[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 193 (Friday, October 4, 2019)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 53246-53275]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-20803]



[[Page 53245]]

Vol. 84

Friday,

No. 193

October 4, 2019

Part II





Department of Energy





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Federal Energy Regulatory Commission





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18 CFR Parts 292 and 375





 Qualifying Facility Rates and Requirements; Implementation Issues 
Under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 84 , No. 193 / Friday, October 4, 2019 / 
Proposed Rules  

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

18 CFR Parts 292 and 375

[Docket Nos. RM19-15-000 and AD16-16-000]


Qualifying Facility Rates and Requirements; Implementation Issues 
Under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978

AGENCY: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Department of Energy.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: In this notice of proposed rulemaking, the Federal Energy 
Regulatory Commission proposes to revise its regulations implementing 
sections 201 and 210 of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 
1978 in light of changes in the energy industry since 1978.

DATES: Comments are due December 3, 2019.

ADDRESSES: Comments, identified by docket number, may be filed 
electronically at http://www.ferc.gov in acceptable native applications 
and print-to-PDF, but not in scanned or picture format. For those 
unable to file electronically, comments may be filed by mail or hand-
delivery to: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Secretary of the 
Commission, 888 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20426. The Comment 
Procedures Section of this document contains more detailed filing 
procedures.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 
    Lawrence R. Greenfield (Legal Information), Office of the General 
Counsel, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street NE, 
Washington, DC 20426, (202) 502-6415, lawrence.greenfield@ferc.gov.
    Helen Shepherd (Technical Information), Office of Energy Market 
Regulation, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street NE, 
Washington, DC 20426, (202) 502-6176, helen.shepherd@ferc.gov.
    Thomas Dautel (Technical Information), Office of Energy Policy and 
Innovation, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street NE, 
Washington, DC 20426, (202) 502-6196, thomas.dautel@ferc.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

 
                                                               Paragraph
                                                                 Nos.
 
I. Background...............................................          15
    A. Circumstances Underlying the Passage of PURPA in 1978          15
     and the Commission's Promulgation of Its PURPA
     Regulations in 1980....................................
    B. Changes in Circumstances Subsequent to the                     19
     Commission's Promulgation of Its PURPA Regulations in
     1980...................................................
    C. Need for Revisions to the Commission's PURPA                   28
     Regulations in Light of Changed Circumstances..........
II. Discussion..............................................          32
    A. QF Rates.............................................          32
        1. Background.......................................          36
        2. LMP as a Permissible Rate for Certain As-                  43
         Available QF Energy Sales..........................
        3. Use of Other Competitive Prices as a Permissible           51
         Rate for Certain As-Available QF Energy Sales......
            a. Background...................................          52
            b. Commission Proposal..........................          55
                i. Market Hub Prices........................          56
                ii. Combined Cycle Prices...................          59
                iii. Other Approaches to Competitive Pricing          60
                 for Certain As-Available QF Energy Sales...
        4. Permitting the Energy Rate Component of a                  61
         Contract To Be Fixed at the Time of the LEO Using
         Forecasted Values of the Estimated Stream of Market
         Revenues...........................................
        5. Providing for Variable Energy Rates in QF                  63
         Contracts..........................................
            a. Background...................................          63
            b. Implementation of the Commission's Proposal..          79
        6. Consideration of Competitive Solicitations To              82
         Determine Avoided Costs............................
    B. Relief From Purchase Obligation in Competitive Retail          89
     Markets................................................
        1. Background.......................................          90
        2. Commission Proposal..............................          91
    C. Evaluation of Whether QFs Are Separate Facilities....          93
        1. Background and Need for Reform...................          95
            a. Ability To Rebut Presumption of Separate               95
             Sites..........................................
            b. Electrical Generating Equipment..............          98
        2. Proposed Changes to Subpart B--Qualifying                 100
         Cogeneration and Small Power Production Facilities.
            a. Rebuttable Presumption of Separate Facilities         100
            b. Electrical Generating Equipment..............         108
        3. Corresponding Changes to the FERC Form No. 556...         111
    D. PURPA Section 210(m) Rebuttable Presumption of                118
     Nondiscriminatory Access to Markets....................
        1. Background.......................................         119
        2. Commission Proposal..............................         126
        3. Reliance on RFPs and Liquid Market Hubs To                131
         Terminate Purchase Obligation......................
    E. Legally Enforceable Obligation.......................         134
        1. Background and Need for Reform...................         137
        2. Commission Proposal..............................         140
    F. QF Certification Process.............................         143
        1. Background and Need for Reform...................         143
        2. Commission Proposal..............................         148
III. Information Collection Statement.......................         153
IV. Environmental Analysis..................................         154
V. Regulatory Flexibility Act Certification.................         156
VI. Comment Procedures......................................         159
VII. Document Availability..................................         163
 


[[Page 53247]]

    1. In this notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR), the Federal Energy 
Regulatory Commission (Commission) proposes to revise its regulations 
(PURPA Regulations) \1\ implementing sections 201 and 210 of the Public 
Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA) \2\ in light of changes 
in the energy industry since 1978.
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    \1\ 18 CFR part 292. In connection with the proposed revisions 
to the PURPA Regulations, the Commission also proposes to revise its 
delegation of authority to Commission staff in 18 CFR part 375.
    \2\ 16 U.S.C. 796(17)-(18), 824a-3.
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    2. PURPA was enacted in 1978 as part of a package of legislative 
proposals intended to reduce the country's dependence on oil and 
natural gas, which at the time were in short supply and subject to 
dramatic price increases. PURPA sets forth a framework to encourage the 
development of alternative generation resources that do not rely on 
fossil fuels and cogeneration facilities that make more efficient use 
of the heat produced from the fossil fuels that were then commonly used 
in the production of electricity. The Commission issued the PURPA 
Regulations to implement PURPA in 1980.
    3. Circumstances have changed considerably since the Commission 
implemented its PURPA Regulations in 1980. For one thing, advances in 
technology and the discovery of significant new natural gas reserves 
have resulted in plentiful supplies of relatively inexpensive natural 
gas. As a result, there no longer is the same need to provide 
incentives to address shortages of natural gas. Moreover, unlike in 
1980, when the electric industry was made up principally of vertically 
integrated utilities that were reluctant to purchase power from 
independent generators, today the electric industry provides open 
access transmission and there are vibrant wholesale electric markets in 
much of the country where independent generators can sell their power 
at competitive prices. These markets have supported the addition of 
significant amounts of new independently-owned generation resources, 
including renewable resources. In addition, there are a number of 
federal and state programs that provide further incentives for the 
development of alternative resources, such as renewable resources. 
Consequently, the majority of renewable resources in operation today do 
not rely on PURPA.
    4. Congress not only directed the Commission to establish rules to 
implement PURPA, but also directed that the Commission revise those 
rules ``from time to time thereafter[.]'' \3\ The Commission now is 
proposing to revise its PURPA Regulations to rebalance the benefits and 
obligations of the Commission's PURPA Regulations in light of the 
changes in circumstances since the PURPA Regulations were promulgated 
in 1980. As explained more fully herein, the Commission proposes to 
grant state regulatory authorities that oversee regulated electric 
utilities and nonregulated electric utilities (collectively, for ease 
of reference, referred to as states) the flexibility in key respects to 
incorporate competitive market pricing in the rates paid by electric 
utilities to qualifying small power production facilities and 
qualifying cogeneration facilities under PURPA (collectively, QFs). 
These proposed changes constitute a package of reforms the Commission 
believes will continue to encourage QFs while at the same time 
addressing concerns that have been raised regarding the Commission's 
current PURPA Regulations.
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    \3\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(a).
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    5. First, the Commission proposes to grant states the flexibility 
to require that energy rates (but not capacity rates) in QF power sales 
contracts and other legally enforceable obligations (LEO) \4\ vary in 
accordance with changes in the purchasing electric utility's as-
available avoided costs at the time the energy is delivered. Under this 
proposal, if a state exercises this flexibility, a QF would no longer 
have the ability to elect to have its energy rate be fixed for the term 
of the contract or LEO.\5\
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    \4\ The Commission has held that a LEO can take effect before a 
contract is executed and may not necessarily be incorporated into a 
contract. JD Wind 1, LLC, 129 FERC ] 61,148, at P 25 (2009), reh'g 
denied, 130 FERC ] 61,127 (2010) (``[A] QF, by committing itself to 
sell to an electric utility, also commits the electric utility to 
buy from the QF; these commitments result either in contracts or in 
non-contractual, but binding, legally enforceable obligations.''). 
For ease of reference, however, references herein to a contract also 
are intended to refer to a LEO that is not incorporated into a 
contract.
    \5\ Moreover, any state--whether located in regions where energy 
prices are competitively based or whether located in regions where 
they are not--would be permitted to require that the fixed energy 
rate established at the time of the contract include provisions, 
established at the time the contract is established, providing for 
revisions to the energy rate at regular intervals, consistent with, 
for example, a purchasing electric utility's integrated resource 
plan, to reflect updated avoided cost calculations.
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    6. Second, the Commission proposes to grant states additional 
flexibility to allow QFs to have a fixed energy rate, but to provide 
that such state-authorized fixed energy rate can be based on projected 
energy prices during the term of a QF's contract based on the 
anticipated dates of delivery.
    7. Third, the Commission proposes to grant states the flexibility 
to set ``as-available'' QF energy rates: (1) For QFs selling to 
electric utilities located in organized electric markets defined in 18 
CFR 292.309(e), (f), or (g),\6\ at the locational marginal price (LMP); 
and (2) for QFs selling to electric utilities located outside of 
organized electric markets defined in 18 CFR 292.309(e), (f), or (g), 
at competitive prices from liquid market hubs or calculated from a 
formula based on natural gas price indices and specified heat rates. 
Further, states would have the flexibility to set energy and capacity 
rates pursuant to a competitive solicitation process conducted pursuant 
to transparent and non-discriminatory procedures. In each case, the 
Commission's proposal would entail granting the states options to 
employ additional approaches in setting QF rates beyond those commonly 
employed today. Under the Commission's proposal, the states would have 
the flexibility to choose to adopt one or more of these options or to 
continue setting QF rates under the existing standards currently set 
out in the PURPA Regulations.
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    \6\ These are the markets operated by Midcontinent Independent 
System Operator, Inc.; PJM Interconnection, L.L.C.; ISO New England 
Inc.; New York Independent System Operator, Inc.; Electric 
Reliability Council of Texas; California Independent System 
Operator, Inc.; and Southwest Power Pool, Inc.
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    8. Fourth, the Commission proposes to provide that an electric 
utility's obligation to purchase from QFs may be reduced to the extent 
the purchasing electric utility's supply obligation has been reduced by 
a state retail choice program.
    9. Fifth, the Commission proposes to modify its current ``one-mile 
rule'' for determining whether generation facilities should be 
considered to be part of a single facility for purposes of determining 
qualification as a qualifying small power production facility. 
Specifically, the Commission proposes to allow electric utilities, 
state regulatory authorities, and other interested parties to show that 
facilities between one and ten miles apart (i.e., more than one mile 
apart and less than ten miles apart) actually are a single facility 
(with distances one mile or less still irrebuttably a single facility, 
and distances ten miles or more irrebuttably separate and different 
facilities). The Commission also proposes to allow an entity seeking QF 
status to provide further information in its certification (whether a 
self-certification or a Commission certification) to preemptively 
defend against subsequent

[[Page 53248]]

challenges by identifying factors affirmatively demonstrating that its 
facility is indeed a separate facility at a separate site from other 
facilities. The Commission further proposes to add a definition of the 
term ``electrical generating equipment'' to the PURPA Regulations and 
to clarify how the distance between facilities is to be calculated.
    10. Sixth, the Commission proposes to revise its regulations 
implementing PURPA section 210(m), which provide for the termination of 
an electric utility's obligation to purchase from a QF with 
nondiscriminatory access to certain markets. Currently, there is a 
rebuttable presumption that QFs with a net capacity at or below 20 MW 
do not have nondiscriminatory access to such markets. The Commission 
proposes to reduce the rebuttable presumption for small power 
production facilities (but not cogeneration facilities) from 20 MW to 1 
MW.
    11. Seventh, the Commission proposes to clarify that a QF must 
demonstrate commercial viability and financial commitment to construct 
its facility pursuant to objective and reasonable state-determined 
criteria before the QF is entitled to a contract or LEO.
    12. Finally, the Commission proposes to allow a party to protest a 
self-certification or self-recertification of a facility without being 
required to file a separate petition for declaratory order and to pay 
the associated filing fee.
    13. The Commission believes these proposed changes will enable the 
Commission to continue to fulfill its statutory obligations under 
sections 201 and 210 of PURPA, as explained in more detail in the 
relevant sections below. In particular, consideration of transparent, 
competitive market prices in appropriate circumstances would help to 
identify an electric utility's avoided costs in a simpler, more 
transparent, and more predictable manner that would, in conjunction 
with the Commission's other existing and proposed PURPA Regulations, 
act to encourage QFs. Allowing energy prices, but not capacity prices, 
to vary in QF contracts would protect consumers without materially 
affecting QF financing and, indeed, likely would make it easier for QFs 
to obtain longer-term contracts that support financing.\7\ Further, the 
proposed revisions to the PURPA Regulations relating to the one-mile 
rule and PURPA section 210(m) would better implement the Commission's 
understanding of Congress' intent in enacting those provisions in light 
of current circumstances.
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    \7\ As explained below, some states have established limited 
contract durations as a way of limiting long-term price risk from 
fixed energy rate purchases from QFs. The Commission considers that, 
by addressing the concern that has led to the imposition of short-
term contracts, the changes proposed herein will provide 
opportunities for longer-term contracts, which will encourage the 
development of QFs.
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    14. The Commission seeks comment on these proposed reforms 60 days 
from the date of publication of this NOPR in the Federal Register.

I. Background

A. Circumstances Underlying the Passage of PURPA in 1978 and the 
Commission's Promulgation of Its PURPA Regulations in 1980

    15. PURPA was part of a legislative package Congress enacted in 
1978 to address the energy crisis then facing the country.\8\ As the 
Supreme Court explained in FERC v. Mississippi, in passing PURPA 
Congress was aware that domestic oil production had lagged behind 
demand, and the country had become increasingly dependent on foreign 
oil--which could jeopardize the country's economy and undermine its 
independence.\9\ Roughly a third of the nation's electricity was 
generated using oil and natural gas,\10\ and Congress concluded that 
increased reliance on cogeneration and small power production could 
significantly contribute to conserving this energy.\11\ The Fuel Use 
Act, another part of that legislative package with the same ultimate 
goal in mind, similarly required federal agencies to ``carry out 
programs designed to prohibit or discourage the use of natural gas and 
petroleum as a primary energy source and by taking such actions as lie 
within their authorities to maximize the efficient use of energy and 
conserve natural gas and petroleum.'' \12\ In short, as recognized by 
the Supreme Court, Congress passed PURPA to address the consequences of 
shortages of oil and natural gas (and electric utilities' decreasing 
efficiency in their generating capacities), which adversely impacted 
rates to customers and the economy as a whole.\13\
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    \8\ See Public Law 95-617, 92 Stat. 3117. In addition to PURPA, 
the package included: the Energy Tax Act of 1978, Public Law 95-618, 
92 Stat. 3174; the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, Public 
Law 95-619, 92 Stat. 3206; the Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use 
Act of 1978, Public Law 95-620, 92 Stat. 3289; and the Natural Gas 
Policy Act of 1978, Public Law 95-621, 92 Stat. 3351.
    \9\ FERC v. Miss., 456 U.S. 742, 756 (1982).
    \10\ Id. at 745.
    \11\ Id. at 757.
    \12\ 42 U.S.C. 8301(b)(7) (emphasis added).
    \13\ FERC v. Miss., 456 U.S. at 745-46.
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    16. Congress enacted PURPA section 210 in 1978 to address the 
energy crisis by encouraging the development of QFs and thereby 
reducing the country's demand for traditional fossil fuels.\14\ To 
accomplish this, section 210(a) directed that the Commission 
``prescribe, and from time to time thereafter revise, such rules as 
[the Commission] determines necessary to encourage cogeneration and 
small power production,'' \15\ including rules requiring electric 
utilities to offer to sell electricity to, and purchase electricity 
from, QFs. Section 210(f) required each state regulatory authority and 
nonregulated electric utility to implement the Commission's rules.
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    \14\ Id. at 750.
    \15\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(a).
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    17. In 1980, the Commission issued Order Nos. 69 and 70, which 
promulgated the required rules that, with minor exceptions, remain in 
effect today.\16\ The Commission explained that, at the time of the 
passage of PURPA, QFs faced three major obstacles: (1) Electric 
utilities were not required to purchase their electric output or to 
make purchases at an appropriate rate; (2) electric utilities sometimes 
charged discriminatorily high rates for backup services; and (3) QFs 
ran the risk of being considered public utilities themselves and thus 
being subject to state and federal regulation as utilities.\17\ 
Further, at that time, there was no open access transmission and 
essentially no competition in electric wholesale markets. Electric 
utilities were vertically-integrated and held dominant

[[Page 53249]]

market positions. As a result of their control over transmission 
access, it was virtually impossible for third parties--whether 
independent power producers or other electric utilities--to compete 
with them to make sales of electricity.
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    \16\ Small Power Production and Cogeneration Facilities; 
Regulations Implementing Section 210 of the Public Utility 
Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 
30,128 (cross-referenced 10 FERC ] 61,150), order on reh'g, Order 
No. 69-A, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,160 (1980) (cross-referenced at 
11 FERC ] 61,166), aff'd in part & vacated in part sub nom. Am. 
Elec. Power Serv. Corp. v. FERC, 675 F.2d 1226 (D.C. Cir. 1982), 
rev'd in part sub nom. Am. Paper Inst. v. Am. Elec. Power Serv. 
Corp., 461 U.S. 402 (1983) (API); Small Power Production and 
Cogeneration Facilities--Qualifying Status, Order No. 70, FERC 
Stats. & Regs. ] 30,134 (cross-referenced at 10 FERC ] 61,230), 
orders on reh'g, Order No. 70-A, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,159 
(cross-referenced at 11 FERC ] 61,119) and FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 
30,160 (cross-referenced at 11 FERC ] 61,166), order on reh'g, Order 
No. 70-B, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,176 (cross-referenced at 12 FERC 
] 61,128), order on reh'g, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,192 (1980) 
(cross-referenced at 12 FERC ] 61,306), amending regulations, Order 
No. 70-D, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,234 (cross-referenced at 14 FERC 
] 61,076), amending regulations, Order No. 70-E, FERC Stats. & Regs. 
] 30,274 (1981) (cross-referenced at 15 FERC ] 61,281).
    \17\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,863.
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    18. Given the Congressional mandate described above, the Commission 
determined in Order No. 69 to set rates for sales by QFs equal to the 
purchasing electric utilities' avoided costs.\18\ The Commission also 
directed that electric utilities provide backup electric energy to QFs 
on a non-discriminatory basis and at just and reasonable rates,\19\ and 
that utilities interconnect with QFs.\20\ Pursuant to section 210(e) of 
PURPA,\21\ the Commission further provided exemptions from many 
provisions of the Federal Power Act (FPA) and state laws governing 
utility rates and financial organization.\22\
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    \18\ 18 CFR 292.304(a)(2); see API, 461 U.S. at 412-18.
    \19\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,887-90; 
see also 18 CFR 292.305.
    \20\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,874; see 
also 18 CFR 292.303(c).
    \21\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(e).
    \22\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,864; 
accord id. at 30,863, 30,894-96; see also 18 CFR 292.601-.602.
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B. Changes in Circumstances Subsequent to the Commission's Promulgation 
of Its PURPA Regulations in 1980

