA is proposing to 
generally remove it from the regulations' discussion of peer support 
program policies. Paragraph (b) would also clarify that peer support 
programs are established under the railroad's authority. For example, 
any follow-up testing recommended for a regulated employee who entered 
a peer support program would be conducted under the railroad's own 
authority and would not have to meet the part 40 requirements, unless 
the regulated employee had committed a substantiated part 219 
violation.
Paragraph (c)
    Paragraph (c) would specify that a railroad may comply with subpart 
K by either adopting, publishing, and implementing a policy meeting the 
requirements of proposed Sec.  219.1003 or by complying with proposed 
Sec.  219.1007 (which discusses alternate peer support program 
policies). The substance of this paragraph is essentially identical to 
current Sec.  219.401(c).
Paragraph (d)
    Paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(2), and (d)(5) would place specific 
limitations on how the requirements of subpart K may be construed. 
These provisions are not new, being identical to those contained in 
current Sec.  219.401(e)(1)-(e)(3).
    Paragraphs (d)(3) and (d)(4) would contain new proposed limitations 
on how the requirements of subpart K may be construed. Under paragraph 
(d)(3), subpart K could not be construed to interfere with mandatory 
reasonable suspicion testing under subpart D when a supervisor properly 
determines that a regulated employee is exhibiting signs and symptoms 
of alcohol or drug use. For example, if a trained (in accordance with 
Sec.  219.11(g)) supervisor noticed that a regulated employee was 
exhibiting signs and symptoms, a railroad would not be excused from 
performing a Federal reasonable suspicion test if the individual choose 
that moment to inform the railroad that he or she wished to self-refer 
to the subpart K peer support program. A trained supervisor observing 
signs and symptoms may also not make a co-worker referral for the 
regulated employee in lieu of performing a reasonable suspicion test. 
These limitations are necessary because reasonable suspicion testing is 
mandatory when a supervisor's independent actions alert him or her to 
the signs and symptoms of alcohol or drug use.
    Similarly, paragraph (d)(4) would specify that subpart K may not be 
construed to interfere with the Sec.  219.104 responsive action 
requirements when a violation of Sec.  219.101 or Sec.  219.102 has 
been substantiated. For example, a regulated employee who tests 
positive on a Federal random drug test may not avoid the Sec.  219.104 
responsive action requirements by self-referring into the railroad's 
subpart K peer support program.
Section 219.1003--Peer Support Program Requirements
Paragraph (a)
    Paragraph (a) would state that Sec.  219.1003 prescribes the 
minimum requirements and standards for peer support programs. It also 
specifies that all individuals involved in the implementation of a peer 
support program must comply with the program's policies and 
implementation procedures.
Paragraph (b)--Policies Required
    Paragraph (b)(1) would require a railroad peer support program 
policy to include a self-referral policy that provides regulated 
employees the opportunity to obtain referral, education, counseling, 
and/or treatment before the employee's alcohol or drug abuse problem 
results in an accident, injury, or detected part 219 violation. Because 
a self-referral does not involve

[[Page 43879]]

a 219 violation, a SAP may not provide such treatment. Instead, part 
240 requires a locomotive engineer to receive these services from a 
qualified EAP counselor, while part 242 requires a conductor to receive 
such services from a DAC. For regulated employees who self-refer and 
are neither engineers or conductors, an EAP counselor evaluation would 
be required. Paragraph (b)(2), in turn, would require the establishment 
and support of a co-worker referral policy. Such policies are already 
required by Sec. Sec.  219.403 and 219.405 of the current rule.
    Paragraph (b)(3) would indicate that a peer support program policy 
may provide for the acceptance of referrals from non-peers. This 
language clarifies and expands upon the current Sec.  219.403(b)(1), 
which states that a ``railroad must specify whether, and under what 
circumstances, its policy provides for the acceptance of referrals from 
other sources, including (at the option of the railroad) supervisory 
employees.'' As used in proposed subpart K, the term ``non-peer'' would 
refer to an individual who is not considered an employee's co-worker, 
and could include a trained supervisor, representative of an employee's 
collective bargaining organization, or family member. This provision 
would not require a railroad to accept non-peer referrals. If a 
railroad did develop a non-peer referral policy, however, this 
paragraph would require the railroad to include that policy in its 
subpart K peer support program policy. FRA believes that permitting 
non-peer referral policies would create additional flexibility for 
railroads to accept referrals from various sources other than a 
regulated employee's co-workers. For example, a non-peer referral 
policy could permit a concerned family member to refer a regulated 
employee to the railroad's peer support program for assistance. Such a 
family member may be in a better position than a co-worker to realize 
that a regulated employee might be abusing alcohol or drugs to the 
extent that he or she is a safety concern that could require counseling 
and treatment.
Paragraph (c)--Referral Conditions
    Paragraph (c) would generally require a peer support program policy 
to specify the conditions under which a referral could occur. Under 
paragraphs (c)(1)-(4) these conditions must encompass (but are not 
limited to) the following:
     For self-referrals, a policy would have to identify and 
include the contact information for a designated EAP or DAC (the phone 
number and email, if available). The policy would also have to indicate 
when a self-referral could be made. For example, a policy could provide 
that a self-referral could not be made while a regulated employee was 
actually on-duty and impaired;
     Whether non-peer referrals are accepted, and any 
allowances, conditions, or procedures of such referrals;
     A policy must specify that a railroad may accept a co-
worker or non-peer referral only if it alleges that the regulated 
employee was apparently unsafe to work with or in violation of either 
part 219 or the railroad's alcohol and drug rules. Similar language for 
co-worker referrals is already found in current Sec.  219.405(c)(1); 
and
     In order to remove from service a regulated employee who 
is the subject of a co-worker or non-peer referral, a railroad would 
have to confirm that the individual was indeed unsafe to work with or 
in violation of either part 219 or the railroad's alcohol and drug 
rules. Such confirmation could consist of a credible positive test 
result or an observation made by a supervisor trained according to the 
requirements of Sec.  219.11(g). Similar language for co-worker 
referrals is already found in current Sec.  219.405(c)(2).
Paragraphs (d)-(e)--Employment Maintained
    To encourage utilization of peer prevention programs, the 
introductory text of paragraph (d) would state that a regulated 
employee affected by an alcohol or drug use problem may maintain an 
employment relationship with the railroad so long as he or she entered 
the railroad's peer support program (either through a self-referral, 
co-worker referral, or non-peer referral) and successfully completed 
the education, counseling, or treatment program specified by an EAP or 
DAC under the provisions of this subpart. Similar language specifying 
that an individual entering a peer support program may maintain an 
employment relationship with a railroad is currently found in Sec.  
219.403(b)(1) for voluntary referrals and Sec.  219.405(b) for co-
worker reports. Paragraph (e) would further clarify that a regulated 
employee with an alcohol or drug use problem would be subject to the 
railroad's normal employment action if he or she either did not enter 
the peer support program or failed to cooperate with the program.
Paragraph (f)-(g)--EAP/DAC or SAP Evaluations
    Under paragraph (f)(1), a regulated employee entering a peer 
support program through a self-referral would have to be evaluated by 
an EAP counselor or DAC acceptable to the railroad. A regulated 
employee entering the program through a co-worker or non-peer referral 
would have to be evaluated by a SAP counselor acceptable to the 
railroad (under the standards of part 40) if the referral involved a 
substantiated violation of part 219. (As discussed in the section-by-
section analysis for the proposed definition of ``Counselor,'' FRA is 
proposing to use the term Counselor whenever a requirement may be met 
by an DAC, EAP counselor or SAP, rather than repeating all three 
terms.) A SAP evaluation must be performed in such cases because a 
regulated employee who violates part 219 is subject to the responsive 
action requirements of Sec.  219.104(d), which requires a SAP 
evaluation for all such violations if the individual wishes to return 
to regulated service. If a co-worker or non-peer referral does not 
involve a substantiated part 219 violation, but the individual is found 
to be unsafe to work with or in violation of only the railroad's 
alcohol and drug rules, the regulated employee must be evaluated by an 
EAP or DAC.
    While this NPRM is proposing to provide EAP or DAC evaluations for 
individuals entering a peer support program without a part 219 
violation, FRA is also taking this opportunity to solicit public input 
on whether a DAC evaluation should be required for all peer support 
program participants, regardless of whether they have had a part 219 
violation. Part 242 already requires a DAC to have the same 
credentialing and qualifications a SAP must have under part 40. Would 
requiring SAP-level evaluations for all regulated employees more 
effectively support subpart K's goal of helping to prevent the adverse 
effects of alcohol and drug use by regulated employees? If so, how?
    Paragraph (f)(3) would provide that a Counselor evaluating a 
regulated employee who has entered a peer support program must 
determine the appropriate level of care (education, counseling, and/or 
treatment) necessary to resolve any identified active substance abuse 
problem (such as, but not limited to, substance dependency). If 
treatment and/or education is required, the Counselor must refer the 
regulated employee to an appropriately qualified rehabilitation program 
in the community, if one is available. A regulated employee who fails 
to cooperate with the evaluation, referral process, or aftercare can be 
dismissed from the peer support program and made subject to the 
railroad's normal employment action.

[[Page 43880]]

    Under paragraph (g), if a Counselor's evaluation determines that a 
regulated employee has an active substance abuse disorder, the peer 
support program policy would have to require the removal of that 
individual from regulated service until the Counselor determines that 
he or she can safely return to service. The railroad must do so in a 
manner that complies with the confidentiality provisions found in 
proposed paragraph (h) of this section. For example, a railroad could 
maintain confidentiality by coding the regulated employee's removal as 
a medical reason.
Paragraph (h)--Confidentiality
    Paragraph (h) would require a peer support program policy to treat 
any referral and subsequent handling as confidential. Only personnel 
who administer the program may have access to the identities of 
individuals in it. The only required exception to this confidentiality 
requirement would be provided by paragraph (l) of proposed Sec.  
219.1003, which would state (in part) that confidentiality may be 
waived for a certified locomotive engineer or conductor (or candidate 
for engineer or conductor certification) who refuses to cooperate in a 
recommended course of counseling or treatment. The provisions of 
proposed paragraph (l) will be discussed further below.
    Railroads are currently required to treat voluntary referrals as 
confidential under Sec.  219.403(b)(2). The current Sec.  219.403(c) 
also provides that a policy may contain provisions waiving 
confidentiality when an employee refuses to cooperate with the 
recommended treatment/counseling or is later determined to have been 
involved in an alcohol or drug related disciplinary offense growing out 
of subsequent conduct. An identical optional provision would also be 
included in proposed Sec.  219.1005, discussed below.
Paragraph (i)--Leave of Absence
    Paragraph (i) would require a railroad to grant a regulated 
employee who has entered a peer support program a leave of absence for 
the period necessary to complete any primary education, counseling, or 
treatment program recommended by a Counselor. The leave of absence must 
be long enough for the regulated employee to establish control over his 
or her alcohol or drug abuse problem to the extent that the evaluating 
Counselor determines that he or she is a low risk to return to 
substance abuse. Similar language is found in Sec. Sec.  219.403(b)(3) 
and Sec.  219.405(d)(1) of the current rule, except that the current 
rule specifically states that the leave of absence must be at least 45 
days long, if necessary. FRA is proposing to remove this specific time 
requirement because it believes that a Counselor should determine the 
period of time an employee requires to obtain control over a substance 
abuse problem.
Paragraph (j)--Return to Regulated Service
    Paragraph (j)(1) would state that a regulated employee must be 
returned to regulated service based upon a Counselor's recommendation 
when he or she has established controlled over any substance abuse 
problem, when the Counselor has determined that he or she is a low risk 
to return to substance abuse, and when he or she has completed any 
return-to-service requirements recommended by a Counselor. The only 
exceptions to this requirement would be found in proposed Sec.  
219.1005, which discusses optional provisions that may be contained in 
a peer support program policy, and in proposed Sec.  219.1001(d)(4), 
which references the responsive action requirements of Sec.  219.104 
for part 219 violations. This proposed language would expand and 
clarify the language currently found in Sec.  219.403(b)(4), which 
states that an employee who has voluntarily referred must be returned 
to service on the recommendation of a SAP.\34\ The proposed language is 
otherwise essentially identical to that contained in Sec.  
219.405(d)(3)-(d)(4) for co-worker reports, except that the proposed 
language would not contain the current requirement that a program for 
follow-up treatment may not exceed 60 months. A new limitation on how 
long any follow-up treatment may last would be found in proposed 
paragraph (o) of this section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ Under the proposed rule, this recommendation would be made 
by an EAP counselor because employee who self-refers would not be 
required to have a SAP counselor evaluation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (j)(2) would specify that a Counselor is required to 
determine the appropriate number and frequency of follow-up tests (if 
required), while the railroad would determine the dates of the testing.
    Paragraph (j)(3) would state that an employee's return to regulated 
service may be conditioned upon successful completion of a return-to-
service medical evaluation, as directed by the railroad. This is 
currently permitted for co-worker reports under Sec.  219.405(d)(3), 
and would be expanded in the proposed language to self-referrals and 
non-peer referrals as well.
    Paragraph (j)(4) would state that approval to return to regulated 
service may not be unreasonably withheld; a railroad must return an 
employee to regulated service within five working days of a Counselor's 
recommendation that the employee is fit to return. The requirement that 
such approval may not be unreasonably withheld is currently found in 
Sec.  219.403(b)(4) and Sec.  219.405(d)(3), although the proposed 
language goes further in specifying that the regulated employee must be 
returned to service within five days. The current Sec.  219.405(e)(1) 
requires a railroad to return an employee to covered service within 
five days only in situations where the SAP has determined that 
treatment is not required for a co-worker reported employee.
Paragraph (k)--Rehabilitation Plan
    Paragraph (k) would provide that no person or entity may change a 
Counselor's evaluation or recommendation for assistance. However, the 
Counselor who made the initial evaluation would be permitted to modify 
that evaluation and any follow-up recommendations based upon new or 
additional information.
Paragraph (l)--Locomotive Engineers and Conductors
    Paragraph (l) would state that a peer support program policy must 
waive confidentiality for a locomotive engineer, conductor, or 
candidate for engineer or conductor certification who refuses to 
cooperate in recommended counseling or treatment, to the extent that 
the Counselor must provide the railroad official notice if the 
locomotive engineer or conductor has an active substance abuse 
disorder. A railroad receiving such notice must suspend, revoke, or 
deny the engineer's or conductor's certification, as appropriate. For 
locomotive engineers, this requirement is currently found for voluntary 
referrals in Sec.  219.403(b)(5), which simply requires railroads to 
comply with the requirements of Sec.  240.119(e). (Part 219 does not 
currently have a similar requirement for certified conductors because 
these individuals only recently became subject to the certification 
requirements of part 242.) FRA believes it is important in the proposed 
rule to also apply this requirement to co-worker and non-peer 
referrals.
    New language in this paragraph would also specify that a Counselor 
who is managing the employee's case is not required to provide this 
notice if the locomotive engineer or conductor is medically restricted 
from performing regulated service while undergoing treatment to correct 
the active substance

[[Page 43881]]

abuse disorder. If, in the Counselor's opinion, the engineer or 
conductor fails to make the necessary rehabilitative progress during 
this medical restriction from regulated service, then the Counselor 
must provide the railroad official notice of the active substance abuse 
disorder.
Paragraph (m)--Contacting a SAP
    Paragraph (m) would state that if a regulated employee enters a 
peer support program as the result of a co-worker or non-peer referral 
for a verified violation of Sec.  219.101 or Sec.  219.102, he or she 
must contact a SAP within a reasonable period of time, specified by the 
railroad's peer support program policy. If the regulated employee does 
not contact a SAP within this time period, the railroad could 
investigate his or her cooperation and compliance with the peer support 
program.
Paragraph (n)--Time Requirements for Counselor Evaluations
    Paragraph (n) would state that once a regulated employee entering a 
peer support program contacts the designated Counselor, the Counselor's 
evaluation must be completed within 10 working days. If more than one 
evaluation is required, they must be completed within 20 working days. 
This requirement is currently found in Sec.  219.405(b)(4) for co-
worker reports, and FRA's proposed language would expand it to non-peer 
and self-referrals as well.
Paragraph (o)--Regulated Employee Agreement
    Paragraph (o) would provide that a peer support program policy must 
require a participating regulated employee to agree to undertake and 
successfully complete a course of prescribed care and any Counselor 
recommended follow-up care (including follow-up testing). This 
paragraph would also state that any follow-up treatment, care, or 
testing may not exceed 24 months beyond the regulated employee's 
removal from service, unless the regulated employee had committed a 
substantiated part 219 violation. If the regulated employee has 
committed such a violation, any follow-up treatment would be subject to 
the requirements of part 40, which states that a SAP may require 
follow-up testing for 60 months following the violation. See 49 CFR 
40.307(d)(2). Currently, Sec.  219.405(d)(4) states that the follow-up 
treatment for a co-worker report may not exceed 60 months. FRA is 
proposing this change because it believes that 24 months is a more 
appropriate time frame for regulated employees who have not committed a 
substantiated part 219 violation to be part of a peer support program.
Section 219.1005--Optional Provisions
    This section would describe provisions that a railroad may, but is 
not required to, include in its peer support program policy. The 
inclusion of any such provisions may be subject to the agreement of an 
affected labor organization.
    Under paragraph (a), the policy could include a mark-off provision 
under which a regulated employee may refuse an assignment because of a 
concern that he or she may not be safe to work due to alcohol or 
prescription medication use.
    Paragraphs (b)-(e) would contain optional provisions that are 
essentially identical to optional provisions currently provided for 
voluntary referral policies by Sec.  219.403(c)(1)-(4). FRA's proposed 
text would make these optional provisions available to peer support 
program policies in general (including co-worker and non-peer referral 
policies).
    Paragraph (b) would permit a peer support program policy to waive 
the rule of confidentiality if a regulated employee refuses to 
cooperate in a course of education, counseling, or treatment 
recommended by a Counselor or if the railroad determines later, after 
investigation, that a regulated employee was involved in an alcohol or 
drug-related disciplinary offense growing out of subsequent conduct. 
This proposed text is identical to that currently found in Sec.  
219.403(c)(1) for voluntary referrals.
    Under paragraph (c), a peer support program policy could require 
successful completion of a return-to-service medical examination as a 
condition of reinstatement in regulated service.
    Under paragraph (d), a peer support program policy could state that 
it does not apply to a regulated employee who has previously been 
assisted by the railroad under a policy or program substantially 
consistent with the requirements of subpart K.
    Under paragraph (e), a policy could provide that an employee 
invoking the benefits of a peer support program policy must report to a 
railroad-designated contact either during non-duty hours or while 
unimpaired and otherwise in compliance with the railroad's alcohol and 
drug rules consistent with proposed subpart K.
Section 219.1007--Alternate Peer Support Programs
    This paragraph would permit a railroad to comply with subpart K by 
developing, publishing, and implementing an alternate program or policy 
meeting the various standards of Sec.  219.1003. Paragraphs (a)-(d) of 
this section are very similar to provisions contained in current Sec.  
219.407(a)-(d), although there are some minor differences intended to 
clarify the applicable standards.
    Paragraph (a) would permit a railroad to develop, publish, and 
implement an alternate program or policy that meets the standards of 
Sec.  219.1003. Any alternate program or policy must have the written 
concurrence of the recognized representatives of the regulated 
employees.
    Paragraph (a) would also specify that nothing in subpart K prevents 
a railroad or labor organization from adopting, publishing, and 
implementing peer support program policies that afford more favorable 
conditions to regulated employees with substance abuse problems, 
consistent with the railroad's responsibility to prevent violations of 
Sec. Sec.  219.101 and 219.102. This language is currently found in 
Sec. Sec.  219.403(a) and 219.405(a), but FRA believes it belongs more 
appropriately in the section addressing alternative programs.
    Paragraph (b) would provide that the concurrence of the recognized 
representatives of the regulated employees in an alternate program must 
be evidenced by a collective bargaining agreement or other document 
describing the class or craft of employees to which the alternate 
program applies. This agreement would have to expressly reference 
subpart K and the intention of the railroad and the employee 
representatives that the alternate program applies in lieu of the 
program required by subpart K. With a few non-substantive revisions, 
this language is identical to that currently found in Sec.  219.407(b).
    Paragraph (c) would require a railroad to file the agreement or 
other document described in paragraph (b), along with the alternate 
program described in paragraph (a), with the FRA Drug and Alcohol 
Program Manager for approval. Currently, Sec.  219.407(c) only requires 
the railroad to file with FRA the agreement described in Sec.  
219.407(b). FRA believes that the railroad must also be required to 
submit the alternate program for FRA approval, so that FRA can ensure 
that the program does indeed meet the requirements and objectives of 
proposed Sec.  219.1003. This paragraph would specify that this 
approval would be based on FRA's ability to ascertain whether the 
alternative program meets the Sec.  219.1003 standards. An alternative 
program would not have to meet each specific Sec.  219.1003 component, 
but would be required to meet the general

[[Page 43882]]

standards and intent of Sec.  219.1003. If an alternate policy is 
amended or revoked, a railroad must file a notice with FRA of such at 
least 30 days prior to the effective date, as a railroad is currently 
required to do by Sec.  219.407(c).
    Paragraph (d) would specify that Sec.  219.1007 does not excuse a 
railroad from adopting, publishing, and implementing the Sec.  
219.1003-required programs for any group of regulated employees not 
covered by an approved alternate program. This provision is essentially 
identical to that currently found in Sec.  219.407(d).
    New language in paragraph (e) would reference a proposed provision 
of Sec.  219.105(d), which specifies that FRA has the authority to 
audit any railroad alcohol and/or drug use education, prevention, 
identification, and rehabilitation program or policy (including, but 
not limited to, alternate peer support programs), to ensure that they 
are not designed or implemented in such a way that they circumvent or 
otherwise undermine Federal requirements, including the requirements in 
this part regarding peer support programs. Peer support program usage 
data could be requested as one tool to evaluate whether a railroad 
program or policy is having a positive or negative impact on a required 
subpart K peer support program. For example, a railroad program or 
policy may not be implemented in a way that directly or indirectly 
discourages regulated employees from entering a subpart K peer support 
program, and FRA may compare usage data from both the railroad program 
and the subpart K program to determine whether the railroad program may 
be having a negative impact on the subpart K program.

VIII. Regulatory Impact and Notices

A. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 and DOT Regulatory Policies and 
Procedures

    This proposed rule has been evaluated in accordance with existing 
policies and procedures and determined to be non-significant, under 
both Executive Orders 12866, and 13563, and DOT policies and 
procedures. See 44 FR 11034, Feb. 26, 1979. FRA has prepared and placed 
in the docket (No. FRA-2009-0039) a regulatory impact analysis (RIA) 
addressing the economic impact of this proposed rule. Document 
inspection and copying facilities are available at the DOT Central 
Docket Management Facility located in Room W12-140 on the Ground level 
of the West Building, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590. 
Docket material is also available for inspection electronically through 
the Federal eRulemaking Portal at http://www.regulations.gov. As part 
of the RIA, FRA has assessed quantitative measurements of the cost and 
benefit streams expected to result from implementation of this proposed 
rule. Overall, the proposed rule would result in safety benefits and 
potential business benefits for the railroad industry. It would also, 
however, generate an additional burden on railroads and railroad 
contractors, mainly due to the expenses associated with increased drug 
and alcohol testing and program administration, particularly regarding 
MOW employees.
    The costs would primarily be derived from implementation of the 
statutory mandate to expand the scope of part 219 to cover MOW 
employees. The benefits will primarily accrue from the expected injury, 
fatality, and property damage avoidance resulting from the expansion of 
part 219 to cover MOW employees, as well as the PAT testing threshold 
increase.
    Table 1 summarizes the quantified costs and benefits expected to 
accrue from implementation of the proposed rule over a 20-year period. 
It presents costs associated with the various types of drug and alcohol 
testing proposed in the NPRM and details the statutory costs (those 
required by the RSIA mandate to expand part 219 to MOW employees), 
discretionary costs (those that are due to the non-RSIA requirements 
that FRA is proposing) and the total of the two types of costs. Table 1 
also presents the quantified benefits expected to accrue over a 20-year 
period and details the statutory benefits (those that would result from 
implementation of the RSIA mandate to expand part 219 to MOW employees) 
and the discretionary benefits (those that are due to the non-RSIA 
requirements that FRA is proposing). The benefits include not only 
injury, fatality, and property damage avoidance (accident reduction 
benefits), but also the savings, or benefit, that would accrue from 
fewer PAT tests being conducted due to FRA's proposal to increase the 
property damage threshold for major train accidents.
    For the 20-year period analyzed, the estimated quantified cost that 
would be imposed on industry totals $24, 261,999 (undiscounted), with 
discounted costs totaling $14.2 million (Present Value (PV), 7 percent) 
and $18.9 million (PV, 3 percent). The estimated quantified benefits 
for this 20-year period total approximately $115.8 million 
(undiscounted), with discounted benefits totally $57.4 million (PV, 7 
percent) and $83.6 million (PV, 3 percent).

              Table 1--Summary Costs and Benefits: Discretionary and Statutory--Undiscounted Values
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         20 Year costs                                 Statutory              Discretionary
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PAT Testing Costs--Adding MOW.................................                  $52,000  .......................
PAT Testing Costs--Impact Def + Xing..........................                                          $241,974
Reasonable Suspicion Testing Costs............................                  842,398  .......................
Pre-Emp. Testing Costs--Adding MOW............................                  673,897  .......................
Pre-Emp. Testing Costs--Sm. RR................................                                            29,904
Random Testing Costs..........................................               20,863,074  .......................
Annual Report Costs...........................................                  160,911  .......................
Recordkeeping Requirements Costs..............................                1,397,840  .......................
                                                               -------------------------------------------------
    Total Costs...............................................               23,990,121                  271,878
                                                               -------------------------------------------------
                                                                                   24,261,999
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       20 Year benefits                           Statutory                Discretionary
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accident Reduction Benefits...................................              115,369,281  .......................
PAT Testing Threshold Reduction Benefits......................                                           388,295
                                                               -------------------------------------------------
    Total Benefits............................................                     115,757,576
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 43883]]

    Overall, the RIA demonstrates that the costs, both statutory and 
discretionary, associated with implementing the proposed rule are 
expected to be outweighed by the benefits resulting from reduced 
injuries, fatalities, and property damage attributable to drug and 
alcohol misuse by regulated employees. FRA has also found that the 
costs would be outweighed by injury and fatality mitigation alone, and 
benefits will further accrue due to reduced property damage. 
Specifically, the statutory requirements incur a discounted 20-year 
cost of $14.1 million (PV, 7 percent) and $18.6 million (PV, 3 
percent). The discretionary proposals incur a discounted 20-year cost 
of $143,665 (PV, 7 percent) and $202,023 (PV, 3 percent), with 
discounted 20-year benefits of $205,574 (PV, 7 percent) and $288,776 
(PV, 3 percent).