    19. In the past 40 years, there have been three important changes 
in the circumstances that prompted Congress to pass PURPA in 1978. 
First, the situation with respect to the availability of natural gas 
has changed completely. The Commission recently outlined the sweeping 
changes that have taken place in the natural gas industry, and the 
resulting greater availability of natural gas.\23\ As the Commission 
explained, over the last decade, the United States has seen an 
unprecedented change in the dynamics of the natural gas market and the 
relevant supply and demand. Led by advancements in production 
technologies, primarily in accessing shale reserves, natural gas 
supplies have increased dramatically. Domestic natural gas production, 
which appeared to peak in the early 1970s at 21.7 Tcf per year, has 
recently increased from 18.1 Tcf in 2005 to 30.4 Tcf in 2018.\24\ The 
U.S. Energy Information Administration's (EIA) Annual Energy Outlook 
2019 forecasts continued supply growth over the next 25 years, 
increasing to nearly 40 Tcf by 2035 and 43 Tcf by 2050.\25\ In short, 
there no longer are shortages of natural gas supply.
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    \23\ Certification of New Interstate Natural Gas Facilities, 163 
FERC ] 61,042 (2018).
    \24\ EIA, Monthly Energy Review, Aug. 27, 2019 (in table 4.1 see 
column labeled ``Natural Gas Production (Dry)'' on the Annual tab of 
the xls version) https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/.
    \25\ EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2018, at tbl.13 (Jan. 24, 2019) 
(in table see row labeled ``Dry Gas Production'' under the reference 
case) (Annual Energy Outlook 2019), https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/data/browser/#/?id=13-AEO2019&cases=ref2018&sourcekey=0.
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    20. Second, since 1978, the outlook for the development of 
alternatives to natural gas and oil-fired resources, such as renewable 
resources, has changed equally dramatically. The once-nascent 
renewables industry has grown and matured over the past 40 years, and 
has only accelerated subsequent to the 2005 amendment of PURPA. 
Renewable resources likewise benefit from the availability of federal 
tax credits \26\ and from state-mandated renewable portfolio standards 
(RPS) that require electric utilities to procure electric energy from 
renewable resources.\27\ The cost of renewable facilities, including 
solar, also has dropped substantially,\28\ to the point that the 
levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) from solar facilities is now or is 
shortly expected to approach the LCOE from traditional electric 
generation.\29\ Similarly, a recent report from Lawrence Berkeley 
National Lab finds that wind power purchase agreements are being 
executed at around $0.02/kWh, which compares favorably to projected 
future fuel costs for natural gas-fired generation.\30\
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    \26\ Although Congress has reauthorized the federal production 
tax credit, the federal production tax credit is still currently 
scheduled to phase out over the next several years. See U.S. Dep't 
of Energy, Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit, https://www.energy.gov/savings/renewable-electricity-production-tax-credit-ptc (``Wind facilities commencing construction by December 31, 2019, 
and all other qualifying facilities commencing construction by 
January 1, 2018 can qualify for this credit. The value of the credit 
for wind steps down in 2017, 2018 and 2019. . . . For all other 
technologies, the credit is not available for systems whose 
construction commenced after December 31, 2017.'').
    \27\ As of February 1, 2019, 29 states, Washington, DC, and 
three territories had adopted mandatory renewable portfolio 
standards, while eight states and one territory had set renewable 
energy goals. See National Conference of State Legislatures, State 
Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals, http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx.
    \28\ According to the EIA, the ``overnight'' (interest excluded) 
capital costs for utility-scale onshore wind and fixed tilt 
photovoltaic systems decreased by approximately 25 percent and 67 
percent respectively, just during the period from 2013 to 2017. See 
EIA, Updated Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity 
Generating Plants, https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/powerplants/capitalcost/.
    \29\ EIA, Levelized Cost and Levelized Avoided Cost of New 
Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2019 (Feb. 2019), 
https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf. 
However, EIA cautions against directly comparing the costs of 
dispatchable and nondispatchable generation: ``Because load must be 
continuously balanced, generating units with the capability to vary 
output to follow demand (dispatchable technologies) generally have 
more value to a system than less flexible units (nondispatchable 
technologies) such as those using intermittent resources to operate. 
The LCOE values for dispatchable and non-dispatchable technologies 
are listed separately in the tables because comparing them must be 
done carefully. See EIA, Cost and Performance Characteristics of New 
Generating Technologies, Annual Energy Outlook 2019 (Jan. 2019), 
https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/assumptions/pdf/table_8.2.pdf.
    \30\ See Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Wind Technologies 
Market Report, https://emp.lbl.gov/wind-technologies-market-report/.
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    21. According to EIA, in the first 5 months of 2019, renewable 
resources (including hydro) provided a significant share (approximately 
20 percent) of the net electricity generated in the United States.\31\ 
The Commission's monthly Energy Infrastructure Update Report shows 
that, as of July of 2019, the installed nameplate capacity of renewable 
resources, again including hydro, represented approximately 22 percent 
of the entire available installed capacity in the United States.\32\
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    \31\ See EIA, August 2019 Monthly Energy Review at Figure 7.2a, 
https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly.
    \32\ Office of Energy Projects, Energy Infrastructure Update For 
July2019 at 4 (July 2019), https://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2019/july-energy-infrastructure.pdf.
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    22. Furthermore, EIA projects that approximately 65 percent of 
capacity additions in 2019 will come from renewable resources.\33\ 
Although almost 100 percent of all renewable resources in 1995 were 
QFs, since 2005 QFs have made up only 10 to 20 percent of all renewable 
resource capacity in service in the United States. Consequently, today 
most renewable resources are not relying on PURPA in order to develop 
and operate. This decreasing reliance on PURPA suggests that some 
generation capacity that might otherwise qualify as and be built as 
small power productions under PURPA is being built, through wholesale 
market constructs that have developed since the Commission first 
implemented PURPA.
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    \33\ EIA, Today in Energy, New electric generating capacity in 
2019 will come from renewables and natural gas (Jan. 10, 2019), 
https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37952 (Form EIA-
860M, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory).
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    23. Another development pursued by regions (such as the Regional 
Greenhouse Gas Initiative) or states (like California and New York) has 
been state-initiated efforts to promote carbon reduction and through 
RPS programs require electric utilities to supply a specified 
percentage of their customers' loads from renewable resources or 
through the establishment of

[[Page 53250]]

requirements to purchase renewable energy certificates (RECs). 
Presently, 29 states and the District of Columbia have mandatory RPS 
programs.\34\ This trend has further influenced increasing investment 
in renewables in the United States.
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    \34\ Galen Barbose, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S. 
Renewable Portfolio Standards 2018 Annual Status Report at 6 (Nov. 
2018), http://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2018_annual_rps_summary_report.pdf.
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    24. Unlike renewable generation, cogeneration is a technology that 
is imbedded in an industrial process.\35\ Record evidence suggests that 
cogeneration has not achieved recent increases in penetration similar 
to renewable generation, and also remains more dependent on PURPA. For 
example, from 2008--2017, over 67 percent of industrial cogeneration 
additions obtained QF status.\36\ However, energy produced by 
cogeneration in 2008 equaled 304.5 TWh, decreasing to 293.9 TWh in 
2018.\37\ Furthermore, this trend of decreasing cogeneration output 
goes back even further; for example in 2005 cogeneration output equaled 
321.6 TWh.\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ See American Forest & Paper Association and Electricity 
Consumers Resource Council Supplemental Comments, Docket No. AD16-
16-000, at 5 (Nov. 30, 2018).
    \36\ Id.
    \37\ This data was taken from EIA's Electricity Data Browser, 
www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser (the total of net generation by 
independent power producers cogeneration, commercial cogeneration, 
and industrial cogeneration).
    \38\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    25. Third, the introduction of QFs as competing sources of 
electricity to the incumbent electric utilities has led to the 
development of significant non-QF independent power production. 
Development of independent power production, in turn, has been a major 
factor in the establishment of vibrant competitive markets in much of 
the United States. Pursuant to the Energy Policy Act of 1992, the 
Commission, through Order No. 888 and related orders, has overseen the 
development of competition and competitive wholesale electricity 
markets.\39\ In addition, regional transmission organizations (RTO) and 
independent system operators (ISO) serve two-thirds of electricity 
consumers in the United States.\40\ This development has transformed 
the electric industry in the intervening years and has significantly 
reduced the barriers to entry that faced QFs when PURPA was enacted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ See Promoting Wholesale Competition Through Open Access 
Non-Discriminatory Transmission Services by Public Utilities; 
Recovery of Stranded Costs by Public Utilities and Transmitting 
Utilities, Order No. 888, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,036 (1996), 
(cross-referenced at 75 FERC ] 61,080, order on reh'g, Order No. 
888-A, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 31,048 at 30,176, (cross-referenced at 
78 FERC ] 61,220, order on reh'g, Order No. 888-B, 81 FERC ] 61,248 
(1997), order on reh'g, Order No. 888-C, 82 FERC ] 61,046 (1998), 
aff'd in relevant part sub nom. Transmission Access Policy Study 
Group v. FERC, 225 F.3d 667 (D.C. Cir. 2000), aff'd sub nom. New 
York v. FERC, 535 U.S. 1 (2002); Market-Based Rates for Wholesale 
Sales of Electric Energy, Capacity and Ancillary Services by Public 
Utilities, Order No. 697, 119 FERC ] 61,295, clarified, 121 FERC ] 
61,260 (2007), order on reh'g, Order No. 697-A, 123 FERC ] 61,055, 
clarified, 124 FERC ] 61,055, order on reh'g, Order No. 697-B, 125 
FERC ] 61,326 (2008), order on reh'g, Order No. 697-C, 127 FERC ] 
61,284 (2009), order on reh'g, Order No. 697-D, 130 FERC ] 61,206 
(2010), aff'd sub nom. Mont. Consumer Counsel v. FERC, 659 F.3d 910 
(9th Cir. 2011).
    \40\ ISO/RTO Council, The Role of ISOs and RTOs, https://isorto.org.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    26. Congress recognized the important effect of the development of 
these organized competitive markets when it enacted, as part of the 
Energy Policy Act of 2005, PURPA section 210(m). Among other things, 
section 210(m) permits electric utilities to request termination of 
their obligation to purchase electricity from QFs having access to RTO/
ISO markets (or markets of comparable competitive quality).\41\ In so 
doing, we interpret Congress as recognizing that the development of 
competition in the electric industry created conditions that 
sufficiently encouraged the development of cogeneration and small power 
production facilities, at least in the RTO/ISO markets and in markets 
of comparable competitive quality.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(m).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    27. Since PURPA was amended in 2005, competition and competitive 
markets have spread even further, and have spurred additional 
development of independently-owned generation both inside and outside 
of the RTO/ISO markets. For example, EIA data shows that net generation 
of energy by non-utility owned renewable resources \42\ in the United 
States escalated from 51.7 TWh in 2005 when EPAct 2005 was passed, to 
340 TWh in 2018.\43\ This also has included significant growth in non-
utility renewable resources in states outside of RTOs. For example, net 
generation by non-utility renewable resources in the region defined by 
EIA as the Mountain State region \44\ increased from 3.6 TWh in 2005 to 
19.5 TWh in 2012, and to 42.5 TWh in 2018.\45\ Pacific Northwest 
(Oregon and Washington) net non-utility generation from renewable 
resources increased from 1.5 TWh in 2005, to 8.7 TWh in 2012, and to 
10.6 TWh in 2018.\46\ In the Southeast region of the country, non-
utility renewable resources saw a lesser increase from 2.6 TWh in 2005 
to 2.7 TWh in 2012, but expanded to 6.5 TWh in 2018.\47\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ The EIA renewable resources data discussed herein is based 
on the EIA ``other renewables'' category of generation resources, 
which consists of wind, utility scale solar, geothermal, and biomass 
resources.
    \43\ This data was taken from EIA's Electricity Data Browser, 
www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser (select net generation, other 
renewables, independent power producers).
    \44\ Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, 
Utah, and Wyoming.
    \45\ This data was taken from EIA's Electricity Data Browser, 
www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser.
    \46\ Id.
    \47\ Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.
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C. Need for Revisions to the Commission's PURPA Regulations in Light of 
Changed Circumstances

    28. In 2016, the Commission conducted a technical conference in 
Docket No. AD16-16-000 (Technical Conference) to address issues 
involving the implementation of PURPA. The Technical Conference covered 
such issues as: (1) Various methods for calculating avoided cost; (2) 
the obligation to purchase pursuant to a LEO; (3) application of the 
one-mile rule; and (4) the rebuttable presumption the Commission has 
adopted under PURPA section 210(m) that QFs 20 MW and below do not have 
nondiscriminatory access to competitive organized wholesale 
markets.\48\ In addition to the oral presentations made at the 
Technical Conference, the Commission received numerous written comments 
on these and other subjects regarding the need to revise the PURPA 
Regulations. The Commission has found these oral presentations and 
comments to be helpful, and the revisions proposed in this NOPR were 
informed by the record of the Technical Conference, which the 
Commission is incorporating into this proceeding.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ Supplemental Notice of Technical Conference, Implementation 
Issues Under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, 
Docket No. AD16-16-000 (May 9, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    29. Consistent with the direction from Congress that the Commission 
revise its PURPA Regulations ``from time to time'' \49\ and considering 
the changes in the energy industry described above, the Commission 
preliminarily finds, based on the data described in the preceding 
section and the comments received at the Technical Conference, that the 
Commission's PURPA Regulations should be modernized. First, currently 
there is an increased supply of natural gas resulting from advanced 
production techniques that have opened up large new natural gas 
reserves. Second, vertically integrated utilities no longer dominate 
the wholesale electric markets throughout the United States as they did

[[Page 53251]]

in the past, and the participation of independently owned generation no 
longer is the exception but is the rule in much of the country. 
Consequently, electric prices increasingly are established based on 
competitive factors in many regions. Third, significant renewable 
resources have been developed outside of PURPA based on other programs 
that specifically target renewable resources, as well as on the falling 
costs of such resources.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    30. In addition, there is evidence suggesting that the Commission's 
rationale for allowing a QF to fix its avoided cost rate for the term 
of its contract, i.e., that any overestimations and underestimations in 
avoided cost rates during the term of the contract would ``balance 
out'' over time,\50\ may no longer be valid. This evidence suggests, 
instead, that overestimations of avoided cost have not been balanced by 
underestimations.\51\ This trend may persist with the continuing 
general decline in the cost of electricity due to technological 
innovations, changes in the fuel mix, and conservation.\52\ Further, 
testimony at the Technical Conference and data regarding the 
development of independently-owned generation resources suggest that it 
is not necessary for energy rates to be fixed in order to obtain 
financing.\53\
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    \50\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,880.
    \51\ See infra note 101.
    \52\ See e.g., EEI Supplemental Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-
000, attach. A at 2-3 (June 25, 2018) (EEI Supplemental Comments).
    \53\ This evidence is discussed in detail below in Section 
II.A.5.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    31. Consequently, the Commission is proposing revisions to its 
PURPA Regulations to rebalance the approach adopted in the 1980s. 
Because some of the small power producer generation technologies 
originally encouraged by PURPA are now being developed independent of 
PURPA, it appears appropriate to provide states flexibility to rely on 
the market tools that are available today to set QF rates. The 
Commission is proposing to allow states flexibility to ensure that the 
rates for energy sold by QFs to electric utilities more accurately 
reflect PURPA's requirement that the rates for purchases of energy from 
QFs not exceed ``the cost to the electric utility of the electric 
energy which, but for the purchase from such [QF], such utility would 
generate or purchase from another source'' at the time of delivery.\54\ 
The Commission preliminarily finds that using a competitive price will 
continue to encourage the development of QFs and more closely adhere to 
PURPA's requirement that rates for purchases of energy from QFs not 
only be capped at avoided cost, but also be just and reasonable to the 
purchasing electric utility's electric consumers and in the public 
interest.\55\ Given the targeted nature of the reforms proposed here, 
and the existing benefits to QFs that the Commission does not propose 
to amend and that were directly responsive to the barriers to QFs that 
PURPA sought to reduce,\56\ the approach adopted here also maintains 
PURPA's protections against discrimination.\57\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(b), (d).
    \55\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(b)(1).
    \56\ See, e.g., supra notes 19-20, 22 (citing inter alia 18 CFR 
292.303(c) (electric utility's obligation to interconnect), 292.305 
(electric utility's obligation to provide backup power to QFs), 
292.601-02 (QF exemption from public utility regulations in FPA and 
Public Utility Holding Company Act)).
    \57\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(b)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission believes that the revisions proposed here represent 
a reasonable package of benefits and obligations that would bring the 
Commission's implementation of PURPA into the modern era while at the 
same time continuing to satisfy PURPA's statutory mandates.

II. Discussion

A. QF Rates

    32. The Commission proposes to revise its PURPA Regulations to 
permit states to incorporate competitive market forces in setting QF 
rates. First, the Commission proposes to allow states to exercise their 
discretion to set the energy component of the rate a purchasing 
electric utility pays for a QF's power based on market prices rather 
than on the purchasing electric utility's administratively-determined 
avoided cost rate. Thus, the Commission proposes to revise its PURPA 
Regulations with regard to energy rates to state that:
     States have the flexibility to require that ``as-
available'' QF energy rates paid by electric utilities located in RTO/
ISO markets be based on the market's locational marginal price (LMP) or 
similar energy price derived by the market, in effect at the time the 
energy is delivered.
     States have the flexibility to require that ``as-
available'' QF energy rates paid by electric utilities located outside 
of RTO/ISO markets be based on competitive prices determined by: (1) 
Liquid market hub energy prices; or (2) formula rates based on observed 
natural gas prices and a specified heat rate.
     States have the flexibility to require that energy rates 
under QF contracts and LEOs be based on as-available energy rates 
determined at the time of delivery rather than being fixed for the term 
of the contract or LEO.
     States in RTO/ISO markets have the flexibility to instead 
implement an alternative approach of requiring that the fixed energy 
rate be calculated based on estimates of the present value of the 
stream of revenue flows of future LMPs or other acceptable as-available 
energy rates at the time of delivery.
    33. Second, the Commission proposes to amend its regulations to 
make clear that States have the flexibility to require that energy and/
or capacity rates be determined through a competitive solicitation 
process, such as an RFP. However, the Commission does not otherwise 
propose to change how the PURPA Regulations require the capacity 
component of a QF's rates to be determined.\58\
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    \58\ An electric utility is not required to pay for QF capacity 
that the state has determined is not needed. See Hydrodynamics Inc., 
146 FERC ] 61,193, at P 35 (2014) (Hydrodynamics) (referencing City 
of Ketchikan, Alaska, 94 FERC ] 61,293, at 62,061 (2001) 
(``[A]voided cost rates need not include the cost for capacity in 
the event that the utility's demand (or need) for capacity is zero. 
That is, when the demand for capacity is zero, the cost for capacity 
may also be zero.''); Entergy Servs., Inc., 137 FERC ] 61,199, at P 
56 (2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    34. Although the Commission is proposing to modify how the states 
are permitted to calculate avoided costs, it is not terminating the 
requirement that the states continue to calculate, and to set QF rates 
at, such avoided costs.
    35. The Commission has long emphasized that states have ``great 
latitude in determining the manner of implementation of the 
Commission's rules, provided that the manner chosen is reasonably 
designed to implement the requirements of Subpart C [which includes the 
pricing rules of Sec.  292.304].'' \59\ The modifications proposed here 
are intended to be consistent with this approach. The Commission 
intends that the states will continue to have ``great latitude'' in 
determining how to apply the revised rules, provided that such 
application is reasonably designed to implement any new rate provisions 
that may be adopted, as well as the other already-existing provisions 
of the PURPA Regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,891-92. 
The Commission explained that ``[s]uch latitude is necessary in 
order for implementation to accommodate local conditions and 
concerns, so long as the final plan is consistent with statutory 
requirements.'' Policy Statement Regarding the Commission's 
Enforcement Role Under Section 210 of the Public Utility Regulatory 
Policies Act of 1978, 23 FERC ] 61,304, at 61,646 (1983).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Background
    36. PURPA requires that the Commission promulgate rules, to be

[[Page 53252]]

implemented by the states,\60\ establishing the rates electric 
utilities pay for purchases of QF energy. Under PURPA, such rates must: 
(1) Be just and reasonable to the electric consumers of the electric 
utility and in the public interest; (2) not discriminate against 
qualifying cogenerators or qualifying small power producers; \61\ and 
(3) not exceed ``the incremental cost to the electric utility of 
alternative electric energy,'' \62\ which is ``the cost to the electric 
utility of the electric energy which, but for the purchase from such 
cogenerator or small power producer, such utility would generate or 
purchase from another source.'' \63\ The ``incremental cost to the 
electric utility of alternative electric energy'' referred to in prong 
(3) above, which sets out a statutory upper bound on a QF rate, has 
been consistently referred to by the Commission and industry by the 
short-hand phrase ``avoided cost,'' \64\ although the term ``avoided 
cost'' itself does not appear in PURPA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ Nonregulated electric utilities implement the requirements 
of PURPA with respect to themselves. An electric utility that is 
``nonregulated'' is any electric utility other than a ``state 
regulated electric utility.'' 16 U.S.C. 2602(9). The term ``state 
regulated electric utility,'' in contrast, means any electric 
utility with respect to which a state regulatory authority has 
ratemaking authority. 16 U.S.C. 2602(18). The term ``state 
regulatory authority,'' as relevant here, means a state agency which 
has ratemaking authority with respect to the sale of electric energy 
by an electric utility. 16 U.S.C. 2602(17).
    \61\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(b)(1)-(2).
    \62\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(b).
    \63\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(d) (emphasis added).
    \64\ See 18 CFR 292.101(b)(6) (defining avoided costs in 
relation to the statutory terms); see also Order No. 69, FERC Stats. 
& Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,865 (``This definition is derived from the 
concept of ``the incremental cost to the electric utility of 
alternative electric energy'' set forth in section 210(d) of PURPA. 
It includes both the fixed and the running costs on an electric 
utility system which can be avoided by obtaining energy or capacity 
from qualifying facilities.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    37. In addition, the PURPA Regulations currently provide a QF two 
options for how to sell its power to an electric utility. The QF may 
sell as much of its energy as it chooses when the energy becomes 
available, with the rate for the sale calculated at the time of 
delivery (the so-called ``as-available'' rate).\65\ Alternatively, the 
QF may choose to sell pursuant to a contract over a specified term.\66\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ 18 CFR 292.304(d)(1).
    \66\ 18 CFR 292.304(d)(2)(a)-(b); see also FLS Energy, Inc., 157 
FERC ] 61,211, at P 21 (2016) (FLS) (citing 18 CFR 292.304(d)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    38. If the QF chooses to sell under the second option, the PURPA 
Regulations then provide the QF the further option of receiving, in 
terms of pricing, either: (1) The purchasing electric utility's avoided 
cost calculated and fixed at the time the LEO is incurred; \67\ or (2) 
the purchasing electric utility's avoided cost calculated at the time 
of delivery.\68\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \67\ 18 CFR 292.304(d)(2)(ii). Rates calculated at the time of a 
LEO (for example, a contract) do not violate the requirement that 
the rates not exceed avoided costs if they differ from avoided costs 
at the time of delivery. 18 CFR 292.304(b)(5).
    \68\ 18 CFR 292.304(d)(2)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    39. In implementing the PURPA Regulations, the Commission 
recognized that a contract with avoided costs calculated at the time a 
LEO is incurred could exceed the electric utility's avoided costs at 
the time of delivery in the future, thereby seemingly violating PURPA's 
requirement that QFs not be paid more than an electric utility's 
avoided costs. But the Commission believed that the fixed avoided cost 
rate might also turn out to be lower than the electric utility's 
avoided costs over the course of the contract and that, ``in the long 
run, `overestimations' and `underestimations' of avoided costs will 
balance out.'' \69\ The Commission's justification for allowing QFs to 
fix their rate at the time of the LEO for the entire life of the 
contract was that fixing the rate provides ``certainty with regard to 
return on investment in new technologies.'' \70\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,880. See 
also 18 CFR 292.304(b)(5) (``In the case in which the rates for 
purchases are based upon estimates of avoided costs over the 
specific term of the contract or other legally enforceable 
obligation, the rates for such purchases do not violate this subpart 
if the rates for such purchases differ from avoided costs at the 
time of delivery.''); Entergy Servs., Inc., 137 FERC ] 61,199 at P 
56 (``Many avoided cost rates are calculated on an average or 
composite basis, and already reflect the variations in the value of 
the purchase in the lower overall rate. In such circumstances, the 
utility is already compensated, through the lower rate it generally 
pays for unscheduled QF energy, for any periods during which it 
purchases unscheduled QF energy even though that energy's value is 
lower than the true avoided cost.'').
    \70\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,880.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    40. The record developed in the Commission's technical conference 
docket, Docket No. AD16-16-000, where the Commission began its 
reconsideration of the PURPA Regulations, indicates that allowing QFs 
to fix their avoided cost rates at the time a LEO is incurred has 
resulted in overpayments as energy prices generally have declined over 
the years, leaving the fixed energy portion of the QF rate well above 
the purchasing electric utility's actual avoided energy costs at the 
time of delivery.\71\ Some commenters have recommended that the 
Commission allow states to ``price generation [energy] from QFs at 
market prices, and to update those prices regularly so that the prices 
for qualifying facilities are not burdensome on customer rates'' and 
``clarify that states can set avoided costs through [requests for 
proposal (RFPs)] or other forms of competitive solicitations,'' and 
that the Commission limit as-available avoided cost energy rates in a 
LEO to no higher than avoided cost rates at the time of delivery.\72\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ EEI Supplemental Comments, attach. A at 2-3 (June 25, 
2018).
    \72\ Id. at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    41. Over the years subsequent to the issuance of the PURPA 
Regulations in 1980, the Commission has taken significant steps to 
implement changes to its rules and regulations to encourage the 
development of competitive wholesale electricity markets. After 
approving the first market-based rate tariff in 1989,\73\ sales of 
electricity at market-based rates proliferated. This ultimately led to 
the issuance of Order No. 697 \74\ in 2007, which established uniform 
regulations governing market-based rate sales. In addition, RTOs and 
ISOs with organized electric markets were established in the 2000s, and 
today serve two-thirds of electricity consumers in the United 
States.\75\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ See Citizens Power and Light Corp., 48 FERC ] 61,210 
(1989).
    \74\ Market-Based Rates for Wholesale Sales of Electric Energy, 
Capacity and Ancillary Services by Public Utilities, Order No. 697, 
119 FERC ] 61,295, clarified, 121 FERC ] 61,260 (2007), order on 
reh'g, Order No. 697-A, 123 FERC ] 61,055, clarified, 124 FERC ] 
61,055, order on reh'g, Order No. 697-B, 125 FERC ] 61,326 (2008), 
order on reh'g, Order No. 697-C, 127 FERC ] 61,284 (2009), order on 
reh'g, Order No. 697-D, 130 FERC ] 61,206 (2010), aff'd sub nom. 
Mont. Consumer Counsel v. FERC, 659 F.3d 910 (9th Cir. 2011).
    \75\ ISO/RTO Council, The Role of ISOs and RTOs, https://isorto.org.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    42. These developments have largely transformed the electric 
industry from one where rates were once based on administratively-
determined cost of service ratemaking to one where rates now often are 
based on competitive market forces. This change has led the Commission 
to likewise consider whether to allow states to rely on competitive 
forces, rather than administrative determinations, to set as-available 
avoided cost energy rates.
2. LMP as a Permissible Rate for Certain As-Available QF Energy Sales
    43. The Commission proposes to revise the PURPA Regulations in 18 
CFR 292.304 to add subsections (b)(6) and (e)(1). In combination, these 
subsections would permit a state the flexibility to set the as-
available energy rate paid to a QF by an electric utility located in an 
RTO/ISO at LMPs calculated at the time of delivery.
    44. RTOs and ISOs generally use LMP to set day-ahead and real-time 
energy prices through competitive auctions that optimally dispatch 
resources to balance

[[Page 53253]]

supply and demand, while taking into account actual system conditions 
including congestion on the transmission system. As described in the 
Commission Energy Primer written by Commission staff, ``[t]he RTO 
markets calculate a LMP at each location on the power grid. . . All 
sellers receive the LMP for their location and all buyers pay the 
market clearing price for their location.'' \76\ While the various RTOs 
and ISOs may calculate LMP somewhat differently, the Commission has 
recognized that LMPs ``reflect the true marginal cost of production, 
taking into account all physical system constraints, and these prices 
would fully compensate all resources for the variable cost of providing 
service.'' \77\ Prices in such an LMP-based rate structure ``are 
designed to reflect the least-cost of meeting an incremental megawatt-
hour of demand at each location on the grid, and thus prices vary based 
on location and time.'' \78\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Energy Primer, A 
Handbook of Market Basics, at 60 (Nov. 2015), available at https://www.ferc.gov/market-oversight/guide/energy-primer.pdf.
    \77\ Offer Caps in Markets Operated by Regional Transmission 
Organizations and Independent System Operators, Order No. 831, 157 
FERC ] 61,115, at P 7(2016), order on reh'g and clarification, Order 
No. 831-A, 161 FERC ] 61,156 (2017).
    \78\ Sacramento Mun. Util. Dist. v. FERC, 616 F.3d 520, 524 
(D.C. Cir. 2010) (SMUD); see also FERC v. Elec. Power Supply Ass'n, 
136 S.Ct. 760, 768-69 (2016) (describing how LMP is typically 
calculated).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    45. The Commission therefore preliminarily finds that LMP is an 
accurate measure of avoided costs. Unlike, for example, average system-
wide cost measures of avoided cost used by many states, LMP could 
provide an accurate measure of the varying actual avoided costs for 
each receipt point on an electric utility's system where the utility 
receives power from QFs. LMP is the per MWh cost of obtaining 
incremental supplies at each point. Further, these prices are not 
rigid, long-lasting prices as tends to be the case currently for 
administratively-determined avoided costs, but prices that are 
calculated daily (for the day-ahead markets) and/or every five minutes 
(for real-time markets) and vary to reflect changing system conditions 
(e.g., they tend to rise as demand increases and the system operator 
dispatches increasingly expensive supplies to meet that higher demand). 
The Commission also notes that Congress, through enactment of section 
210(m) of PURPA, appears to recognize that RTO/ISO LMP pricing provides 
sufficient encouragement for QFs.
    46. Consequently the Commission believes it is appropriate to 
consider giving states the flexibility to employ LMP pricing for QF 
energy rates. Specifically, the Commission proposes to make clear in 
the PURPA Regulations that a state may use LMP as a rate for as-
available QF energy sales to electric utilities located in an RTO/ISO 
market.\79\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ Although not regulated by the Commission, the Commission 
proposes to include in this definition of LMP the LMP established in 
the market governed by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    47. The Commission requests comment on whether the real-time prices 
established in the California Independent System Operator, Inc. 
(CAISO)-administered Energy Imbalance Market (EIM) \80\ are similar for 
these purposes to the LMP in RTOs/ISOs. In this regard, the Commission 
requests comment on whether there are any reasons why prices developed 
in the EIM similarly ``reflect the least-cost of meeting an incremental 
megawatt-hour of demand at each location on the grid,'' \81\ as the 
Commission has found to be the case with LMP rates.\82\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ By seeking comment regarding the CAISO EIM prices, the 
Commission does not mean to imply that real-time energy prices 
established by CAISO within its balancing authority area do not 
already satisfy the requirement for setting as-available QF rates.
    \81\ SMUD, 616 F.3d at 524.
    \82\ Use of real time prices in the EIM was addressed at the 
Technical Conference, but only in the context of whether that market 
could satisfy the requirements for termination of the mandatory 
purchase obligation under PURPA section 210(m)(1)(C). See 
Supplemental Notice of Technical Conference, Implementation Issues 
Under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, Docket No. 
AD16-16-000 (May 9, 2016). The Commission here requests comments on 
whether it would be appropriate to use the EIM price to develop an 
as-available energy rate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    48. In addition to continuing to set QF energy rates at avoided 
costs, using LMPs for as-available energy pricing brings many other 
benefits. LMPs, in contrast to the administrative pricing methodologies 
used to set as-available QF rates by many states, could promote the 
more efficient use of the transmission grid, promote the use of the 
lowest-cost generation, and provide for transparent price signals.\83\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ See, e.g., Cal. Indep. Sys. Operator Corp., 105 FERC ] 
61,140, at PP 48-50 (2003). Cf. Price Formation in Energy and 
Ancillary Servs. Markets Operated by Regional Transmission 
Organizations and Indep. Sys. Operators, 153 FERC ] 61,221, at P 2 
(2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    49. Furthermore, when Congress added PURPA Sec.  210(m) as part of 
EPAct 2005, Congress provided for the Commission to terminate electric 
utilities' obligation to make new purchases from QFs that have 
nondiscriminatory access to the RTO/ISO markets and markets of 
comparable competitive quality. The Commission interprets this 
amendment as representing an acknowledgement by Congress that access to 
these markets provides sufficient encouragement to QFs.
    50. The Commission understands that some states already use LMP to 
establish avoided cost energy rates under our PURPA Regulations.\84\ 
The Commission thus proposes also to clarify that, while a state in the 
past may have been able to conclude that LMP was an appropriate measure 
of the energy component of avoided costs,\85\ a state would be able to 
adopt LMP as a per se appropriate measure of the as-available energy 
component of avoided costs.\86\
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    \84\ See Exelon Wind 1, LLC, 140 FERC ] 61,152, at P 11 (2012), 
reconsideration denied, 155 FERC ] 61,066 (2016) (recognizing that 
the Texas Public Utility Commission has permitted Southwestern 
Public Service Company to set avoided costs at LMP); Xcel Energy 
Services Inc., Request for Reconsideration, Docket No. EL12-80-001, 
at 13 & n.23 (Sept. 27, 2012) (stating that Maryland, New Jersey, 
North Carolina, Virginia, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Kentucky, and 
Michigan have set avoided costs at LMP).
    \85\ See 18 CFR 292.304(e).
    \86\ We recognize that this proposal could be seen as a 
departure from the Commission's statement in Exelon Wind 1, LLC, 140 
FERC ] 61,152, at P 52 (2012), reconsideration denied, 155 FERC ] 
61,066 (2016) (``The problem with the methodology proposed by 
[Southwestern Public Service Company] and adopted by the Texas 
Commission is that it is based on the price that a QF would have 
been paid had it sold its energy directly in the [Energy Imbalance 
Service] Market, instead of using a methodology of calculating what 
the costs to the utility would have been for self-supplied, or 
purchased, energy `but for' the presence of the QF or QFs in the 
markets, as required by the Commission's regulations.''). The 
Commission has already found that this statement was overtaken by 
events, namely Southwest Power Pool, Inc.'s evolution from an energy 
imbalance service market into an Integrated Marketplace, with day-
ahead and real-time energy and operating reserve markets and the 
Texas Commission's approving a separate request from Southwestern 
Public Service Company to substitute LMP for Locational Imbalance 
Prices in calculating avoided costs. Exelon Wind 1, LLC, 155 FERC ] 
61,066 at P 11. The Commission acknowledges that, if adopted in a 
final rule, the reasoning in this NOPR supports the departure from 
our precedent. See Cal. Pub. Utils. Comm'n v. FERC, 879 F.3d 966, 
977 (9th Cir. 2018) (``When an agency changes policy, the 
requirement that it provide a reasoned explanation for its action 
demands, at a minimum, that the agency `display awareness that it is 
changing position.''') (citing FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 
556 U.S. 502, 515 (2009)).
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3. Use of Other Competitive Prices as a Permissible Rate for Certain 
As-Available QF Energy Sales
    51. The Commission proposes to revise the PURPA Regulations in 18 
CFR 292.304 to add a subsection (b)(7) which, in combination with new 
subsection (e)(1), would permit a state to set the as-available energy 
rate paid to a QF by electric utilities located outside of RTO/ISO 
markets at a

[[Page 53254]]

competitive price (Competitive Price) calculated at the time of 
delivery. Competitive Prices would be defined as: (1) Energy rates 
established at liquid market hubs; or (2) energy rates determined 
pursuant to formulas based on natural gas price indices and a proxy 
heat rate for an efficient natural gas combined-cycle generating 
facility. In each case, the state would need to find that the 
Competitive Price reasonably represents a competitive market price for 
the purchasing electric utility, consistent with Congress's directive 
that QF rates not exceed ``the incremental cost to the electric utility 
of alternative electric energy.'' \87\ Other conditions also would have 
to be satisfied, as explained below.
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    \87\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(b).
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a. Background
    52. The Commission recognizes that competitive bilateral energy 
markets have arisen outside of the RTO/ISO energy markets. Particularly 
in the western United States, price hubs such as the Mid-Columbia (Mid-
C) and Palo Verde hubs are liquid markets with prices the Commission 
has recognized as representing competitive market prices at those 
hubs.\88\ Further, the price of electricity generated by efficient 
combined-cycle natural gas generation facilities would appear to 
represent a reasonable measure of a competitive energy price.\89\
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    \88\ See Price Discovery in Natural Gas and Electric Markets, 
109 FERC ] 61,184, at P 66 (2004) (approving the use of published 
prices at market hubs with sufficient liquidity to set prices 
charged in tariffs); El Paso Electric Co., 148 FERC ] 61, 051, at P 
7 (2014) (approving the use of the Palo Verde price to set imbalance 
charges); Idaho Power Co., 121 FERC ] 61,181 at P 27 (2007) 
(approving use of Mid-Columbia prices to set energy imbalance 
charge); PacifiCorp, 95 FERC ] 61,463, at 61,463 (2001) (approving 
setting energy imbalance rate at average of four market hub prices); 
Pinnacle West Energy Corp., 92 FERC ] 61,248, at 61,791 (2000) 
(accepting the use of the Palo Verde price to set prices for 
affiliate transactions because the Palo Verde Index is a recognized 
market hub with competitive prices).
    \89\ See, e.g., ISO New England Inc., 131 FERC ] 61,147, at P 5 
(2010) (calculating the competitive price cap for imports into ISO 
New England equal to a published fuel price times a proxy heat 
rate).
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    53. For the same reasons described above that LMPs represent an 
appropriate energy rate for QFs purchasing from electric utilities 
located in RTO/ISO markets, the Commission proposes to find that 
Competitive Prices can represent appropriate rates for QFs selling to 
electric utilities located outside of RTO/ISO markets. Like LMP, liquid 
market hubs would rely on competition to derive an avoided cost price 
at particular points and times. From a price determination perspective, 
liquid market hub prices differ from LMP mainly in that they measure 
price at only one or a few points, whereas RTOs/ISOs derive unique LMPs 
for all receipt and delivery points on a specific area of the system. 
However, depending on how far away a particular purchasing electric 
utility or selling QF may be from the liquid market hub in question, 
the Commission believes that it may be appropriate to allow the states 
to set as-available energy rates based on Market Hub prices.
    54. Natural gas indices coupled with the heat rate of an efficient 
natural gas combined-cycle generating facility may also be a reasonably 
accurate measure of avoided cost, at least in those markets where 
natural gas commonly is the marginal fuel. In such markets, we would 
expect that new supplies of energy would need to be offered at a price 
equal to or less than the incremental cost of using these efficient gas 
units in order to economically displace them. Thus, using natural gas 
indices and the heat rate of a combined-cycle unit to establish avoided 
cost also relies on competitive market forces, in this case competitive 
forces in natural gas markets for the fuel used by natural gas combined 
cycle) facilities the purchasing electric utility would generate itself 
or purchase from another source but for the sale from the QF.\90\
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    \90\ See 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(d).
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b. Commission Proposal
    55. The Commission proposes in sections 292.304(b)(7) and (e)(1) to 
give states the flexibility to set QF energy rates for sales to 
electric utilities located outside of RTO/ISO markets based on 
Competitive Prices, i.e., prices determined at liquid market hubs 
(Market Hub Prices), or prices determined by a formula based on natural 
gas price indices and a specified proxy heat rate for an efficient 
natural gas combined-cycle generating facility (Combined Cycle Prices).
i. Market Hub Prices
    56. The Commission proposes to define Market Hub Prices as prices 
determined at a liquid market hub to which the purchasing electric 
utility has reasonable access. States electing to set QF energy rates 
using a Market Hub Price also would identify the particular market hub 
used to set the price. Such determination would require the state to 
find that the prices at such hub are competitive prices that actually 
relate to the costs an electric utility would avoid but for the 
purchase from the QF.
    57. The following represents examples of factors the Commission 
believes a state reasonably could consider in making this 
determination: (1) Whether the hub is sufficiently liquid that prices 
at the hub represent a competitive price; \91\ (2) whether the prices 
developed at the hub are sufficiently transparent; (3) whether the 
electric utility has the ability to deliver power from such hub to its 
load, even if its load is not directly connected to the hub; \92\ and 
(4) whether the hub represents an appropriate market to derive an 
energy price for the electric utility's purchases from the relevant QFs 
given the electric utility's physical proximity to the hub. The above 
factors are not intended to be exhaustive and states reasonably could 
consider other factors in identifying a relevant liquid trading hub for 
setting QF energy rates. The Commission seeks comment on additional 
factors or standards for consideration by the states in determining 
whether liquid trading hubs could be used to set an electric utility's 
as-available energy avoided cost rate.
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    \91\ In considering whether a hub is sufficiently liquid, states 
could, for example, consider such factors as those identified by the 
Commission in Price Discovery in Natural Gas and Electric Markets, 
109 FERC ] 61,184 at P 66.
    \92\ This factor might not apply if the purchase of energy 
avoided by the electric utility is from a resource whose energy is 
priced based on the hub price even though the purchasing electric 
utility does not have the ability to deliver energy from the hub 
itself to its load.
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    58. The Commission also understands that, in order for prices at 
market hubs to represent a purchasing electric utility's avoided costs, 
the market hub price may need to be subject to adjustments to account 
for transmission costs the electric utility would incur before such 
prices could serve as a factor in determining appropriate QF rates.\93\ 
In addition, the Commission understands that market prices in a region 
may be determined based on a formula that incorporates prices at more 
than one market hub located in the region. The Commission seeks comment 
on whether under this proposal a state should be permitted to set QF 
rates at energy prices in a region that are based on a formula that 
includes adjustments to the market hub price or that incorporates 
prices at more than one market hub located in the region, when such 
prices represent standard pricing practice in the region where the 
purchasing electric utility is located.
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    \93\ Other adjustments also may be necessary in other situations 
in order for the adjusted hub price to reasonably reflect the 
purchasing electric utility's avoided cost.
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ii. Combined Cycle Prices
    59. In regions where there are no RTOs/ISO or market hubs, a 
competitive