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 13272; Initial 
Regulatory Flexibility Assessment

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) and 
Executive Order 13272 (67 FR 53461; Aug. 16, 2002) require agency 
review of proposed and final rules to assess their impacts on small 
entities. An agency must prepare an initial regulatory flexibility 
analysis (IRFA) unless it determines and certifies that a rule, if 
promulgated, would not have a significant impact on a substantial 
number of small entities. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has 
used the available data and robust assumptions to evaluate the impacts 
of this proposed rule and believes that it would not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. FRA is 
publishing this IRFA to aid the public in commenting on the potential 
small business impact of the proposed requirements in this NPRM. FRA 
invites all interested parties to submit data and information regarding 
the potential economic impact on small entities that would result from 
the adoption of the proposals in this NPRM. FRA will consider all 
comments received in the public comment process when making a 
determination regarding economic impacts on small entities in the final 
rule.
    The proposed rule would apply to all employees of railroad 
carriers, contractors, or subcontractors to railroad carriers who 
perform maintenance-of-way activities. Based on information currently 
available, FRA estimates that less than 14 percent of the total 
railroad costs associated with implementing the proposed rule would be 
borne by small entities. This percentage is based directly upon the 
percentage of affected employees estimated to be working for small 
entities. Small entities are exempt from certain requirements of the 
current and proposed rule, and otherwise bear proportional burden for 
the rule based upon the number of regulated employees each entity 
employs. Small entities will not incur greater costs per employee than 
the larger entities.
    FRA generally uses conservative assumptions in its costing of 
rules; based on those assumptions, FRA estimates that the cost for the 
proposed rule will be approximately $24 million for the railroad 
industry. There are 654 railroads that would be considered small for 
purposes of this analysis, and together they comprise approximately 93 
percent of the railroads impacted directly by this proposed regulation. 
The 14 percent of the burden would be spread amongst the 654 entities, 
based proportionally upon the number of employees each has. Thus, 
although a substantial number of small entities in this sector would 
likely be impacted, the economic impact on them would likely be 
insignificant. This IRFA is not intended to be a stand-alone document. 
In order to get a better understanding of the total costs for the 
railroad industry (which forms the basis for the estimates in this 
IRFA), or more cost detail on any specific requirement, please see the 
RIA that FRA has placed in the docket for this rulemaking.
    In accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act, an IRFA must 
contain:
    1. A description of the reasons why action by the agency is being 
considered.
    2. A succinct statement of the objectives of, and the legal basis 
for, the proposed rule.
    3. A description and, where feasible, an estimate of the number of 
small entities to which the proposed rule will apply.
    4. A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping, and 
other compliance requirements of the proposed rule, including an 
estimate of the classes of small entities that will be subject to the 
requirement and the type of professional skills necessary for 
preparation of the report or record.
    5. An identification to the extent practicable, of all relevant 
Federal rules that may duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the 
proposed rule.
1. Reasons for Considering Agency Action
    FRA proposes to amend part 219 to further reduce the risk of 
serious injury or death to railroad employees, contractors, and anyone 
else affected by railroad accidents and incidents. In accordance with 
the statutory mandate of Section 412 of the RSIA and to respond to NTSB 
safety recommendation R-08-07, FRA proposes to expand the applicability 
of the current part 219 requirements regarding testing and procedures 
to include maintenance-of-way (MOW) employees and contractors, as 
defined in the proposed regulation. FRA also proposes to amend part 219 
for safety and clarity purposes by multiple discretionary changes that 
it believes will provide clarification and/or enhance and update the 
program to achieve safety benefits. Some of these discretionary 
proposals have associated costs.
2. Succinct Statement of the Objectives of, and the Legal Basis for, 
the Proposed Rule
    The purpose of part 219 and this proposed rule is to prevent 
accidents and casualties in railroad operations resulting from 
impairment of railroad employees and contractors due to the misuse of 
alcohol or drugs. FRA considers random drug and alcohol testing to be 
an important tool to deter drug use and alcohol misuse; therefore, 
expanding part 219 to include MOW employees (who would then be subject 
to selection for random testing) is expected to result in the reduction 
of the number of accidents and casualties to MOW employees.
    The Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970, as codified at 49 U.S.C. 
20103, provides that ``[t]he Secretary of Transportation, as necessary, 
shall prescribe regulations and issue orders for every area of railroad 
safety supplementing laws and regulations in effect on October 16, 
1970.'' The Secretary's responsibilities under this provision, and the 
balance of the railroad safety laws, have been delegated to the FRA 
Administrator (49 CFR 1.89). Reducing the use of drugs and alcohol 
among railroad employees has long been a concern of FRA. Both the 
industry and FRA have approached this concern by issuing regulations on 
the control of alcohol and drug use by certain railroad employees. 
While certain drug use is already illegal, FRA found a need to create a 
further deterrence against the use of drugs and alcohol before and/or 
during duty on the railroad. Furthermore, part 219 has a peer 
prevention component requiring railroads to establish a program 
permitting employees to self-refer if they have a substance abuse issue 
(and FRA is proposing clarifying changes to this program). These peer 
prevention programs are required to contain provisions protecting the 
employee's job so long as the employee complies.

[[Page 43884]]

Therefore, safety is increased while protecting employees' jobs.
    FRA has proposed the revision to part 219 in order to comply with 
Section 412 of the RSIA, Alcohol and Controlled Substance Testing for 
Maintenance-Of-Way Employees, required the Secretary of Transportation 
to ``complete a rulemaking proceeding to revise the regulations 
prescribed under section 20140 of title 49, United States Code, to 
cover all employees of railroad carriers and contractors or 
subcontractors, volunteers, and random employees to railroad carriers 
who perform maintenance-of-way activities.'' FRA has also proposed 
various substantive amendments that would reflect lessons learned from 
the practical implementation of part 219 and improve the clarity and 
organization of the regulations, including the following: (1) Small 
railroads would no longer be excepted from the requirements for 
reasonable suspicion testing and pre-employment drug testing; (2) the 
PAT testing damage threshold for major train accidents would be 
increased; (3) the exceptions for derailment collisions and raking 
collisions would be removed from the part 219 definition of impact 
accident; (4) the provisions governing whether regulated employees 
could be recalled for PAT testing would be amended to remove the 
requirement that the qualifying event occurred while a regulated 
employee was on duty and to make recall of a regulated employee 
mandatory in certain circumstances; (5) reasonable cause testing would 
be authorized only for reportable ``train accidents'' and ``train 
incidents''; and (6) federal reasonable cause testing would be 
authorized for additional operating rule violations or other errors.
3. Description of, and Where Feasible, an Estimate of the Number of 
Small Entities to Which the Proposed Rule Would Apply
    The ``universe'' of the entities considered in an IRFA generally 
includes only those small entities that can reasonably expect to be 
directly regulated by this proposed action. The types of small entities 
potentially affected by this proposed rule are: (1) Small railroads; 
(2) small contractors that engage in MOW operations; and (3) small 
contractors that provide HOS services (such as dispatching, signal, and 
train and engine services).
    ``Small entity'' is defined in 5 U.S.C. 601(3) as having the same 
meaning as ``small business concern'' under Section 3 of the Small 
Business Act. This includes any small business concern that is 
independently owned and operated, and is not dominant in its field of 
operation. Section 601(4) likewise includes within the definition of 
``small entities'' not-for-profit enterprises that are independently 
owned and operated, and are not dominant in their field of operation. 
The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) stipulates in its size 
standards that the largest a railroad business firm that is ``for 
profit'' may be and still be classified as a ``small entity'' is 1,500 
employees for ``Line Haul Operating Railroads'' and 500 employees for 
``Switching and Terminal Establishments.'' Additionally, 5 U.S.C. 
601(5) defines as ``small entities'' governments of cities, counties, 
towns, townships, villages, school districts, or special districts with 
populations less than 50,000.
    Federal agencies may adopt their own size standards for small 
entities in consultation with SBA and in conjunction with public 
comment. Pursuant to that authority, FRA has published a final 
statement of agency policy that formally establishes ``small entities'' 
or ``small businesses'' as being railroads, contractors, and hazardous 
materials shippers that meet the revenue requirements of a Class III 
railroad as set forth in 49 CFR 1201.1-1, which is $20 million or less 
in inflation-adjusted annual revenues, and commuter railroads or small 
governmental jurisdictions that serve populations of 50,000 or less. 
(See 68 FR 24891; May 9, 2003, codified at Appendix C to 49 CFR part 
209.) The $20 million limit is based on the Surface Transportation 
Board's revenue threshold for a Class III railroad. Railroad revenue is 
adjusted for inflation by applying a revenue deflator formula in 
accordance with 49 CFR 1201.1-1. FRA is using this definition for this 
rulemaking.
    An estimated 1,098 entities will be affected by the rule. FRA 
estimates that there are approximately 400 MOW contractor companies and 
698 railroads on the general system. All but 44 railroads and an 
estimated 30 MOW contractor companies, are small businesses as defined 
by the FRA waiver of small business size standard. FRA estimates that 
86 percent of employees that will be regulated under this rule work for 
these 74 railroads and contractors. Most railroads must comply with all 
provisions of part 219. However, as previously indicated, FRA has a 
``small railroad'' definition associated with part 219 that limits 
compliance requirements for railroads with 15 HOS employees or less and 
no joint operations to reduce burden on the smallest of railroads.
    There are approximately 654 small railroads (as defined by revenue 
size). Class II and Class III railroads do not report to the STB, and 
although the number of Class II railroads is known, the precise number 
of Class III railroads is difficult to ascertain due to conflicting 
definitions, conglomerates, and even seasonal operations. Potentially, 
all small railroads could be impacted by this proposed regulation. Part 
219 has a small railroad exception for all railroads with 15 or fewer 
covered employees, except when these railroads have joint operations 
with another railroad, therefore increasing risk. Thus a railroad with 
such characteristics shall be called a ``partially excepted small 
railroad'' in this analysis, and is a subsection of the ``small 
entities'' as defined by the STB and FRA, addressed above. Currently, 
there are 288 partially excepted small railroads and, as FRA is not 
proposing amendments to the substantive criteria of classification, 
there should be no change in the number of partially excepted small 
railroads associated with the proposed rule.
    FRA is aware of two commuter railroads that qualify as small 
entities: Saratoga & North Creek Railway, and Hawkeye Express, which is 
operated by the Iowa Northern Railway Company. All other commuter 
railroad operations in the United States are part of larger 
governmental entities whose jurisdictions exceed 50,000 in population.
    As mentioned, all railroads must comply with all or limited 
subparts of part 219. For partially excepted small railroads, per FRA's 
definition, the significant burden involves the costs of adding MOW 
employees to the existing testing programs, and adding reasonable 
suspicion and pre-employment drug testing (which they currently do not 
need to comply with).
    A significant portion of the MOW industry consists of contractors. 
FRA has determined that risk lies as heavily with contractors as with 
railroad employees, so contractors and subcontractors will be subject 
to the same provisions of part 219 as the railroads for which they do 
contract work. Whether contractors must comply with all or part of the 
provisions of part 219 will depend on the size of the largest railroad 
(assumed to have the largest risk) for which the contractor works.
    FRA discussed with industry representatives how to ascertain the 
number of contractors that would be involved with this rulemaking. FRA 
is aware that some railroads hire contractors to conduct some or all of 
the MOW worker functions on their railroads. Generally, the costs for 
the

[[Page 43885]]

burdens associated with this rulemaking would get passed on from the 
contractor to the pertinent railroad. FRA has determined that there are 
approximately 400 MOW-related contractor companies who would be covered 
by the proposed rule. Of those, 370 are considered to be a ``small 
entity.'' FRA has sought estimates of the number of contractors that 
may be fully compliant and how many may be partially excepted, 
depending on the size of the largest railroad for which they work. FRA 
requests comments on both the number of small contractors affected and 
the number of small railroads affected, as well as the burdens they may 
incur as a result of the proposed rulemaking and whether those burdens 
(costs) will be passed on the railroads.
    FRA expects that some HOS small contractors will be impacted based 
upon the proposed compliance requirements for part 219 small railroads 
to now include reasonable suspicion testing and pre-employment drug 
testing. This burden is estimated to be minimal, as reasonable 
suspicion tests occur extremely infrequently on small railroads 
(average less than one time per year for all small railroads), and pre-
employment drug tests, the least costly of all tests, will only be 
required for new employees.
    No other small businesses (non-railroad related) are expected to be 
negatively impacted significantly by this proposed rulemaking. 
Conversely, this proposed regulation will bring business to 
consortiums, collectors, testing labs, and other companies involved in 
the drug and alcohol program business.
    Expanding the program to cover MOW employees will only have a small 
effect in terms of testing burden for railroads, based upon the cost of 
pre-employment drug testing for new employees and the testing of MOW 
employees. FRA estimates that 90 percent of small railroads already 
conduct pre-employment drug testing under their own company authority. 
Many of these contractors have employees with commercial drivers' 
licenses (CDLs), and therefore fall under the drug and alcohol program 
requirements of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 
(FMCSA). Therefore, an estimated 40 percent of MOW contracted employees 
already participate in a DOT drug and alcohol testing program. 
Furthermore, FRA estimates that as many as 50-75 percent of all MOW 
contractor companies have some form of a drug and alcohol testing 
program, and that around 25 percent of these companies currently 
complete random testing (the most burdensome type of testing).
    Consortiums are companies that provide testing, random selection, 
collection, policy development, and training services to help employers 
stay compliant. Consortiums alleviate much of the administrative burden 
of a testing program and negotiate volume discounts on behalf of their 
clients. It is likely that all part 219 small railroads already have a 
compliant testing program for employees currently covered under the 
existing regulation. It should also be noted that approximately 125 of 
the small railroads that would be impacted are subsidiaries of large 
short line holding companies with resources comparable to larger 
railroads. Additionally, many small railroads are members of ASLRRA, 
which was consulted throughout the development of this regulatory 
proposal. ASLRRA has helped create a consortium for its members in the 
past, and FRA will work to ensure that small entities, as well as 
large, have the ability to adhere to the regulation as easily as 
possible. The consortium market will be affected in a positive manner 
due to new business from this rulemaking; this is a secondary benefit 
not discussed in this IRFA.
4. Description of the Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other 
Compliance Requirements of the Rule, Including an Estimate of the Class 
of Small Entities That Will Be Subject to the Requirements and the Type 
of Professional Skill Necessary for Preparation of the Report or Record
    The updating of a drug and alcohol program to be compliant with 
proposed part 219 changes can generate a burden for all entities, and 
especially small entities. However, FRA has taken steps to minimize the 
significant economic impact on small entities. For example, FRA 
currently exempts railroads with 15 or fewer hours of service (HOS) 
employees and no joint operations (as defined by Sec.  219.5) from 
certain part 219 requirements, and is not proposing to amend this 
exemption definition in the proposed rule. See Sec.  219.3(b)(2). 
(However there will be certain compliance requirements incurred by this 
proposed rule for those small railroads.) FRA has an extensive 
compliance manual available on its Web site at www.fra.dot.gov that can 
be used to help railroads of all sizes understand and comply with the 
regulations. FRA also provides a model railroad plan, a model contract 
plan, and model prohibitions for small railroads. Furthermore, FRA is 
active with railroad organizations, large and small, that provide 
training on the current part 219, such as the American Short Line and 
Regional Railroad Association (ASLRRA), the Association of American 
Railroads (AAR), and labor unions. FRA will be prepared to assist all 
small railroads, or other entities that will need to comply with the 
proposed regulation. FRA's Web site (http://www.fra.dot.gov/rrs/pages/fp_504.shtml) has model plans, programs, and tools needed to comply 
with the requirements of the proposed regulation.
    There is a small amount of reporting, recordkeeping, and compliance 
costs associated with the proposed regulation. However, many of the 
entities are already doing some sort of employer-based testing, 
reporting, recordkeeping, and compliance in accordance with the 
recordkeeping requirements subpart. FRA believes that the added burden 
due to these requirements is minimal. The total 20-year cost of this 
proposed rulemaking is $44.4 million, of which FRA estimates 
approximately 14 percent will be to the 644 small railroads and 370 
small contractors. FRA believes this total burden for small businesses 
of $6.2 million from this proposed rule does not impose a substantial 
burden. This averages approximately $306 a year per small entity. For a 
thorough presentation of cost estimates, please refer to the RIA, which 
has been placed in the docket for this rulemaking.
    Based on the information in this analysis, FRA has determined that 
the proposed rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. Absent evidence to the contrary 
being submitted in response to this NPRM, FRA intends to certify at the 
final rule stage that no regulatory flexibility analysis is necessary.
    In summary Table 1 breaks out the types of entities affected by the 
proposed rule and the specific impact area.

[[Page 43886]]



                                        Table 1--Explanation of Entities
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Type of entity
------------------------------------------------
                                   Part 219       Subparts applicable,  current   Subparts applicable,  proposed
        SBA definition            definition
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-Small Entities--Railroads  Railroads with    ALL............................  ALL.
 and contractors with revenue   400,000 +
 of a Class I or II railroad    employee hours:
 as defined by STB: 46          38 Railroads.
 Railroads and 30
 Contractors, 86% of
 regulated employees.
Small entities--Railroads and  Railroads with    All except for Subpart I.......  All except for Subpart I.
 contractors with revenue of    less than
 a Class III railroad as        400,000
 defined by STB: 654            employee hours,
 Railroads and 370              but more than
 Contractors, 14% of            15 covered
 regulated employees.           service
                                employees,
                                railroads with
                                joint
                                operations, and
                                contractors who
                                work for them:
                                372 Railroads,
                                unknown number
                                of contractors.
                               Smallest          Subparts A, B, C, H, J.........  Subparts A, B, C, D, F, H, and
                                railroads--15                                      J.
                                or fewer
                                covered
                                employees with
                                no joint
                                operations: 288
                                railroads,
                                unknown number
                                of contractors.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The following section outlines the potential additional burden on 
small railroads for each subpart of the proposed rule:
Subpart A--General
    The majority of the policies and procedures outlined in subpart A 
do not impose any direct burdens on small railroads. However, Sec.  
219.23 will have an effect on the MOW contractors who are not already 
part of an FRA drug and alcohol testing program because they will be 
responsible for complying with the policies whenever a breath or body 
fluid test is required. These costs are accounted for in different 
subparts, and there is no direct burden on small entities from subpart 
A. Additionally, FRA has a sample drug and alcohol plan on its Web site 
that includes all pertinent compliance information.
Subpart C--Post-Accident Toxicological Testing
    All MOW employees must be subject to post-accident toxicological 
(PAT) testing when a qualifying event occurs, as provided in subpart C. 
Additionally, several new qualifying events regarding highway-rail 
grade crossing accidents/incidents will trigger PAT testing. As smaller 
railroads generally have smaller risk, FRA expects fewer burdens per 
small railroad employee or contracted employee associated with this 
subpart. The only cost that the railroad is responsible for is the 
collection and shipment of the specimens. FRA bears the costs of 
testing the specimens. Historically, there are only one or two events 
that qualify for PAT testing involving any short line each year. All 
railroads, regardless of size, must currently train their covered 
service supervisors on PAT testing procedures, and thus already have 
existing compliance procedures. Additionally, MOW employees are already 
subject to subpart C PAT testing if they are fatally injured during a 
qualifying event. This portion of the proposed rule will create less 
than 1 percent of the total burden for small entities.
Subpart D--Reasonable Suspicion Testing
    Small railroads (15 or fewer covered service employees with no 
joint operation) and MOW workers will be subject to reasonable 
suspicion testing. The burden to small railroads is expected to be 
minimal as there are currently few reasonable suspicion tests performed 
on HOS employees (currently covered under part 219) by railroads of any 
size. FRA does not expect there to be proportionally more reasonable 
suspicion tests for MOW employees or other small railroads. FRA never 
intended to exclude small railroads from reasonable suspicion 
requirements and has been training short lines and small railroads to 
perform reasonable suspicion testing for years. This portion of the 
proposed rule will create approximately 1 percent of the total burden 
for small entities.
Subpart E--Reasonable Cause Testing
    For this subpart all railroads can choose to use Federal or company 
authority reasonable cause testing. Furthermore, FRA has excluded 
partially excepted small railroads from the provisions of this subpart.
Subpart F--Pre-Employment Testing
    FRA is proposing to change the pre-employment drug testing 
requirement to remove the small railroad exception, so small railroads 
(15 or fewer covered service employers) will now have to conduct 
Federal pre-employment drug testing. Many small railroads and 
contractors already test employees for drugs under company authority 
prior to hiring and are already in compliance with the regulation. This 
portion of the proposed rule will create approximately 1 percent of the 
total burden for small entities.
    In order to alleviate some of the burdens for all railroads, FRA 
proposes to allow all current MOW employees to be grandfathered for 
this requirement of the regulation.
Subpart G--Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Program
    FRA has excluded small railroads from the requirements of this 
subpart. All MOW employees of railroads that do not qualify for the 
small railroad exception will be subject to random alcohol and drug 
tests. Contractors will be required to conform to the requirements of 
the largest railroad for which they work. All companies that must 
comply with this subpart are required to create and administer random 
plans, although the testing burden is proportional to the number of 
employees in each company. As previously mentioned, FRA has model plans 
for railroads and contractors; these plans include random plans. 
Consortiums also exist that will organize administration and testing, 
to include random selection and testing. Consortiums are a very 
convenient option for small businesses because they lessen the 
administrative burden. This portion of the proposed rule will create 
approximately 37 percent of the total burden for small entities.
Subpart H--Drug and Alcohol Testing Procedures
    FRA is not proposing any substantive changes to this subpart, so 
there are no expected impacts on small businesses.