[[Page 53255]]

price for energy may be established as the price of energy generated 
from an efficient natural gas combined cycle generating facility. The 
Commission proposes to allow states to set QF as-available energy rates 
at Combined Cycle Prices, defined as a formula rate established by the 
state using published natural gas price indices and a proxy heat rate 
for an efficient natural gas combined-cycle generating facility. The 
state would need to determine that the resulting Combined Cycle Price 
represents an appropriate approximation of the purchasing electric 
utility's avoided costs. This determination would involve consideration 
of such factors as, for example: (1) Whether the cost of energy from an 
efficient natural gas combined cycle generating facility represents a 
reasonable approximation of a competitive price in the purchasing 
electric utility's region; (2) whether natural gas priced in accordance 
with particular proposed natural gas price indices would be available 
in the relevant market; (3) whether there should be an adjustment to 
the natural gas price to appropriately reflect the cost of transporting 
natural gas to the relevant market; and (4) whether the proxy heat rate 
used in the formula should be updated regularly to reflect improvements 
in generation technology. Again, the above factors are not exhaustive 
and states would have flexibility to apply other factors that also 
might be appropriate for consideration.
iii. Other Approaches to Competitive Pricing for Certain As-Available 
QF Energy Sales
    60. The Commission observes that electric utilities may purchase 
energy at market-oriented prices other than those that would qualify 
under the standards identified above.
    The two options presented above are not intended to supersede the 
states' existing ability to set as-available energy rates based on an 
electric utility's avoided costs. The states would continue to be free, 
under the Commission's existing PURPA Regulations, to determine that 
competitive energy prices included in an electric utility's power 
purchase agreement represent the electric utility's avoided cost of 
energy and to set avoided cost energy rates for that utility based on 
its contract rate. Nothing proposed here would prevent a state from 
establishing an avoided cost rate based on such a contract, provided 
that all the necessary conditions for determining avoided costs 
apply.\94\
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    \94\ Further, as explained in more detail below, energy and/or 
capacity rates for QFs could be established through a competitive 
solicitation process, such as an RFP.
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4. Permitting the Energy Rate Component of a Contract To Be Fixed at 
the Time of the LEO Using Forecasted Values of the Estimated Stream of 
Market Revenues
    61. Frequently, price forecasts are available for LMPs in RTOs/
ISOs, for liquid market hubs located outside of RTOs/ISOs, and for 
natural gas pricing hubs. Such forecasts could be used to allow QFs to 
request a fixed energy rate component calculated at the time a LEO is 
incurred. The Commission therefore proposes to add a new option in 
Sec.  292.304(d)(1)(iii) permitting fixed energy rates to be based on 
forecasted estimates of the stream of revenue flows during the term of 
the contract. In other words, states could rely on market estimates of 
forecasted energy prices at the times of delivery over the anticipated 
life of the contract--such estimates are commonly referred to as a 
forward price curve--to develop a fixed energy rate component for that 
contract when such estimates reflect the purchasing electric utility's 
avoided costs.
    62. The fixed energy rate component of the contract could be a 
single energy rate, based on the amortized present value of the 
forecast energy prices, or it could be a series of specified energy 
rates that are different in future years (or other periods).\95\ Under 
this proposal, the QF would be able to establish, at the time the LEO 
is incurred, the applicable energy rate(s) for the entire term of a 
contract when the contract is signed; however, the energy rate in the 
contract could be different from year-to-year (or some other period) 
and nevertheless comply with the current Sec.  292.304(d)(1)(ii) 
requirement that the energy rate be fixed for the term of the 
contract.\96\
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    \95\ As explained above, the PURPA Regulations already require 
that the fixed energy rate would need to account for the operating 
characteristics of the QF, including the QF's ability to deliver 
energy during peak periods and the utility's ability to dispatch 
energy from the QF. See 18 CFR 292.304(e)(2).
    \96\ This is permissible under the Commission's existing PURPA 
Regulations. See Windham Solar LLC, 157 FERC ] 61,134, at PP 5-6 
(2016) (Windham Solar) (``[A]lthough state regulatory authorities 
cannot preclude a QF . . . from obtaining a legally enforceable 
obligation with a forecasted avoided cost rate, we remind the 
parties that the Commission's regulations allow state regulatory 
authorities to consider a number of factors in establishing an 
avoided cost rate. These factors which include, among others, the 
availability of capacity, the QF's dispatchability, the QF's 
reliability, and the value of the QF's energy and capacity, allow 
state regulatory authorities to establish lower avoided cost rates 
for purchases from intermittent QFs than for purchases from firm 
QFs.'' (citing 18 CFR 292.304(e)-(f)) (footnote omitted).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Providing for Variable Energy Rates in QF Contracts
a. Background
    63. As explained above, if a QF chooses to sell energy and/or 
capacity pursuant to a contract, the PURPA Regulations provide the QF 
the option of receiving the purchasing electric utility's avoided cost 
calculated and fixed at the time the LEO is incurred.\97\ The 
Commission's justification for allowing QFs to fix their rate at the 
time of the LEO for the entire term of a contract was that fixing the 
rate provides certainty necessary for the QF to obtain financing.\98\ 
The Commission stated that its regulations pertaining to LEOs ``are 
intended to reconcile the requirement that the rates for purchases 
equal the utilities' avoided costs with the need for qualifying 
facilities to be able to enter contractual commitments based, by 
necessity, on estimates of future avoided costs.'' \99\ Further, the 
Commission agreed with the ``need for certainty with regard to return 
on investment in new technologies.'' \100\
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    \97\ 18 CFR 292.304(d)(2)(ii). Rates calculated at the time of a 
LEO (for example, a contract) do not violate the requirement that 
the rates not exceed avoided costs if they differ from avoided costs 
at the time of delivery. 18 CFR 292.304(b)(5).
    \98\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,880 
(justifying the rule on the basis of ``the need for certainty with 
regard to return on investment in new technologies'').
    \99\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,880.
    \100\ Id.
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    64. The provision that QFs be permitted to fix their rates for the 
entire term of a contract or other LEO has proved to be one of the most 
controversial aspects of the Commission's PURPA Regulations. Some 
commenters at the Technical Conference submitted data indicating that 
energy prices generally have declined over the years, leaving the fixed 
energy portion of the QF rate, even when levelized, well above market 
prices that likely would represent the purchasing electric utility's 
actual avoided energy costs at the time of delivery.\101\ Based on this 
concern, some

[[Page 53256]]

commenters recommended that the Commission allow states to ``price 
generation [energy] from QFs at market prices, and to update those 
prices regularly so that the prices for qualifying facilities are not 
burdensome on customer rates'' and that the Commission should limit 
avoided cost energy rates in a LEO to no higher than avoided cost rates 
at the time of delivery.\102\ QFs, in turn argued that elimination of 
the option to fix QF rates for the term of a contract would threaten a 
QF's ability to obtain financing.\103\
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    \101\ See Alliant Energy Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 5 
(Nov. 7, 2016) (``Current market-based wind prices in the Iowa 
region of MISO are approximately 25% lower than the PURPA contract 
obligation prices [Interstate Power and Light Company] is forced to 
pay for the same wind power for long-term contracts entered into as 
of June 2016. As a result, PURPA-mandated wind power purchases 
associated with just one project could cost Alliant Energy's Iowa 
customers an incremental $17.54 million above market wind prices 
over the next 10 years.'') (emphasis in original); EEI Supplemental 
Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, attach. A at 3-4 (June 25, 2018) 
(EEI Supplemental Comments) (``On August 1, 2014, a 10-year fixed 
price contract at the Mid-Columbia wholesale power market trading 
hub was priced at $45.87/MWh. On June 30, 2016, the same contract 
was priced as $30.22/MWh, a decline of 34% in less than two years. 
However, over the next 10 years, PacifiCorp has a legal obligation 
to purchase 51.9 million MWhs under its PURPA contract obligations 
at an average price of $59.87/MWh. The average forward price curve 
for the Mid-Columbia trading hub during the same period is $30.22/
MWh, or 50% below the average PURPA contract price that PacifiCorp 
will pay. The additional price required under long-term fixed 
contracts will cost PacifiCorp's customers $1.5 billion above 
current forward market prices over the next 10 years.''); Comm'r 
Kristine Raper, Idaho Commission Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, 
at 3-4 (June 29, 2016) (``Idaho Power demonstrated that the average 
cost for PURPA power since 2001 has exceed the Mid-Columbia (Mid-C) 
Index Price and is projected to continue to exceed the Mid-C price 
through 2032. Likewise, PacifiCorp's levelized avoided cost rates 
for 15-year contract terms in Wyoming shows a decrease of 
approximately 50% from 2011 through 2015 (from approximately $60 per 
megawatt-hour to less than $30 per megawatt-hour).'').
    \102\ EEI Supplemental Comments, attach. A at 4; see also 
Southern Company Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 7 (June 29, 
2016) (``the avoided energy cost payment to the QF should be based 
on actual avoided energy cost at the time the QF delivers energy'').
    \103\ See Technical Conference Tr. at 26:22-25, 27:1-3 (Solar 
Energy Industries Association) (``The Power Purchase Agreement is 
the single most important contract of the development and financing 
of an energy project that's not owned by a utility. Without the 
long-term commitment to buy the output of that agreement at a fixed 
price, there is no predictable stream of revenue. Without a 
predictable stream of revenues, there is no financing. Without any 
financing, there is no project.'').
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    65. Further, it is clear that the desire to limit the effect of 
fixed QF contract rates has directly led to PURPA implementation issues 
that affect QF financing in other respects, particularly with respect 
to the length of QF contracts.\104\ For example, a commissioner of the 
Idaho Public Service Commission (Idaho Commission) testified at the 
Technical Conference that the Idaho Commission's decision to limit QF 
contracts to a two-year term was based on the Idaho Commission's 
concern that longer contract terms at fixed rates would lead to 
payments above avoided costs.\105\ Similarly, Southern Company 
testified that the fixed payment requirement is ``resulting in . . . 
typically shorter contract term lengths.'' \106\ Golden Spread Electric 
Cooperative recommended that if the fixed cost requirement is not 
eliminated, the Commission permit shorter contract terms, ``as short as 
one-year or three years at most.'' \107\
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    \104\ See Natural Resources Defense Council Comments, Docket No. 
AD16-16-000, at 4 (June 30, 2016).
    \105\ See Technical Conference Tr. at 142-43 (Idaho Commission) 
(``No matter the starting point, allowing QFs to fix their avoided 
cost rates for long terms results in rates which will eventually 
exceed and overestimate avoided cost rates into the future. The 
longer the term, the greater the disparity. . . . [The Idaho 
Commission] recently reduced PURPA contract lengths to two years in 
order to correct the disparity. We didn't reduce contract lengths to 
kill PURPA. We did it to allow periodic adjustment of avoided cost 
rates.'').
    \106\ Id. at 202 (Southern Company).
    \107\ Golden Spread Electric Cooperative Comments, Docket No. 
AD16-16-000, at 10 (June 29, 2016).
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    66. The Commission proposes to revise Sec.  292.304(d) of the PURPA 
Regulations to permit a state to limit a QF's option to elect to fix at 
the outset of a LEO the energy rate for the entire length of its 
contract, and instead allow the state to require QF energy rates to 
vary during the term of the contract. However, under the proposed 
revisions to Sec.  292.304(d), a QF would continue to be entitled to a 
contract with avoided capacity costs calculated and fixed at the time 
the LEO is incurred. Only the contractual energy rate could be required 
by a state to vary.
    67. To the extent that a QF is not entitled to capacity payments 
because a purchasing electric utility is not avoiding any capacity as a 
consequence of entering into a contract with a QF, the QF's contract 
could be limited by a state under the proposed rule to variable energy 
payments. However, in that event, the only costs being avoided by the 
purchasing electric utility would be the incremental costs of 
purchasing or producing energy at the time the energy is 
delivered.\108\ Further, the state would retain the ability to require 
that the QF's energy rate be fixed at the time the LEO is incurred.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \108\ See, e.g., City of Ketchikan, 94 FERC at 62,061 
(``[A]voided cost rates need not include the cost for capacity in 
the event that the utility's demand (or need) for capacity is zero. 
That is, when the demand for capacity is zero, the cost for capacity 
may also be zero.'').
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    68. In Order No. 69, the Commission allowed avoided costs to be 
calculated and fixed at the time a LEO is first incurred because the 
Commission believed that any overestimations or underestimations ``will 
balance out.'' \109\ The Commission now finds compelling the record 
evidence, discussed in section II.A.5.a. above, that overestimations 
have not been adequately balanced by underestimations in past years. 
Further, this trend may persist into the future with the continuing 
general decline in the cost of both wind and solar generation.\110\ 
Consequently, the Commission believes that it may be necessary to allow 
states to provide for a variable energy rate in order to reflect more 
accurately the purchasing electric utility's avoided costs and 
therefore satisfy the statutory requirement that QF rates not exceed 
the utility's avoided cost and ``be just and reasonable to the electric 
consumers of the electric utility and in the public interest.'' \111\
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    \109\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,880.
    \110\ See EIA, Today in Energy, Average U.S. construction costs 
for solar and wind continued to fall in 2016 (Aug. 8, 2018), 
available at https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=36813 
(``Based on 2016 EIA data for newly constructed utility-scale 
electric generators (those with a capacity greater than one 
megawatt) in the United States, annual capacity-weighted average 
construction costs for solar photovoltaic systems and onshore wind 
turbines declined . . . .'').
    \111\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(b)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    69. The Commission recognizes that the current PURPA Regulations 
allowing a QF to fix its rates for the term of a contract were based on 
the recognition that fixed rates are beneficial for obtaining financing 
for QF projects. QF developers continue to assert today that they 
require fixed rates to finance new projects. However, the Commission 
does not view the proposed modification to the PURPA Regulations as 
materially affecting the ability of QFs to obtain financing. This is 
the case for a number of reasons.
    70. First, the Commission's proposed modifications would allow a 
state to set a variable energy rate, but not a variable avoided 
capacity rate at the time of a LEO. The Commission understands that 
fixed energy rates are not generally required in the electric industry 
in order for electric generation facilities to be financed. For 
example, RTO/ISO capacity markets provide only for fixed capacity 
payments, leaving capacity owners to sell their energy into the 
organized electric markets at LMPs that vary based on market conditions 
at the time the energy is delivered.\112\ These fixed capacity and 
variable energy payments have been sufficient to permit the financing 
of significant amounts of

[[Page 53257]]

new capacity in the RTOs and ISOs.\113\ Testimony presented at the 
Technical Conference similarly showed that non-QF independent power 
projects located outside of RTOs enter into contracts with fixed 
capacity and variable energy prices.\114\ Other comments at the 
Technical Conference suggested that a fixed capacity charge likewise 
would be adequate for financing a QF project.\115\
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    \112\ See, e.g., ISO New England Inc., 147 FERC ] 61,172, at P 2 
(2014) (resources receiving capacity awards must offer into energy 
market).
    \113\ See, e.g., Monitoring Analytics, LLC., Third Quarter, 2018 
State of the Market Report for PJM, January through September, at 
249, Table 5-6 (Nov. 8, 2018) (over 23,000 MW of new capacity 
constructed in PJM Interconnection, L.L.C. since 2007-2008; 
including over 16,000 MW of new capacity added in the last four 
years), available at http://www.monitoringanalytics.com/reports/PJM_State_of_the_Market/2018/2018q3-som-pjm.pdf.
    \114\ See Technical Conference Tr. at 167-69 (Southern Company) 
(``So if we enter into a bilateral contract with an independent 
power producer for combustion turbine or combined cycle capacity, we 
don't fix the energy price. The capacity payment is a fixed payment. 
That's their fixed [stream]. The energy price is typically indexed 
to the price of natural gas.''); see also id. at 178 (American 
Forest & Paper Association) (``Now, you sign a long-term IPP 
contract. That contract [has] got a variable energy cost in it.'').
    \115\ See Solar Energy Industries Association Comments, Docket 
No. AD16-16-000, at 3 (June 29, 2016) (``Developers need rates for 
such sales of energy and/or capacity to be fixed'') (emphasis 
added).
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    71. In addition to the fact that the Commission is not changing the 
requirement that QF capacity rates be fixed, the Commission anticipates 
that some may prefer basing variable QF contract energy rates on 
transparent competitive market prices over the term of the contract. 
Such rates are based on observable and foreseeable market forces, and 
thus the electric industry has developed forecasts for these 
competitive markets that are commonly accepted by the Commission and 
the industry as reasonable estimates of future prices.\116\ Such 
estimates may provide some support for financing purposes.
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    \116\ See generally ITC Great Plains, LLC, 126 FERC ] 61,223, at 
P 43 (2009) (study evaluating benefits of transmission project based 
on price forecasts ``provides a reasonable basis to conclude that 
ITC Great Plains' projects will reduce the cost to serve load by 
reducing congestion through facilitating integration and delivery of 
low-cost wind energy in the [Southwest Power Pool, Inc.] region and 
providing greater transfer capability'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    72. Further, there are financial products available, such as 
contracts for differences, which allow generation owners to hedge their 
exposure to fluctuating energy prices.\117\ Such financial products can 
provide additional comfort to lenders regarding the level of energy 
rate revenues that a QF can expect from the energy it delivers, in 
addition to the fixed capacity payments the QF is entitled to receive 
under its contract.
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    \117\ See, e.g., Electric Storage Participation in Markets 
Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent 
System Operators, Order No. 841, 162 FERC ] 61,127, at P 299 (2018) 
(noting that ``market participants that purchase energy from the 
RTO/ISO markets . . . may enter into bilateral financial 
transactions to hedge the purchase of that energy'').
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    73. Moreover, although it may have been true at the time the 
Commission promulgated its PURPA Regulations in 1980 that QFs needed to 
fix their energy rate for the term of their contract in order to obtain 
financing of their facilities, there is evidence that this no longer is 
true. This evidence comes in the form of data, described below, showing 
that independent generators that have not qualified as QFs under PURPA 
(including renewable resources that could qualify as QFs but have not 
sought QF status) have been able to obtain financing for new 
facilities. That owners of such facilities, which do not have recourse 
to the avoided cost provisions of PURPA, have been able to obtain 
financing for new projects is highly relevant to the question of 
whether the existing PURPA avoided cost provisions--including the 
requirement to enter into contracts with fixed energy rates--are 
necessary for QFs to obtain financing.
    74. For example, EIA data shows that, since 2005, QFs have made up 
only 10 to 20 percent of all renewable resource capacity in service in 
the United States, demonstrating that most renewable resources no 
longer need to rely on PURPA avoided cost rates to sell their output 
economically.\118\ EIA data also shows that net generation of energy by 
non-utility owned renewable resources \119\ in the United States 
escalated from 51.7 TWh in 2005 when EPAct 2005 was passed, to 340 TWh 
in 2018.\120\ While much of this growth was in states located in RTOs/
ISOs, there also was significant growth of non-utility renewable 
generation in other states. For example, net generation by non-utility 
renewable resources in the region defined by EIA as the Mountain State 
region \121\ increased from 3.6 TWh in 2005 to 19.5 TWh in 2012, and to 
42.5 TWh in 2018.\122\ Pacific Northwest (Oregon and Washington) net 
non-utility generation from renewable resources increased from 1.5 TWh 
in 2005, to 8.7 TWh in 2012, and to 10.6 TWh in 2018.\123\
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    \118\ See EIA, Today in Energy, North Carolina has More PURPA-
Qualifying Solar Facilities than any other State, figure entitled 
PURPA qualifying facilities (1980-2015) percent of total renewable 
capacity (Aug. 23, 2015), available at https://eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=27632.
    \119\ The EIA renewable resources data discussed herein is based 
on the EIA ``other renewables'' category of generation resources, 
which consists of wind, utility scale solar, geothermal, and biomass 
resources.
    \120\ This data was taken from EIA's Electricity Data Browser, 
available at www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser.
    \121\ Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, 
Utah, and Wyoming.
    \122\ This data was taken from EIA's Electricity Data Browser, 
available at www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser.
    \123\ Id.
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    75. EIA data on independently-owned natural gas-fired generation 
capacity tells a similar story. Natural gas-fired capacity without the 
requisite cogeneration technology cannot qualify as qualifying small 
power production or cogeneration, and thus most of this capacity will 
not be within the scope of the PURPA avoided cost rate provisions. EIA 
data shows that, in 2018, 44.4 percent of all energy produced by 
natural gas-fired generation in the United States was generated by 
independently-owned capacity.\124\ The total amount of energy produced 
in 2018 by independently-owned natural gas-fired generation was 651 
TWh, an increase of 13.7 percent from 2017.\125\ Again, the percentage 
of independently-owned natural gas generation outside of RTOs/ISOs was 
lower than in RTOs/ISOs, but still was significant. In the Mountain 
states region, 21.4 percent of the energy produced by natural gas-fired 
generation 2018 was produced by independently-owned capacity, and in 
Oregon and Washington 45.4 percent of natural gas-fired energy was 
produced by independently-owned capacity.\126\ It thus is apparent that 
independent owners of non-QF generation have been, and continue to be, 
able to obtain financing for their facilities.
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    \124\ EIA, Electric Power Monthly with Data for December 2018, 
at Table 1.7.B, available at https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/current_month/epm.pdf.
    \125\ Id.
    \126\ Id.
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    76. The Commission does not suggest that this evidence supports the 
conclusion that substantial non-QF capacity is being financed and 
constructed without any form of fixed revenue to support financing. 
Rather, the evidence demonstrates that the existing PURPA avoided cost 
rate provisions are not necessary for some independent power generators 
to put in place contractual arrangements, including fixed revenue 
streams, that are sufficient to obtain financing. QFs, which have the 
advantage of mandatory purchase requirements, should be better 
positioned than non-QFs to negotiate the necessary contractual 
arrangements for financing. Moreover, QFs are as equally well 
positioned as non-QF independent generators to take

[[Page 53258]]

advantage of federal and state incentives designed to encourage the 
construction of renewable resources.
    77. Finally, as described above, states and utilities have 
responded to the requirement that QF contract rates be fixed for the 
term of a contract by shortening the terms of those contracts and 
taking other steps that some argue make it more difficult for a QF to 
obtain a financeable contract. Representatives of QFs explained that 
short contract terms make financing difficult, and they cited the Idaho 
Commission's decision to limit contracts to a two-year term as being 
especially harmful.\127\ Because the decisions to impose short contract 
terms were based largely on the current requirement that QFs be able to 
fix their rates, particularly energy rates, for the term of their 
contracts, allowing states to require contractual energy rates to vary 
could result in longer QF contracts, and perhaps other more favorable 
treatment, that would improve the financeability of QF projects.
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    \127\ See Technical Conference Tr. at 70 (Solar Energy 
Industries Association); 73 (California Cogeneration Council).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    78. Although the Commission believes that the above evidence 
supports the conclusion that a fixed capacity rate and a variable 
energy rate should be adequate to support financing for QFs, the 
Commission solicits further information from interested entities on the 
ability of QFs to obtain financing based on contracts with a fixed 
capacity rate and a variable energy rate. In particular, the Commission 
solicits information on any independently owned projects (QF and non-
QF) that required a fixed energy rate in addition to a fixed capacity 
rate to obtain financing and on independently owned projects (QF and 
non-QF) that were able to obtain financing without a fixed energy rate.
b. Implementation of the Commission's Proposal
    79. The proposal described above is not mandatory. The Commission 
proposes to give the states the flexibility to continue to allow QFs to 
fix their contract energy rates as of the date of their LEO. The 
Commission's proposal here gives states the additional flexibility to 
consider imposing some measure of variability to QF contract energy 
rates when a state determines that it is necessary to do so to comply 
with the statutory requirement that QF rates not exceed the utility's 
avoided costs.
    80. Further, the Commission understands that one standard form of 
QF contract rate currently employed by a number of utilities is a one-
part rate, applicable to each MWh of energy delivered by the QF, which 
is calculated to reflect both avoided capacity costs and avoided energy 
costs. Such contracts also typically impose a must purchase obligation 
on the purchasing utility. The Commission's proposed rule is not 
intended to prevent states from implementing such an approach to 
setting QF contract rates in the future. However, as explained above, 
the Commission is not modifying the requirement in the PURPA 
Regulations that QFs have the option of fixing their contract capacity 
rates as of the date of the LEO.
    81. Consequently, the Commission proposes that, to the extent that 
a state determines to establish a one-part QF contract rate that 
recovers both avoided capacity and avoided energy costs, the rate must 
continue to be subject to the QF's option to select a fixed rate for 
the term of the contract, as provided in Sec.  304(d)(2)(ii). Any 
requirement to impose a variable energy QF contract rate would need to 
be accomplished through a multi-part rate that includes separate 
avoided capacity cost rates and avoided energy cost rates.\128\
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    \128\ If, however, the QF contract rate is appropriately based 
solely on avoided energy costs with no avoided capacity cost 
component, then that rate could be implemented on a variable basis 
in accordance with the requirements of these proposed rules.
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6. Consideration of Competitive Solicitations To Determine Avoided 
Costs
    82. The Commission proposes to revise the PURPA Regulations in 18 
CFR 292.304 to add subsection (b)(8). In combination with new 
subsection (e)(1), this subsection would permit a state the flexibility 
to set avoided energy and/or capacity rates using competitive 
solicitations (i.e., RFPs), conducted pursuant to appropriate 
procedures.
    83. The Commission recognizes that one way to enable the industry 
to move towards more competitive QF pricing is to allow states to 
establish QF avoided cost rates through an RFP process. Such an 
approach has been suggested on a number of occasions, including in the 
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners' (NARUC) 
supplemental comments submitted in Docket No. AD16-16-000, where NARUC 
proposed that

energy and capacity needs . . . would be filled by conducting 
competitive solicitations for energy and capacity. These competitive 
solicitations, or request for proposals (RFPs), would be open to all 
QFs and would be overseen by State commissions or administered 
independently of any individual market participant to mitigate anti-
competitive behavior of the buyer.\129\
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    \129\ NARUC Supplemental Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 2 
(July 20, 2018).

    84. The Commission previously has explored this issue. In 1988, the 
Commission issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking proposing to adopt 
regulations that would allow bidding procedures to be used in 
establishing rates for purchases from QFs.\130\ That rulemaking 
proceeding, along with several related proceedings, ultimately was 
withdrawn as overtaken by events in the industry.\131\
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    \130\ Regulations Governing Bidding Programs, FERC Stats. & 
Regs. ] 32,455 (1988) (cross-referenced at 42 FERC ] 61,323) 
(Bidding NOPR); see also Administrative Determination of Full 
Avoided Costs, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,457 (1988) (cross-referenced 
at 42 FERC ] 61,324) (ADFAC NOPR).
    \131\ See Regulations Governing Bidding Programs, 64 FERC ] 
61,364 at 63,491-92 (1993) (terminating Bidding NOPR proceeding); 
see also Administrative Determination of Full Avoided Costs, 84 FERC 
] 61,265 (1998) (terminating ADFAC NOPR proceeding).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    85. Since then, the Commission held in a 2014 order addressing the 
specific facts of the RFP at issue that an electric utility's 
obligation to purchase power from a QF under a LEO could not be 
curtailed based on a failure of the QF to win an only occasionally-held 
RFP.\132\ In a separate proceeding involving a different RFP, the 
Commission declined to initiate an enforcement action where the state 
RFP was an alternative to a PURPA program.\133\
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    \132\ See, e.g., Hydrodynamics, 146 FERC ] 61,193 at PP 31-35. 
RFP processes have been used more recently in a number of states, 
including Georgia, North Carolina, and Colorado. Georgia's RFP 
process is described at Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. 515-3-4.04(3) (2018). 
North Carolina's RFP process is described at 4 N.C. Admin. Code 
11.R8-71 (2018). Colorado's RFP process is described at SPower 
Development Co. v. Colorado Pub. Utils. Comm'n, 2018 WL 1014142 (D. 
Colo. Feb. 22, 2018).
    \133\ Winding Creek Solar LLC, 151 FERC ] 61,103, 
reconsideration denied, 153 FERC ] 61,027 (2015). But see Winding 
Creek Solar LLC v. Peterman, 932 F.3d 861 (9th Cir. 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    86. Given this precedent, the Commission proposes to amend its 
regulations to clarify that a state could establish QF avoided cost 
rates through an appropriate RFP process. Consistent with its general 
approach of giving states flexibility in the manner in which they 
determine avoided costs, the Commission does not propose in this NOPR 
to prescribe detailed criteria governing the use of RFPs as tools to 
determine rates to be paid to QFs, as well as to determine other 
contract terms. States arguably may be in the best position to consider 
their particular local circumstances, including questions of need, 
resulting economic impacts, amounts to be purchased through auctions, 
and related issues.

[[Page 53259]]

    87. Nevertheless, in considering what constitutes proper design and 
administration of an RFP, it is appropriate for the Commission to 
establish certain minimum criteria governing the process by which RFPs 
are to be conducted in order for an RFP to be used to set QF rates. In 
that regard, the Commission has addressed competitive solicitations in 
prior orders in a number of contexts that provide potential guidance to 
states and others. For example, the Commission's policy for the 
establishment of negotiated rates for merchant transmission 
projects,\134\ the Bidding NOPR, and the Hydrodynamics case \135\ all 
suggest factors that could be considered in establishing an appropriate 
RFP that is conducted in a transparent and non-discriminatory manner. 
These factors include, among others: (a) An open and transparent 
process; (b) solicitations should be open to all sources to satisfy 
that purchasing electric utility's capacity needs, taking into account 
the required operating characteristics of the needed capacity; \136\ 
(c) solicitations conducted at regular intervals; (d) oversight by an 
independent administrator; and (e) certification as fulfilling the 
above criteria by the state regulatory authority or nonregulated 
electric utility. The Commission proposes that a state may use an RFP 
to set avoided energy and capacity rates provided that such competitive 
solicitation process is conducted pursuant to procedures ensuring the 
solicitation is conducted in a transparent and non-discriminatory 
manner. Such an RFP must be conducted in a process that includes, but 
is not limited to, the factors identified above which are set forth in 
proposed Sec.  292.304(b)(8) of the Commission's Regulations.
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    \134\ Allocation of Capacity on New Merchant Transmission 
Projects and New Cost-Based, Participant-Funded Transmission 
Projects, 142 FERC ] 61,038 (2013).
    \135\ See Hydrodynamics, 146 FERC ] 61,193 at P 32 n.70 (citing 
Bidding NOPR, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 32,455 at 32,030-42). The 
Commission notes that, while QFs not awarded a contract pursuant to 
an RFP would retain their existing PURPA right to sell energy as 
available to the electric utility, if the state has concluded that 
such QF puts tendered after an RFP was held are ``not needed,'' the 
capacity rate may be zero because an electric utility is not 
required to pay a capacity rate for such puts if they are not 
needed. See Hydrodynamics, 146 FERC ] 61,193 at P 35 (referencing 
City of Ketchikan, Alaska, 94 FERC at 62,061 (``[A]voided cost rates 
need not include the cost for capacity in the event that the 
utility's demand (or need) for capacity is zero. That is, when the 
demand for capacity is zero, the cost for capacity may also be 
zero.'')).
    \136\ See 18 CFR 292.304(e); Windham Solar LLC, 157 FERC ] 
61,134 at PP 5-6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    88. In addition, the Commission seeks comment on whether it should 
provide further guidance on whether, and under what circumstances, an 
RFP can be used as a utility's exclusive vehicle for acquiring QF 
capacity.\137\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \137\ Even if an RFP were used as an exclusive vehicle for an 
electric utility to obtain QF capacity, QFs that do not receive an 
award in the RFP would be entitled to sell energy to the electric 
utility at its as-available avoided energy cost rate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Relief From Purchase Obligation in Competitive Retail Markets

    89. Section 292.303(a) of the PURPA Regulations requires electric 
utilities generally to purchase ``any energy and capacity which is made 
available from a qualifying facility.'' \138\ The Commission proposes 
to modify this regulation to provide electric utilities relief from 
this purchase obligation to the extent their supply obligations are 
reduced by a state's retail choice program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \138\ 18 CFR 292.303(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Background
    90. Historically, electric utilities were responsible for serving 
all of the load within their franchised service territories. Since the 
1990s, however, some states have restructured their electricity markets 
to incorporate retail choice, which allows retail electric customers to 
choose alternative electricity suppliers and not purchase from their 
local electric utility. This type of restructuring may have decreased 
electric utilities' obligations to serve load, i.e., they no longer are 
required to serve load that otherwise would be their native load. 
However, electric utilities were still generally required to continue 
to serve as the Provider of Last Resort (POLR) and serve customers that 
were not obtaining electricity from competitive electric retail 
suppliers. Electricity for POLR load often is procured through a 
competitive solicitation process with contracts of one year or less. 
This allows customers to leave POLR service and enter into contracts 
with competitive electricity suppliers while protecting electric 
utilities from having to honor long-term contracts for a shifting 
customer base.
2. Commission Proposal
    91. It is reasonable for electric utilities' PURPA capacity 
purchase obligations to be reduced to the extent retail choice reduces 
their supply obligations. To the extent POLR supplies are obtained 
through solicitations having a particular contract term such as one 
year, the length of the utility's PURPA purchase contract should match 
the term of the POLR supply solicitation contracts in order to more 
accurately reflect the utility's avoided costs.
    92. The Commission proposes to add regulatory text at the end of 
Sec.  292.303(a) of the PURPA Regulations to provide that the purchase 
obligation may be reduced to the extent the purchasing electric 
utility's supply obligation has been reduced by a state retail choice 
program. The Commission proposes, through this change, to provide that 
state regulatory authorities and nonregulated electric utilities have 
flexibility to respond to the possibility that, over time, a utility's 
POLR supply obligation may decrease (or increase). The Commission 
intends that this proposal would apply prospectively from the effective 
date of the final rule and would not disturb contracts in effect at the 
time the utility's supply obligation is reduced.

C. Evaluation of Whether QFs Are Separate Facilities

    93. The PURPA Regulations and Commission precedent establish an 
irrebuttable presumption that affiliated small power production 
facilities using the same energy resource, but which are more than one 
mile apart from each other, are located at separate sites and thus are 
separate facilities. This irrebuttable presumption therefore renders 
such facilities eligible for the benefits of PURPA if each facility, 
individually, has a maximum power production capacity of 80 MW or 
less.\139\ Section 292.204(a)(2)(ii) of the PURPA Regulations states 
that to measure one mile, ``the distance between facilities shall be 
measured from the electrical generating equipment of a facility,'' 
\140\ but the PURPA Regulations do not define what constitutes 
electrical generating equipment or explain how to measure the distance 
between facilities.
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    \139\ N. Laramie Range Alliance, 139 FERC ] 61,190, at PP 22-24 
(2012) (Northern Laramie). See 18 CFR 292.204(a)(1).
    \140\ 18 CFR 292.204(a)(2)(ii).
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    94. As discussed below, the Commission proposes to amend Sec. Sec.  
292.204(a) and 292.207 of the PURPA Regulations to allow entities 
challenging a QF certification to show that affiliated small power 
production facilities more than one mile apart and less than ten miles 
apart, are actually part of a single facility, and not separate 
facilities; the presumption, in other words, would be a rebuttable 
presumption for facilities over one mile apart and less than ten miles 
apart. The Commission also proposes amending Sec.  292.202 to include a 
definition of ``electrical generating equipment'' and Sec.  
292.204(a)(2)(ii) to