[[Page 43887]]

Subpart I--Annual Report
    Annual reporting requirements have been required for railroads with 
400,000 employee hours, and there are no proposed substantive changes 
to this subpart. FRA does not expect any impact on small businesses.
Subpart J--Recordkeeping Requirements
    FRA is not proposing any substantive changes to this subpart, so 
the only impact on small businesses is for the recordkeeping 
requirements for the MOW employees added to the rule. This portion of 
the proposed rule will create less than 1 percent of the total burden 
for small entities.
Subpart K--Peer Support Programs
    FRA is proposing amendments that are designed to provide additional 
detail, clarity, and focus to the peer support programs. Both partially 
excepted small railroads and contractors are excluded from this 
subpart, so the smallest railroads do not need to comply. Other Class 
III railroads that do not qualify for the small railroad exception 
under part 219 must have peer support programs. This may require 
railroads to redesign or reconfigure their existing programs. The 
proposed rule specifies that a railroad may comply with subpart K by 
adopting, publishing, or implementing a policy meeting the requirements 
of proposed Sec.  219.1003, or by complying with proposed Sec.  
219.1007 (which discusses alternate peer support program policies). 
This provides flexibility for railroads. FRA will make its expertise 
available to all railroads and will be providing templates for peer 
support programs that railroads will be able to use. This portion of 
the proposed rule will create less than 1 percent of the total burden 
for small entities.
    The economic impact from this regulation is primarily a result of 
the proposed requirements to expand drug and alcohol testing to MOW 
employees. The number of railroads and contractors expected to be 
affected (who are not already covered by part 219 or participating in 
some other form of voluntary or employer-based drug and alcohol 
testing) is small, and therefore the effect will be minimal. As such, 
there is not a significant impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. While there are many railroads considered to be small 
entities, per the SBA definition, many of these small railroads have 15 
or fewer regulated employees or contractors with no joint operations 
and therefore are not required to comply with all subparts of the 
regulation. Those that must implement full compliance programs should 
already be testing covered employees and have an established drug and 
alcohol testing program. For those contractors who do not fall under 
the current regulation but will fall under the proposed rule, the 
ability to join a consortium exists thus providing an effective way to 
mitigate the costs of starting and administering a program.
Market and Competition Considerations
    The small railroad segment of the railroad industry faces little in 
the way of intramodal competition. Small railroads generally serve as 
``feeders'' to the larger railroads, collecting carloads in smaller 
numbers and at lower densities than would be economical for larger 
railroads. They transport those cars over relatively short distances 
and then turn them over to the larger systems, which transport them to 
their final destination or for handoff back to a smaller railroad for 
final delivery. The relationship between the large and small entity 
segments of the railroad industry are more supportive and codependent 
than competitive. Furthermore, small railroads rarely compete with each 
other because they serve the smaller, lower-density markets and 
customers, and these markets generally do not have enough traffic to 
attract larger carriers or even other small carriers. The railroad 
industry has several significant barriers to entry, such as the need to 
own the right-of-way and the high capital expenditure needed to 
purchase a fleet, track, and equipment. As such, small railroads 
usually have monopolies over the small and segmented markets in which 
they operate. Thus, while this rule may have an economic impact on all 
railroads, it should not have an impact on the intramodal competitive 
position of small railroads.
    Contractors in the railroad industry, such as those who provide MOW 
services, are likely to have more competition in the marketplace than 
railroads. Several barriers to entry exist, such as the capital 
required to purchase MOW machinery. Many contractors already have 
employees who have CDLs, and as such must follow the Federal drug and 
alcohol testing regulations promulgated by FMCSA, which are similar to 
FRA requirements. Implementation of the proposed rule is expected to be 
more efficient if a company already has a process in place for testing 
some of its employees for drugs and alcohol under FMCSA regulations.
5. Identification, to the Extent Practicable, of All Relevant Federal 
Rules That May Duplicate, Overlap, or Conflict With the Proposed Rule
    FRA is not aware of any relevant Federal rules that may duplicate, 
overlap, or conflict with the proposed rule, except for the alcohol and 
drug testing requirements of other DOT agencies (such as FMCSA's 
requirements for CDL holders). The proposed rule specifies, however, 
that: (1) FRA will accept a pre-employment drug testing conducted by an 
employer under any DOT regulation; and (2) regulated employees subject 
to random testing under the rules of more than one DOT agency for the 
same railroad are only subject to random testing selection at the 
applicable rate set by the DOT agency regulating more than 50% of the 
employee's functions. FRA believes this approach eliminates any 
potential duplication, overlap, or conflict with the alcohol and drug 
testing requirements of other DOT agencies. Furthermore, this approach 
is the one already taken for the potential duplication, overlap, or 
conflict that currently may exist for covered employees who are subject 
to both part 219 and the alcohol and drug testing requirements of other 
DOT agencies (e.g., train engineers who also have a CDL). Because this 
established approach has been successful with covered employees, FRA 
does not anticipate problems applying it to MOW employees as well.
    Part 219 also incorporates the procedures established in 49 CFR 
Part 40, Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol 
Testing Programs. FRA's proposed revision to part 219 will not conflict 
with Part 40, nor will it be duplicative or overlapping. It is 
supplemental, specifying procedures directly related to the railroad 
industry.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The new information collection requirements in this proposed rule 
are being submitted for approval to the Office of Management and Budget 
(OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. 
The sections that contain the new and current information collection 
requirements and the estimated time to fulfill each requirement are as 
follows:

[[Page 43888]]



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Respondent         Total annual      Average time per      Total  annual
           CFR Section                 universe            responses           response          burden hours
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
219.4--Petition for Recognition   2 Railroads.......  2 petitions.......  40 hours..........  80 hours.
 of a Foreign Railroad's
 Workplace Testing Program (New
 Requirement).
219.7--Waivers..................  142,000 employees.  4 waivers.........  2 hours...........  8 hours.
219.9--Joint Operating Agreement  698 railroads +     525 agreements....  30 minutes........  263 hours.
 between Railroads Assigning       400 MOW
 Responsibility for Compliance     contractors.
 this Part Amongst Themselves
 (Rev. Requirement).
    --Request to railroad for     698 railroads +     2 requests/         1 hour............  2 hours.
     documents by employee         400 MOW             documents.
     engaged in joint operation    contractors.
     and subject to adverse
     action after being required
     to participate in breath/
     body fluid testing under
     subpart C, D, or E of Part
     219 (Rev. Requirement).
    --Document by railroad/       698 railroads +     10 documents......  2 hours...........  20 hours.
     contractor delineating        400 MOW
     responsibility for            contractors.
     Compliance with this Part
     (Rev. Requirement).
219.11--Employee consent to       698 railroads +     30 consent forms..  2 minutes.........  1 hour.
 participate in body fluid         400 MOW
 testing under subparts C.         contractors.
    --Notification to employees   142,000 employees.  9,508 notices.....  5 seconds.........  13 hours.
     for testing (New
     Requirement).
    --RR Alcohol & Drug Program   698 railroads +     698 modified        1 hour............  698 hours.
     that provides training to     400 MOW             Programs.
     supervisors and information   contractors.
     on criteria for post-
     accident toxicological
     testing contained in Part
     219 subpart C and appendix
     C (Rev. Requirement).
    --Alcohol and Drug Programs   5 railroads.......  5 programs........  3 hours...........  15 hours.
     --New RRs.
    --Training of Supervisory     698 railroads +     2,462 trained       3 hours...........  7,386 hours.
     Employees in signs/symptoms   400 MOW             supervisors.
     of alcohol/drug influence.    contractors.
219.12--RR Documentation on need  698 railroads +     5 documents.......  30 minutes........  3 hours.
 to place employee on duty for     400 MOW
 follow-up tests.                  contractors.
219.23--Educational materials     698 railroads +     1,098 revised       1 hour............  1,098 hours.
 concerning the effects of         400 MOW             educational
 alcohol/drug misuse on            contractors.        documents.
 individual employees.
    --Copies of educational       142,000 employees.  142,000 copies of   2 minutes.........  4,733 hours.
     materials to employees.                           documents.
219.104--Removal of employee      698 railroads +     500 notices + 500   30 seconds + 2      21 hours.
 from regulated service --(Rev.    400 MOW             letters.            minutes.
 Requirement) Verbal Notice +      contractors.
 Follow-up Written Letter.
    --Request for Hearing by      698 railroads +     50 requests + 50    2 minutes + 4       202 hours.
     Employee who Denies Test      400 MOW             hearings.           hours.
     Result or other Information   contractors.
     is Valid Evidence of Part
     219 Violation.
    --Applicants Declining Pre-   698 railroads +     60 notices/         2 minutes.........  2 hours.
     Employment Testing and        400 MOW             communications.
     Withdrawing Employment        contractors.
     Application--Communications
     (New Requirement).
219.105--RR Duty to prevent       698 railroads +     2 documents.......  5 minutes.........  .17 hour.
 violation--Documents provided     400 MOW
 to FRA after agency request       contractors.
 regarding RR's Alcohol and/or
 Drug Use Education/Prevention/
 Etc. Program (New Requirement).
219.201(c)--Report by RR          698 railroads +     2 reports.........  30 minutes........  1 hour.
 concerning decision by person     400 MOW
 other than RR representative      contractors.
 about whether an accident/
 incident qualifies for testing.
19.203/207--Major train
 accidents--Post Accident
 Toxicological Testing Forms
    --Completion of FRA F         142,000 employees.  240 forms.........  10 minutes........  40 hours.
     6180.73.
    --Determination by RR         698 railroads +     50 decisions/       5 minutes.........  4 hours.
     representative to exclude     400 MOW             determinations.
     surviving crewmember from     contractors.
     testing (New Requirement).
    --Verbal notification and     698 railroads +     80 notifications +  2 minutes + 30      43 hours.
     subsequent written report     400 MOW             80 reports.         minutes.
     of failure to collect urine/  contractors.
     blood specimens within four
     hours (New Requirement).
    --Recall of employees for     698 railroads +     4 calls + 4         2 minutes + 30      2 hours.
     testing and Narrative         400 MOW             reports.            minutes.
     Report Completion (New        contractors.
     Requirement).

[[Page 43889]]

 
    --RR Reference to Part 219    698 railroads +     80 references.....  15 minutes........  20 hours.
     requirements and FRA's post-  400 MOW
     accident toxicological kit    contractors.
     in seeking to obtain
     facility cooperation (New
     Requirement).
    --RR Notification to          698 railroads +     2 phone calls.....  10 minutes........  .33 hour.
     National Response Center of   400 MOW
     injured employee              contractors.
     unconscious or otherwise
     unable to give testing
     consent (New Requirement).
219.205--Specimen Handling/
 Collection (New Requirement)
    -- Completion of Form FRA F   698 railroads +     240 forms.........  15 minutes........  60 hours.
     6180.74 by train crew         400 MOW
     members after accident.       contractors.
    --RR representative request   698 railroads +     80 ph. requests...  2 minutes.........  3 hours.
     to medical facility           400 MOW
     representative to complete    contractors.
     remaining information on
     FRA F 6180.74.
    --RR representative           698 railroads +     80 forms..........  10 minutes........  13 hours.
     completion of Form FRA F      400 MOW
     6180.73.                      contractors.
    --Request to FRA Alcohol and  698 railroads +     5 requests........  2 minutes.........  .17 hour.
     Drug Program Manager for      400 MOW
     order form for Standard       contractors.
     Shipping Kits.
    --Request to National         698 railroads +     1 request.........  2 minutes.........  .03333 hour.
     Response Center (NRC) for     400 MOW
     Post-Mortem Shipping Kit.     contractors.
    --RR Request to Medical       698 railroads +     40 ph. Requests...  2 minutes.........  1 hour.
     Facility to Transfer Sealed   400 MOW
     Toxicology Kit (Current       contractors.
     Requirement).
    --RR/Medical Facility Record  698 RRs + 400       20 Wr. Records....  2 minutes.........  1 hour.
     of Kit Error.                 Contr.
219.209(a)--Notification to NRC   698 railroads +     40 phone reports..  2 minutes.........  1 hour.
 and FRA of Accident/Incident      400 MOW
 where Samples were Obtained.      contractors.
219.211(b)--Results of post-      698 railroads +     10 reports........  15 minutes........  3 hours.
 accident toxicological testing    400 MOW
 to RR MRO and RR Employee.        contractors.
    (c)--MRO Report to FRA of     698 railroads +     10 reports........  15 minutes........  3 hours.
     positive test for alcohol/    400 MOW
     drugs of surviving employee.  contractors.
219.303--Reasonable Suspicion
 Observations (Drug Test)
    --Communication between On-   698 railroads +     50 phone            2 minutes.........  2 hours.
     Site and Off-Site             400 MOW             communications.
     Supervisors regarding         contractors.
     Reasonable Suspicion
     Observation (New
     Requirement).
    --RR Written Documentation    698 railroads +     30 documents......  5 minutes.........  3 hours.
     of Observed Signs/Symptoms    400 MOW
     for Reasonable Suspicion      contractors.
     Determination (New
     Requirement).
219.305--RR Written Record        698 railroads +     30 records........  2 minutes.........  1 hour.
 Stating Reasons Test was Not      400 MOW
 Promptly Administered (New        contractors.
 Requirement).
219.401--Notification to          698 railroads +     50 notifications..  15 minutes........  13 hours.
 Employee regarding Reasonable     400 MOW
 Cause Testing (New Requirement).  contractors.
219.405--RR Documentation         698 railroads +     50 documents......  15 minutes........  13 hours.
 Describing Basis of Reasonable    400 MOW
 Cause Testing (New Requirement).  contractors.
    --RR Documentation of Rule/   698 railroads +     20 documents......  15 minutes........  5 hours.
     Part 225 Violation for Each   400 MOW
     Reasonable Cause Test (New    contractors.
     Requirement).
219.407--Prompt specimen          698 railroads +     15 records........  15 minutes........  4 hours.
 collection time limitation        400 MOW
 exceeded--Record (New             contractors.
 Requirement).
219.501--RR Documentation of      698 railroads +     1,200 tests +       15 minutes + 5      400 hours.
 Negative Pre-Employment Drug      400 MOW             1,200 documents.    minutes.
 Tests (New Requirement).          contractors.
219.605--Submission of random     698 railroads +     200 plans.........  1 hour............  200 hours.
 testing plan (New Requirement)--  400 MOW
 Existing RRs.                     contractors.
    --New Railroads submission    5 railroads.......  5 plans...........  1 hour............  5 hours.
     of random testing plans
     (New Requirement).
    --Amendments to Currently-    698 railroads +     20 amendments.....  1 hour............  20 hours.
     Approve FRA Random Testing    400 MOW
     Plan (New Requirement).       contractors.
    --Resubmitted random testing  698 railroads +     21 resubmitted      15 minutes........  5 hours.
     plans after notice of FRA     400 MOW             plans.
     disapproval (New              contractors.
     Requirement).
    --Non-Substantive Amendment   698 railroads +     50 amendments.....  10 minutes........  8 hours.
     to an Approved Plan (New      400 MOW
     Requirement).                 contractors.

[[Page 43890]]

 
    --New/Combined/Amended        698 railroads +     20 random testing   15 minutes........  5 hours.
     Random Testing Plans          400 MOW             plans.
     Incorporating New             contractors.
     Categories of Regulated
     Employees (New Requirement).
219.607--RR Requests to           698 railroads +     50 requests.......  15 minutes........  13 hours.
 Contractor or Service Agent to    400 MOW
 Submit Part 219 Compliant         contractors.
 Random Testing Plan on Its
 Behalf (New Requirement).
    --Contractor Random Testing   400 MOW             50 plans..........  1 hour............  50 hours.
     Plan (New Requirement).       contractors.
219.609--Inclusion of Regulated   698 railroads +     15 plans..........  10 minutes........  3 hours.
 Service Contractor Employees/     400 MOW
 Volunteers in RR Random Testing   contractors.
 Plan (New Requirement).
    --Addenda to RR Random        698 railroads +     15 addenda........  10 minutes........  3 hours.
     Testing Plan Describing       400 MOW
     Method Used to Test           contractors.
     Contractor/Volunteer
     Employees in Non-Random
     Testing Plan (New
     Requirement).
219.611--Random Alcohol and Drug  698 railroads +     25,000              30 seconds + 30     417 hours.
 Test Pools: Good Faith            400 MOW             determinations +    seconds.
 Determinations and Evaluations    contractors.        25,000
 of Employee Likelihood of                             evaluations.
 Performing Regulated Service
 (New Requirement).
    --Random Testing Pool         698 railroads +     13,176 pool         5 minutes.........  1,098 hours.
     Updates (New Requirement).    400 MOW             updates.
                                   contractors.
    --Documents on RR Multiple    698 railroads +     96 documents......  5 minutes.........  8 hours.
     Random Testing Pools (New     400 MOW
     Requirement).                 contractors.
219.613--RR Identification of     698 railroads +     2,196 IDs.........  2 minutes.........  73 hours.
 Total Number of Eligible          400 MOW
 Employees for Random Testing      contractors.
 (New Requirement).
    --RR Records/Explanation of   698 railroads +     10 records/         2 minutes.........  .33 hour.
     Discarded Selection Draws     400 MOW             explanations.
     (New Requirement).            contractors.
    --Electronic or Hard Copy of  698 railroads +     13,176 snapshots..  2 minutes.........  1,098 hours.
     RR Snapshot of Each Random    400 MOW
     Testing Pool (New             contractors.
     Requirement).
219.615--Incomplete Random        698 railroads +     2,000 documents...  .5 minute.........  17 hours.
 Testing Collections--             400 MOW
 Documentation (New Requirement).  contractors.
219.617--Employee Exclusion from  698 railroads +     5 documents.......  1 hour............  5 hours.
 Random alcohol/drug testing       400 MOW
 after providing verifiable        contractors.
 evidence from credible outside
 professional (New Requirement).
219.619--Report by MRO of         698 railroads +     88 reports........  5 minutes.........  7 hours.
 Verified Positive Test or by      400 MOW
 Breath Alcohol Technician of      contractors.
 Breath Alcohol Specimen of 04
 or Greater (New Requirement).
219.623--Random Testing Records   698 railroads +     40,000 records....  1 minute..........  667 hours.
 (New Requirement).                400 MOW
                                   contractors.
219.901--RR Alcohol and Drug      698 railroads +     16,960 records....  5 minutes.........  1,413 hours.
 Misuse Prevention Records for     400 MOW
 MOW Employees Kept by FRA (New    contractors.
 Requirement).
219.1001--RR Adoption of Peer     698 railroads +     698 programs......  30 minutes........  349 hours.
 Support Program (New              400 MOW
 Requirement).                     contractors.
    --New Railroads Adoption of   5 railroads.......  5 programs........  30 minutes........  3 hours.
     Peer Support Program (New
     Requirement).
219.1005--Peer Support Programs   698 railroads +     10 Peer Support     20 hours..........  200 hours.
 with Labor Organization           400 MOW             Programs.
 Approvals that Include Optional   contractors.
 Provisions (New Requirement).
219.1007--Filing of Documents/    698 railroads +     10 documents......  1 hour............  10 hours.
 Records with FRA of Labor         400 MOW
 Concurrences for Alternate Peer   contractors.
 Support Programs (New
 Requirement).
    --Notice to FRA of Amendment  698 railroads +     1 notice/amended    1 hour............  1 hour.
     or Revocation of FRA          400 MOW             peer support
     Approved Alternate Peer       contractors.        program.
     Support Program (New
     Requirement).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    All estimates include the time for reviewing instructions; 
searching existing data sources; gathering or maintaining the needed 
data; and reviewing the information. Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 
3506(c)(2)(B), FRA solicits comments concerning: Whether these 
information collection requirements are necessary for the proper 
performance of the functions of FRA, including whether the information 
has practical utility; the accuracy of FRA's estimates of the burden of 
the information collection requirements; the quality, utility, and 
clarity of the information to be collected; and whether the burden of 
collection of information on those who are to respond, including 
through the use of automated collection techniques or other forms of 
information technology, may be minimized. For

[[Page 43891]]

information or a copy of the paperwork package submitted to OMB, 
contact Mr. Robert Brogan, Information Clearance Officer, at 202-493-
6292, or Ms. Kimberly Toone at 202-493-6132.
    Organizations and individuals desiring to submit comments on the 
collection of information requirements should direct them to Mr. Robert 
Brogan or Ms. Kimberly Toone, Federal Railroad Administration, 1200 New 
Jersey Avenue SE., 3rd Floor, Washington, DC 20590. Comments may also 
be submitted via email to Mr. Brogan or Ms. Toone at the following 
address: Robert.Brogan@dot.gov; Kim.Toone@dot.gov. OMB is required to 
make a decision concerning the collection of information requirements 
contained in this proposed rule between 30 and 60 days after 
publication of this document in the Federal Register. Therefore, a 
comment to OMB is best assured of having its full effect if OMB 
receives it within 30 days of publication. The final rule will respond 
to any OMB or public comments on the information collection 
requirements contained in this proposal.
    FRA is not authorized to impose a penalty on persons for violating 
information collection requirements which do not display a current OMB 
control number, if required. FRA intends to obtain current OMB control 
numbers for any new information collection requirements resulting from 
this rulemaking action prior to the effective date of the final rule. 
The OMB control number, when assigned, will be announced by separate 
notice in the Federal Register.

D. Federalism Implications

    Executive Order 13132, ``Federalism'' (64 FR 43255, Aug. 4, 1999), 
requires FRA to develop an accountable process to ensure ``meaningful 
and timely input by State and local officials in the development of 
regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' ``Policies 
that have federalism implications'' are defined in the Executive Order 
to include regulations that have ``substantial direct effects on the 
States, on the relationship between the national government and the 
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the 
various levels of government.'' Under Executive Order 13132, the agency 
may not issue a regulation with federalism implications that imposes 
substantial direct compliance costs and that is not required by 
statute, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to 
pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local 
governments, or the agency consults with State and local government 
officials early in the process of developing the regulation. Where a 
regulation has federalism implications and preempts State law, the 
agency seeks to consult with State and local officials in the process 
of developing the regulation.
    This NPRM has been analyzed in accordance with the principles and 
criteria contained in Executive Order 13132. FRA has determined that 
the proposed rule will not have substantial direct effects on the 
States, on the relationship between the national government and the 
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the 
various levels of government. In addition, FRA has determined that this 
proposed rule will not impose substantial direct compliance costs on 
State and local governments. Therefore, the consultation and funding 
requirements of Executive Order 13132 do not apply.
    This NPRM complies with a statutory mandate and would not have a 
substantial effect on the States, on the relationship between the 
Federal government and the States, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of government. In addition, 
this NPRM would not have any federalism implications that impose 
substantial direct compliance costs on State and local governments.
    However, FRA notes that this part could have preemptive effect by 
the operation of law under a provision of the former Federal Railroad 
Safety Act of 1970, repealed and codified at 49 U.S.C. 20106 (Sec. 
20106). Sec. 20106 provides that States may not adopt or continue in 
effect any law, regulation, or order related to railroad safety or 
security that covers the subject matter of a regulation prescribed or 
order issued by the Secretary of Transportation (with respect to 
railroad safety matters) or the Secretary of Homeland Security (with 
respect to railroad security matters), except when the State law, 
regulation, or order qualifies under the ``essentially local safety or 
security hazard'' exception to Sec. 20106.
    In sum, FRA has analyzed this proposed rule in accordance with the 
principles and criteria contained in Executive Order 13132. As 
explained above, FRA has determined that this proposed rule has no 
federalism implications, other than the possible preemption of State 
laws under 49 U.S.C. 20106 and 20119. Accordingly, FRA has determined 
that preparation of a federalism summary impact statement for this 
proposed rule is not required.

E. International Trade Impact Assessment

    The Trade Agreement Act of 1979 prohibits Federal agencies from 
engaging in any standards or related activities that create unnecessary 
obstacles to foreign commerce of the United States. Legitimate domestic 
objectives, such as safety, are not considered unnecessary obstacles. 
The statute also requires consideration of international standards and 
where appropriate, that they be the basis for U.S. standards.
    This proposed rulemaking is purely domestic in nature and is not 
expected to affect trade opportunities for U.S. firms doing business 
overseas or for foreign firms doing business in the United States.

F. Environmental Impact

    FRA has evaluated this NPRM in accordance with its ``Procedures for 
Considering Environmental Impacts'' (FRA's Procedures) (64 FR 28545, 
May 26, 1999) as required by the National Environmental Policy Act (42 
U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), other environmental statutes, Executive Orders, 
and related regulatory requirements. FRA has determined that this 
document is not a major FRA action (requiring the preparation of an 
environmental impact statement or environmental assessment). In 
accordance with section 4(c) and (e) of FRA's Procedures, the agency 
has further concluded that no extraordinary circumstances exist with 
respect to this NPRM that might trigger the need for a more detailed 
environmental review. As a result, FRA finds that this NPRM is not a 
major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human 
environment.

G. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    Pursuant to Section 201 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 
(Pub. L. 104-4, 2 U.S.C. 1531), each Federal agency ``shall, unless 
otherwise prohibited by law, assess the effects of Federal regulatory 
actions on State, local, and tribal governments, and the private sector 
(other than to the extent that such regulations incorporate 
requirements specifically set forth in law).'' Section 202 of the Act 
(2 U.S.C. 1532) further requires that ``before promulgating any general 
notice of proposed rulemaking that is likely to result in the 
promulgation of any rule that includes any Federal mandate that may 
result in expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments, in the 
aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100,000,000 or more (adjusted

[[Page 43892]]

annually for inflation) in any one year, and before promulgating any 
final rule for which a general notice of proposed rulemaking was 
published, the agency shall prepare a written statement'' detailing the 
effect on State, local, and tribal governments and the private sector. 
This monetary amount of $100,000,000 has been adjusted to $140,800,000 
to account for inflation. This proposed rule would not result in the 
expenditure of more than $140,800,000 by the public sector in any one 
year, and thus preparation of such a statement is not required.

H. Energy Impact

    Executive Order 13211 requires Federal agencies to prepare a 
Statement of Energy Effects for any ``significant energy action.'' 66 
FR 28355 (May 22, 2001). Under the Executive Order, a ``significant 
energy action'' is defined as any action by an agency (normally 
published in the Federal Register) that promulgates or is expected to 
lead to the promulgation of a final rule or regulation, including 
notices of inquiry, advance notices of proposed rulemaking, and notices 
of proposed rulemaking, that: (1)(i) Is a significant regulatory action 
under Executive Order 12866 or any successor order; and (ii) is likely 
to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or 
use of energy; or (2) is designated by the Administrator of the Office 
of Information and Regulatory Affairs as a significant energy action. 
FRA has evaluated this NPRM in accordance with Executive Order 13211. 
FRA has determined that this NPRM would not have a significant adverse 
effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy. Consequently, FRA 
has determined that this regulatory action is not a ``significant 
energy action'' within the meaning of Executive Order 13211.

I. Privacy Act Information

    Interested parties should be aware that anyone is able to search 
the electronic form of all written communications and comments received 
into any agency docket by the name of the individual submitting the 
document (or signing the document, if submitted on behalf of an 
association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's 
complete Privacy Act Statement in the Federal Register published on 
April 11, 2000 (65 FR 19477), or you may visit http://www.dot.gov/privacy.html.

List of Subjects in 49 CFR Part 219

    Alcohol abuse, Drug abuse, Drug testing, Penalties, Railroad 
safety, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Safety, 
Transportation.

The Proposed Rule

    For the reasons stated above, FRA proposes to amend 49 CFR part 219 
as follows:

PART 219--[Amended]

0
1. The authority citation for part 219 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 20103, 20107, 20140, 21301, 21304, 21311; 
28 U.S.C. 2461, note; Sec. 412, Pub. L. 110-432, 122 Stat. 4889; and 
49 CFR 1.89.

Subpart A--General

0
2. Revise Sec.  219.1(a) to read as follows:


Sec.  219.1  Purpose and scope.

    (a) The purpose of this part is to prevent accidents and casualties 
in railroad operations that result from impairment of employees (as 
defined in Sec.  219.5) by alcohol or drugs.
* * * * *
0
3. Revise Sec.  219.3 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.3  Application.

    (a) General. This part applies to all railroads, except as provided 
in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section, and except for:
    (1) Railroads that operate only on track inside an installation 
that is not part of the general railroad system of transportation 
(i.e., plant railroads, as defined in Sec.  219.5);
    (2) Tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion operations that are not 
part of the general railroad system of transportation, as defined in 
Sec.  219.5; or
    (3) Rapid transit operations in an urban area that are not 
connected to the general railroad system of transportation.
    (b) Annual report requirements. (1) Subpart I of this part does not 
apply to any domestic or foreign railroad that has fewer than 400,000 
total annual employee work hours, including hours worked by all 
employees of the railroad, regardless of occupation, not only while in 
the United States, but also while outside the United States.
    (2) Subpart I of this part does not apply to any contractor that 
performs regulated service exclusively for railroads with fewer than 
400,000 total annual employee work hours, including hours worked by all 
employees of the railroad, regardless of occupation, not only while in 
the United States, but also while outside the United States.
    (3) When a contractor performs regulated service for at least one 
railroad with fewer than 400,000 total annual employee hours, including 
hours worked by all employees of the railroad, regardless of 
occupation, not only while in the United States, but also while outside 
the United States, subpart I applies as follows:
    (i) A railroad with more than 400,000 total annual employee work 
hours must comply with Subpart I regarding any contractor employees it 
integrates into its own alcohol and drug testing program under this 
part; and
    (ii) If a contractor establishes its own independent alcohol and 
drug testing program that meets the requirements of this part and is 
acceptable to the railroad, the contractor must comply with subpart I 
if it has 200 or more regulated employees.
    (c) Small railroad exception. (1) Subparts E, G, and K of this part 
do not apply to small railroads, and a small railroad may not perform 
the Federal alcohol and drug testing authorized by these subparts 
(except that a small railroad may establish a Federal authority peer 
prevention program that complies with the requirements of subpart K). 
For purposes of this part, a small railroad means a railroad that:
    (i) Has a total of 15 or fewer employees who are covered by the 
hours of service laws at 49 U.S.C. 21103, 21104, or 21105, or who would 
be subject to the hours of service laws at 49 U.S.C. 21103, 21104, or 
21105 if their services were performed in the United States; and
    (ii) Does not have joint operations, as defined in Sec.  219.5, 
with another railroad that operates in the United States, except as 
necessary for purposes of interchange.
    (2) An employee performing only MOW activities, as defined in Sec.  
219.5, does not count towards a railroad's total number of covered 
employees for the purpose of determining whether it qualifies for the 
small railroad exception.
    (3) A contractor performing MOW activities exclusively for small 
railroads also qualifies for the small railroad exception (i.e., is 
excepted from the requirements of subparts E, G, and K of this part). 
However, a contractor who would otherwise qualify for the small 
railroad exception is not excepted if it performs MOW activities for 
multiple railroads, and at least one or more of those railroads does 
not qualify for the small railroad exception under this section.
    (4) If a contractor is subject to all of part 219 because it 
performs regulated service for multiple railroads, not all of which 
qualify for the small railroad exception, the responsibility for 
ensuring that the contractor complies with subparts E, G, and K is 
shared

[[Page 43893]]

between the contractor and any railroad using the contractor that does 
not qualify for the small railroad exception.
    (d) Foreign railroad. (1) This part does not apply to the 
operations of a foreign railroad that take place outside the United 
States. A foreign railroad is required to conduct post-accident 
toxicological testing or reasonable suspicion testing only for 
operations that occur within the United States.
    (2) Subparts F, G, and K of this part do not apply to an employee 
of a foreign railroad whose primary reporting point is outside the 
United States if that employee is:
    (i) Performing train or dispatching service on that portion of a 
rail line in the United States extending up to 10 route miles from the 
point that the line crosses into the United States from Canada or 
Mexico; or
    (ii) Performing signal service in the United States.
0
4. In Sec.  219.4, revise paragraphs (a)(1) introductory text and 
(b)(1) and (2) to read as follows:


Sec.  219.4  Recognition of a foreign railroad's workplace testing 
program.

    (a) * * *
    (1) To be so considered, the petition must document that the 
foreign railroad's workplace testing program contains equivalents to 
subparts B, F, G, and K of this part:
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) Upon FRA's recognition of a foreign railroad's workplace 
alcohol and drug use program as compatible with the return-to-service 
requirements in subpart B and the requirements of subparts F, G, and K 
of this part, the foreign railroad must comply with either the 
enumerated provisions of part 219 or with the standards of its 
recognized program, and any imposed conditions, with respect to its 
employees whose primary reporting point is outside the United States 
and who perform train or dispatching service in the United States. The 
foreign railroad must also, with respect to its final applicants for, 
or its employees seeking to transfer for the first time to, duties 
involving such train or dispatching service in the United States, 
comply with either subpart F of this part or the standards of its 
recognized program.
    (2) The foreign railroad must comply with subparts A (general), B 
(prohibitions, other than the return-to-service provisions in Sec.  
219.104(d)), C (post-accident toxicological testing), D (reasonable 
suspicion testing), I (annual report requirements), and J 
(recordkeeping requirements) of this part. Drug or alcohol testing 
required by these subparts (except for post-accident toxicological 
testing required by subpart C) must be conducted in compliance with all 
applicable provisions of the DOT Procedures for Workplace Drug and 
Alcohol Testing Programs (part 40 of this title).
* * * * *
0
5. Section 219.5 is amended by:
0
a. Revising the introductory text;
0
b. Adding definitions of ``Administrator'', ``Associate 
Administrator'', ``category of regulated employee'', ``contractor'', 
and ``Counselor'';
0
c. Revising the definitions of ``covered employee'', ``covered 
service'', and ``DOT agency'';
0
d. Adding definitions of ``DOT, The Department, or DOT agency'', ``DOT-
regulated employee'', ``DOT safety-sensitive duties or DOT safety-
sensitive functions'', ``Drug and Alcohol Counselor or DAC,'' 
``employee'', ``Employee Assistance Program Counselor or EAP 
Counselor'', ``evacuation'', ``flagman'', and ``fouling a track'';
0
e. Revising the definition of ``FRA representative'';
0
f. Removing the definition of ``general railroad system of 
transportation'';
0
g. Adding definitions of ``highway-rail grade crossing'' and ``highway-
rail grade crossing accident/incident'';
0
h. Revising the definition of ``impact accident'';
0
i. Adding definitions of ``joint operations'', ``maintenance-of-way 
activities or MOW activities'', and ``maintenance-of-way employee or 
MOW employee'';
0
j. Revising the definition of ``medical facility'';
0
j. Adding definitions of ``on-track or fouling equipment'', ``other 
impact accident'', ``person'', and ``plant railroad'';
0
k. Revising the definition of ``railroad property damage or damage to 
railroad property'';
0
l. Adding the definitions of ``raking collision'', ``regulated 
employee'', ``regulated service'', ``responsible railroad supervisor'', 
``side collision'', and ``tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion 
operations that are not part of the general railroad system of 
transportation'';
0
m. Removing the definition of ``train'';
0
n. Revising the definitions of ``train accident'' and ``train 
incident''; and
0
o. Adding the definition of ``watchman/lookout''.
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  219.5  Definitions.

    As used in this part only--
* * * * *
    Administrator means the Administrator of the Federal Railroad 
Administration or the Administrator's delegate.
    Associate Administrator means the Associate Administrator for 
Railroad Safety/Chief Safety Officer, Federal Railroad Administration, 
or the Associate Administrator's delegate.
    Category of regulated employee means a broad class of either 
covered service or maintenance-of-way employees (as defined in this 
section). For the purpose of determining random testing rates under 
Sec.  219.625, if an individual performs both covered service and 
maintenance-of-way activities, he or she belongs in the category of 
regulated employee that corresponds with the type of regulated service 
comprising more than 50 percent of his or her regulated service.
* * * * *
    Contractor means a contractor or subcontractor performing functions 
for a railroad.
* * * * *
    Counselor means a person who meets the qualifications and 
credentialing requirements for a Drug and Alcohol Counselor, Employee 
Assistance Program Counselor, or Substance Abuse Professional.
    Covered employee means an employee (as defined in this section to 
include an employee, volunteer, or probationary employee performing 
activities for a railroad or a contractor to a railroad) who is 
performing covered service under the hours of service laws at 49 U.S.C. 
ch. 21101, 21104, or 21105 or who is subject to performing such covered 
service, regardless of whether the person has performed or is currently 
performing covered service. (An employee is not a ``covered employee'' 
under this definition exclusively because he or she is an employee for 
purposes of 49 U.S.C. 21106.) For the purposes of pre-employment 
testing only, the term ``covered employee'' includes a person applying 
to perform covered service in the United States.
    Covered service means service in the United States that is subject 
to the hours of service laws at 49 U.S.C. 21103, 21104, or 21105, but 
does not include any period the employee is relieved of all 
responsibilities and is free to come and go without restriction. 
Generally, this includes train and engine service persons who are 
involved in the movement of trains (e.g., a locomotive engineer, 
fireman, conductor, trainman, brakeman, switchman, or locomotive

[[Page 43894]]

hostler/helper); persons who handle orders governing the movement of 
trains (e.g., train dispatchers and control operators); and persons who 
inspect, repair, or install railroad signal systems (e.g., signal 
maintainers). See Appendix A to 49 CFR part 228, Requirements of the 
Hours of Service Act: Statement of Agency Policy and Interpretation.
* * * * *
    DOT, The Department, or DOT agency means all DOT agencies, 
including, but not limited to, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), 
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Federal Railroad 
Administration (FRA), the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 
(FMCSA), the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), the National Highway 
Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Pipeline and Hazardous 
Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), and the Office of the 
Secretary (OST). These terms include any designee of a DOT agency.
    DOT-regulated employee means any person who is designated in a DOT 
agency regulation as subject to drug testing and/or alcohol testing. 
The term includes individuals currently performing DOT safety-sensitive 
functions designated in DOT agency regulations and applicants for 
employment subject to pre-employment testing. For purposes of drug 
testing conducted under the provisions of 49 CFR part 40, the term 
employee has the same meaning as the term ``donor'' as found on the 
Custody and Control Form and related guidance materials produced by the 
Department of Health and Human Services.
    DOT safety-sensitive duties or DOT-safety sensitive functions means 
functions or duties designated by a DOT agency, the performance of 
which makes an individual subject to the drug testing and/or alcohol 
testing requirements of that DOT agency. For purposes of this part, 
regulated service has been designated by FRA as a DOT safety-sensitive 
duty or function.
* * * * *
    Drug and Alcohol Counselor or DAC means a person who meets the 
credentialing and qualification requirements described in Sec.  242.7 
of this chapter.
    Employee means any individual (including a volunteer or a 
probationary employee) performing activities for a railroad or a 
contractor to a railroad.
    Employee assistance program or EAP Counselor means a person 
qualified by experience, education, or training to counsel people 
affected by substance abuse problems and to evaluate their progress in 
recovering from or controlling such problems. An EAP counselor can be a 
qualified full-time salaried employee of a railroad, a qualified 
practitioner who contracts with the railroad on a fee-for-service or 
other basis, or a qualified physician designated by the railroad to 
perform functions in connection with alcohol or substance abuse 
evaluation or counseling. As used in this part, the EAP counselor has a 
duty to make an honest and fully informed evaluation of the condition 
and progress of an employee.
    Evacuation means the mandatory or voluntary relocation of at least 
one person who is not a railroad employee for the purpose of avoiding 
exposure to a hazardous material release. It does not include the 
closure of public transportation roadways for the purpose of containing 
a hazardous material release, unless the closure is accompanied by an 
evacuation order.
    Flagman means any person designated by the railroad to direct or 
restrict the movement of trains past a point on a track to provide on-
track safety for maintenance-of-way employees, while engaged solely in 
performing that function.
* * * * *
    Fouling a track means the placement of an individual or an item of 
equipment in such proximity to a track that the individual or equipment 
could be struck by a moving train or on-track equipment, or in any case 
is within four feet of the field side of the near running rail.
* * * * *
    FRA representative means the Associate Administrator for Railroad 
Safety of FRA and staff, the Associate Administrator's delegate 
(including a qualified State inspector acting under part 212 of this 
chapter), the Chief Counsel of FRA, the Chief Counsel's delegate, or 
FRA's Drug and Alcohol Program oversight contractor.
* * * * *
    Highway-rail grade crossing means:
    (1) A location where a public highway, road, or street, or a 
private roadway, including associated sidewalks, crosses one or more 
railroad tracks at grade; or
    (2) A location where a pathway explicitly authorized by a public 
authority or a railroad carrier that is dedicated for the use of non-
vehicular traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists, and others. The 
term ``sidewalk'' means that portion of a street between the curb line, 
or the lateral line of a roadway, and the adjacent property line or, on 
easements of private property, that portion of a street that is paved 
or improved and intended for use by pedestrians.
    Highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident means any impact 
between railroad on-track equipment and a highway user at a highway-
rail grade crossing. The term ``highway user'' includes pedestrians, as 
well as automobiles, buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles, farm 
vehicles, pedestrians, and all other modes of surface transportation 
motorized and un-motorized.
    Impact accident means a train accident, as defined in this section, 
consisting either of--
    (1) A head-on or rear-end collision between on-track equipment;
    (2) A side collision, derailment collision, raking collision, 
switching collision, or ``other impact accident,'' as defined by this 
section;
    (3) Impact with a deliberately-placed obstruction, such as a 
bumping post (but not a derail); or
    (4) Impact between on-track equipment and any railroad equipment 
fouling the track, such as an impact between a train and the boom of an 
off-rail vehicle.
    The definition of ``impact accident'' does not include an impact 
with naturally-occurring obstructions such as fallen trees, rock or 
snow slides, livestock, etc.
* * * * *
    Joint operations means rail operations conducted by more than one 
railroad on the same track (except for minimal joint operations 
necessary for the purpose of interchange), regardless of whether such 
operations are the result of contractual arrangements between the 
railroads, order of a governmental agency or a court of law, or any 
other legally binding directive. For purposes of this part only, 
minimal joint operations are considered necessary for the purpose of 
interchange when:
    (1) The maximum authorized speed for operations on the shared track 
does not exceed 20 mph;
    (2) Operations are conducted under operating rules that require 
every locomotive and train to proceed at a speed that permits stopping 
within one half the range of vision of the locomotive engineer;
    (3) The maximum distance for operations on the shared track does 
not exceed 3 miles; and
    (4) Any operations extending into another railroad's yard are for 
the sole purpose of setting out or picking up cars on a designated 
interchange track.
    Maintenance-of-way activities or MOW activities means:

[[Page 43895]]

    (1) The inspection, repair, or maintenance of track, roadbed, or 
electric traction systems;
    (2) The operation of on-track or fouling equipment utilized for the 
inspection, repair, or maintenance of track, roadbed, or electric 
traction systems;
    (3) The performance of flagman or watchman/lookout duties, as 
defined in this section;
    (4) The obtaining of on-track authority and/or permission for the 
performance of the activities listed in paragraphs (1) through (3) of 
this definition; or
    (5) The granting of on-track authority and/or permission for 
operation over a segment of track while workers are performing the 
activities listed in paragraphs (1) through (3) of this definition.
    Maintenance-of-way employee or MOW employee means any employee (as 
defined in this section) who performs maintenance-of-way activities for 
a railroad.
    Medical facility means a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or 
laboratory where post-accident toxicological testing specimens can be 
collected according to recognized professional standards, and where an 
individual's post-accident medical needs can be attended to.
* * * * *
    On-track or fouling equipment means any railroad equipment that is 
positioned on the rails or that is fouling the track, and includes, but 
is not limited to, the following: A train, locomotive, cut of cars, 
single car, motorcar, yard switching train, work train, inspection 
train, track motorcar, highway-rail vehicle, push car, crane, or other 
roadway maintenance machine, such as a ballast tamping machine, if the 
machine is positioned on or over the rails or is fouling the track.
    Other impact accident means an accident or incident, not classified 
as a head-on, rear-end, side, derailment, raking, or switching 
collision, that involves contact between on-track or fouling equipment. 
This includes impacts in which single cars or cuts of cars are damaged 
during operations involving switching, train makeup, setting out, etc.
* * * * *
    Person means an entity of any type covered under 1 U.S.C. 1, 
including but not limited to the following: A railroad; a manager, 
supervisor, official, or other employee or agent of a railroad; any 
owner, manufacturer, lessor, or lessee of railroad equipment, track, or 
facilities; any independent contractor providing goods or services to a 
railroad, such as a service agent performing functions under part 40 of 
this title; and any employee of such owner, manufacturer, lessor, 
lessee, or independent contractor.
    Plant railroad means a plant or installation that owns or leases a 
locomotive, uses that locomotive to switch cars throughout the plant or 
installation, and is moving goods solely for use in the facility's own 
industrial processes. The plant or installation could include track 
immediately adjacent to the plant or installation if the plant railroad 
leases the track from the general system railroad and the lease 
provides for (and actual practice entails) the exclusive use of that 
trackage by the plant railroad and the general system railroad for 
purposes of moving only cars shipped to or from the plant. A plant or 
installation that operates a locomotive to switch or move cars for 
other entities, even if solely within the confines of the plant or 
installation, rather than for its own purposes or industrial processes, 
will not be considered a plant railroad because the performance of such 
activity makes the operation part of the general railroad system of 
transportation.
* * * * *
    Railroad property damage or damage to railroad property means 
damage to railroad property (specifically, on-track equipment, signals, 
track, track structure, or roadbed) and must be calculated according to 
the provisions for calculating costs and reportable damage in the FRA 
Guide for Preparing Accident/Incident Reports (see Sec.  225.21 of this 
chapter for instructions on how to obtain a copy). Generally, railroad 
property damage includes labor costs and all other costs to repair or 
replace in-kind damaged on-track equipment, signals, track, track 
structures (including bridges and tunnels), or roadbed. (Labor costs 
that must be accounted for include hourly wages, transportation costs, 
and hotel expenses.) It does not include the cost of clearing a wreck; 
however, additional damage to the above-listed items caused while 
clearing the wreck must be included in the damage estimate. It also 
includes the cost of rental and/or operation of machinery such as 
cranes and bulldozers, including the services of contractors, to 
replace or repair the track right-of-way and associated structures. 
Railroad property damage does not include damage to lading. Trailers/
containers on flatcars are considered to be lading and damage to these 
is not to be included in on-track equipment damage. Damage to a flat 
car carrying a trailer/container, however, is included in railroad 
property damage. Railroads should refer directly to the FRA Guide for 
Preparing Accident/Incident Reports for additional guidance on what 
constitutes railroad property damage.
    Raking collision means a collision between parts or lading of a 
consist on an adjacent track, or with a structure such as a bridge.
    Regulated employee means a covered employee or maintenance-of-way 
employee who performs regulated service for a railroad subject to the 
requirements of this part.
    Regulated service means covered service or maintenance-of-way 
activities, the performance of which makes an employee subject to the 
requirements of this part.
* * * * *
    Responsible railroad supervisor means any responsible line 
supervisor (e.g., a trainmaster or road foreman of engines) or superior 
official in authority over the regulated employees to be tested.
* * * * *
    Side collision means a collision at a turnout where one consist 
strikes the side of another consist.
* * * * *
    Train accident means a rail equipment accident described in Sec.  
225.19(c) of this chapter involving damage in excess of the current 
reporting threshold (see Sec.  225.19(e) of this chapter), including an 
accident involving a switching movement. Rail equipment accidents 
include, but are not limited to, collisions, derailments, and other 
events involving the operations of on-track or fouling equipment 
(whether standing or moving).
    Train incident means an event involving the operation of railroad 
on-track or fouling equipment that results in a casualty but in which 
railroad property damage does not exceed the reporting threshold.
    Tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion operations that are not 
part of the general railroad system of transportation means a tourist, 
scenic, historic, or excursion operation conducted only on track used 
exclusively for that purpose (i.e., there is no freight, intercity 
passenger, or commuter passenger railroad operation on the track).
* * * * *
    Watchman/lookout means an employee who has been annually trained 
and qualified to provide warning of approaching trains or on-track 
equipment. Watchmen/lookouts must be properly equipped to provide 
visual and auditory warning by such

[[Page 43896]]

means as a whistle, air horn, white disk, red flag, lantern, or fusee. 
A watchman/lookout's sole duty is to look out for approaching trains/
on-track equipment and provide at least fifteen seconds advanced 
warning to employees before arrival of trains/on-track equipment.
0
6. Revise Sec.  219.9 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.9  Responsibility for compliance.

    (a) General. Although the requirements of this part are stated in 
terms of the duty of a railroad, when any person, as defined by Sec.  
219.5, performs any function required by this part, that person 
(whether or not a railroad) shall perform that function in accordance 
with this part.
    (b) Joint operations. (1) In the case of joint operations, primary 
responsibility for compliance with subparts C, D, and E of this part 
rests with the host railroad, and all affected employees must be 
responsive to direction from the host railroad that is consistent with 
this part. However, nothing in this paragraph restricts railroads 
engaged in joint operations from appropriately assigning responsibility 
for compliance with this part amongst themselves through a joint 
operating agreement or other binding contract. FRA reserves the right 
to bring an enforcement action for noncompliance with this part against 
the host railroad, the employing railroad, or both.
    (2) Where an employee of a railroad engaged in joint operations is 
required to participate in breath or body fluid testing under subpart 
C, D, or E of this part and is subsequently subject to adverse action 
alleged to have arisen out of the required test (or alleged refusal 
thereof), necessary witnesses and documents available to the other 
railroad engaged in the joint operations must be made available to the 
employee and his or her employing railroad on a reasonable basis.
    (c) Contractor responsibility for compliance. As provided by 
paragraph (a) of this section, any independent contractor or other 
entity that performs regulated service for a railroad, or any other 
services under this part or part 40 of this title, has the same 
responsibilities as a railroad under this part with respect to its 
employees who perform regulated service or other service required by 
this part or part 40 of this title for the railroad. The entity's 
responsibility for compliance with this part may be fulfilled either 
directly by that entity or by the railroad treating the entity's 
regulated employees as if they were the railroad's own employees for 
purposes of this part. The responsibility for compliance must be 
clearly spelled out in the contract between the railroad and the other 
entity or in another document. In the absence of a clear delineation of 
responsibility, FRA may hold the railroad and the other entity jointly 
and severally liable for compliance.
0
7. Add Sec.  219.10 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.10  Penalties.

    Any person, as defined by Sec.  219.5, who violates any requirement 
of this part or causes the violation of any such requirement is subject 
to a civil penalty of at least $650 and not more than $16,000 per 
violation, except that: Penalties may be assessed against individuals 
only for willful violations; where a grossly negligent violation or a 
pattern of repeated violations has created an imminent hazard of death 
or injury, or has caused death or injury, a penalty not to exceed 
$100,000 per violation may be assessed; and the standard of liability 
for a railroad will vary depending upon the requirement involved. See, 
e.g., Sec.  219.105, which is construed to qualify the responsibility 
of a railroad for the unauthorized conduct of an employee that violates 
Sec.  219.101 or Sec.  219.102 (while imposing a duty of due diligence 
to prevent such conduct). Each day a violation continues constitutes a 
separate offense. See Appendix A to this part for a statement of agency 
civil penalty policy.
0
8. In Sec.  219.11, revise paragraphs (a), (b)(1) and (2), and (c) 
through (h) to read as follows:


Sec.  219.11  General conditions for chemical tests.

    (a)(1) Any regulated employee who is subject to performing 
regulated service for a railroad is deemed to have consented to testing 
as required in subparts B, C, D, E, G, and K of this part.
    (2) A regulated employee required to participate in alcohol and/or 
drug testing under this part must be on-duty and subject to performing 
regulated service when the specimen collection is initiated and the 
alcohol testing/urine specimen collection is conducted (with the 
exception of pre-employment testing under subpart F of this part).
    (b)(1) Each regulated employee must participate in such testing, as 
required under the conditions set forth in this part and implemented by 
a representative of the railroad or employing contractor.
    (2) In any case where an employee is suffering a substantiated 
medical emergency and is subject to alcohol or drug testing under this 
part, necessary medical treatment must be accorded priority over 
provision of the breath or body fluid specimen(s). A medical emergency 
is an acute medical condition requiring immediate medical care. A 
railroad may require an employee to substantiate a medical emergency by 
providing verifiable documentation from a credible outside professional 
(e.g., doctor, dentist, hospital, or law enforcement officer) 
substantiating the medical emergency within a reasonable period of 
time.
* * * * *
    (c) A regulated employee who is required to be tested under subpart 
C, D, or E of this part and who is taken to a medical facility for 
observation or treatment after an accident or incident is deemed to 
have consented to the release to FRA of the following:
    (1) The remaining portion of any body fluid specimen taken by the 
medical facility within 12 hours of the accident or incident that is 
not required for medical purposes, together with any normal medical 
facility record(s) pertaining to the taking of such specimen;
    (2) The results of any laboratory tests for alcohol or any drug 
conducted by or for the medical facility on such specimen;
    (3) The identity, dosage, and time of administration of any drugs 
administered by the medical facility prior to the time specimens were 
taken by the medical facility or prior to the time specimens were taken 
in compliance with this part; and
    (4) The results of any breath tests for alcohol conducted by or for 
the medical facility.
    (d) Any person required to participate in body fluid testing under 
subpart C of this part (post-accident toxicological testing) shall, if 
requested by a representative of the railroad or the medical facility, 
evidence consent to the taking of specimens, their release for 
toxicological analysis under pertinent provisions of this part, and 
release of the test results to the railroad's Medical Review Officer by 
promptly executing a consent form, if required by the medical facility. 
The employee is not required to execute any document or clause waiving 
rights that the employee would otherwise have against the railroad, and 
any such waiver is void. The employee may not be required to waive 
liability with respect to negligence on the part of any person 
participating in the collection, handling or analysis of the specimen 
or to indemnify any person for the negligence of others. Any consent 
provided consistent with this section may be construed to extend only 
to those actions specified in this section.
    (e)(1) A regulated employee who is notified of selection for 
testing under this part must cease to perform his or

[[Page 43897]]

her assigned duties and proceed to the testing site either immediately 
or as soon as possible without adversely affecting safety.
    (2) A railroad must ensure that the absence of a regulated employee 
from his or her assigned duties to report for testing does not 
adversely affect safety.
    (3) Nothing in this part may be construed to authorize the use of 
physical coercion or any other deprivation of liberty in order to 
compel breath or body fluid testing.
    (f) Any employee performing duties for a railroad who is involved 
in a qualifying accident or incident described in subpart C of this 
part, and who dies within 12 hours of that accident or incident as the 
result thereof, is deemed to have consented to the removal of body 
fluid and/or tissue specimens necessary for toxicological analysis from 
the remains of such person, and this consent is implied by the 
performance of duties for the railroad (i.e., a consent form is not 
required). This consent provision applies to all employees performing 
duties for a railroad, and not just regulated employees.
    (g) Each supervisor responsible for regulated employees (except a 
working supervisor who is a co-worker as defined in Sec.  219.5) must 
be trained in the signs and symptoms of alcohol and drug influence, 
intoxication, and misuse consistent with a program of instruction to be 
made available for inspection upon demand by FRA. Such a program shall, 
at a minimum, provide information concerning the acute behavioral and 
apparent physiological effects of alcohol, the major drug groups on the 
controlled substances list, and other impairing drugs. The program must 
also provide training on the qualifying criteria for post-accident 
toxicological testing contained in subpart C of this part, and the role 
of the supervisor in post-accident collections described in subpart C 
and Appendix C of this part.
    (h) Nothing in this subpart restricts any discretion available to 
the railroad to request or require that an employee cooperate in 
additional breath or body fluid testing. However, no such testing may 
be performed on urine or blood specimens provided under this part. For 
purposes of this paragraph, all urine from a void constitutes a single 
specimen.
* * * * *
0
9. Add Sec.  219.12 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.12  Hours-of-service laws implications.