[[Page 53260]]

specify how to measure the distance between facilities that have 
multiple separate sets of ``electrical generating equipment'' such as 
is often the case with wind farms and solar facilities.
1. Background and Need for Reform
a. Ability To Rebut Presumption of Separate Sites
    95. PURPA defines a small power production facility as ``a facility 
which is an eligible solar, wind, waste, or geothermal facility, or a 
facility which (i) produces electric energy solely by the use, as a 
primary energy source, of biomass, waste, renewable resources, 
geothermal resources, or any combination thereof; and (ii) has a power 
production capacity which, together with any other facilities located 
at the same site (as determined by the Commission), is not greater than 
80 MW.'' \141\ The 80 MW limit on the size of a facility that can 
qualify as a small power production facility requires a definition of 
what it means to be ``located at the same site,'' to determine whether 
a QF satisfies the 80 MW limit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \141\ 16 U.S.C. 796(17)(A) (emphasis added).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    96. Currently, Sec.  292.204(a) of the PURPA Regulations provides 
that small power production facilities are considered to be at the same 
site if they are located within one mile of each other, use the same 
energy resource, and are owned by the same person(s) or its 
affiliates.\142\ This regulatory provision is commonly referred to as 
``the one-mile rule'' and is used to calculate the size of a facility 
and to distinguish what is a separate facility. The Commission has 
stated that the one-mile rule is an irrebuttable presumption--
facilities within one mile are ``at the same site'' and facilities more 
than a mile apart from each other are not.\143\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \142\ 18 CFR 292.204(a). Hydroelectric facilities have slightly 
different rules, which reference water from the same impoundment.
    \143\ Northern Laramie, 139 FERC ] 61,190 at PP 22-24.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    97. In recent years, arguments have been raised that some QF 
developers of small power production facilities are circumventing the 
one-mile rule, and thereby circumventing PURPA, by strategically siting 
small power production facilities that use the same energy resource--
primarily wind farms made up of multiple individual wind turbines--
slightly more than one mile apart in order to qualify as separate small 
power production facilities that are protected by the irrebuttable 
presumption that facilities more than a mile apart are separate 
QFs.\144\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \144\ See, e.g., EEI Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 5 
(Nov. 7, 2016); National Rural Electric Cooperative Association 
Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 7 (Nov. 7, 2016); Southern 
Company Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 9-10 (Nov. 7, 2016); 
NARUC Supplemental Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 3 (Nov. 7, 
2016).
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b. Electrical Generating Equipment
    98. Section 292.204(a)(2)(ii) of the PURPA regulations states that, 
to measure one mile, ``the distance between facilities shall be 
measured from the electrical generating equipment of a facility.'' 
\145\ The Commission has suggested in orders what is not considered 
``electrical generating equipment,'' \146\ but has never defined or 
elaborated on what equipment meets the definition of ``electrical 
generating equipment.'' For example, wind farms are typically comprised 
of multiple wind turbines spread over some geographic area; however, 
each wind turbine could be considered ``electrical generating 
equipment.''
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    \145\ 18 CFR 292.204(a)(2)(ii) (emphasis added).
    \146\ In Order No. 70, the Commission stated: ``The comments 
noted that some facilities may include equipment for gathering 
energy to be used in the facility which may extend up to a number of 
miles from the generating facility. The Commission believes that the 
one-mile limit should be measured from the generating facilities.'' 
Order No. 70, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,134 at 30,943.
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    99. Similarly, solar facilities can be spread over some geographic 
area (albeit likely not as large a footprint as a wind farm), 
potentially creating confusion as to whether the one mile is measured 
from the edge of the panels at one facility to the edge of the panel at 
the next facility, or from the center point of each solar array. 
Additionally, the Commission has not specified how to measure the 
distance between facilities that have multiple separate sets of 
``electrical generating equipment.''
2. Proposed Changes to Subpart B--Qualifying Cogeneration and Small 
Power Production Facilities
a. Rebuttable Presumption of Separate Facilities
    100. The Commission proposes to allow entities challenging a QF 
certification to rebut the presumption that affiliated facilities 
located more than one mile apart are considered to be separate QFs. The 
Commission proposes that this change would be effective as of the date 
of a final rule, which means that such challenges could only be made to 
QF certifications and recertifications that are submitted after the 
effective date of the final rule in this proceeding.
    101. The Commission proposes that an entity can seek to rebut the 
presumption only for those facilities that are located more than one 
mile apart and less than ten miles apart. The Commission believes that, 
just as there are some facilities that may be so close that it is 
reasonable to irrebuttably treat them as a single facility (those a 
mile or less apart), so there are some facilities that are sufficiently 
far apart that it is reasonable to treat them as irrebuttably separate 
facilities. That latter distance, the Commission believes, is ten miles 
or more apart. Thus, if two affiliated facilities are one mile or less 
apart they are currently and will continue to be irrebuttably presumed 
to be a single facility at a single site. If affiliated facilities are 
ten miles or more apart, they will be irrebuttably presumed to be 
separate facilities at separate sites.
    102. If affiliated facilities are between one and ten miles apart 
(i.e., more than one mile apart and less than ten miles apart) there 
will still be a presumption, but it will be a rebuttable presumption, 
that they are separate facilities at separate sites. Purchasing 
electric utilities and others thus would be able to file a protest 
attempting to rebut the presumption for facilities more than one mile 
apart and less than ten miles apart, and argue that they should be 
treated as a single facility. The Commission may also act sua sponte. 
The Commission proposes, as explained below, that self-certifications 
will remain effective after a protest has been filed, until such time 
as the Commission issues an order revoking the certification.
    103. The Commission proposes allowing an entity seeking QF status 
to provide further information in its certification (both self-
certification and Commission certification), to preemptively defend 
against rebuttal by asserting factors that affirmatively show that two 
facilities are indeed separate facilities at separate sites.\147\ 
Anyone challenging the QF certification would be allowed to assert 
factors to show that the facilities are actually part of the same, 
single facility.
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    \147\ While a QF with a net power production capacity of 1 MW or 
less is not required to formally certify its QF status (either 
through Commission certification or self-certification), if the QF's 
status is later challenged the QF would be able to respond by 
affirmatively demonstrating that its facilities are not located at 
the same site as other affiliated facilities and thus that the QF 
does not exceed the 80 MW size limitation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    104. The Commission proposes limiting protests challenging QF 
status by requiring any entity filing a protest to specify facts that 
make a prima facie demonstration that the facility described in the 
self-certification, self-recertification, or Commission certification 
does not satisfy the requirements for QF status. General allegations or 
unsupported assertions would not be a basis for denial of 
certification. The Commission further

[[Page 53261]]

proposes limiting protests to QF status by requiring that once the 
Commission has affirmatively certified an applicant's QF status through 
either a Commission certification proceeding or in response to protests 
challenging QF status, any later protest to a QF's existing 
certification asserting that facilities further than one mile apart are 
part of a single QF must demonstrate changed circumstances that call 
into question the continued validity of the earlier certification.
    105. The Commission proposes that physical and ownership factors 
may be asserted to rebut or defend against rebuttal. Noting that no 
single factor would be dispositive, the Commission proposes the factors 
listed below:
    (1) Physical characteristics including such common characteristics 
as: Infrastructure, property ownership, interconnection agreements, 
control facilities, access and easements, interconnection facilities up 
to the point of interconnection to the distribution or transmission 
system, collector systems or facilities, points of interconnection, 
motive force or fuel source, off-take arrangements, property leases, 
and connections to the electrical grid; and (2) ownership/other 
characteristics, including such characteristics as whether the 
facilities in question are: Owned or controlled by the same person(s) 
or affiliated persons(s), operated and maintained by the same or 
affiliated entity(ies), selling to the same electric utility, using 
common debt or equity financing, constructed by the same entity within 
12 months, managing a power sales agreement executed within 12 months 
of a similar and affiliated facility in the same location, placed into 
service within 12 months of an affiliated project's commercial 
operation date as specified in the power sales agreement, or sharing 
engineering or procurement contracts. The Commission solicits comments 
on whether the Commission should rely on some or any of these factors, 
or other factors, or whether the various factors should be considered 
together and weighed.
    106. Finally, for its PURPA Regulations, the Commission generally 
relies on the definition of an ``affiliate'' provided in its 
regulations at Sec.  35.36(a)(9). The Commission will continue to rely 
on this definition and notes that subsection (iii) of the Commission's 
regulation provides that the Commission may determine, after 
appropriate notice and opportunity for hearing, that a person stands in 
such relation to a specified company that there is likely to be an 
absence of arm's-length bargaining in transactions between them as to 
make it necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the 
protection of investors or consumers that the person be treated as an 
affiliate.\148\ The Commission intends, when applying its rules on 
separate facilities, to consider this provision of its regulations, 
when entities otherwise would not be deemed affiliates under the other 
provisions of the definition, to determine whether a person 
nevertheless should be treated as an affiliate. In doing so, the 
Commission could take into consideration many of the same factors that 
would reasonably be considered in evaluating whether facilities located 
over one and less than ten miles apart are a single facility or 
separate facilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \148\ 18 CFR 35.36(a)(9)(iii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    107. The Commission believes that this change, together with the 
proposed definition of ``electrical generating equipment'' and revision 
to the FERC Form No. 556 discussed below, would more closely align with 
Congress's requirement that QFs seeking to certify as small power 
production facilities are in fact below the statutory limit for such 
facilities.\149\
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    \149\ See 16 U.S.C. 796(17)(A)(ii) (defining small power 
production facility as inter alia ``a facility which is an eligible 
solar, wind, waste, or geothermal facility, or a facility which--. . 
. has a power production capacity which, together with any other 
facilities located at the same site (as determined by the 
Commission), is not greater than 80 megawatts.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Electrical Generating Equipment
    108. The Commission proposes defining ``electrical generating 
equipment'' to refer to all boilers, heat recovery steam generators, 
prime movers (any mechanical equipment driving an electric generator), 
electrical generators, photovoltaic solar panels and/or inverters, fuel 
cell equipment and/or other primary power generation equipment used in 
the facility, excluding equipment for gathering energy to be used in 
the facility. The Commission expects that each wind turbine on a wind 
farm and each solar panel in a solar facility would be considered 
``electrical generating equipment'' because each wind turbine and each 
solar panel is independently capable of producing electric energy. We 
seek comments on this approach, and on what--if not individual wind 
turbines and solar panels--should be considered ``electrical generating 
equipment'' for wind and solar plants.
    109. The Commission also proposes specifying how to measure the 
distance between facilities that have multiple separate sets of 
``electrical generating equipment'' such as wind farms and solar 
facilities. In this NOPR, the Commission proposes measuring the 
distance between the nearest ``electrical generating equipment'' of any 
two facilities such that, for the facilities to be considered 
irrebuttably separate, all such equipment of one QF must be at least 
ten miles away from all such equipment of another QF. We believe this 
is the appropriate way to measure the distance between affiliated sets 
of ``electrical generating equipment'' because this reflects the 
distance between the components directly tied to producing electric 
energy.
    110. The Commission seeks comment on this approach, and whether 
alternative approaches would be more appropriate. For example, some 
parties have suggested in QF certification proceedings that the 
Commission could use the geographic center of the plant footprint or a 
weighted average of the locations of the individual pieces of 
``electrical generating equipment.'' \150\ The Commission is concerned 
these approaches may be easily gamed, but seeks comment on whether they 
may be constructed in a way that would prevent gaming, and whether such 
formulations would be preferable to the approach proposed above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \150\ See Beaver Creek Wind II, LLC, 160 FERC ] 61,052, at P 9 
(2017).
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3. Corresponding Changes to the FERC Form No. 556
    111. If the changes to the evaluation of whether QFs are separate 
facilities are implemented as proposed above, the Commission proposes 
corresponding changes to the FERC Form No. 556. Currently, item 8a of 
Form No. 556 requires that the applicant identify any facilities with 
electrical generating equipment within one mile of the instant 
facility's electrical generating equipment, as shown below in Figure 1.

[[Page 53262]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP04OC19.005

    112. The Commission proposes adding a new item 8b,\151\ which would 
be similar to the current item 8a, except that it would cover 
affiliated facilities whose nearest electrical generating equipment is 
greater than 1 mile and less than 10 miles from the electrical 
generating equipment of the instant facility.
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    \151\ Subsequent items in that section of the form would be 
retained, but re-numbered and moved down accordingly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    113. The Commission proposes that the instructions for the new item 
8b would also allow applicants with facilities identified under item 8b 
(i.e., facilities more than one mile apart and less than ten miles 
apart) to, if they choose, explain (in the Miscellaneous section 
starting on page 19 of the form) why the facilities identified under 
item 8b should be considered separate facilities, considering the 
relevant physical and ownership factors. We further propose to provide 
reference, in the instructions to the new item 8b, to the paragraphs of 
the final rule under this rulemaking which discuss the relevant 
physical and ownership factors that may be asserted to defend against 
rebuttal.
    114. The Commission seeks comment on whether item 8a (existing) 
should be revised and item 8b (as newly proposed) written to require 
that the applicant specify the distance from the instant facility to 
each affiliated facility listed. We also seek comment on whether items 
8a and (new) 8b should require the applicant to document (in the 
Miscellaneous section on page 19 of the Form No. 556) how the distances 
reported were calculated. Specifically, we seek comment on whether the 
applicant should be required to identify the particular electrical 
generating equipment and associated geographic coordinates used in 
calculating the distance(s) between the facility(ies).
    115. The Commission notes that item 8a currently requires 
applicants to list all affiliated ``facilities.'' Under this 
requirement, an applicant would have to list all affiliated QFs and 
affiliated non-QFs. We request comment on whether such a requirement is 
more burdensome than necessary. It is not clear that requiring the 
listing of affiliated non-QFs is necessary in monitoring for compliance 
with the relevant QF regulations, which are concerned only with the 
distance between affiliated QFs. Particularly under the newly proposed 
item 8b, where applicants would list facilities located more than one 
mile apart but less than ten miles apart, many more facilities are 
likely to be listed than are currently listed in the existing item 8a. 
As such, we seek comment on whether we should revise item 8a (existing) 
and write item 8b (as newly proposed) to require that applicants list 
only affiliated QFs, or whether there is reason to continue to require 
all affiliated facilities to be listed.
    116. The Commission also seeks comment on whether item 3c 
(geographic coordinates) and the Geographic Coordinates instructions on 
page 4 of the current Form No. 556 should be modified such that 
reporting of geographic coordinates should be required for all 
applications, rather than only for applications where there is no 
facility street address (as is now the case). We believe such 
information may provide more transparency in approximate distances 
between facilities, and that such transparency may be useful for both 
the public and Commission staff in monitoring compliance with the 
Commission's QF regulations.
    117. We note, as we did in Order No. 732,\152\ and as we do in the 
general form instructions on page 4 of the Form No. 556, that such 
coordinates can be obtained through certain free online map services 
(with links and instructions available through the Commission's QF 
website); GPS devices (including smartphones, which are now nearly 
ubiquitous); Google Earth; property surveys; various engineering or 
construction drawings; property deeds; or municipal or county maps 
showing property lines. We also note that the Commission has a link on 
its QF web page (www.ferc.gov/QF) which provides assistance with 
determining geographic coordinates of facilities. As such, we believe 
that the burden that would be created by requiring every QF to provide 
geographic coordinates would be limited. Even so, we seek comment on 
whether the value of the information to the public and the Commission 
would outweigh the limited burden.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \152\ Revisions to Form, Procedures, and Criteria for 
Certification of Qualifying Facility Status for a Small Power 
Production or Cogeneration Facility, Order No. 732, 130 FERC ] 
61,214, at P 100 (2010).
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D. PURPA Section 210(m) Rebuttable Presumption of Nondiscriminatory 
Access to Markets

    118. In accordance with PURPA section 210(m), the PURPA Regulations 
permit an electric utility to file an application with the Commission 
requesting relief from the requirement to enter into new contracts or 
obligations to purchase electric energy from a QF if the Commission 
finds that a QF has nondiscriminatory access to certain markets. As 
relevant here, the PURPA Regulations establish a rebuttable presumption 
that QFs with a net power production capacity at or below 20 MW lack 
nondiscriminatory access to such markets. The Commission now proposes

[[Page 53263]]

to revise the PURPA Regulations to reduce the capacity level at which 
this presumption attaches for small power production facilities, but 
not cogeneration facilities, from 20 MW to 1 MW.\153\
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    \153\ The Commission also proposes to revise the PURPA 
Regulations to replace ``Midwest Independent Transmission System 
Operator, Inc. (Midwest ISO)'' and ``ISO New England, Inc.'' in 18 
CFR 292.309(e), with ``Midcontinent Independent System Operator, 
Inc. (MISO)'' and ``ISO New England Inc.,'' respectively.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Background
    119. In 2005, Congress amended PURPA section 210 to add section 
210(m), which was intended to reflect the fact that organized electric 
markets have been created in RTOs/ISOs that provide alternative markets 
for sales by QFs. Section 210(m) provides for termination of the 
requirement that an electric utility enter into a new obligation or 
contract to purchase from a QF if the QF, in fact, has 
nondiscriminatory access to certain defined types of markets.\154\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \154\ See 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(m).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    120. In Order No. 688, the Commission identified certain specified 
markets as qualifying for section 210(m) relief from the PURPA 
mandatory purchase obligation, provided that QFs, in fact, have 
nondiscriminatory access to such markets.\155\ Because section 210(m) 
requires the Commission to make a final determination on applications 
to terminate the requirement to enter into new obligations or contracts 
to purchase from QFs within 90 days of the application, the Commission 
established certain rebuttable presumptions to make the processing of 
the applications possible given this 90-day action requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \155\ New PURPA Section 210(m) Regulations Applicable to Small 
Power Production and Cogeneration Facilities, Order No. 688, 117 
FERC ] 61,078, at PP 9-12 (2006), order on reh'g, Order No. 688-A, 
119 FERC ] 61,305 (2007), aff'd sub nom. Am. Forest & Paper Ass'n v. 
FERC, 550 F.3d 1179 (D.C. Cir. 2008).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    121. As relevant here, one of those rebuttable presumptions, 
contained in Sec.  292.309(d)(1) of the PURPA Regulations,\156\ is that 
a QF with a net power production capacity at or below 20 MW does not 
have nondiscriminatory access to markets. In creating this rebuttable 
presumption, the Commission found persuasive arguments that some QFs 
may, in practice, not have nondiscriminatory access to markets in light 
of their small size.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \156\ 18 CFR 292.309(d)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    122. The Commission noted that there was agreement among commenters 
representing both QFs and utilities that small size could affect a QF's 
ability to access markets.\157\ The Commission explained that smaller 
QFs often are interconnected at the distribution level and that QFs 
interconnected at the distribution level may, in practice, lack the 
same level of access to markets as those connected to transmission 
lines.\158\ The Commission also explained that smaller QFs were more 
likely to have to overcome obstacles that larger QFs would not have to 
overcome, such as jurisdictional differences, pancaked delivery rates, 
and administrative burdens to obtaining access to distant buyers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \157\ E.g., Order No. 688, 117 FERC ] 61,078 at PP 72-73; Order 
No. 688-A, 119 FERC ] 61,305 at P 103.
    \158\ Order No. 688-A, 119 FERC ] 61,305 at PP 94-103.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    123. The Commission found that such difficulties supported a 
rebuttable presumption that smaller QFs have ``substantially less 
ability to access wholesale markets than do larger QFs.'' \159\ The 
Commission further explained that it set this rebuttable presumption at 
20 MW, rather than at a much smaller size of one or two MW, to reflect 
its understanding of ``the general nature of QFs' interconnection 
practices and the relative capabilities of small entities'' to 
participate in markets.\160\ The Commission acknowledged that ``[t]here 
is no perfect bright line that can be drawn,'' but stated that it 
``reasonably exercised [its] discretion in adopting a 20 MW or below 
demarcation for purposes of determining which QFs are unlikely to have 
nondiscriminatory access to markets.'' \161\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \159\ Id. P 96.
    \160\ Id. P 101.
    \161\ Id. P 95.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    124. Order No. 688 placed the burden of proof on the electric 
utility to demonstrate that a smaller QF has nondiscriminatory access 
to energy markets.\162\ The Commission, in Order No. 688, did not 
specify what evidence a utility could set forth to rebut the 
presumption, but noted that ``relevant evidence may include the extent 
to which the QF has been participating in the market or is owned by, or 
is an affiliate of, a[n] entity that has been participating in the 
relevant market.'' \163\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \162\ 18 CFR 292.310(d)(2) (to the extent an electric utility 
seeks relief from the purchase obligation with respect to a QF 20 MW 
or smaller, the electric utility bears burden to prove the QF has 
nondiscriminatory access to the wholesale markets).
    \163\ Order No. 688, 117 FERC ] 61,078 at P 78. In saying this, 
however, the Commission did not intend to suggest that these two 
facts alone would necessarily be a basis for granting relief from 
PURPA's mandatory purchase obligation. PPL Elec. Utils. Corp., 145 
FERC ] 61,053, at P 23 & n.25 (2013), order denying reh'g, 148 FERC 
] 61,207 (2014).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    125. The Commission in Order No. 688 stated that ``[t]here is 
nothing in section 210(m) of PURPA to suggest that Congress intended to 
ensure a QF's commercial viability. Nor does the statute require the 
Commission to find that the `economic and technical equivalent to 
mandatory purchase is available through a competitive market' before it 
terminates the requirement that an electric utility enters into a new 
contract or obligation to purchase electric energy from QFs.'' \164\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \164\ Order No. 688, 117 FERC ] 61,078 at P 37.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Commission Proposal
    126. In 2006, when Order No. 688 was issued, the organized electric 
markets had been in existence for only a few years and were not well 
understood by all market participants. Now, twelve years later, the 
markets are more mature, and the mechanics of participation in such 
markets are improved and better understood. Consequently, the 
Commission believes that small power production facilities below 20 MW 
should be able to participate in such markets under most circumstances. 
The Commission therefore proposes to revise Sec.  292.309(d) of the 
PURPA Regulations to reduce the net power production capacity level at 
which the presumption of nondiscriminatory access to a market attaches 
for small power production facilities, but not cogeneration facilities, 
from 20 MW to 1 MW.
    127. The Commission believes that, in light of the maturation of 
organized electric markets, such a reduction is consistent with 
Congress's intent to relieve electric utilities of their obligation to 
purchase when a QF has nondiscriminatory access to competitive markets. 
Under current market conditions, it is fair to expect that small power 
production facilities above 1 MW can acquire the administrative and 
technical expertise necessary to obtain nondiscriminatory access to a 
market.
    128. The Commission, in establishing the presumption that QFs whose 
net power production capacity was 20 MW or below lacked 
nondiscriminatory access to markets defined in sections 210(m)(1)(A)-
(C) of PURPA, acknowledged that ``there is no unique and distinct 
megawatt size that uniquely determines if a generator is small.'' \165\ 
In using 20 MW to separate the presumption that large QFs had 
nondiscriminatory access and small QFs lacked such access, the 
Commission recognized: (1) Order No. 671's exemption for QFs that are 
20 MW or smaller from sections 205 and 206 of the FPA; and (2) Order 
Nos. 2006 and 2006-

[[Page 53264]]

A's setting 20 MW as the demarcation for different interconnection 
standards between small and large generators.\166\ While the Commission 
has not (and does not here) propose to revise the exemptions for QFs 
from sections 205 and 206 of the FPA, the Commission has taken steps to 
ease both interconnection and market access for generation resources 
with small capacities since it first implemented section 210(m) of 
PURPA.
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    \165\ Order No. 688-A, 119 FERC ] 61,305 at P 97.
    \166\ See Order No. 688, 117 FERC ] 61,078 at P 76, order on 
reh'g, Order No. 688-A, 119 FERC ] 61,305 at P 97; see also 18 CFR 
292.601(c)(1) (``sales of energy or capacity made by qualifying 
facilities 20 MW or smaller, or made pursuant to a contract executed 
on or before March 17, 2006 or made pursuant to a state regulatory 
authority's implementation of section 210, the Public Utility 
Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 824a-1, shall be exempt 
from scrutiny under sections 205 and 206''); Revised Regulations 
Governing Small Power Production and Cogeneration Facilities, Order 
No. 671, 114 FERC ] 61,102, at P 98 (2006), order on reh'g, Order 
No. 671-A, 115 FERC ] 61,225 (2006) (establishing exemption for QFs 
20 MW or below from 205 and 206 of FPA); Standardization of Small 
Generator Interconnection Agreements and Procedures, Order No. 2006, 
111 FERC ] 61,220, at P 75, order on reh'g, Order No. 2006-A, 113 
FERC ] 61,195 (2005), order granting clarification, Order No. 2006-
B, 116 FERC ] 61,046 (2006).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    129. For example, the Commission has required public utilities to 
provide a Fast-Track interconnection process for some interconnection 
customers whose capacity is up to and including 5 MW (up from the 
previous 2 MW threshold),\167\ and has required each RTO/ISO to revise 
its tariff to include a participation model for electric storage 
resources that establishes a minimum size requirement for participation 
in the RTO/ISO markets that does not exceed 100 kW.\168\ While both of 
these changes do not apply only to generation types that could become 
QFs or to RTOs/ISOs, we believe they generally show that small power 
production facilities below 20 MW, specifically those whose capacity 
exceeds 1 MW now have greater access to the markets defined in section 
210(m)(1) of PURPA than they did when the Commission first established 
the presumptions of market access. Under this proposal, like QFs over 
20 MW today, small power production facilities over 1 MW would be able 
to rebut the presumption of access due to operational characteristics 
or transmission constraints.\169\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \167\ Small Generator Interconnection Agreements and Procedures, 
Order No. 792, 145 FERC ] 61,159, at P 103 (2013), clarifying, Order 
No. 792-A, 146 FERC ] 61,214 (2014).
    \168\ Electric Storage Participation in Markets Operated by 
Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System 
Operators, Order No. 841, 162 FERC ] 61,127, at P 265 (2018).
    \169\ See 18 CFR 292.309(c), (e), (f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    130. The Commission does not propose to make the same reduction 
applicable to cogeneration facilities. Unlike small power production 
facilities, which are constructed solely to produce and sell 
electricity, cogeneration facilities seeking QF certification after 
February 2, 2006 are statutorily required to show that they are 
intended primarily to provide heat for an industrial, commercial, 
residential or institutional process rather than fundamentally for sale 
to an electric utility.\170\ Consequently, the production and sale of 
electricity is a byproduct of these processes, and owners of 
cogeneration facilities might not be as familiar with energy markets 
and the technical requirements for such sales. Retention of the 
existing 20 MW level for the presumption of access to markets therefore 
would be appropriate for cogeneration facilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \170\ See 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(n); 18 CFR 292.205(d)(3). We 
recognize that cogeneration facilities seeking certification 5 MW or 
smaller after February 2, 2006 are presumed to satisfy this 
requirement. 18 CFR 292.205(d)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Reliance on RFPs and Liquid Market Hubs To Terminate Purchase 
Obligation
    131. NARUC has proposed that the Commission allow utilities to rely 
on RFPs (in combination with liquid market hubs) to establish 
eligibility to terminate a utility's purchase obligation pursuant to 
PURPA section 210(m)(1)(C).\171\ After describing generally how such a 
proposal might be structured, NARUC suggests that ``[t]he Commission 
should create a yardstick of characteristics that describe in detail 
how a utility could qualify for an exemption under subparagraph (C).'' 
\172\
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    \171\ See NARUC Supplemental Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000 
(Oct. 17, 2018).
    \172\ Id., attach. A at 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    132. Under the PURPA Regulations, electric utilities already may 
seek to terminate their mandatory purchase obligation pursuant to PURPA 
section 210(m)(1)(C) by demonstrating that a particular market is of 
comparable competitive quality to markets described in PURPA section 
210(m)(1)(A) and (B).\173\ The current PURPA Regulations are not 
prescriptive about how an electric utility must make such a 
demonstration and nothing in the PURPA Regulations or precedent would 
bar an electric utility from arguing that RFPs in combination with 
liquid market hubs are sufficient to satisfy PURPA section 
210(m)(1)(C).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \173\ Order No. 688-A, 119 FERC ] 61,305 at P 43 (``Congress 
believed the two types of markets identified in subparagraphs (A) 
and (B), while distinct between themselves, contain certain 
competitive qualities that justify termination of the purchase 
requirement for any QF with nondiscriminatory access to those 
markets. Subparagraph (C) directs the Commission to consider these 
competitive qualities when analyzing whether there are other markets 
that, while not meeting the specific requirements of subparagraphs 
(A) and (B), are sufficiently competitive to justify termination of 
the purchase requirement.''); cf. Pub. Serv. Co. of N.M., 140 FERC ] 
61,191, at PP 29-38 (2012) (denying application to terminate 
mandatory purchase obligation on the grounds that the Four Corners 
Hub is not of comparable competitive quality to markets in sections 
210(m)(1)(A) and (B) of PURPA).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    133. The Commission believes that a properly structured proposal 
along the lines proposed by NARUC potentially could satisfy the 
statutory requirements under PURPA section 210(m)(1)(C) and will 
consider such proposals on a case-by-case basis. Although the 
Commission does not in this NOPR propose additional criteria a utility 
or utilities may rely on to satisfy PURPA section 210(m)(1)(C), the 
Commission seeks comments on any specific factors that would be useful 
to consider in determining how a utility or utilities may satisfy PURPA 
section 210(m)(1)(C).
E. Legally Enforceable Obligation
    134. Section 292.304(d) of the PURPA Regulations provides that a QF 
can choose to have its rates based on the avoided cost calculated at 
the time of delivery or at the time a LEO is incurred. However, the 
PURPA Regulations do not specify when or how a LEO is established.\174\ 
To date, the Commission has not identified specific criteria that 
states must follow in determining when a LEO is established.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \174\ But see, e.g., FLS, 157 FERC ] 61,211 at P 23 
(``[R]equiring a QF to tender an executed interconnection agreement 
is equally inconsistent with PURPA and our regulations. Such a 
requirement allows the utility to control whether and when a legally 
enforceable obligation exists--e.g., by delaying the facilities 
study or by delaying the tendering by the utility to the QF of an 
executable interconnection agreement.''); Memorandum of Agreement 
between Idaho Public Utilities Commission and Federal Energy 
Regulatory Commission at 2 (Dec. 24, 2013), available at https://www.ferc.gov/legal/mou/mou-idaho-12-2013.pdf (Idaho Commission 
acknowledging that ``a legally enforceable obligation may be 
incurred prior to the formal memorialization of a contract to 
writing'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    135. Although not specifying such criteria, the Commission has 
found that certain prerequisites to QFs obtaining a LEO imposed by some 
states--such as a utility's execution of an interconnection agreement 
or power purchase agreement--are unreasonable.\175\ The

[[Page 53265]]

Commission does not propose to overturn this precedent because the 
Commission continues to believe that imposition of the prerequisites 
addressed in its precedent is unreasonable and does not satisfy PURPA's 
requirement that the Commission prescribe rules as necessary to 
encourage the development of QFs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \175\ See, e.g., FLS, 157 FERC ] 61,211 at P 26 (requiring 
signed interconnection agreement as prerequisite to legally 
enforceable obligation is inconsistent with PURPA Regulations); 
Grouse Creek Wind Park, LLC, 142 FERC ] 61,187, at P 40 (2013) 
(Grouse Creek) (finding that requiring a QF to file complaint as 
prerequisite to a legally enforceable obligation is inconsistent 
with PURPA Regulations); Murphy Flat Power, LLC, 141 FERC ] 61,145, 
at P 24 (2012) (finding that requiring a signed and executed 
contract with an electric utility as a prerequisite to a legally 
enforceable obligation is inconsistent with PURPA Regulations); 
Rainbow Ranch Wind, LLC, 139 FERC ] 61,077 (2012) (same); Cedar 
Creek Wind, LLC, 137 FERC ] 61,006, at P 36 (2011) (Cedar Creek) 
(same).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    136. As discussed below, however, the Commission proposes to amend 
Sec.  292.304(d) of the PURPA Regulations to require that a QF 
demonstrate its commercial viability and financial commitment to 
construct its facility through objective and reasonable state-
determined criteria before being entitled to a LEO.
1. Background and Need for Reform
    137. The Commission created the concept of a LEO in Order No. 69 
``to prevent a utility from circumventing the requirement that provides 
capacity credit for an eligible qualifying facility merely by refusing 
to enter into a contract with the qualifying facility.'' \176\ The 
Commission has held that requiring a fully-executed contract or 
executed interconnection agreement as a condition precedent to 
obtaining a LEO is inconsistent with PURPA.\177\
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    \176\ Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,128 at 30,880.
    \177\ FLS, 157 FERC ] 61,211 at P 26; Cedar Creek, 137 FERC ] 
61,006 at P 35.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    138. The record indicates that some QFs believe that informing a 
utility that the QF intends to sell energy to that utility at some 
point in the future is sufficient to create a LEO and thereby establish 
the price for future deliveries, regardless of whether the QF project 
being considered ever generates electricity.\178\ This approach, Xcel 
explains, puts the electric utility and its customers at risk since the 
utility is required to reliably plan its system and resources for a QF 
that will not be operational for many years, or not at all, thereby 
creating uncertainty for the utility and its consumers.\179\ 
Conversely, QF developers argue generally that they need the certainty 
of a LEO to obtain the financing to build their facilities in the first 
place, as QFs do not have the same ability that the electric utilities 
have to ``rate base'' their facilities and, thereby, guarantee capital 
recovery.\180\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \178\ See, e.g., EEI Supplemental Comments, attach. A at 7.
    \179\ See Xcel Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 15-16 (Nov. 
7, 2016) (``If a utility is required to enter into a LEO with a QF, 
it will (or may be required to) factor the capacity associated with 
that LEO into its resource planning efforts. And if that project 
does not materialize--for whatever reason--the utility's resource 
plan will need to change. Depending on the amount of capacity 
associated with the LEO or LEOs that the utility has pending, the 
utility may have to scramble to replace the capacity associated with 
the now non-existent LEO(s). Such a scramble would very likely 
result in payment of above-market prices for capacity and energy, 
again violating the indifference standard. Moreover, additional 
capacity over and above the capacity associated with the non-
existent QF might have been procured, at additional cost to 
customers, to manage the variability of that anticipated QF. Of 
greater concern would be a situation where additional capacity is 
simply not available to make up for the capacity that the QF was 
expected to provide under the LEO, putting system reliability at 
risk and potentially putting the utility at risk of violations of 
NERC reliability standards approved by the Commission. Further, 
attempting to lock in long-term prices far in advance of the start 
date of deliveries under a LEO creates significant potential for 
payments in excess of avoided cost rates.'').
    \180\ Compare EEI Supplemental Comments, attach. A at 7 with 
Renewable Energy Coalition Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 11-
12 (Nov. 7, 2016) (``Long-term contracts allow existing QFs to 
remain economically viable in times of long resource sufficiency 
periods with low avoided cost rates. . . . Unlike utilities, which 
can spread the costs of resource acquisition over the entire useful 
life of a facility, QFs do not have this option because doing so 
could expose ratepayers to unnecessary risk from deviations in 
avoided costs.''); and Northwest and Intermountain Power Producers 
Coalition Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 5 (Nov. 4, 2016) 
(``To earn a return on investment, there must first be the prospect 
of a return on investment. It takes at least 15 years in most cases 
involving [Northwest and Intermountain Power Producers Coalition] 
members to recover their invested capital and to retire the debt 
incurred to build a renewable energy facility. It takes a contract 
term of 20 years to earn a justifiable return on that 
investment.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    139. While it is up to states to reasonably determine the 
circumstances and thus when a legally enforceable obligation 
arises,\181\ states may not impose obstacles that make it unreasonably 
difficult to obtain a LEO.\182\ Given the significant changes in the 
electric industry since PURPA's enactment, as discussed above, the 
Commission finds that it now may be appropriate to: (1) Specify the 
commercial viability of a QF and financial commitment to construct the 
proposed project as the necessary pre-requisites for obtaining a LEO; 
and (2) provide guidance for states as to what types of criteria may be 
applied to make the necessary demonstration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \181\ W. Penn Power Co., 71 FERC ] 61,153, at 61,495 (1995) 
(West Penn) (``It is up to the States, not this Commission, to 
determine the specific parameters of individual QF power purchase 
agreements, including the date at which a legally enforceable 
obligation is incurred under State law. Similarly, whether the 
particular facts applicable to an individual QF necessitate 
modifications of other terms and conditions of the QF's contract 
with the purchasing utility is a matter for the States to determine. 
This Commission does not intend to adjudicate the specific 
provisions of individual QF contracts.'' (footnotes omitted)).
    \182\ See, e.g., Cedar Creek, 137 FERC ] 61,006 at P 35 & n.57 
(citing West Penn, 71 FERC ] 61,153 at 61,495).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Commission Proposal
    140. The Commission proposes to add regulatory text in Sec.  
292.304(d)(3) of the PURPA Regulations to require QFs to demonstrate 
that a proposed project is commercially viable and the QF has a 
financial commitment to construct the proposed project pursuant to 
objective, reasonable, state-determined criteria in order to be 
eligible for a LEO. The Commission further proposes to provide that, 
although a showing of commercial viability and the QF's financial 
commitment to construct the project is required, states have 
flexibility as to what constitutes an acceptable showing of commercial 
viability and financial commitment.
    141. Our objective in requiring a showing of commercial viability 
and the QF's financial commitment to construct the project is to ensure 
that no electric utility obligation is triggered for those QF projects 
that are not sufficiently advanced in their development and, therefore, 
for which it would be unreasonable for a utility to include in its 
resource planning, while at the same time ensuring that the purchasing 
utility does not unilaterally and unreasonably decide when its 
obligation arises. States may require a showing, for example, that a QF 
has satisfied, or is in the process of undertaking, at least some of 
the following prerequisites: (1) Obtaining site control adequate to 
commence construction of the project at the proposed location; (2) 
filing an interconnection application with the appropriate entity; (3) 
securing local permitting and zoning; or (4) other similar, objective, 
reasonable criteria that allow a QF to demonstrate its commercial 
viability and financial commitment to construct the facilities. These 
indicia are not intended to be exhaustive and the Commission seeks 
comment on these indicia and others that also might be appropriate for 
consideration.
    142. We believe requiring QFs to demonstrate their commercial 
viability and financial commitment to construct the facilities based on 
such indicia before obtaining a LEO will allow electric utilities to 
reliably plan for their systems ensuring resource adequacy. 
Additionally, states' development and definition of objective and 
reasonable factors to determine commercial viability and financial 
commitment to construct a facility encourage the development of QFs by 
providing QFs

[[Page 53266]]

with more certainty as to when they will obtain a LEO.\183\
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    \183\ Because QFs already in operation have necessarily 
demonstrated a commitment to construct the project, the Commission 
does not intend commercial viability and financial commitment 
requirements to serve as prerequisites to QFs already in operation 
with existing LEOs to obtaining new LEOs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

F. QF Certification Process

1. Background and Need for Reform
    143. The Commission provides two paths for an entity to obtain QF 
status: self-certification and Commission certification.\184\ Self-
certification, the procedures for which are contained in Sec.  
292.207(a) of the PURPA Regulations,\185\ is the more common method of 
certification. When an applicant self-certifies (or self-recertifies), 
it certifies that its facility satisfies the requirements for QF 
status. Under the self-certification (or self-recertification) approach 
a QF is assigned a docket number, and Commission staff reviews the 
filing to discern that the information required in Form No. 556 appears 
to have been included, but a notice of the self-certification typically 
is not published in the Federal Register and Commission staff does not 
otherwise evaluate whether the applicant meets the requirements for QF 
status.
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    \184\ There is no fee for a self-certification; there is, 
however, a fee for Commission certification. 18 CFR 381.505. For 
2018, an application for Commission certification requires a filing 
fee of $23,330 for small power production facilities and $26,410 for 
cogeneration facilities. In recent years, the Commission has 
received approximately 5 applications per year for Commission-
certification, with the remaining applicants (approximately 3,400 
per year) filing for self-certification of their facilities. See 
Commission Information Collection Activities, Notice of information 
Collection and Request for Comments, Docket No. IC19-16-000, 84 FR 
9317, 9318 (Mar. 7, 2019). The Commission will not issue notice of 
nor process an application for Commission certification without 
receipt of the applicable fee.
    \185\ 18 CFR 292.207(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    144. The Commission recognized that the self-certification process 
may not always satisfy the needs of certain stakeholders or interested 
entities. Accordingly, the Commission established, in Sec.  292.207(b) 
of the PURPA Regulations,\186\ what is called the ``optional 
procedure'' for QF status. Under the optional procedure, an entity may 
file an application for a determination by the Commission that a 
facility meets the requirements for QF status. The application is 
noticed in the Federal Register, the Commission decides whether the 
applicant meets the requirements for QF status, and then issues an 
order either granting or denying the requested certification.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \186\ 18 CFR 292.207(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    145. After the enactment of EPAct 2005, which imposed new 
requirements for QF status for ``new'' cogeneration facilities,\187\ 
the Commission issued Order No. 671,\188\ which implemented new 
requirements for QF status including a formal filing requirement for 
all QFs claiming QF status whether through self-certification or 
Commission certification.\189\ As part of that implementation, for the 
first time, notices of some (but not all) self-certifications were 
required to be published in the Federal Register. Specifically, Sec.  
292.207(a)(iv) provides that self-certifications or self-
recertifications, other than for ``new'' cogeneration facilities, would 
not be published in the Federal Register. In 2010, in Order No. 732, 
the Commission adopted an exemption from the filing requirement for 
generating facilities with net power production capacities of 1 MW or 
less.\190\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \187\ ``New'' cogeneration facilities are defined as any 
cogeneration facility that was either not certified a qualifying 
cogeneration facility on or before August 8, 2005, or that had not 
filed a notice of self-certification, self-recertification or an 
application for Commission certification or Commission 
recertification as a qualifying cogeneration facility prior to 
February 2, 2006. 18 CFR 292.205(d)(1).
    \188\ Order No. 671, 114 FERC ] 61,102, order on reh'g, Order 
No. 671-A, 115 FERC ] 61,225 (2006).
    \189\ See 18 CFR 292.203(a)(3), (b)(2).
    \190\ Revisions to Form, Procedures, and Criteria for 
Certification of Qualifying Facility Status for a Small Power 
Production or Cogeneration Facility, Order No. 732, 130 FERC ] 
61,214 (2010).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    146. The Commission has explained that, to challenge the self-
certification of a QF, an entity must file a petition for declaratory 
order and pay the associated filing fee, which currently is $28,990. 
The Commission in Chugach Electric Association, Inc. explained that 
Order No. 671 did not create a right for a challenging entity to submit 
a motion for revocation in response to a notice of self-certification. 
Rather, the Commission explained that QF self-certification is 
effective upon filing, and therefore challenging a self-certification 
requires a separate petition for declaratory order asking that the 
Commission revoke QF status.\191\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \191\ Chugach Elec. Assoc., Inc., 121 FERC ] 61,287, at PP 51-54 
(2007); see also Hydro Investors, Inc. v. Trafalgar Power, Inc., 94 
FERC ] 61,207, at 61,780, reh'g denied, 95 FERC ] 61,120 (2001).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    147. A concern with the existing procedures with respect to self-
certification is whether protestors should bear the burden of filing a 
separate petition for declaratory order and paying the associated 
filing fee for a declaratory order to object to a questionable self-
certification.\192\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \192\ EEI Supplemental Comments, attach. A at 16.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Commission Proposal
    148. The Commission proposes to change Sec.  292.207(a) of the 
PURPA Regulations to allow a party to intervene and to file a protest 
of a self-certification or self-recertification of a facility without 
the necessity of filing a separate petition for declaratory order and 
without having to pay the filing fee required for a declaratory order. 
Because an applicant for self-certification or self-recertification is 
required to serve a copy of its submission on interested electric 
utilities (principally those it is interconnected with and those it 
will be selling to) as well as the relevant state regulatory 
authorities, the Commission will allow interested persons 30 days from 
the date of filing at the Commission to intervene and/or to file a 
protest (without paying a filing fee).\193\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \193\ 18 CFR 292.207(c)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    149. Any party submitting a protest would have the burden of 
specifying facts that make a prima facie demonstration that the 
facility described in the self-certification or self-recertification 
does not satisfy the requirements for QF status.\194\ General 
allegations that the facility is not a QF without reference to the 
specific regulatory provision that has not been satisfied (and without 
an explanation why the provision has not been satisfied), or 
unsupported assertions that the self-certification does not satisfy an 
aspect of the PURPA Regulations, would not satisfy this burden and 
would not be a basis for denial of certification. However, if this 
prima facie burden is met, then the burden would shift to the applicant 
submitting the self-certification or self-recertification to 
demonstrate that the claims raised in the protest are incorrect and 
that certification is, in fact, warranted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \194\ See 18 CFR 385.211.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    150. As explained above, QF self-certification is effective upon 
filing, and remains effective if a protest is filed, until such time as 
the Commission rules that certification is revoked. The Commission 
proposes that it would issue an order within 90 days of the date the 
protest is filed. The Commission also reserves the right to request 
more information from the protester, the entity seeking QF status, or 
both.\195\ If