    (a) Railroads are not excused from performing alcohol or drug 
testing under subpart C (post-accident toxicological testing) and 
subpart D (reasonable suspicion testing) of this part because the 
performance of such testing would violate the hours-of-service laws at 
49 U.S.C. ch. 211. If a railroad establishes that a violation of the 
hours-of-service laws is caused solely because it was required to 
conduct post-accident toxicological testing or reasonable suspicion 
testing, FRA will not take enforcement action for the violation if the 
railroad used reasonable due diligence in completing the collection and 
otherwise completed it within the time limitations of Sec.  219.203(d) 
(for post-accident toxicological testing) or Sec.  219.305 (for 
reasonable suspicion testing), although the railroad must still report 
any excess service to FRA.
    (b) Railroads may perform alcohol or drug testing authorized under 
subpart E (reasonable cause testing) of this part even if the 
performance of such testing would violate the hours-of-service laws at 
49 U.S.C. ch. 211. If a railroad establishes that a violation of the 
hours-of-service laws is caused solely by its decision to conduct 
authorized reasonable cause testing, FRA will not take enforcement 
action for the violation if the railroad used reasonable due diligence 
in completing the collection and otherwise completed it within the time 
limitations of Sec.  219.407, although the railroad must still report 
any excess service to FRA.
    (c) Railroads must schedule random alcohol and drug tests under 
subpart G of this part so that sufficient time is provided to complete 
the test within a covered employee's hours-of-service limitations under 
49 U.S.C. ch. 211. However, if a direct observation collection is 
required during a random test per the requirements of part 40 of this 
title, then the random test must be completed regardless of the hours-
of-service law limitations. A railroad may not place a regulated 
employee on-duty for the sole purpose of conducting a random alcohol or 
drug test under subpart G of this part.
    (d) Railroads must schedule follow-up tests under Sec.  219.104 so 
that sufficient time is provided to complete a test within a covered 
employee's hours-of-service limitations under 49 U.S.C. ch. 211. If a 
railroad is having a difficult time scheduling the required number of 
follow-up tests because a covered employee's work schedule is 
unpredictable, there is no prohibition against the railroad placing an 
employee (who is subject to being called to perform regulated service) 
on duty for the purpose of conducting the follow-up tests; except that 
an employee may be placed on duty for a follow-up alcohol test only if 
he or she is required to completely abstain from alcohol by a return-
to-duty agreement, as provided by Sec.  40.303(b) of this title. A 
railroad must maintain documentation establishing the need to place the 
employee on duty for purpose of conducting the follow-up test and 
provide this documentation for review upon request of an FRA 
representative.
0
10. Revise Sec.  219.23 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.23  Railroad policies.

    (a) Whenever a breath or body fluid test is required of an employee 
under this part, the railroad (either through a railroad employee or a 
designated agent, such as a contracted collector) must provide clear 
and unequivocal written notice to the employee that the test is being 
required under FRA regulations and is being conducted under Federal 
authority. The railroad must also provide the employee clear and 
unequivocal written notice of the type of test that is required (e.g., 
reasonable suspicion, reasonable cause, random selection, follow-up, 
etc.). These notice requirements are satisfied if:
    (1) For all FRA testing except mandatory post-accident 
toxicological testing under subpart C of this part, a railroad uses the 
mandated DOT alcohol or drug testing form, circles or checks off the 
box corresponding to the type of test, and shows this form to the 
employee prior to the commencement of testing; or
    (2) For mandatory post-accident toxicological testing under subpart 
C of this part, a railroad uses the approved FRA form and shows this 
form to the employee prior to the commencement of testing.
    (b) Use of the mandated DOT alcohol or drug testing forms for non-
Federal tests or mandatory post-accident toxicological testing under 
subpart C is prohibited (except for post-accident breath alcohol 
testing permitted under Sec.  219.203(c)). Use of the approved FRA 
post-accident toxicological testing form for any testing other than 
that mandated under subpart C is prohibited.
    (c) Each railroad must develop and publish educational materials, 
specifically designed for regulated employees, that clearly explain the 
requirements of this part, as well as the railroad's policies and 
procedures with respect to meeting those requirements. The railroad 
must ensure that a copy of these materials is distributed to each 
regulated employee hired for or transferred to a position that requires 
alcohol and drug testing under this part. (This requirement does not 
apply to an applicant for a regulated service

[[Page 43898]]

position who either refuses to provide a specimen for pre-employment 
testing or who has a pre-employment test with a result indicating a 
violation of the alcohol or drug prohibitions of this part.) A railroad 
may satisfy this requirement by either--
    (1) Continually posting the materials in a location that is easily 
visible to all regulated employees going on duty at their designated 
reporting place and, if applicable, providing a copy of the materials 
to any employee labor organization representing a class or craft of 
regulated employees of the railroad;
    (2) Providing a copy of the materials in some other manner that 
will ensure that regulated employees can find and access these 
materials explaining the critical aspects of the program (e.g., by 
posting the materials on a company Web site that is accessible to all 
regulated employees); or
    (3) For a minimum of three years after the effective date of the 
final rule, a railroad must also ensure that a hard copy of these 
materials is provided to each maintenance-of-way employee.
    (d) Required content. The materials to be made available to 
employees under paragraph (c) of this section must, at a minimum, 
include clear and detailed discussion of the following:
    (1) The position title, name, and means of contacting the person(s) 
designated by the railroad to answer employee questions about the 
materials;
    (2) The specific classes or crafts of employees who are subject to 
the provisions of this part, such as engineers, conductors, MOW 
employees, signal maintainers, or train dispatchers;
    (3) Sufficient information about the regulated service functions 
performed by those employees to make clear that the period of the work 
day the regulated employee is required to be in compliance with the 
alcohol prohibitions of this part is that period when the employee is 
on duty and is required to perform or is available to perform regulated 
service;
    (4) Specific information concerning employee conduct that is 
prohibited under subpart B of this part (e.g., the minimum requirements 
of Sec. Sec.  219.101, 219.102, and 219.103);
    (5) The requirement that a railroad utilizing the reasonable cause 
testing authority provided by subpart E of this part must give prior 
notice to regulated employees of the circumstances under which they 
will be subject to reasonable cause testing;
    (6) The circumstances under which a regulated employee will be 
tested under this part;
    (7) The procedures that will be used to test for the presence of 
alcohol and controlled substances, protect the employee and the 
integrity of the testing processes, safeguard the validity of the test 
results, and ensure that those results are attributed to the correct 
employee;
    (8) The requirement that a regulated employee submit to alcohol and 
drug tests administered in accordance with this part;
    (9) An explanation of what constitutes a refusal to submit to an 
alcohol or drug test and the attendant consequences;
    (10) The consequences for a regulated employee found to have 
violated subpart B of this part, including the requirement that the 
employee be removed immediately from regulated service, and the 
responsive action requirements of Sec.  219.104;
    (11) The consequences for a regulated employee who has a Federal 
alcohol test indicating an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater but 
less than 0.04;
    (12) Information concerning the effects of alcohol and drug misuse 
on an individual's health, work, and personal life; signs and symptoms 
of an alcohol or drug problem (the employee's or a co-worker's); and 
available methods of evaluating and resolving problems associated with 
the misuse of alcohol and drugs, including utilization of the 
procedures set forth in subpart K of this part and the names, 
addresses, and telephone numbers of substance abuse professionals and 
counseling and treatment programs.
    (e) Optional provisions. The materials supplied to employees may 
also include information on additional railroad policies with respect 
to the use or possession of alcohol and drugs, including any 
consequences for an employee found to have a specific alcohol 
concentration that are based on the railroad's company authority 
independent of this part. Any such additional policies or consequences 
must be clearly and obviously described as being based on the 
railroad's independent company authority.
0
11. Add Sec.  219.25 to subpart A to read as follows:


Sec.  219.25  Previous employer drug and alcohol checks.

    (a) As required by Sec.  219.701(a) and (b), which mandates that 
drug or alcohol testing conducted under this part be conducted in 
compliance with part 40 of this title (except for post-accident 
toxicological testing under subpart C of this part), a railroad must 
comply with Sec.  40.25 and check the alcohol and drug testing record 
of any direct employee (an employee who is not employed by a contractor 
to the railroad) it intends to use for regulated service before the 
employee performs such service for the first time. A railroad is not 
required to check the alcohol and drug testing record of contractor 
employees performing regulated service on its behalf (the alcohol and 
drug testing record of those contractor employees must be checked by 
their direct employers).
    (b) When determining whether a person may become or remain 
certified as a locomotive engineer or a conductor, a railroad must 
comply with the requirements in Sec.  240.119(c) (for engineers) or 
Sec.  242.115(e) (for conductors) of this chapter regarding the 
consideration of Federal alcohol and drug violations that occurred 
within a period of 60 consecutive months prior to the review of the 
person's records.

Subpart B--Prohibitions

0
12. Revise Sec.  219.101(a) to read as follows:


Sec.  219.101  Alcohol and drug use prohibited.

    (a) Prohibitions. Except as provided in Sec.  219.103--
    (1) No regulated employee may use or possess alcohol or any 
controlled substance when the employee is on duty and subject to 
performing regulated service for a railroad.
    (2) No regulated employee may report for regulated service, or go 
or remain on duty in regulated service, while--
    (i) Under the influence of or impaired by alcohol;
    (ii) Having 0.04 or more alcohol concentration in the breath or 
blood; or
    (iii) Under the influence of or impaired by any controlled 
substance.
    (3) No regulated employee may use alcohol for whichever is the 
lesser of the following periods:
    (i) Within four hours of reporting for regulated service; or
    (ii) After receiving notice to report for regulated service.
    (4)(i) No regulated employee tested under the provisions of this 
part whose Federal test result indicates an alcohol concentration of 
0.02 or greater but less than 0.04 may perform or continue to perform 
regulated service for a railroad, nor may a railroad permit the 
regulated employee to perform or continue to perform regulated service, 
until the start of the regulated employee's next regularly scheduled 
duty period, but not less than eight hours following administration of 
the test.
    (ii) Nothing in this section prohibits a railroad from taking 
further action under its own independent company authority when a 
regulated employee tested under the provisions of this part

[[Page 43899]]

has a Federal test result indicating an alcohol concentration of 0.02 
or greater, but less than 0.04. However, while a Federal test result of 
0.02 or greater but less than 0.04 is a positive test and may be a 
violation of a railroad's operating rules, it is not a violation of 
Sec.  219.101 and cannot be used to decertify an engineer under part 
240 of this chapter or a conductor under part 242 of this chapter.
    (5) If an employee tested under the provisions of this part has a 
test result indicating an alcohol concentration below 0.02, the test is 
negative and is not evidence of alcohol misuse. A railroad may not use 
a Federal test result below 0.02 either as evidence in a company 
proceeding or as a basis for subsequent testing under company 
authority. A railroad may take further action to compel cooperation in 
other breath or body fluid testing only if it has an independent basis 
for doing so. An independent basis for subsequent company authority 
testing will exist only when, after having a negative Federal 
reasonable suspicion alcohol test result, the employee exhibits 
additional or continuing signs and symptoms of alcohol use. If a 
company authority test then indicates a violation of the railroad's 
operating rules, this result is independent of the Federal test result 
and must stand on its own merits.
* * * * *
0
13. Revise Sec.  219.102 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.102  Prohibition on abuse of controlled substances.

    No regulated employee may use a controlled substance at any time, 
whether on duty or off duty, except as permitted by Sec.  219.103.
0
14. Revise Sec.  219.104 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.104  Responsive action.

    (a) Removal from regulated service. (1) If a railroad determines 
that a regulated employee has violated Sec.  219.101 or Sec.  219.102, 
or the alcohol or controlled substances misuse rule of another DOT 
agency, the railroad must immediately remove the employee from 
regulated service and the procedures described in paragraphs (b) 
through (d) of this section apply.
    (2) If a regulated employee refuses to provide a breath or body 
fluid specimen or specimens when required to by the railroad under a 
provision of this part, a railroad must immediately remove the 
regulated employee from regulated service, and the procedures described 
in paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section apply. This provision 
also applies to Federal reasonable cause testing under subpart E of 
this part (if the railroad has elected to conduct this testing under 
Federal authority).
    (b) Notice. Prior to or upon removing a regulated employee from 
regulated service under this section, a railroad must provide written 
notice to the employee of the reason for this action. A railroad may 
provide a regulated employee with an initial verbal notice so long as 
it provides a follow-up written notice to the employee as soon as 
possible. In addition to the reason for the employee's withdrawal from 
regulated service, the written notice must also inform the regulated 
employee that he may not perform any DOT safety-sensitive duties until 
he completes the return-to-duty process of part 40.
    (c) Hearing procedures. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(5) 
of this section, if a regulated employee denies that a test result or 
other information is valid evidence of a Sec.  219.101 or Sec.  219.102 
violation, the regulated employee may demand and must be provided an 
opportunity for a prompt post-suspension hearing before a presiding 
officer other than the charging official. This hearing may be 
consolidated with any disciplinary hearing arising from the same 
accident or incident (or conduct directly related thereto), but the 
presiding officer must make separate findings as to compliance with 
Sec. Sec.  219.101 and 219.102.
    (2) The hearing must be convened within the period specified in the 
applicable collective bargaining agreement. In the absence of an 
agreement provision, the regulated employee may demand that the hearing 
be convened within 10 calendar days of the employee's suspension or, in 
the case of a regulated employee who is unavailable due to injury, 
illness, or other sufficient cause, within 10 days of the date the 
regulated employee becomes available for the hearing.
    (3) A post-suspension proceeding conforming to the requirements of 
an applicable collective bargaining agreement, together with the 
provisions for adjustment of disputes under sec. 3 of the Railway Labor 
Act (49 U.S.C. 153), satisfies the procedural requirements of this 
paragraph (c).
    (4) With respect to a removal or other adverse action taken as a 
consequence of a positive test result or refusal in a test authorized 
or required by this part, nothing in this part may be deemed to abridge 
any procedural rights or remedies consistent with this part that are 
available to a regulated employee under a collective bargaining 
agreement, the Railway Labor Act, or (with respect to employment at 
will) at common law.
    (5) Nothing in this part restricts the discretion of a railroad to 
treat a regulated employee's denial of prohibited alcohol or drug use 
as a waiver of any privilege the regulated employee would otherwise 
enjoy to have such prohibited alcohol or drug use treated as a non-
disciplinary matter or to have discipline held in abeyance.
    (d) Compliance. A railroad must comply with the requirements for 
Substance Abuse Professional evaluations, the return-to-duty process, 
and follow-up testing contained in part 40 of this title.
    (e) Applicability. (1) This section does not apply to actions based 
on breath or body fluid tests for alcohol or drugs that are conducted 
exclusively under authority other than that provided in this part 
(e.g., testing under a company medical policy, for-cause testing policy 
wholly independent of the subpart E Federal authority of this part, or 
testing under a labor agreement).
    (2) This section does not apply to Federal alcohol tests indicating 
an alcohol concentration less than 0.04.
    (3) This section does not apply to locomotive engineers or 
conductors who have an off-duty conviction for, or a completed state 
action to cancel, revoke, suspend, or deny a motor vehicle driver's 
license for operating while under the influence of or impaired by 
alcohol or a controlled substance. (However, this information remains 
relevant for the purpose of locomotive engineer or conductor 
certification, according to the requirements of part 240 or 242 of this 
chapter.)
    (4) This section does not apply to an applicant who declines to be 
subject to pre-employment testing and withdraws an application for 
employment prior to the commencement of the test. The determination of 
when a drug or alcohol test commences is made according to the 
provisions found in subparts E and L of part 40 of this title.
    (5) Paragraph (c) of this section does not apply to an applicant 
who tests positive or refuses a DOT pre-employment test.
    (6) As provided by Sec.  40.25(j) of this title, paragraph (d) of 
this section applies to any DOT-regulated employer seeking to hire for 
DOT safety-sensitive functions an applicant who tested positive or 
refused a DOT pre-employment test.
0
15. Revise Sec.  219.105 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.105  Railroad's duty to prevent violations.

    (a) A railroad may not, with actual knowledge, permit a regulated 
employee to go or remain on duty in regulated

[[Page 43900]]

service in violation of the prohibitions of Sec.  219.101 or Sec.  
219.102. As used in this section, the actual knowledge imputed to the 
railroad is limited to that of a railroad management employee (such as 
a supervisor deemed an ``officer,'' whether or not such person is a 
corporate officer) or a supervisory employee in the offending regulated 
employee's chain of command. A railroad management or supervisory 
employee has actual knowledge of a violation when he or she:
    (1) Personally observes a regulated employee use or possess alcohol 
or use drugs in violation of this subpart. It is not sufficient for 
actual knowledge if the supervisory or management employee merely 
observes the signs and symptoms of alcohol or drug use that would 
require a reasonable suspicion test under Sec.  219.301;
    (2) Receives information regarding a violation of this subpart from 
a previous employer of a regulated employee, in response to a 
background information request required by Sec.  40.25 of this title; 
or
    (3) Receives a regulated employee's admission of prohibited alcohol 
possession or prohibited alcohol or drug use.
    (b) A railroad must exercise due diligence to assure compliance 
with Sec. Sec.  219.101 and 219.102 by each regulated employee.
    (c) A railroad's alcohol and/or drug use education, prevention, 
identification, intervention, and rehabilitation programs and policies 
must be designed and implemented in such a way that they do not 
circumvent or otherwise undermine the requirements, standards, and 
policies of this part. Upon FRA's request, a railroad must make 
available for FRA review all documents, data, or other records related 
to such programs and policies.
0
16. Revise Sec.  219.107 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.107  Consequences of unlawful refusal.

    (a) A regulated employee who refuses to provide a breath or a body 
fluid specimen or specimens when required to by the railroad under a 
provision of this part must be withdrawn from regulated service for a 
period of nine (9) months. Per the requirements of part 40 of this 
title, a regulated employee who provides an adulterated or substituted 
specimen is deemed to have refused to provide the required specimen and 
must be withdrawn from regulated service in accordance with this 
section.
    (b) Notice. Prior to or upon withdrawing a regulated employee from 
regulated service under this section, a railroad must provide written 
notice to the employee of the reason for this action, and the 
procedures described in Sec.  219.104(c) apply. A railroad may provide 
a regulated employee with an initial verbal notice so long as it 
provides a follow-up written notice as soon as possible.
    (c) The withdrawal required by this section applies only to an 
employee's performance of regulated service for any railroad with 
notice of such withdrawal. During the period of withdrawal, a railroad 
with notice of such withdrawal must not authorize or permit the 
employee to perform any regulated service for the railroad.
    (d) The requirement of withdrawal for nine (9) months does not 
limit any discretion on the part of the railroad to impose additional 
sanctions for the same or related conduct.
    (e) Upon the expiration of the nine month period described in this 
section, a railroad may permit an employee to return to regulated 
service only under the conditions specified in Sec.  219.104(d), and 
the regulated employee must be subject to return-to-duty and follow-up 
tests, as provided by that section.

Subpart C--Post-Accident Toxicological Testing

0
17. In Sec.  219.201, revise paragraphs (a) and (b) to read as follows:


Sec.  219.201  Events for which testing is required.

    (a) List of events. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this 
section, FRA post-accident toxicological tests must be conducted after 
any event that involves one or more of the circumstances described in 
paragraphs (a)(1) through (5) of this section:
    (1) Major train accident. Any train accident (i.e., a rail 
equipment accident involving damage in excess of the current reporting 
threshold) that involves one or more of the following:
    (i) A fatality to any person;
    (ii) A release of hazardous material lading from railroad equipment 
accompanied by--
    (A) An evacuation; or
    (B) A reportable injury resulting from the hazardous material 
release (e.g., from fire, explosion, inhalation, or skin contact with 
the material); or
    (iii) Damage to railroad property of $1,500,000 or more.
    (2) Impact accident. Any impact accident (i.e., a rail equipment 
accident defined as an ``impact accident'' in Sec.  219.5) that 
involves damage in excess of the current reporting threshold, resulting 
in--
    (i) A reportable injury; or
    (ii) Damage to railroad property of $150,000 or more.
    (3) Fatal train incident. Any train incident that involves a 
fatality to an on-duty employee (as defined in Sec.  219.5) who dies 
within 12 hours of the incident as a result of the operation of on-
track equipment, regardless of whether that employee was performing 
regulated service.
    (4) Passenger train accident. Any train accident (i.e., a rail 
equipment accident involving damage in excess of the current reporting 
threshold) involving a passenger train and a reportable injury to any 
person.
    (5) Human-factor highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident. A 
highway-rail grade crossing accident/incident when it involves:
    (i) A regulated employee who interfered with the normal functioning 
of a grade crossing signal system, in testing or otherwise, without 
first taking measures to provide for the safety of highway traffic that 
depends on the normal functioning of such system, as prohibited by 
Sec.  234.209 of this chapter;
    (ii) A train crewmember who was, or who should have been, flagging 
highway traffic to a stop as the result of an activation failure of the 
grade crossing system, as provided by Sec.  234.105(c)(3) of this 
chapter;
    (iii) A regulated employee who was performing, or should have been 
performing, the duties of an appropriately equipped flagger (as defined 
in Sec.  234.5 of this chapter) as a result of an activation failure, 
partial activation, or false activation of the grade crossing signal 
system, as provided by Sec.  234.105(c)(2), Sec.  234.106, or Sec.  
234.107(c)(1)(i) of this chapter;
    (iv) A fatality to any regulated employee performing duties for the 
railroad, regardless of fault; or
    (v) A regulated employee who violated an FRA regulation or railroad 
operating rule and whose actions may have played a role in the cause or 
severity of the accident/incident.
    (b) Exceptions. Except for a human-factor highway-rail grade 
crossing accident/incident described in paragraph (a)(5) of this 
section, no test may be required in the case of a collision between 
railroad rolling stock and a motor vehicle or other highway conveyance 
at a highway/rail grade crossing. No test may be required for an 
accident/incident the cause and severity of which are wholly 
attributable to a natural cause (e.g., flood, tornado, or other natural 
disaster) or to vandalism or trespasser(s), as determined on the basis 
of objective and documented facts

[[Page 43901]]

by the railroad representative responding to the scene.
* * * * *
0
18. Revise Sec.  219.203 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.203  Responsibilities of railroads and employees.

    (a) Employees tested. Regulated employees subject to post-accident 
toxicological testing under this subpart must cooperate in the 
provision of specimens as described in this part and Appendix C to this 
part.
    (1) General. Except as otherwise provided for by this section, 
following each qualifying event described in Sec.  219.201, all 
regulated employees directly involved in a qualifying event under this 
subpart must provide blood and urine specimens for toxicological 
testing by FRA. This includes any regulated employee who may not have 
been present or on-duty at the time or location of the event, but whose 
actions may have played a role in its cause or severity, including, but 
not limited to, an operator, dispatcher, or signal maintainer.
    (2) Fatalities. Testing of the remains of an on-duty employee (as 
defined in Sec.  219.5) who is fatally injured in a qualifying event 
described in Sec.  219.201 is required, regardless of fault, if the 
employee dies within 12 hours of the qualifying event as a result of 
such qualifying event.
    (3) Major train accidents. (i) For an accident or incident meeting 
the criteria of a Major Train Accident in Sec.  219.201(a)(1), all 
assigned crew members of all trains or other on-track equipment 
involved in the qualifying event must be subjected to post-accident 
toxicological testing, regardless of fault.
    (ii) Other surviving regulated employees who are not assigned crew 
members of an involved train or other on-track equipment (e.g., a 
dispatcher or a signal maintainer) must be tested if a railroad 
representative can immediately determine, on the basis of specific 
information, that the employee may have had a role in the cause or 
severity of the accident/incident. In making this determination, the 
railroad representative must consider any such information that is 
immediately available at the time the qualifying event determination is 
made under Sec.  219.201.
    (4) Fatal train incidents. For a Fatal Train Incident under Sec.  
219.201(a)(3), the remains of any on-duty employee (as defined in Sec.  
219.5) performing duties for a railroad who is fatally injured in the 
event are always subject to post-accident toxicological testing, 
regardless of fault.
    (5) Human-factor highway-rail grade crossing accident/incidents. 
(i) For a Human-Factor Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Accident/Incident 
under Sec.  219.201(a)(5)(i), only a regulated employee who interfered 
with the normal functioning of a grade crossing signal system and whose 
actions may have contributed to the cause or severity of the event is 
subject to testing.
    (ii) For a Human-Factor Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Accident/
Incident under Sec.  219.201(a)(5)(ii), only a regulated employee who 
was a train crew member responsible for flagging highway traffic to a 
stop as the result of an activation failure of a grade crossing system 
(or who was on-site and directly responsible for ensuring that flagging 
was being performed), but who failed to do so, and whose actions may 
have contributed to the cause or severity of the event, is subject to 
testing.
    (iii) For a Human-Factor Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Accident/
Incident under Sec.  219.201(a)(5)(iii), only a regulated employee who 
was responsible for performing the duties of an appropriately equipped 
flagger (as defined in Sec.  234.5 of this chapter), but who failed to 
do so, and whose actions may have contributed to the cause or severity 
of the event is subject to testing.
    (iv) For a Human-Factor Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Accident/
Incident under Sec.  219.201(a)(5)(iv), only the remains of any 
fatally-injured employee(s) (as defined in Sec.  219.5) performing 
regulated service for the railroad are subject to testing.
    (v) For a Human-Factor Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Accident/
Incident under Sec.  219.201(a)(5)(v), only a regulated employee who 
violated an FRA regulation or railroad operating rule and whose actions 
may have contributed to the cause or severity of the event is subject 
to testing.
    (6) Exception. For a qualifying Impact Accident, Passenger Train 
Accident, Fatal Train Incident, or Human-Factor Highway-Rail Grade 
Crossing Accident/Incident under Sec.  219.201(a)(2) through (5), a 
surviving crewmember or other regulated employee must be excluded from 
testing if the railroad representative can immediately determine, on 
the basis of specific information, that the employee had no role in the 
cause or severity of the accident/incident. In making this 
determination, the railroad representative must consider any 
information that is immediately available at the time the qualifying 
event determination is made under Sec.  219.201.
    (i) This exception is not available for assigned crew members of 
all involved trains if the qualifying event also meets the criteria for 
a Major Train Accident under Sec.  219.201(a)(1) (e.g., this exception 
is not available for an Impact Accident that also qualifies as a Major 
Train Accident because it results in damage to railroad property of 
$1,500,000 or more).
    (ii) This exception is not available for any on-duty employee who 
is fatally-injured in a qualifying event.
    (b) Railroad responsibility. (1) A railroad must take all 
practicable steps to ensure that all surviving regulated employees of 
the railroad are subject to FRA post-accident toxicological testing 
under this subpart provide blood and urine specimens for the 
toxicological testing required by FRA. This includes any regulated 
employee who may not have been present or on-duty at the time or 
location of the event, but whose actions may have played a role in its 
cause or severity, including, but not limited to, an operator, 
dispatcher, or signal maintainer.
    (2) A railroad must take all practicable steps to ensure that 
tissue and fluid specimens taken from fatally injured employees are 
subject to FRA post-accident toxicological testing under this subpart.
    (3) FRA post-accident toxicological testing under this subpart 
takes priority over toxicological testing conducted by state or local 
law enforcement officials.
    (c) Alcohol testing. Except as provided for in paragraph (e)(4) of 
this section, if the conditions for mandatory post-accident 
toxicological testing exist, a railroad may also require employees to 
provide breath for testing in accordance with the procedures set forth 
in part 40 of this title and in this part, if such testing does not 
interfere with timely collection of required urine and blood specimens.
    (d) Timely specimen collection. (1) A railroad must make every 
reasonable effort to assure that specimens are provided as soon as 
possible after the accident or incident, preferably within four hours. 
Specimens not collected within four hours after a qualifying accident 
or incident must be collected as soon thereafter as practicable. If a 
specimen is not collected within four hours of a qualifying event, the 
railroad must immediately notify the FRA Drug and Alcohol Program 
Manager at 202-493-6313 and provide detailed information regarding the 
failure (either verbally or via a voicemail). The railroad must also 
submit a concise, written narrative report of the reasons for such a 
delay to the FRA Drug and Alcohol Program Manager, 1200 New Jersey Ave. 
SE., Washington, DC 20590. The report must be submitted within 30

[[Page 43902]]

days after the expiration of the month during which the accident or 
incident occurred. This report may also be submitted via email to an 
email address provided by the FRA Drug and Alcohol Program Manager.
    (2) The requirements of paragraph (d) of this paragraph must not be 
construed to inhibit employees required to be post-accident 
toxicological tested from performing, in the immediate aftermath of an 
accident or incident, any duties that may be necessary for the 
preservation of life or property. Where practical, however, a railroad 
must utilize other employees to perform such duties.
    (3) If a passenger train is in proper condition to continue to the 
next station or its destination after an accident or incident, the 
railroad must consider the safety and convenience of passengers in 
determining whether the crew should be made immediately available for 
post-accident toxicological testing. A relief crew must be called to 
relieve the train crew as soon as possible.
    (4) Regulated employees who may be subject to post-accident 
toxicological testing under this subpart must be retained in duty 
status for the period necessary to make the determinations required by 
Sec.  219.201 and this section and (as appropriate) to complete 
specimen collection.
    (e) Recall of employees for testing. (1) Except as otherwise 
provided for in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, a regulated employee 
may not be recalled for testing under this subpart if that employee has 
been released from duty under the normal procedures of the railroad. An 
employee who has been transported to receive medical care is not 
released from duty for purposes of this section. Furthermore, nothing 
in this section prohibits the subsequent testing of an employee who has 
failed to remain available for testing as required (e.g., an employee 
who is absent without leave). However, subsequent testing does not 
excuse a refusal by the employee to provide the specimens in a timely 
manner.
    (2) A railroad must immediately recall and place on duty a 
regulated employee for post-accident drug testing, if--
    (i) The employee could not be retained in duty status because the 
employee went off duty under normal railroad procedures prior to being 
contacted by a railroad supervisor and instructed to remain on duty 
pending completion of the required determinations (e.g., in the case of 
a dispatcher or signal maintainer remote from the scene of an accident 
who was unaware of the occurrence at the time he or she went off duty); 
and
    (ii) The railroad's preliminary investigation (contemporaneous with 
the determination required by Sec.  219.201) indicates a clear 
probability that the employee played a role in the cause or severity of 
the accident/incident.
    (3) If the criteria in paragraphs (e)(2)(i) and (ii) of this 
section are met, a regulated employee must be recalled for post-
accident drug testing regardless of whether the qualifying event 
happened or did not happen during the employee's tour of duty. However, 
an employee may not be recalled for testing if more than 24 hours have 
passed since the qualifying event. An employee who has been recalled 
must be placed on duty for the purpose of accomplishing the required 
post-accident drug testing.
    (4) Urine and blood specimens must be collected from an employee 
who is recalled for testing in accordance with this section. If the 
employee left railroad property prior to being recalled, however, the 
specimens must be tested for drugs only. A railroad is prohibited from 
requiring a recalled employee to provide breath specimens for alcohol 
testing, unless the regulated employee has remained on railroad 
property since the time of the qualifying event and the railroad has a 
company policy completely prohibiting the use of alcohol on railroad 
property.
    (5) A railroad must document its attempts to contact an employee 
subject to the recall provisions of this section. If a railroad is 
unable, as a result of the non-cooperation of an employee or for any 
other reason, to obtain a specimen(s) from an employee subject to 
mandatory recall within the 24 hour period after a qualifying event and 
to submit specimen(s) to FRA as required by this subpart, the railroad 
must contact FRA and prepare a concise narrative report according to 
the requirements of paragraph (d)(1) of this section. The report must 
also document the railroad's good faith attempts to contact and recall 
the employee.
    (f) Place of specimen collection. (1) With the exception of Federal 
breath testing for alcohol (when conducted as authorized under this 
subpart), employees must be transported to an independent medical 
facility for specimen collection. In all cases blood may be drawn only 
by a qualified medical professional or by a qualified technician 
subject to the supervision of a qualified medical professional (e.g., a 
phlebotomist). A collector contracted by a railroad or medical facility 
may collect and/or assist in the collection of specimens at the medical 
facility if the medical facility does not object and the collector is 
qualified to do so.
    (2) If an employee has been injured, a railroad must request the 
treating medical facility to obtain the specimens. Urine may be 
collected from an injured employee (conscious or unconscious) who has 
already been catheterized for medical purposes, but an employee may not 
be catheterized solely for the purpose of providing a specimen under 
this subpart. Under Sec.  219.11(a), an employee is deemed to have 
consented to FRA post-accident toxicological testing by the act of 
being a regulated employee subject to performing regulated service for 
a railroad.
    (g) Obtaining cooperation of facility. (1) In seeking the 
cooperation of a medical facility in obtaining a specimen under this 
subpart, a railroad must, as necessary, make specific reference to the 
requirements of this subpart and the instructions in FRA's post-
accident toxicological shipping kit.
    (2) If an injured employee is unconscious or otherwise unable to 
evidence consent to the procedure and the treating medical facility 
declines to obtain blood and/or urine specimens after having been 
informed of the requirements of this subpart, the railroad must 
immediately notify the duty officer at the National Response Center 
(NRC) at (800) 424-8802, stating the employee's name, the name and 
location of the medical facility, the name of the appropriate 
decisional authority at the medical facility, and the telephone number 
at which that person can be reached. FRA will then take appropriate 
measures to assist in obtaining the required specimens.
    (h) Discretion of physician. Nothing in this subpart may be 
construed to limit the discretion of a medical professional to 
determine whether drawing a blood specimen is consistent with the 
health of an injured employee or an employee afflicted by any other 
condition that may preclude drawing the specified quantity of blood.
0
29. Revise Sec.  219.205 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.205  Specimen collection and handling.

    (a) General. Urine and blood specimens must be obtained, marked, 
preserved, handled, and made available to FRA consistent with the 
requirements of this subpart, the instructions provided inside the FRA 
post-accident toxicological shipping kit, and the technical 
specifications set forth in Appendix C to this part.
    (b) Information requirements. In order to process specimens, 
analyze the significance of laboratory findings, and notify the 
railroads and employees of test results, it is necessary to obtain

[[Page 43903]]

basic information concerning the accident/incident and any treatment 
administered after the accident/incident. Accordingly, the railroad 
representative must complete the information required by Form FRA 
6180.73 (revised) for shipping with the specimens. Each employee 
subject to testing must cooperate in completion of the required 
information on Form FRA F 6180.74 (revised) for inclusion in the 
shipping kit and processing of the specimens. The railroad 
representative must request an appropriate representative of the 
medical facility to complete the remaining portion of the information 
on each Form 6180.74. One Form 6180.73 must be forwarded in the 
shipping kit with each group of specimens. One Form 6180.74 must be 
forwarded in the shipping kit for each employee who provides specimens. 
Form 6180.73 and either Form 6180.74 or Form 6180.75 (for fatalities) 
are included in the shipping kit. (See paragraph (c) of this section.)
    (c) Shipping kits. (1) FRA and the laboratory designated in 
Appendix B to this part make available for purchase a limited number of 
standard shipping kits for the purpose of routine handling of post-
accident toxicological specimens under this subpart. Specimens must be 
placed in the shipping kit and prepared for shipment according to the 
instructions provided in the kit and Appendix C to this part.
    (2) Standard shipping kits may be ordered directly from the 
laboratory designated in Appendix B to this part by first requesting an 
order form from FRA's Drug and Alcohol Program Manager at 202-493-6313. 
In addition to the standard kit for surviving employees, FRA also has a 
post-mortem shipping kit that has been distributed to Class I, II, and 
commuter railroads. The post-mortem kit may not be ordered by other 
railroads. If a smaller railroad has a qualifying event involving a 
fatality to an on-duty employee, the railroad should advise the NRC at 
1-800-424-8802 of the need for a post-mortem kit, and FRA will send one 
overnight to the medical examiner's office or assist the railroad in 
obtaining one from a nearby railroad.
    (d) Shipment. Specimens must be shipped as soon as possible by pre-
paid air express (or other means adequate to ensure delivery within 24 
hours from time of shipment) to the laboratory designated in Appendix B 
to this part. However, if delivery cannot be ensured within 24 hours 
due to a suspension in air express delivery services, the specimens 
must be held in a secure refrigerator until delivery can be 
accomplished. In no circumstances may specimens be held for more than 
72 hours. Where express courier pickup is available, the railroad must 
request the medical facility to transfer the sealed toxicology kit 
directly to the express courier for transportation. If courier pickup 
is not available at the medical facility where the specimens are 
collected or if for any other reason a prompt transfer by the medical 
facility cannot be assured, the railroad must promptly transport the 
sealed shipping kit holding the specimens to the most expeditious point 
of shipment via air express. The railroad must maintain and document 
secure chain of custody of the kit(s) from release by the medical 
facility to delivery for transportation, as described in Appendix C to 
this part.
    (e) Specimen security. After a specimen kit or transportation box 
has been sealed, no entity other than the laboratory designated in 
Appendix B to this part may open it. If the railroad or medical 
facility discovers an error with either the specimens or the chain of 
custody form after the kit or transportation box has been sealed, the 
railroad or medical facility must make a contemporaneous written record 
of that error and send it to the laboratory, preferably with the 
transportation box.


Sec.  219.207  [Amended]

0
20. Section 219.207 is amended by--
0
a. In paragraph (a), removing the word ``and/or'' and adding, in its 
place, the word ``and''; removing the words ``timely collected'' and 
adding, in their place, ``collected in a timely fashion''; removing the 
word ``shipping'' and adding, in its place, ``post-mortem shipping''; 
and removing the words ``if a person'' and adding, in their place, ``if 
the custodian is someone'';
0
b. In paragraph (b) introductory text, removing ``(800) 424-8801 or'';
0
c. In paragraph (c), removing the word ``and/or'' and adding, in its 
place, the word ``and''; and
0
d. In paragraph (d), removing the word ``specifies'' and adding, in its 
place, the words ``and the instructions included inside the shipping 
kits specify''.
0
21. In Sec.  219.209, revise paragraphs (a)(2)(iv) and (v) and (b) and 
remove paragraph (c).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  219.209  Reports of tests and refusals.

    (a) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (iv) Brief summary of the circumstances of the accident/incident, 
including basis for testing (e.g., Impact Accident with a reportable 
injury); and
    (v) Number of employees tested.
    (b) If a railroad is unable, as a result of non-cooperation of an 
employee or for any other reason, to obtain a specimen and provide it 
to FRA as required by this subpart, the railroad must immediately 
notify the FRA Drug and Alcohol Program Manager at 202-493-6313 and 
provide detailed information regarding the failure (either verbally or 
via a voicemail). The railroad must also provide a concise narrative 
written report of the reason for such failure and, if appropriate, any 
action taken in response to the cause of such failure. This report must 
be appended to the report of the accident/incident required to be 
submitted under part 225 of this chapter and must also be mailed to the 
FRA Drug and Alcohol Program Manager at 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., 
Washington, DC 20590.
0
22. Section 219.211 is amended by--
0
a. Adding a sentence at the end of paragraph (b);
0
b. Revising the second sentence of paragraph (c) and the second 
sentence of paragraph (e); and
0
c. Revising paragraph (g)(3).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  219.211  Analysis and follow-up.

* * * * *
    (b) * * * An employer is prohibited from temporarily removing an 
employee from the performance of regulated service based only on a 
report from the laboratory to the MRO of a confirmed positive test for 
a drug or drug metabolite, an adulterated test, or a substituted test, 
before the MRO has completed verification of the test result.
    (c) * * * The Medical Review Officer must promptly report the 
results of each review to the Associate Administrator for Railroad 
Safety, FRA, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590. * * *
    (e) * * * An employee wishing to respond may do so by email or 
letter addressed to the Drug and Alcohol Program Manager, Office of 
Railroad Safety, FRA, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590 
within 45 days of receipt of the test results. * * *
* * * * *
    (g) * * *
    (3) This provision does not authorize holding any employee out of 
service pending receipt of PAT testing results. It also does not 
restrict a railroad from taking such action based on the employee's 
underlying conduct, so long as it is consistent with the railroad's 
disciplinary policy and any such action is done under the railroad's 
own company authority.
* * * * *

[[Page 43904]]

Sec.  219.213  [Amended]

0
23. In Sec.  219.213, paragraphs (a) and (b), revise all references to 
``covered service'' to read ``regulated service,'' and in paragraph 
(b), adding the word ``written'' in front of the word ``notice''.
0
24. Revise subpart D to read as follows:
Subpart D--Reasonable Suspicion Testing
Sec.
219.301 Mandatory reasonable suspicion testing.
219.303 Reasonable suspicion observations.
219.305 Prompt specimen collection; time limitation.

Subpart D--Reasonable Suspicion Testing


Sec.  219.301  Mandatory reasonable suspicion testing.

    (a) A railroad must require a regulated employee to submit to a 
breath alcohol test when the railroad has reasonable suspicion to 
believe that the regulated employee has violated any prohibition of 
subpart B of this part concerning use of alcohol. The railroad's 
determination that reasonable suspicion exists to require the regulated 
employee to undergo an alcohol test must be based on specific, 
contemporaneous, articulable observations concerning the appearance, 
behavior, speech, or body odors of the employee. A Federal reasonable 
suspicion alcohol test is not required to confirm the on-duty 
possession of alcohol.
    (b) A railroad must require a regulated employee to submit to a 
drug test when the railroad has reasonable suspicion to believe that 
the regulated employee has violated the prohibitions of subpart B of 
this part concerning use of controlled substances. The railroad's 
determination that reasonable suspicion exists to require the regulated 
employee to undergo a drug test must be based on specific, 
contemporaneous, articulable observations concerning the appearance, 
behavior, speech, or body odors of the employee. Such observations may 
include indications of the chronic and withdrawal effects of drugs.
    (c) Reasonable suspicion observations made under this section must 
comply with the requirements of Sec.  219.303.
    (d) As provided by Sec.  219.11(b)(2), in any case where an 
employee is suffering a substantiated medical emergency and is subject 
to alcohol or drug testing under this subpart, necessary medical 
treatment must be accorded priority over provision of the breath or 
body fluid specimens. However, when the employee's condition is 
stabilized, reasonable suspicion testing must be completed if within 
the eight-hour limit provided for in Sec.  219.305.


Sec.  219.303  Reasonable suspicion observations.

    (a) With respect to an alcohol test, the required observations must 
be made by a responsible railroad supervisor (defined by Sec.  219.5) 
trained in accordance with Sec.  219.11(g). The supervisor who makes 
the determination that reasonable suspicion exists may not conduct the 
reasonable suspicion testing on that regulated employee.
    (b) With respect to a drug test, the required observations must be 
made by two responsible railroad supervisors (defined by Sec.  219.5), 
at least one of whom must be is both on site and trained in accordance 
with Sec.  219.11(g). If one of the supervisors is off-site, the on-
site supervisor must communicate with the off-site supervisor, as 
necessary, to provide him or her the information needed to make the 
required observation. This communication may be performed via 
telephone, but not via radio or any other form of electronic 
communication.
    (c) This subpart does not authorize holding any employee out of 
service pending receipt of toxicological analysis for reasonable 
suspicion testing, nor does it restrict a railroad from taking such 
action based on the employee's underlying conduct, so long as it is 
consistent with the railroad's policy and any such action is done under 
the railroad's own company authority.
    (d) The railroad must maintain written documentation that 
specifically describes the observed signs and symptoms upon which 
determination that reasonable suspicion exists is based. This 
documentation must be completed promptly by the trained supervisor.


Sec.  219.305  Prompt specimen collection; time limitations.

    (a) Consistent with the need to protect life and property, testing 
under this subpart must be conducted promptly following the 
observations upon which the testing decision is based.
    (b) If a test required by this subpart is not administered within 
two hours following a determination made under this section, the 
railroad must prepare and maintain on file a record stating the reasons 
the test was not administered within that time period. If an alcohol or 
drug test required by this subpart is not administered within eight 
hours of the determination made under this subpart, the railroad must 
cease attempts to administer the test and must record the reasons for 
not administering the test. The eight-hour requirement is satisfied if 
the individual has been delivered to the collection site (where the 
collector is present) and the request has been made to commence 
collection of the specimens within that period. The records required by 
this section must be submitted to FRA upon request of the FRA Drug and 
Alcohol Program Manager.
    (c) A regulated employee may not be tested under this subpart if 
that individual has been released from duty under the normal procedures 
of a railroad. An individual who has been transported to receive 
medical care is not released from duty for purposes of this section. 
Nothing in this section prohibits the subsequent testing of an employee 
who has failed to remain available for testing as required (i.e., who 
is absent without leave).
0
25. Revise subpart E to read as follows:
Subpart E--Reasonable Cause Testing
Sec.
219.401 Authorization for reasonable cause testing.
219.403 Requirements for reasonable cause testing.
219.405 Documentation requirements.
219.407 Prompt specimen collection; time limitations.
219.409 Limitations on authority.

Subpart E--Reasonable Cause Testing


Sec.  219.401  Authorization for reasonable cause testing.

    (a) A railroad may, at its own discretion, elect to conduct Federal 
reasonable cause testing authorized by this subpart. If a railroad 
chooses to do so, the railroad must use only Federal authority for all 
reasonable cause testing that meets the criteria of Sec.  219.403. In 
addition, the railroad must notify its regulated employees of its 
decision to use Federal reasonable cause testing authority in the 
employee educational policy required by Sec.  219.23(e)(5). The 
railroad must also provide written notification of its decision to 
FRA's Drug and Alcohol Program Manager, 1200 New Jersey Ave. SE., 
Washington, DC, 20590.
    (b) If a railroad elects to conduct reasonable cause testing under 
the authority of this subpart, the railroad may, under the conditions 
specified in this subpart, require any regulated employee, as a 
condition of employment in regulated service, to cooperate with breath 
or body fluid testing, or both, to determine compliance with Sec. Sec.  
219.101 and 219.102 or a railroad rule implementing the requirements of 
Sec. Sec.  219.101 and 219.102. This authority is limited to testing 
after observations or events that occur during duty hours (including 
any period of overtime or emergency service). The provisions of

[[Page 43905]]

this subpart apply only when, and to the extent that, the test in 
question is conducted in reliance upon the authority conferred by this 
section. A railroad may not require an employee to be tested under the 
authority of this subpart unless reasonable cause, as defined in this 
section, exists with respect to that employee.


Sec.  219.403  Requirements for reasonable cause testing.

    A railroad's decision process regarding whether reasonable cause 
testing is authorized must be completed before the reasonable cause 
testing is performed and documented according to the requirements of 
Sec.  219.405. The following circumstances constitute reasonable cause 
for the administration of alcohol and/or drug tests under the authority 
of this subpart.
    (a) Train accident or train incident. The regulated employee has 
been involved in a train accident or train incident (as defined in 
Sec.  219.5) reportable under part 225 of this chapter, and a 
responsible railroad supervisor (as defined in Sec.  219.5) has a 
reasonable belief, based on specific, articulable facts, that the 
individual employee's acts or omissions contributed to the occurrence 
or severity of the accident; or
    (b) Rule violation. The regulated employee has been directly 
involved in one or more of the following railroad or FRA rule 
violations or other errors:
    (1) Noncompliance with a train order, track warrant, track 
bulletin, track permit, stop and flag order, timetable, signal 
indication, special instruction or other directive with respect to 
movement of railroad on-track equipment that involves--
    (i) Occupancy of a block or other segment of track to which entry 
was not authorized;
    (ii) Failure to clear a track to permit opposing or following 
movements to pass;
    (iii) Moving across a railroad crossing at grade without 
authorization; or
    (iv) Passing an absolute restrictive signal or passing a 
restrictive signal without stopping (if required);
    (2) Failure to protect on-track equipment, including leaving on-
track equipment fouling an adjacent track;
    (3) Operation of a train or other speedometer-equipped on-track 
equipment at a speed that exceeds the maximum authorized speed by at 
least 10 miles per hour or by 50% of such maximum authorized speed, 
whichever is less;
    (4) Alignment of a switch in violation of a railroad rule, failure 
to align a switch as required for movement, operation of a switch under 
on-track equipment, or unauthorized running through a switch;
    (5) Failure to restore and secure a main track switch as required;
    (6) Failure to apply brakes or stop short of a derail as required;
    (7) Failure to secure a hand brake or failure to secure sufficient 
hand brakes, as required;
    (8) Entering a crossover before both switches are lined for 
movement or restoring either switch to normal position before the 
crossover movement is completed;
    (9) Failure to provide point protection by visually determining 
that the track is clear and giving the signals or instructions 
necessary to control the movement of on-track equipment when engaged in 
a shoving or pushing movement;
    (10) In the case of a person performing a dispatching function or 
block operator function, issuance of a mandatory directive or 
establishment of a route that fails to provide proper protection for 
on-track equipment;
    (11) Interference with the normal functioning of any grade crossing 
signal system or any signal or train control device without first 
taking measures to provide for the safety of highway traffic or train 
operations which depend on the normal functioning of such a device. 
Such interference includes, but is not limited to, failure to provide 
alternative methods of maintaining safety for highway traffic or train 
operations while testing or performing work on the devices or on track 
and other railroad systems or structures which may affect the integrity 
of the system;
    (12) Failure to perform stop-and-flag duties necessary as a result 
of a malfunction of a grade crossing signal system;
    (13) Failure of a machine operator that results in a collision 
between a roadway maintenance machine and on-track equipment or a 
regulated employee;
    (14) Failure of a roadway worker-in-charge to notify all affected 
employees when releasing working limits;
    (15) Failure of a flagman or watchman/lookout to notify employees 
of an approaching train or other on-track equipment;
    (16) Failure to ascertain that provision was made for on-track 
safety before fouling a track;
    (17) Improper use of individual train detection (ITD) in a manual 
interlocking or control point; or
    (18) Failure to apply three point protection (fully apply the 
locomotive and train brakes, center the reverser, and place the 
generator field switch in the off position) that results in a 
reportable injury to a regulated employee.


Sec.  219.405  Documentation requirements.

    (a) A railroad must maintain written documentation that 
specifically describes the basis for each reasonable cause test it 
performs under Federal authority. This documentation must be completed 
promptly by the responsible railroad supervisor; although it does not 
need to be completed before reasonable cause testing is conducted.
    (b) For a rule violation, the documentation must include the type 
of rule violation and the involvement of each tested regulated 
employee. For a train accident or train incident reportable under part 
225 of this chapter, it must describe either the amount of railroad 
property damage or the reportable casualty and the basis for the 
supervisor's belief that the employee's acts or omissions contributed 
to the occurrence or severity of the train accident or train incident.


Sec.  219.407  Prompt specimen collection; time limitations.

    (a) Consistent with the need to protect life and property, testing 
under this subpart must be conducted promptly following the 
observations upon which the testing decision is based.
    (b) If a test conducted pursuant to the authority of this subpart 
is not administered within two hours following the observations upon 
which the testing decision is based, the railroad must prepare and 
maintain on file a record stating the reasons the test was not 
conducted within that time period. If an alcohol or drug test 
authorized by this subpart is not administered within eight hours of 
the event under this subpart, the railroad must cease attempts to 
administer the test and must record the reasons for not administering 
the test. The eight-hour time period begins at the time a responsible 
railroad supervisor receives notice of the train accident, train 
incident, or rule violation. The eight-hour requirement is satisfied if 
the individual has been delivered to the collection site (where the 
collector is present) and the request has been made to commence 
collection of specimen(s) within that period. The records required by 
this section must be submitted to FRA upon request of the FRA Drug and 
Alcohol Program Manager.
    (c) A regulated employee may not be tested under this subpart if 
that individual has been released from duty under the normal procedures 
of the railroad. An individual who has been transported to receive 
medical care is not released from duty for purposes of

[[Page 43906]]

this section. Nothing in this section prohibits the subsequent testing 
of a regulated employee who has failed to remain available for testing 
as required (i.e., who is absent without leave).


Sec.  219.409  Limitations on authority.