[[Page 53267]]

the Commission requests more information, the time period for the 
Commission order would be extended to 60 days from the filing of a 
complete answer to the information request.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \195\ Such information requests could be issued by the 
Commission or by staff under any applicable delegated authority. For 
example, the Director of the Office of Energy Market Regulation is 
authorized under 18 CFR 375.307(b)(3)(ii) to ``[i]ssue and sign 
requests for additional information regarding applications, filings, 
reports and data processed by the Office of Energy Market 
Regulation.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    151. There may be instances, however, when the Commission needs 
additional time to review the record in light of the nature of the 
protests. In those cases, the Commission proposes that, in addition to 
any extension resulting from a request for information, the Commission 
also may toll the 90-day period during which the Commission commits to 
act for one additional 60-day period. The Commission proposes to 
delegate to the Commission's Secretary, or the Secretary's designee, 
the authority to toll the 90-day period for this purpose.
    152. The Commission believes these procedures will allow for timely 
but thorough review of protested self-certifications and re-
certifications. The Commission seeks comment on whether these 
procedures impose an undue burden on the QF even though the QF remains 
certified pending the review.

III. Information Collection Statement

    153. The Paperwork Reduction Act \196\ requires each federal agency 
to seek and obtain the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) approval 
before undertaking a collection of information (including reporting, 
record keeping, and public disclosure requirements) directed to ten or 
more persons or contained in a rule of general applicability. OMB 
regulations require approval of certain information collection 
requirements contemplated by proposed rules (including deletion, 
revision, or implementation of new requirements).\197\ Upon approval of 
a collection of information, OMB will assign an OMB control number and 
an expiration date. Respondents subject to the filing requirements of a 
rule will not be penalized for failing to respond to the collection of 
information unless the collection of information displays a valid OMB 
control number.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \196\ 44 U.S.C. 3501-21.
    \197\ See 5 CFR 1320.11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Public Reporting Burden: In this NOPR, the Commission proposes to 
revise its regulations implementing PURPA. The principal changes that 
affect information collection, i.e., the Form No. 556, are as follows: 
first, the Commission proposes to change its current ``one-mile rule'' 
for determining whether generation facilities should be considered to 
be part of a single facility for purposes of determining qualification 
as a qualifying small power production facility, by allowing electric 
utilities, state regulatory authorities, or other interested parties to 
show that facilities over one and less than ten miles apart actually 
are a single facility; and second, to allow a party to protest a self-
certification or self-recertification of a facility without a fee.
    The estimated changes to the burden and cost \198\ of the 
information collection affected by this NOPR, i.e., Form No. 556, 
follow.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \198\ The burden costs are based on FERC's 2018 average annual 
salary plus benefits of $164,820 (or $79/hour). The Commission 
believes that industry is similarly situated in terms of staff costs 
and skill sets.
    \199\ Not required to file.

                                                          FERC-556, as Modified by the NOPR in Docket Nos. RM19-15-000 and AD16-16-000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                            Annual  number of                          Average  burden
          Facility type               Filing type          Number of          responses per       Total  number of    hours  & cost per      Total annual burden hours  &          Cost per
                                                          respondents           respondent           responses             response               total annual  cost           respondent  ($)
                                  ..................  (1)................  (2)................  (1) * (2) = (3)....  (4)................  (3) * (4) = (5)..................  (5) / (1)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cogeneration Facility > 1 MW....  Self-certification  10.................  1.25...............  12.5...............  8 hrs.; $632.......  100 hrs.; $7,900.................  $790.
Cogeneration Facility > 1 MW....  Application for     1..................  1.25...............  1.25...............  55 hrs.; $4,345....  68.75 hrs.; $5,431.25............  $5,431.25.
                                   FERC
                                   certification.
Small Power Production Facility   Self-certification  20.................  1.25...............  25.................  8 hrs.; $632.......  200 hrs.; $15,800................  $790.
 > 1 MW, > 1 Mile, < 10 Miles
 from Affiliated Facility.
Small Power Production Facility   Application for     1..................  1.25...............  1.25...............  55 hrs.; $4,345....  68.75 hrs.; $5,431.25............  $5,431.25.
 > 1 MW, > 1 Mile, < 10 Miles      FERC
 from Affiliated Facility.         certification.
Cogeneration and Small Power      Self-certification  312................  1.25...............  390................  4 hrs.; $316.......  1,560 hrs.; $123,240.............  $395.
 Production Facility <= 1 MW
 (Self-Certification) \199\.
Small Power Production Facility   Self-certification  no change..........  no change..........  no change..........  no change..........  no change........................  no change.
 > 1 MW, <= 1 Mile from
 Affiliated Facility.
Small Power Production Facility   Application for     1..................  1.25...............  1.25...............  55 hrs.; $4,345....  68.75 hrs.; $5,431.25............  $5,431.25.
 > 1 MW, <= 1 Mile from            FERC
 Affiliated Facility.              certification.
Small Power Production Facility   Self-certification  1,980..............  1.25...............  2,475..............  8 hrs.; $632.......  19,800 hrs.; $1,564,200..........  $790.
 > 1 MW, >= 10 Miles from
 Affiliated Facility.
Small Power Production Facility   Application for     no change..........  no change..........  no change..........  no change..........  no change........................  no change.
 > 1 MW, >= 10 Miles from          FERC
 Affiliated Facility.              certification.
                                                                                                                                         -----------------------------------
    Total.......................  ..................  ...................  ...................  ...................  ...................  22,235 hrs.; $1,727,433.75.......  ...................
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 53268]]

    Title: FERC-556, Certification of Qualifying Facility (QF) Status 
for a Small Power Production or Cogeneration Facility.
    Action: Revisions to existing collection FERC-556.
    OMB Control No.: 1902-0075.
    Respondents: Facilities that are self-certifying their status as a 
cogenerator or small power producer or that are submitting an 
application for Commission certification of their status as a 
cogenerator or small power producer; and electric utilities, state 
regulatory authorities, or other entities submitting comments on, or 
protests to, the self-certification or application for Commission 
certification.
    Frequency of Information: Ongoing.
    Necessity of Information: The Commission proposes the changes in 
this NOPR in order to revise its implementation of PURPA in light of 
changes in the electric industry since the enactment of PURPA in 1978.
    Internal Review: The Commission has reviewed the proposed changes 
and has determined that such changes are necessary. These requirements 
conform to the Commission's need for efficient information collection, 
communication, and management within the energy industry.
    Interested persons may obtain information on the reporting 
requirements by contacting the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 
888 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20426 [Attention: Ellen Brown, 
Office of the Executive Director], by email to DataClearance@ferc.gov, 
by phone (202) 502-8663, or by fax (202) 273-0873.
    Comments concerning the collection of information and the 
associated burden estimate may also be sent to: Office of Information 
and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, 725 17th 
Street NW, Washington, DC 20503 [Attention: Desk Officer for the 
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission]. Due to security concerns, 
comments should be sent electronically to the following email address: 
oira_submission@omb.eop.gov. Comments submitted to OMB should refer to 
FERC-556 and OMB Control No. 1902-0075.

IV. Environmental Analysis

    154. The Commission is required to prepare an Environmental 
Assessment (EA) or an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for any 
action that may have a significant adverse effect on the quality of the 
human environment.\200\ Whether and how the revisions proposed here, 
however, would affect QF development and the environment is 
speculative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \200\ Regulations Implementing the National Environmental Policy 
Act, Order No. 486, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,783 (1987) (cross-
referenced at 41 FERC ] 61,284).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    155. The proposed changes to the PURPA Regulations do not authorize 
or fund particular QFs, nor do they license QFs or issue permits for 
QFs to operate. They do not authorize or prohibit a generator's use of 
any particular technologies or fuels, nor do they mandate or limit 
where QFs should or should not be built. They do not exempt QFs from 
any Federal, state or local environmental, siting, or other similar 
laws or regulatory requirements. And while the Commission establishes 
factors that are to be taken into account by the states in setting QF 
rates, it is the states and not the Commission that set QF rates. It is 
impossible to know what actions the states may take in response to the 
revisions proposed here, and how any such actions would, on balance, 
impact QF development and the environment going forward--especially 
given that QFs include not only renewable resources such as solar and 
wind resources but also renewable resources that, per Congress' 
directive, depend on waste (such as waste coal) as an energy input 
\201\ and cogeneration that often depends on fossil fuels as an energy 
input.\202\ Moreover, as explained above, PURPA requires that the 
Commission must prescribe, and from time to time thereafter revise, 
such rules as the Commission determines necessary to encourage 
QFs,\203\ and the Commission's rules as revised as proposed here would 
continue to encourage QFs. Given these facts any environmental impacts 
analysis of the revisions proposed here would be speculative and not 
meaningfully inform the Commission or the public of the revisions' 
impact on QF development or, correspondingly, of any associated 
potential impacts on the environment; there are, in short, no 
reasonably foreseeable environmental impacts for the Commission to 
consider.\204\ Therefore, the Commission will not prepare an 
environmental document.
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    \201\ 16 U.S.C. 796(17); 18 CFR 292.202(b), 292.204(b).
    \202\ 16 U.S.C. 796(18); 18 CFR 292.205.
    \203\ 16 U.S.C. 824a-3(a).
    \204\ While courts have held that NEPA requires ``reasonable 
forecasting,'' an agency is not required ``to engage in speculative 
analysis'' or ``to do the impractical, if not enough information is 
available to permit meaningful consideration.'' N. Plains Res. 
Council v. Surface Transp. Board, 668 F.3d 1067, 1078 (9th Cir. 
2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. Regulatory Flexibility Act Certification

    156. The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (RFA) \205\ generally 
requires a description and analysis of proposed rules that will have 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
In lieu of preparing a regulatory flexibility analysis, an agency may 
certify that a proposed rule will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities.\206\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \205\ 5 U.S.C. 601-12.
    \206\ 5 U.S.C. 605(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    157. The Small Business Administration's (SBA) Office of Size 
Standards develops the numerical definition of a small business.\207\ 
The SBA size standard for electric utilities is based on the number of 
employees, including affiliates.\208\ Under SBA's current size 
standards, the threshold for a small entity (including its affiliates) 
is 250 employees for cogeneration and small power production applicants 
in the following NAICS \209\ categories:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \207\ 13 CFR 121.101.
    \208\ SBA Final Rule on ``Small Business Size Standards: 
Utilities,'' 78 FR 77,343 (Dec. 23, 2013).
    \209\ The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 
is an industry classification system that Federal statistical 
agencies use to categorize businesses for the purpose of collecting, 
analyzing, and publishing statistical data related to the U.S. 
economy. United States Census Bureau, North American Industry 
Classification System, https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/ 
(accessed April 11, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 NAICS code 221114 for Solar Electric Power Generation
 NAICS code 221115 for Wind Electric Power Generation
 NAICS code 221116 for Geothermal Electric Power Generation
 NAICS code 221117 for Biomass Electric Power Generation
 NAICS code 221118 for Other Electric Power Generation

    The threshold for a small entity (including its affiliates) is 500 
employees for NAICS code 221111 for Hydroelectric Power Generation.
    This proposed rule directly affects QFs, the majority of which the 
Commission estimates are small businesses. But, as reflected in the 
burden and cost estimates provided above, the Commission does not 
anticipate that any additional reporting burden or cost imposed on QFs, 
regardless of their status as a small or large business, would be 
significant.\210\ The proposed revisions may result in additional 
information being submitted

[[Page 53269]]

by some small power production QF applicants and self-certifiers (those 
with affiliated small power production facilities using the same fuel 
source located over one and less than ten miles away, and with a 
combined total capacity greater than 80 MW). The Commission estimates 
that less than ten percent of QF applications and self-certifications 
meet these criteria.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \210\ The average cost per response is estimated to be $594.39 
(or $1,727,433.75/2,906.25 responses).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    158. Accordingly, pursuant to section 605(b) of the RFA, the 
Commission certifies that this proposed rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

VI. Comment Procedures

    159. The Commission invites interested persons to submit comments 
on the matters and issues proposed in this notice to be adopted, 
including any related matters or alternative proposals that commenters 
may wish to discuss. Comments are due December 3, 2019. Comments must 
refer to Docket No. RM19-15-000 and AD16-16-000, and must include the 
commenter's name, the organization they represent, if applicable, and 
their address in their comments.
    160. The Commission encourages comments to be filed electronically 
via the eFiling link on the Commission's website at http://www.ferc.gov. The Commission accepts most standard word processing 
formats. Documents created electronically using word processing 
software should be filed in native applications or print-to-PDF format 
and not in a scanned format. Commenters filing electronically do not 
need to make a paper filing.
    161. Commenters that are not able to file comments electronically 
must send an original of their comments to: Federal Energy Regulatory 
Commission, Secretary of the Commission, 888 First Street NE, 
Washington, DC 20426.
    162. All comments will be placed in the Commission's public files 
and may be viewed, printed, or downloaded remotely as described in the 
Document Availability section below. Commenters on this proposal are 
not required to serve copies of their comments on other commenters.

VII. Document Availability

    163. In addition to publishing the full text of this document in 
the Federal Register, the Commission provides all interested persons an 
opportunity to view and/or print the contents of this document via the 
internet through the Commission's Home Page (http://www.ferc.gov) and 
in the Commission's Public Reference Room during normal business hours 
(8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern time) at 888 First Street NE, Room 2A, 
Washington, DC 20426.
    164. From the Commission's Home Page on the internet, this 
information is available on eLibrary. The full text of this document is 
available on eLibrary in PDF and Microsoft Word format for viewing, 
printing, and/or downloading. To access this document in eLibrary, type 
the docket number excluding the last three digits of this document in 
the docket number field.
    165. User assistance is available for eLibrary and the Commission's 
website during normal business hours from the Commission's Online 
Support at 202-502-6652 (toll free at 1-866-208-3676) or email at 
ferconlinesupport@ferc.gov, or the Public Reference Room at (202) 502-
8371, TTY (202) 502-8659. Email the Public Reference Room at 
public.referenceroom@ferc.gov.

List of Subjects in 18 CFR Part 292

    Electric power; Electric power plants; Electric utilities.

    By direction of the Commission. Commissioner Glick is dissent in 
part with a separate statement attached.

    Issued: September 19, 2019.
Nathaniel J. Davis, Sr.,
Deputy Secretary.
    In consideration of the foregoing, the Commission proposes to amend 
Parts 292 and 375, Chapter I, Title 18, Code of Federal Regulations, as 
follows.

PART 292--REGULATIONS UNDER SECTIONS 201 AND 210 OF THE PUBLIC 
UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT OF 1978 WITH REGARD TO SMALL POWER 
PRODUCTION AND COGENERATION

0
1. The authority citation for part 292 continues to read as follows:

     Authority:  16 U.S.C. 791a-825r, 2601-2645; 31 U.S.C. 9701; 42 
U.S.C. 7101-7352.

0
2. Amend Sec.  292.101 by adding paragraphs (b)(12) through (16) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  292.101  Definitions.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (12) Locational marginal price means the price for energy at a 
particular location as determined in a market defined in Sec.  
292.309(e), (f), or (g).
    (13) Competitive Price means a Market Hub Price or a Combined Cycle 
Price.
    (14) Market Hub Price means a price for as-delivered energy 
determined pursuant to Sec.  292.304(b)(7)(i).
    (15) Combined Cycle Price means a price for as-delivered energy 
determined pursuant to Sec.  292.304(b)(7)(ii).
    (16) Competitive Solicitation Price means a price for energy and/or 
capacity determined pursuant to Sec.  292.304(b)(8).
0
3. Amend Sec.  292.202 by adding paragraph (t) to read as follows:


Sec.  292.202  Definitions.

* * * * *
    (t) Electrical generating equipment means all boilers, heat 
recovery steam generators, prime movers (any mechanical equipment 
driving an electric generator), electrical generators, photovoltaic 
solar panels and/or inverters, fuel cell equipment and/or other primary 
power generation equipment used in the facility, excluding equipment 
for gathering energy to be used in the facility.
0
4. Amend Sec.  292.204 by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:


Sec.  292.204  Criteria for qualifying small power production 
facilities.

    (a) Size of the facility--(1) Maximum size. Except as provided in 
paragraph (a)(4) of this section, the power production capacity of a 
facility for which qualification is sought, together with the power 
production capacity of any other small power production facilities that 
use the same energy resource, are owned by the same person(s) or its 
affiliates, and are located at the same site, may not exceed 80 
megawatts.
    (2) Method of calculation. (i)(A) For purposes of this paragraph 
(a)(2)(i)(A), there is an irrebuttable presumption that facilities 
located one mile or less from the facility for which qualification is 
sought are located at the same site as the facility for which 
qualification is sought.
    (B) For purposes of this paragraph (a)(2)(i)(B), for facilities for 
which qualification is filed on or after [DATE 60 DAYS AFTER DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], there is an 
irrebuttable presumption that facilities located ten miles or more from 
the facility for which qualification is sought are facilities located 
at separate sites from the facility for which qualification is sought.
    (C) For purposes of this paragraph (a)(2)(i)(C), for facilities for 
which qualification is filed on or after [DATE 60 DAYS AFTER DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], there is a 
rebuttable presumption that facilities located over one and less than 
ten miles from the facility for which qualification is sought are 
facilities located at separate sites from the facility for which 
qualification is sought.

[[Page 53270]]

    (D) For hydroelectric facilities, facilities are considered to be 
located at the same site as the facility for which qualification is 
sought if they are located within one mile of the facility for which 
qualification is sought and use water from the same impoundment for 
power generation.
    (ii) For purposes of making the determination in clause (i), the 
distance between facilities shall be measured from the electrical 
generating equipment of the facility for which qualification is sought 
and the nearest electrical generating equipment of the other facility 
using the same energy resource and owned by the same person(s) or its 
affiliates.
    (3) Rebuttal. (i) Filing a Protest. Any person who opposes either a 
self-certification submitted pursuant to Sec.  292.207(a) or a 
Commission certification filed pursuant to Sec.  292.207(b) may submit 
a protest attempting to rebut the presumption that facilities located 
over one mile and less than ten miles from the facility for which 
qualification is sought are separate facilities at separate sites from 
the facility for which qualification is sought.
    (ii) Limitations on rebuttal. Once the Commission has affirmatively 
certified an applicant's QF status either in response to a protest 
opposing a self-certification or in a