    (a) The alcohol and/or drug testing authority conferred by this 
subpart does not apply with respect to any event that meets the 
criteria for post-accident toxicological testing required under subpart 
C of this part.
    (b) This subpart does not authorize holding an employee out of 
service pending receipt of toxicological analysis for reasonable cause 
testing because meeting the testing criteria is only a basis to inquire 
whether alcohol or drugs may have played a role in the accident or rule 
violation. Notwithstanding this paragraph (b), this subpart does not 
restrict a railroad from holding an employee out of service based on 
the employee's underlying conduct, so long as it is consistent with the 
railroad's policy and any such action is done under the railroad's own 
company authority, not Federal authority.
    (c) When determining whether reasonable cause testing is justified, 
a railroad must consider the involvement of each crewmember in the 
qualifying event, not the involvement of the crew as a whole.

Subpart F--Pre-Employment Tests

0
26. Revise Sec.  219.501 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.501  Pre-employment drug testing.

    (a) Prior to the first time an individual performs regulated 
service for a railroad, the railroad must ensure that the employee 
undergoes testing for drugs in accordance with the regulations of a DOT 
agency. No railroad may allow a direct employee (a railroad employee 
who is not employed by a contractor to the railroad) to perform 
regulated service, unless that railroad has conducted a DOT pre-
employment test for drugs on that individual with a result that did not 
indicate the misuse of any controlled substance. This requirement 
applies both to a final applicant for direct employment and to a direct 
employee seeking to transfer for the first time from non-regulated 
service to duties involving regulated service. A regulated employee 
must have a negative DOT pre-employment drug test for each railroad for 
which he or she performs regulated service as the result of a direct 
employment relationship.
    (b) A railroad must ensure that each employee of a contractor who 
performs regulated service on the railroad's behalf has a negative DOT 
pre-employment drug test on file with his or her employer. The railroad 
must also maintain documentation indicating that it had verified that 
the contractor employee had a negative DOT pre-employment drug test on 
file with his or her direct employer. A contractor employee who 
performs regulated service for more than one railroad does not need to 
have a DOT pre-employment drug test for each railroad for which he or 
she provides service.
    (c) If a railroad has already conducted a DOT pre-employment test 
resulting in a negative for a regulated service applicant under the 
rules and regulations of another DOT agency (such as the Federal Motor 
Carrier Safety Administration), FRA will accept the result of that 
negative DOT pre-employment test for purposes of the requirements of 
this subpart.
    (d) As used in subpart H of this part with respect to a test 
required under this subpart, the term regulated employee includes an 
applicant for pre-employment testing only. If an applicant declines to 
be tested and withdraws an application for employment before the pre-
employment testing process commences, no record may be maintained of 
the declination. The determination of when a drug test commences must 
be made according to the provisions found in subpart E of part 40 of 
this title.
    (e) The pre-employment drug testing requirements of this section do 
not apply to covered employees of railroads qualifying for the small 
railroad exception (see Sec.  219.3(c)) or maintenance-of-way employees 
who were performing duties for a railroad prior to [EFFECTIVE DATE OF 
FINAL RULE]. However, a grandfathered employee must have a negative 
pre-employment drug test before performing regulated service for a new 
employing railroad after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE].
0
27. In Sec.  219.502, revise paragraphs (a) introductory text, (a)(1), 
(a)(2), (a)(5), and (b) to read as follows:


Sec.  219.502  Pre-employment alcohol testing.

    (a) A railroad may, but is not required to, conduct pre-employment 
alcohol testing under this part. If a railroad chooses to conduct pre-
employment alcohol testing, the railroad must comply with the following 
requirements:
    (1) The railroad must conduct a pre-employment alcohol test before 
the first performance of regulated service by every regulated employee, 
regardless of whether he or she is a new employee or a first-time 
transfer to a position involving the performance of regulated service.
    (2) The railroad must treat all regulated employees performing 
regulated service the same for the purpose of pre-employment alcohol 
testing (i.e., a railroad must not test some regulated employees and 
not others.)
* * * * *
    (5) If a regulated employee's Federal pre-employment test indicates 
an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater, a railroad may not allow 
him or her to begin performing regulated service until he or she has 
completed the Federal return-to-duty process under Sec.  219.104(d).
    (b) As used in subpart H of this part with respect to a test 
authorized under this subpart, the term regulated employee includes an 
applicant for pre-employment testing only. If an applicant declines to 
be tested and withdraws his or her application for employment before 
the testing process commences, no record may be maintained of the 
declination. The determination of when an alcohol test commences must 
be made according to the provisions of Sec.  40.243(a) of this title.
0
28. Revise Sec.  219.503 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.503  Notification; records.

    The railroad must provide for medical review of drug test results 
according to the requirements of part 40 of this title, as provided in 
subpart H of this part. The railroad must also notify the applicant in 
writing of the results of any Federal drug and/or alcohol test that is 
a positive, adulteration, substitution, or refusal in the same manner 
as provided for employees in part 40 of this title and subpart H of 
this part. Records must be maintained confidentially and be retained in 
the same manner as required under subpart J of this part for employee 
test records, except that such records need not reflect the identity of 
an applicant who withdrew an application to perform regulated service 
prior to the commencement of the testing process.
0
29. Revise Sec.  219.505 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.505  Non-negative tests and refusals.

    An applicant who has tested positive or refused to submit to pre-
employment testing under this section may not perform regulated service 
for any railroad until he or she has completed the Federal return-to-
duty process under Sec.  219.104(d). Such applicants may also not 
perform DOT safety-sensitive functions for any other employer regulated 
by a DOT agency until they have completed the Federal return-to-

[[Page 43907]]

duty process under Sec.  219.104(d). This section does not create any 
right on the part of the applicant to have a subsequent application 
considered; nor does it restrict the discretion of the railroad to 
entertain a subsequent application for employment from the same person.
0
30. Revise subpart G to read as follows:
Subpart G--Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs
Sec.
219.601 Purpose and scope of random testing programs.
219.603 General requirements for random testing programs.
219.605 Submission and approval of random testing plans.
219.607 Requirements for random testing plans.
219.609 Inclusion of contractor employees and volunteers in random 
testing plans.
219.611 Random drug and alcohol testing pools.
219.613 Random testing selections.
219.615 Random testing collections.
219.617 Participation in random drug and alcohol testing.
219.619 Positive drug and alcohol test results and refusals; 
procedures.
219.621 Use of service agents.
219.623 Records.
219.625 FRA Administrator's determination of random drug and alcohol 
testing rates.

Subpart G--Random Alcohol and Drug Testing Programs


Sec.  219.601  Purpose and scope of random testing programs.

    (a) Purpose. The purpose of random alcohol and drug testing is to 
promote safety by deterring the misuse of drugs and the abuse of 
alcohol by regulated employees.
    (b) Regulated employees. A railroad must ensure that its regulated 
employees are subject to being selected for random testing as required 
by this subpart whenever they perform regulated service on the 
railroad's behalf.
    (c) Contractor employees and volunteers. A regulated service 
employee who is a volunteer or an employee of a contractor to a 
railroad may be incorporated into the random testing program of more 
than one railroad if:
    (i) The contractor employee or volunteer is not part of a random 
testing program that meets the requirements of this subpart and that is 
acceptable to the railroad for whom he or she performs regulated 
service (as described by Sec.  219.609); or
    (ii) The railroad for which the contractor employee or volunteer 
performs regulated service is unable to verify that the individual is 
part of a random testing program acceptable to the railroad that meets 
the requirements of this subpart.
    (d) Multiple DOT agencies. (1) If a regulated employee performs 
functions subject to the random testing requirements of more than one 
DOT agency, a railroad must ensure that the employee is subject to 
selection for random drug and alcohol testing at or above the current 
minimum annual testing rate set by the DOT agency that regulates more 
than 50 percent of the employee's DOT-regulated functions.
    (2) A railroad may not include a regulated employee in more than 
one DOT random testing pool for regulated service performed on its 
behalf, even if the regulated employee is subject to the random testing 
requirements of more than one DOT agency.


Sec.  219.603  General requirements for random testing programs.

    (a) General. To the extent possible, a railroad must ensure that 
its FRA random testing program is designed and implemented so that 
every regulated employee performing regulated service on its behalf 
should reasonably anticipate that he or she may be called for a random 
test without advance warning at any time while on-duty and subject to 
performing regulated service.
    (b) Prohibited selection bias. A random testing program may not 
have a selection bias or an appearance of selection bias, or appear to 
provide an opportunity for a regulated employee to avoid complying with 
this section.
    (c) Plans. As required by Sec. Sec.  219.603-219.609, each railroad 
must submit for FRA approval a random testing plan meeting the 
requirements of this subpart. The plan must address all regulated 
employees, as defined in Sec.  219.5.
    (d) Pools. A railroad must construct and maintain random testing 
pools in accordance with Sec.  219.611.
    (e) Selections. A railroad must conduct random testing selections 
in accordance with Sec.  219.613.
    (f) Collections. A railroad must perform random testing collections 
in accordance with Sec.  219.615.
    (g) Cooperation. A railroad and its regulated employees must 
cooperate with and participate in random testing in accordance with 
Sec.  219.617.
    (h) Responsive action. A railroad must handle positive random tests 
and verified refusals to test in accordance with Sec.  219.619.
    (i) Service agents. A railroad may use a service agent to perform 
its random testing responsibilities in accordance with Sec.  219.621.
    (j) Records. A railroad must maintain records required by this 
subpart in accordance with Sec.  219.623.


Sec.  219.605  Submission and approval of random testing plans.

    (a) Plan submission. (1) Each railroad must submit for review and 
approval a random testing plan meeting the requirements of Sec.  
219.607 and Sec.  219.609 to the FRA Drug and Alcohol Program Manager, 
1200 New Jersey Ave. SE., Washington, DC 20590. A railroad commencing 
start-up operations must submit its plan no later than 30 days prior to 
its date of commencing operations. A railroad that must comply with 
subpart G because it no longer qualifies for the small railroad 
exception under Sec.  219.3 (due to a change in operations or its 
number of covered employees) must submit its plan no later than 30 days 
after it becomes subject to the requirements of this subpart. A 
railroad may not implement a Federal random testing plan or any 
substantive amendment to that plan prior to FRA approval.
    (2) A railroad may submit separate random testing plans for each 
category of regulated employees (as defined in Sec.  219.5), combine 
all categories into a single plan, or amend its current FRA-approved 
plan to add additional categories of regulated employees, as defined by 
this part.
    (b) Plan approval notification. FRA will notify a railroad in 
writing whether its plan is approved. If the plan is not approved 
because it does not meet the requirements of this subpart, FRA will 
inform the railroad of its non-approval, with specific explanation as 
to necessary revisions. The railroad must resubmit its plan with the 
required revisions within 30 days of the date of FRA's written notice. 
Failure to resubmit the plan with the necessary revisions will be 
considered a failure to submit a plan under this part.
    (c) Plan implementation. A railroad must implement its random 
testing plan no later than 30 days from the date of approval by FRA.
    (d) Plan amendments. (1) A substantive amendment to an approved 
plan must be submitted to FRA at least 30 days prior to its intended 
effective date. A railroad may not implement any substantive amendment 
prior to FRA approval.
    (2) Non-substantive amendments to an approved plan (such as 
replacing or adding service providers) must be provided to the FRA Drug 
and Alcohol Program Manager in writing (by letter or email) before 
their effective date, but do not require pre-approval by FRA.

[[Page 43908]]

    (e) Existing approved plans. A railroad random testing plan 
approved before [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE] does not have to be 
resubmitted unless it has to be amended to comply with the requirements 
of this subpart. New plans, combined plans, or amended plans 
incorporating new categories of regulated employees (i.e. maintenance-
of-way employees) must be submitted for FRA approval by a railroad at 
least 30 days before [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE].


Sec.  219.607  Requirements for random testing plans.

    (a) General. A random testing plan submitted by a railroad under 
this subpart must address and comply with the requirements of this 
subpart. The railroad must also comply with these requirements in 
implementing the plan.
    (b) Model random testing plan. A railroad (or a contractor or 
service agent requested to submit a part 219-compliant random testing 
plan to a railroad for submission as a part of the railroad's random 
testing plan) may complete, modify if necessary, and submit a plan 
based on the FRA model random testing plan that can be downloaded from 
FRA's Drug and Alcohol Program Web site.
    (c) Specific plan requirements. Random testing plans must contain 
the following items of information, each of which must be contained in 
a separate, clearly identified section:
    (1) Total number of covered employees, including covered service 
contractor employees and volunteers;
    (2) Total number of maintenance-of-way employees, including 
maintenance-of-way contractor employees and volunteers;
    (3) Names of any contractors who perform regulated service for the 
railroad, with contact information;
    (4) Method used to ensure that any regulated service contractor 
employees and volunteers are subject to the requirements of this 
subpart, as required by Sec.  219.609;
    (5) Name, address, and contact information for the railroad's 
Designated Employer Representative (DER) and any back-ups (if 
applicable);
    (6) Name, address, and contact information for any service 
providers, including the railroad's Medical Review Officer (MRO), 
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) 
certified drug testing laboratory(ies), Substance Abuse Professional(s) 
(SAPs), and C/TPA or collection site management companies. Individual 
collection sites do not have to be identified;
    (7) Number of random testing pools and the proposed general pool 
entry assignments for each pool. If using a C/TPA, a railroad must 
identify whether its regulated employees are combined into one pool, 
contained in separate pools, or combined in a larger pool with other 
FRA and/or other DOT agency regulated employees.
    (8) Target random testing rates;
    (9) Method used to make random selections, including a detailed 
description of the computer program or random number table selection 
process employed;
    (10) Selection unit(s) for each random pool (e.g., employee name or 
ID number, job assignment, train symbol) and whether the individual 
selection unit(s) will be selected for drugs, alcohol, or both;
    (11) If a railroad makes alternate selections, under what limited 
circumstances these alternate selections will be tested (see Sec.  
219.613);
    (12) Frequency of random selections (e.g., monthly);
    (13) Designated testing window. The designated testing window 
extends from the beginning to the end of the designated testing period 
established in the railroad's FRA-approved random plan (see Sec.  
219.603), after which time any individual selections for that 
designated testing window that have not been collected are no longer 
active (valid); and
    (14) Description of how the railroad will notify a regulated 
employee that he or she has been selected for random testing.


Sec.  219.609  Inclusion of contractor employees and volunteers in 
random testing plans.

    (a) A railroad's random testing plan must demonstrate that all of 
its regulated service contractor employees and volunteers are subject 
to random testing that meets the requirements of this subpart. A 
railroad can demonstrate that its regulated service contractor 
employees and volunteers are in compliance with this subpart by either:
    (1) Directly including regulated service contractor employees and 
volunteers in its own random testing plan and ensuring that they are 
tested according to that plan; or
    (2) Indicating in its random testing plan that its regulated 
service contractor employees and volunteers are part of a random 
testing program, compliant with the requirements of this subpart, 
conducted by a contractor or a service agent, such as a C/TPA (``non-
railroad random testing program''). If a railroad chooses this option, 
the railroad must append to its own random testing plan one or more 
addenda describing the method it will use to ensure that the non-
railroad random testing program is testing its regulated service 
contractor employees and volunteers according to the requirements of 
this subpart. A railroad could comply with this requirement by 
appending either the non-railroad random testing program or a detailed 
description of the program and how it complies with this subpart.
    (b) A railroad's random testing plan(s) and any addenda must 
contain sufficient detail to fully document that the railroad is 
meeting the requirements of this subpart for all personnel performing 
regulated service on its behalf.
    (c) If a railroad chooses to use regulated service contractor 
employees and volunteers who are part of a non-railroad random testing 
program, the railroad remains responsible for ensuring that the non-
railroad program is testing the regulated service contractor employees 
and volunteers according to the requirements of this subpart.
    (d) FRA does not pre-approve contractor or service agent random 
testing plans, but may accept them as part of its approval process of a 
railroad's plan.


Sec.  219.611  Random alcohol and drug testing pools.

    (a) General. A railroad must ensure that its random testing pools 
include all regulated employees who perform regulated service on its 
behalf, except that a railroad's random testing pools do not have to 
include regulated employees who are part of a non-railroad random 
testing program that is compliant with the requirements of this subpart 
and that has been accepted by the railroad.
    (b) Pool entries. A railroad must clearly indicate who will be 
tested when a specific pool entry is selected.
    (1) Pool entries may be either employee names or identification 
numbers, train symbols, or specific job assignments, although all the 
entries in a single pool must be of generally consistent sizes and 
types.
    (2) Pool entries may not be constructed in a manner that permits a 
field manager or field supervisor to have discretion over which 
employee would be tested when an entry is selected.
    (3) Pool entries must be constructed and maintained so that all 
regulated employees have an equal chance of being selected for random 
testing for each selection draw.
    (c) Minimum number of pool entries. A railroad (including a service 
agent used by a railroad to carry out its responsibilities under this 
subpart) may

[[Page 43909]]

not maintain a random testing pool with fewer than four pool entries. 
No placeholder pool entries (entries that do not represent legitimate 
selections of regulated employees) are permitted. A railroad or 
contractor with fewer than four regulated employees can comply with 
this requirement by having its regulated employees incorporated into 
either a railroad or a non-railroad random testing pool containing more 
than four entries.
    (d) Pool construction.
    (1) An individual who is not subject to the random testing 
requirements of FRA or another DOT agency may not be mixed in the same 
pool as regulated employees.
    (2) A railroad may not include a regulated employee in more than 
one random testing pool established under the regulations of a DOT 
agency.
    (3) A regulated employee can be placed in a random testing pool 
with other employees subject to the random testing requirements of FRA 
or another DOT agency. However, all entries in a pool must be subject 
to testing at the highest minimum random testing rate required by the 
regulations of a DOT agency for any single member of that pool.
    (4) A regulated employee does not need to be placed in separate 
pools for random drug and random alcohol testing selection.
    (5) A regulated employee must be incorporated into a random testing 
pool as soon as possible after his or her hire or first transfer into 
regulated service.
    (e) Frequency of regulated service. (1) A railroad may not place a 
person in a random testing pool for any selection period in which he or 
she is not expected to perform regulated service.
    (2) Railroad employees who perform covered service on average less 
than once a quarter are considered a de minimis safety concern for 
random testing purposes, and a railroad is not required to include them 
in a random testing program. A railroad may choose to randomly test 
such de minimis employees, but only if they are placed in a separate 
random testing pool and not in a random testing pool with employees who 
perform regulated service on a regular basis (e.g, engineers, 
conductors, dispatchers, and signal maintainers).
    (3) A railroad must make a good faith effort when determining the 
frequency of an employee's performance of regulated service and must 
evaluate an employee's likelihood of performing regulated service in 
each upcoming selection period.
    (f) Pool maintenance. Pool entries must be updated at least 
monthly, regardless of how often selections are made, and a railroad 
must ensure that each random testing pool is complete and does not 
contain outdated or inappropriate entries.
    (g) Multiple random testing pools. A railroad may maintain more 
than one random testing pool if it can demonstrate that its random 
testing program is not adversely impacted by the number and types of 
pools or the construction of pool entries, and that selections from 
each pool will meet the requirements of this subpart.


Sec.  219.613  Random testing selections.

    (a) General. A railroad must ensure that each regulated employee 
has an equal chance of being selected for random testing whenever 
selections are performed. A railroad may not increase or decrease an 
employee's chance of being selected by weighting an entry or pool.
    (b) Method of selection. (1) A railroad must use a selection method 
that is acceptable to FRA and that meets the requirements of this 
subpart. Acceptable selection methods are a computer selection program, 
a method that makes proper use of a random number table, or an 
alternative method included in a railroad's random testing plan and 
approved by FRA.
    (2) A selection method must be free of bias or apparent bias and 
employ objective, neutral criteria to ensure that every regulated 
employee has an equal statistical chance of being selected within a 
specified time frame. The selection method may not utilize subjective 
factors that permit a railroad to manipulate or control selections in 
an effort to either target or protect any employee, job, or operational 
unit from testing.
    (3) The randomness of a selection method must be verifiable, and, 
as required by Sec.  219.623, any records necessary to document the 
randomness of a selection must be retained for not less than two years 
from the date the designated testing window for that selection expired.
    (c) Minimum random testing rate. (1) Sufficient selections must be 
made to ensure that each random testing pool meets the minimum annual 
random testing rates established by the Administrator according to 
Sec.  219.625 and that random tests are reasonably distributed 
throughout the calendar year.
    (2) A railroad must continually monitor changes in its workforce to 
ensure that the required number of selections and tests are conducted 
each year.
    (3) To establish the total number of regulated employees eligible 
for random testing throughout the year and the number of tests which 
need to be conducted, a railroad must separately identify the total 
number of regulated employees (as defined by Sec.  219.5) eligible for 
random testing during each random testing period for the year for each 
employee category for which the Administrator has established a 
separate random rate requirement. The railroad must then divide the 
subtotal by the number of random testing periods and apply the 
Administrator's random rate determination against this result. A 
railroad does not need to perform this calculation more than once per 
month even if the railroad conducts random testing selections more 
often than once per month (e.g., selecting every two weeks).
    (d) Selection frequency. At least one entry must be selected from 
each random testing pool every three months (i.e., once every quarter). 
FRA considers a quarter to be a three month period.
    (e) Discarded selection draws. Once a selection draw has been made, 
it must be used to identify which individuals will be subject to random 
testing. A selection draw cannot be discarded without an acceptable 
explanation (e.g., the pool from which the selection draw was made was 
incomplete or inaccurate). Records for all discarded selection draws, 
including the specific reason the selection draw was not used, must be 
documented and retained according to the requirements of Sec.  219.623.
    (f) Increasing random selections. If a railroad is not able to 
complete a collection for all selections during the designated testing 
period, as provided by Sec. Sec.  219.615(f) or 219.617(a)(3), the 
railroad may increase the number of selections for a subsequent 
selection period to ensure that it is meeting the annual minimum random 
testing rate for the calendar year.
    (g) Selection snapshots. A railroad must capture and maintain an 
electronic or hard copy snapshot of each random testing pool at the 
time it makes a testing selection. The pool entries must not be re-
created from records after the time of the original selection. The 
railroad must maintain this snapshot for a period of two years, as 
required by subpart J of this part.
    (h) Multiple DOT agencies. In accordance with Sec.  219.601(a), if 
a regulated employee performs functions subject to the random testing 
requirements of more than one DOT agency, the railroad must ensure that 
the employee is subject to selection for random testing at or above the 
current

[[Page 43910]]

minimum annual testing rate set by the DOT agency that regulates more 
than 50 percent of the employee's DOT-regulated functions.


Sec.  219.615  Random testing collections.

    (a) Minimum random testing rates. A railroad must complete a 
sufficient number of random alcohol and drug testing collections from 
each of its random testing pools to meet the minimum annual testing 
rates established by the Administrator in Sec.  219.625.
    (b) Designated testing window. A railroad must complete the 
collection for a selected pool entry within the designated testing 
window approved by FRA for that selection. Once a designated testing 
window is closed, selections for that window which have not been 
collected are no longer active (valid) and may not be subject to random 
testing.
    (c) Collection timing. (1) A regulated employee may be subject to 
random testing only while on duty and subject to performing regulated 
service.
    (2) Random alcohol and drug testing collections must be unannounced 
and their dates spread reasonably throughout the calendar year. 
Collections must also be distributed unpredictably throughout the 
designated testing window and must reasonably cover all operating days 
of the week (including operating weekends and holidays), shifts, and 
locations.
    (3) Random alcohol test collections must be performed unpredictably 
and in sufficient numbers at either end of an operating shift to attain 
an acceptable level of deterrence throughout the entire shift. At a 
minimum, a railroad must perform 10% of its random alcohol tests at the 
beginning of shifts and 10% of its random alcohol tests at the end of a 
shift.
    (4) If a regulated employee has been selected for both random drug 
and alcohol testing, the railroad may conduct these tests separately, 
so long as both required collections can be completed by the end of the 
employee's shift and the railroad does not inform the employee that an 
additional collection will occur later.
    (d) Collection scheduling. While pool entries must be selected 
randomly, the scheduling of a random test collection during the 
designated testing window is within the discretion of the railroad 
according to its approved plan.
    (1) A railroad may schedule a collection based on the availability 
of the selected pool entry, the logistics of performing the collection, 
and any other requirements of this subpart.
    (2) When a selected pool entry involves changing personnel (i.e., 
train crews or job functions), a railroad may not use its scheduling 
discretion to deliberately target or protect a particular employee or 
work crew. Unless otherwise approved in a random testing plan, railroad 
field supervisors or field management personnel may not use discretion 
to choose or to change collection dates or times if that choice could 
intentionally alter who is to be tested.
    (e) Notification requirements. (1) A railroad may not notify a 
regulated employee that he or she has been selected for random testing 
until the duty tour in which the collection is to be conducted, and 
then only so far in advance as is reasonably necessary to ensure the 
employee's presence at the scheduled collection time and place.
    (2) Collections must be conducted as soon as possible and commence 
no later than two hours after notification (unless there is an 
acceptable reason for the delay). An employee should be monitored after 
notification of selection for random testing and, whenever possible, 
immediately escorted by supervisory or management personnel to the 
collection location.
    (3) Each time a regulated employee is notified that he or she has 
been selected for random testing, the employee must be informed that 
the selection was made on a random basis. Completion of the Federal 
Drug Testing Custody and Control Form (CCF) or the DOT Alcohol Testing 
Form (ATF) indicating the basis of the test satisfies this requirement, 
so long as the employee has been shown and directed to sign the CCF or 
ATF as required by Sec. Sec.  40.73 and 40.241 of this title.
    (f) Incomplete collections. A railroad must use due diligence to 
ensure that a random testing collection is completed for each selected 
pool entry, unless it has an acceptable explanation for not conducting 
the collection. All reasons for incomplete collections must be fully 
documented and are subject to inspection by FRA upon request.
    (g) Hours-of-service limitations. (1) Except as provided by 
paragraph (g)(2) of this section, if a random testing collection is not 
completed within a covered employee's hours-of-service limitations, a 
railroad must immediately terminate the collection and may not 
reschedule it.
    (2) When something during a random collection triggers a mandatory 
direct observation collection under Sec.  40.67 of this title, a 
directly observed collection must immediately proceed until completed. 
A railroad must submit an excess service report, as required by part 
228 of this chapter, if completion of the directly observed collection 
causes the covered employee to exceed his or her hours-of-service 
limitations.


Sec.  219.617  Participation in random alcohol and drug testing.

    (a) Railroad responsibility. (1) A railroad must, under the 
conditions specified in this subpart and subpart H of this part, 
require a regulated employee selected for random testing to cooperate 
in alcohol and/or drug testing.
    (2) A railroad must ensure that an employee who is performing 
regulated service at the time of the notification of selection for 
random testing shall, as soon as possible without adversely affecting 
safety, cease to perform regulated service and proceed to the testing 
site. A railroad must also ensure that the absence of an employee from 
his or her assigned duties to report for testing does not adversely 
affect safety.
    (3) Once an employee has been notified that he or she has been 
selected for random testing, only a substantiated medical emergency 
involving the employee or an immediate family member (e.g. birth, 
death, or medical emergency) may excuse the selected employee from 
completing the collection or test. A medical emergency is defined in 
this part as an acute medical condition requiring immediate emergency 
care. To be eligible for exclusion from random testing, the selected 
employee must provide verifiable documentation from a credible outside 
professional (e.g. doctor, dentist, hospital, law enforcement officer, 
or school authority) substantiating the emergency situation within a 
reasonable period of time. A selected employee who has been excused 
from testing may not later be tested by the railroad under the same 
selection.
    (b) Employee responsibility. (1) A regulated employee subject to 
the random testing requirements of this subpart must cooperate with the 
selection and testing process, and must proceed to the testing site 
upon notification that he or she has been selected for random testing.
    (2) A notified employee must fully cooperate and comply with the 
urine drug collection and/or breath alcohol testing procedure required 
by subpart H of this part, provide the required specimen(s), and must, 
upon request, complete the required paperwork and certifications.


Sec.  219.619  Positive alcohol and drug test results and refusals; 
procedures.

    Section 219.104 contains the procedures for administrative handling

[[Page 43911]]

by the railroad or contractor in the event a urine specimen provided 
under this subpart is reported as a verified positive by the Medical 
Review Officer, a breath alcohol specimen is reported at 0.04 or 
greater by the Breath Alcohol Technician, or there has been a refusal 
to test. The responsive action required in Sec.  219.104 is not stayed 
pending the result of the testing of a split urine specimen or a 
challenge to any part of the testing process or procedure.


Sec.  219.621  Use of service agents.

    (a) A railroad may use a service agent (such as a consortium/third 
party administrator (C/TPA)) to act as its agent to carry out any role 
in random testing specifically permitted under subpart Q of part 40 of 
this title, such as maintaining random pools, conducting random 
selections, and performing random urine drug collections and breath 
alcohol tests.
    (b) A railroad may not use a service agent to notify regulated 
employees that they have been selected for random testing, unless that 
service agent is an authorized representative of the railroad approved 
by FRA in the railroad's random testing plan. A regulated employee who 
has been selected for random testing must otherwise be notified of the 
selection by his or her employer. Service agents may also not perform 
roles that are specifically reserved for an employer under Sec.  40.355 
of this title. For purposes of this subpart, only a railroad or a 
contractor performing railroad-accepted testing can be considered 
employers under Sec.  40.355 of this title.
    (c) Primary responsibility for compliance with random alcohol and 
drug testing rests with the railroad, but FRA reserves the right to 
bring an enforcement action for noncompliance against the railroad, its 
service agents, its contractors, and/or its employees.
    (d) If a railroad conducts random drug and/or alcohol testing 
through a C/TPA, the number of employees required to be tested may be 
calculated for each individual railroad belonging to the C/TPA or may 
be based on the total number of regulated employees covered by the C/
TPA in a larger combined railroad or DOT agency random pool. Selections 
from combined railroad random pools must meet or exceed the highest 
minimum annual percentage rate established under this subpart or any 
DOT agency drug testing rule that applies to any member of that pool.


Sec.  219.623  Records.

    (a) As provided by Sec.  219.901, railroads are required to 
maintain records related to random testing for a minimum of two years.
    (b) Contractors and service agents performing random testing 
responsibilities under this subpart must provide records required by 
this subpart whenever requested by the contracting railroad or by FRA. 
A railroad remains responsible for maintaining records demonstrating 
that it is in compliance with the requirements of this subpart.


Sec.  219.625  FRA Administrator's determination of random alcohol and 
drug testing rates.

    (a) Notice. Each year, the FRA Administrator publishes a Federal 
Register notice announcing the minimum annual random alcohol and drug 
testing rates which take effect on January 1 of the following calendar 
year. These rates are based on the railroad industry's random testing 
violation rates for the preceding two consecutive calendar years, which 
are determined using annual railroad alcohol and drug program data 
required to be submitted to the FRA's Management Information System 
(MIS) under Sec.  219.800.
    (b) Information. Information used for this determination is drawn 
from the MIS reports required by Sec.  219.800. In order to ensure 
reliability of the data, the Administrator may consider the quality and 
completeness of the reported data, obtain additional information or 
reports from railroads, or make appropriate modifications in 
calculating the industry positive rate.
    (c) Initial minimum annual random testing rates. The Administrator 
has established an initial minimum annual random testing rate of 50 
percent for drugs and 25 percent for alcohol for any new category of 
regulated employees added to those already being tested under this 
part.
    (1) These initial testing rates are subject to amendment by the 
Administrator in accordance with paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section 
after at least 18 months of MIS data have been compiled for the new 
category of regulated employees.
    (2) The Administrator will determine separate minimum annual random 
testing rates for each added category of regulated employees for a 
minimum of three calendar years after that category is incorporated 
into random testing under this part.
    (3) The Administrator may move to combine categories of regulated 
employees requiring separate determinations into a single determination 
once the categories' testing rates are identical for two consecutive 
years.
    (d) Drug testing rate. The Administrator may set the minimum annual 
random drug testing rate for the railroad industry at either 50 percent 
or 25 percent.
    (1) When the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing 
is 50 percent, the Administrator may lower the rate to 25 percent if 
the Administrator determines that the MIS data for two consecutive 
calendar years show that the reported random testing positive rate is 
less than 1.0 percent.
    (2) When the minimum annual percentage rate for random drug testing 
is 25 percent, and the MIS data for any calendar year show that the 
reported random testing positive rate is equal to or greater than 1.0 
percent, the Administrator will increase the minimum annual percentage 
rate for random drug testing to 50 percent.
    (e) Alcohol testing rate. The Administrator may set the minimum 
annual random alcohol testing rate for the railroad industry at 50 
percent, 25 percent, or 10 percent.
    (1) When the minimum annual percentage rate for random alcohol 
testing is 50 percent or 25 percent, the Administrator may lower this 
rate to 10 percent if the Administrator determines that the MIS data 
for two consecutive calendar years show that the random testing 
violation rate is less than 0.5 percent.
    (2) When the minimum annual percentage rate for random alcohol 
testing is 50 percent, the Administrator may lower the rate to 25 
percent if the Administrator determines that the MIS data for two 
consecutive calendar years show that the random testing violation rate 
is less than 1.0 percent but equal to or greater than 0.5 percent.
    (3) When the minimum annual percentage rate for random alcohol 
testing is 10 percent, and the MIS data for that calendar year show 
that the random testing violation rate is equal to or greater than 0.5 
percent but less than 1.0 percent, the Administrator will increase the 
minimum annual percentage rate for random alcohol testing to 25 
percent.
    (4) When the minimum annual percentage rate for random alcohol 
testing is 10 percent or 25 percent, and the MIS data for any calendar 
year show that the random testing violation rate is equal to or greater 
than 1.0 percent, the Administrator will increase the minimum annual 
percentage rate for random alcohol testing to 50 percent.

[[Page 43912]]

Subpart H--Drug and Alcohol Testing Procedures


Sec.  219.701  [Amended]

0
31. Amend Sec.  219.701 by:
0
a. In paragraphs (a) and (b), removing the phrase ``B, D, F, and G'' 
wherever it appears and adding, in its place, ``B, D, E, F, G, and K 
(but only for co-worker or non-peer referrals that involve a violation 
of the prohibitions of this subpart)''; and
0
b. Removing paragraph (c).

Subpart I--Annual Report

0
32. In Sec.  219.800, revise the last sentence of paragraph (b) and the 
first sentence of paragraph (d) and add paragraph (f) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  219.800  Annual reports.

* * * * *
    (b) * * * For information on where to submit MIS forms and for the 
electronic version of the form, see: http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/details/L02639.
* * * * *
    (d) As a railroad, if you have a regulated employee who performs 
multi-DOT agency functions (e.g., an employee drives a commercial motor 
vehicle and performs switchman duties for you), count the employee only 
on the MIS report for the DOT agency under which he or she is random 
tested. * * *
* * * * *
    (f) A railroad required to submit an MIS report under this section 
must submit separate reports for covered employees and MOW employees.

Subpart J--Recordkeeping Requirements

0
33. Revise Sec.  219.901 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.901  Retention of alcohol and drug testing records.

    (a) General requirement. (1) In addition to the records required to 
be kept by part 40 of this title, each railroad must maintain alcohol 
and drug misuse prevention program records in a secure location with 
controlled access as set out in this section.
    (2) FRA requires certain records to be maintained for two years, 
rather than one year as provided for by Sec.  40.333(a)(4) of this 
title. Railroads may maintain legible and accessible scanned or 
electronic copies of these records for the second year that they are 
required to be maintained by FRA.
    (b) Records maintained for a minimum of five years. Each railroad 
must maintain the following records for a minimum of five years:
    (1) A summary record or the individual files of each regulated 
employee's test results; and
    (2) A copy of the annual report summarizing the results of its 
alcohol and drug misuse prevention program (if required to submit the 
report under Sec.  219.801(a)).
    (c) Records maintained for a minimum of two years. Each railroad 
must maintain the following records for a minimum of two years:
    (1) Records related to the collection process:
    (i) Collection logbooks, if used.
    (ii) Documents relating to the random selection process, including 
the railroad's approved random testing plan and FRA's approval letter 
for that plan.
    (iii) Documents generated in connection with decisions to 
administer Federal reasonable suspicion or reasonable cause alcohol or 
drug tests.
    (iv) Documents generated in connection with decisions on post-
accident testing.
    (v) Documents verifying the existence of a medical explanation for 
the inability of a regulated employee to provide an adequate specimen.
    (2) Records related to test results:
    (i) The railroad's copy of the alcohol test form, including the 
results of the test.
    (ii) The railroad's copy of the drug test custody and control form, 
including the results of the test.
    (iii) Documents related to the refusal of any regulated employee to 
submit to an alcohol or drug test required by this part.
    (iv) Documents presented by a regulated employee to dispute the 
result of an alcohol or drug test administered under this part.
    (3) Records related to other violations of this part.
    (4) Records related to employee training:
    (i) Materials on alcohol and drug abuse awareness, including a copy 
of the railroad's policy on alcohol and drug abuse.
    (ii) Documentation of compliance with the requirements of Sec.  
219.23.
    (iii) Documentation of training (including attendance records and 
training materials) provided to supervisors for the purpose of 
qualifying the supervisors to make a determination concerning the need 
for reasonable suspicion or post-accident alcohol and drug testing.
    (iv) Documentation of training (including attendance records and 
training materials), required under Sec.  219.103(b)(2) and (b)(3), 
provided to regulated employees regarding the use of prescription and 
over-the-counter drugs.
0
34. Revise Sec.  219.903 to read as follows:


Sec.  219.903  Access to facilities and records.

    (a) Release of regulated employee information contained in records 
required to be maintained under Sec.  219.901 must be in accordance 
with part 40 of this title and with this section. (For purposes of this 
section only, urine drug testing records are considered equivalent to 
breath alcohol testing records.)
    (b) Each railroad must permit access to all facilities utilized in 
complying with the requirements of this part to the Secretary of 
Transportation, United States Department of Transportation, or any DOT 
agency with regulatory authority over the railroad or any of its 
regulated employees.
    (c) Each railroad must make available copies of all results for its 
alcohol and drug testing programs conducted under this part and any 
other information pertaining to the railroad's alcohol and drug misuse 
prevention program, when requested by the Secretary of Transportation 
or any DOT agency with regulatory authority over the railroad or 
regulated employee.


Sec.  219.905  [Removed and Reserved]

0
35. Remove and reserve Sec.  219.905.
0
36. Add subpart K to read as follows:

Subpart K--Peer Support Programs

Sec.
219.1001 Requirement for peer support programs.
219.1003 Peer support program requirements.
219.1005 Optional provisions.
219.1007 Alternate peer support programs.

Subpart K--Peer Support Programs


Sec.  219.1001  Requirement for peer support programs.

    (a) The purpose of this subpart is to help prevent the adverse 
effects of alcohol misuse and drug use in connection with regulated 
employees through the implementation of peer referral and support 
programs.
    (b) Each railroad must adopt, publish, and implement a peer support 
program policy that meets the requirements of this subpart. The policy 
must be designed to encourage and facilitate the referral and 
rehabilitative support of regulated employees who abuse alcohol or 
drugs. The policy must also support and augment this part, as well as 
parts 40, 240, and 242 of this title.
    (c) A railroad may comply with this subpart by adopting, 
publishing, and implementing policies meeting the specific requirements 
of Sec.  219.1003 and/or by complying with Sec.  219.1007.

[[Page 43913]]

    (d) Nothing in this subpart may be construed to:
    (1) Require payment of compensation for any period a regulated 
employee is restricted from regulated service under a railroad's peer 
support programs;
    (2) Require a railroad to adhere to a peer support program policy 
when the referral is made for the purpose, or with the effect, of 
anticipating or avoiding the imminent and probable detection of a rule 
violation by a supervising employee;
    (3) Interfere with the subpart D requirement for Federal reasonable 
suspicion testing when a regulated employee is on-duty and a supervisor 
trained in accordance Sec.  219.11(g) determines that the employee is 
exhibiting signs and symptoms of alcohol and/or drug use;
    (4) Interfere with the requirements in Sec.  219.104(d) for 
responsive action when a violation of Sec. Sec.  219.101 or 219.102 is 
substantiated; or
    (5) Limit the discretion of a railroad to dismiss or otherwise 
discipline a regulated employee for specific rule violations or 
criminal offenses, except as specifically provided by this subpart.


Sec.  219.1003  Peer support program requirements.

    (a) Scope. This section prescribes the minimum requirements and 
standards for peer support programs required under this subpart. 
Individuals involved in the implementation of any program subject to 
this subpart must comply with the program's policies and implementation 
procedures.
    (b) Referral policies. Except as provided in Sec.  219.1007, each 
railroad must publish and implement a peer support program that meets 
the requirements of this section and which contains, at a minimum, the 
following types of policies:
    (1) A self-referral policy that must provide regulated employees 
with an opportunity to obtain referral, education, counseling, and/or 
treatment through a qualified Employee Assistance Program (EAP) 
Counselor or Drug and Alcohol Counselor (DAC) before an employee's 
alcohol or substance use problem manifests itself in an accident, 
injury, or is otherwise detected as a violation of this part;
    (2) A co-worker referral policy that must be designed to encourage 
and facilitate employee participation in preventing violations of this 
part; and
    (3) As negotiated between a railroad and its collective bargaining 
organizations (if applicable), a non-peer referral policy that must 
specify whether the program permits referrals from non-peers, such as 
supervisors, representatives of an employee's collective bargaining 
organization, or family members.
    (c) Referral conditions. The referral policies required by 
paragraph (b) of this section must specify the conditions under which a 
self-referral, co-worker referral, or non-peer referral can occur, 
including:
    (1) For a self-referral that does not involve a violation of this 
part, identification of a designated EAP Counselor or DAC (including 
telephone number and email (if available)) and any expectations 
regarding when the referral is allowed to take place (e.g., only during 
non-duty hours and/or while the employee is unimpaired, as permitted by 
Sec.  219.1005);
    (2) Whether non-peer referrals (e.g., referrals from supervisors, 
labor organizations, or family members) are permitted and what the 
allowances, conditions, and procedures of such referrals are;
    (3) For a co-worker referral or a non-peer referral (as permitted 
by the railroad's policy), a railroad may accept a referral under this 
subpart only if the referral is based on an allegation that the 
regulated employee was apparently unsafe to work with or appeared to be 
in violation of this part or the railroad's alcohol and drug rules; and
    (4) For a co-worker referral or a non-peer referral (as permitted 
by the railroad's policy), a railroad may remove a regulated employee 
from service only if a railroad representative who has been trained in 
accordance with the requirements of Sec.  219.11(g) confirms that the 
employee is unsafe to work with or in violation of this part or the 
railroad's alcohol and drug rules.
    (d) Employment maintained. A regulated employee who is affected by 
an alcohol or drug use problem may maintain an employment relationship 
with the railroad if:
    (1) The employee seeks assistance through a railroad's peer support 
program for the employee's alcohol or drug use problem or is referred 
for such assistance by either a co-worker or a non-peer (as permitted 
by the railroad's policy); and
    (2) The employee successfully completes the education, counseling, 
or treatment program specified by a Counselor under this section.
    (e) Employment action. If the employee does not choose to seek 
assistance through a peer support program, or fails to cooperate with 
the prescribed program, the disposition of the employee's relationship 
with the railroad is subject to normal employment action.
    (f) Evaluation by a qualified EAP Counselor, DAC, or SAP. (1)(i) A 
regulated employee entering a peer support program through a self-
referral must be evaluated by an EAP Counselor or DAC acceptable to the 
railroad.
    (ii) A regulated employee entering a peer support program through a 
co-worker or non-peer referral must be evaluated by a SAP acceptable to 
the railroad (according to the standards of part 40 of this title) if 
the co-worker or non-peer referral involves a substantiated violation 
of Sec.  219.101 or Sec.  219.102.
    (iii) If a co-worker or non-peer referral involves a situation 
where the regulated employee was not in violation of Sec.  219.101 or 
Sec.  219.102, but was determined to be unsafe to work with or in 
violation of only the railroad's alcohol and drug rules, the referred 
individual must be evaluated by an EAP or DAC.
    (2) Organizations employing Counselors and personnel supporting 
peer programs under this subpart must meet any applicable state 
standards and comply with this subpart.
    (3) The Counselor (defined by Sec.  219.5 to include an EAP 
Counselor, DAC, or SAP) must determine the appropriate level of care 
(including, but not limited to, education, counseling, and/or 
treatment) necessary to resolve any identified substance abuse problem 
involving a regulated employee. If the evaluation establishes that the 
employee has an active substance abuse disorder (such as, but not 
limited to, substance dependency) requiring education, counseling and/
or treatment education, the Counselor must refer the employee to an 
appropriately qualified rehabilitation program in the community when 
possible. An employee's failure to fully cooperate with the evaluation, 
referral process, or aftercare is grounds for dismissal from the 
railroad's peer support program, and will subject the employee to the 
railroad's normal employment action.
    (g) Removal from regulated service. A peer support program policy 
must stipulate that a regulated employee who has been evaluated by a 
Counselor and found to have an active substance abuse disorder must be 
removed from regulated service until the Counselor reports that the 
employee's identified problem is no longer reasonably expected to 
adversely affect the safety of railroad operations.
    (h) Confidentiality maintained. Except as provided under paragraph 
(l) of this section, the railroad's peer support program policy must 
treat an employee's referral and subsequent handling (including 
evaluation,

[[Page 43914]]

education, counseling, and/or treatment) as confidential. Only 
personnel who administer the railroad's peer support program may have 
access to the identities of the individuals in the program.
    (i) Leave of absence. The railroad must grant a regulated employee 
a leave of absence for the period necessary to complete at least the 
primary education/counseling/treatment program recommended by the 
Counselor. The leave of absence must also cover a period sufficient for 
the employee to establish control over his or her alcohol or drug 
problem to the extent that the evaluating Counselor determines that he 
or she is now at a low risk to return to substance abuse.
    (j) Return to regulated service. (1) Except as may be provided 
under Sec. Sec.  219.1001(d)(4) and 219.1005, a railroad must return a 
regulated employee to regulated service on the recommendation of the 
Counselor when the employee has established control over his or her 
substance abuse problem, is assessed by the Counselor as being a low 
risk to return to substance abuse, and has complied with any return-to-
service requirements recommended by the Counselor (such as a negative 
alcohol and/or drug test performed under Federal or company authority, 
whichever is appropriate).
    (2) The Counselor determines the appropriate number and frequency 
of required follow-up tests. The railroad determines the dates of 
testing.
    (3) An employee's return to regulated service may be conditioned 
upon successful completion of a return-to-service medical evaluation, 
as directed by the railroad.
    (4) Approval to return to regulated service may not be unreasonably 
withheld. The railroad must return an employee to regulated service 
within five working days of the Counselor's notification to the 
railroad that the employee is fit to return to regulated service (i.e., 
the employee is at a low risk to return to substance abuse).
    (k) Rehabilitation plan. No person or entity--whether an employing 
railroad, managed care provider, service agent, or any entity other 
than the Counselor who conducted the initial evaluation--may change in 
any way the Counselor's evaluation or recommendation for assistance. 
The Counselor who made the initial evaluation may modify his or her 
initial evaluation and follow-up recommendations based on new or 
additional information.
    (l) Locomotive engineers and conductors. As provided by Sec.  
240.119(e) or Sec.  242.115(g) of this chapter, with respect to a 
certified locomotive engineer, certified conductor, or a candidate for 
engineer or conductor certification, the peer support program policy 
must state that confidentiality is waived (to the extent that the 
railroad receives official notice of the active substance abuse 
disorder from a Counselor, and suspends or revokes the certification, 
as appropriate) if an employee at any time refuses to cooperate in a 
recommended course of counseling or treatment. The treating Counselor 
is not required to provide this notice if the locomotive engineer or 
conductor is medically restricted from regulated service and the 
Counselor is working with the locomotive engineer or conductor to 
correct a reoccurring active substance abuse disorder. If a locomotive 
engineer or conductor with an active substance abuse disorder fails to 
make the needed rehabilitative progress during a period of medical 
restriction, the Counselor must provide official notice to the 
railroad.
    (m) Contacting a SAP. If the identification of the regulated 
employee was due to co-worker or non-peer referral for a substantiated 
violation of Sec.  219.101 or Sec.  219.102, the regulated employee 
must contact the SAP in a reasonable time (as specified by the 
railroad's policy). If the employee does not contact the SAP within the 
railroad's specified time limit, the railroad may begin an 
investigation to assess the employee's cooperation and compliance with 
its peer support policy.
    (n) Time requirements for Counselor evaluations. Once a regulated 
employee has contacted the designated Counselor, the evaluation must be 
completed within 10 working days. If the employee needs more than one 
evaluation, the evaluations must be completed within 20 working days.
    (o) Regulated employee agreement. A railroad's peer support policy 
must require a regulated employee to agree to undertake and 
successfully complete a course of prescribed care and any follow-up 
care (including appropriate railroad-administered follow-up testing) 
deemed appropriate by the Counselor. Any follow-up treatment, care, 
and/or testing established for this program cannot exceed 24 months 
beyond the regulated employee's initial removal from regulated service, 
unless the regulated employee entered the peer prevention program 
through a co-worker or non-peer referral that involved a substantiated 
part 219 violation.


Sec.  219.1005  Optional provisions.

    A railroad's peer support program policy may include any of the 
following provisions at the option of the railroad and with the 
approval of the labor organization(s) affected:
    (a) The policy may provide for a mark-off provision under which a 
regulated employee who is concerned that he or she may not be safe to 
work due to alcohol or prescription medication use may choose to refuse 
an assignment.
    (b) The policy may provide that the rule of confidentiality is 
waived if:
    (1) The regulated employee at any time refuses to cooperate in a 
course of education, counseling, or treatment recommended by an 
Counselor; or
    (2) The regulated employee is later determined, after 
investigation, to have been involved in an alcohol or drug-related 
disciplinary offense growing out of subsequent conduct.
    (c) The policy may require successful completion of a return-to-
service medical examination as a further condition of reinstatement in 
regulated service.
    (d) The policy may provide that it does not apply to a regulated 
employee who has previously been assisted by the railroad under a 
policy or program substantially consistent with this section.
    (e) The policy may provide that, in order to invoke its benefits, 
the regulated employee must report to the contact designated by the 
railroad either:
    (i) During non-duty hours (i.e., at a time when the regulated 
employee is off duty); or
    (ii) While unimpaired and otherwise in compliance with the 
railroad's alcohol and drug rules consistent with this subpart.


Sec.  219.1007  Alternate peer support programs.

    (a) In lieu of peer support programs under Sec.  219.1003, 
railroads are permitted to develop, publish, and implement an alternate 
program or policy which meets the standards established in Sec.  
219.1003. Such programs or policies must have the written concurrence 
of the recognized representatives of the regulated employees. Nothing 
in this subpart restricts a railroad or labor organization from 
adopting, publishing and implementing peer support policies that afford 
more favorable conditions to regulated employees troubled by alcohol or 
drug abuse problems, consistent with a railroad's responsibility to 
prevent violations of Sec. Sec.  219.101 and 219.102.
    (b) The concurrence of the recognized representatives of the 
regulated employees in an alternate program may be evidenced by a 
collective bargaining agreement or any other document

[[Page 43915]]

describing the class or craft of employees to which the alternate 
program applies. The agreement or other document must make express 
reference to this subpart and to the intention of the railroad and 
employee representatives that the alternate program applies in lieu of 
the program required by this subpart.
    (c) The railroad must file the agreement or other document 
described in paragraph (b) of this section along with the requested 
alternate program being submitted for approval with the FRA Drug and 
Alcohol Program Manager. Approval will be based on FRA review to 
ascertain whether the alternative program meets the Sec.  219.1003 
objectives. The alternative program does not have to include each Sec.  
219.1003 component, but must meet the general standards and intent of 
Sec.  219.1003. If an approved alternate policy is amended or revoked, 
the railroad must file a notice with FRA of such

    Issued in Washington, DC, on July 15, 2014.
Joseph C. Szabo,
Administrator.
[FR Doc. 2014-17195 Filed 7-25-14; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-06-P


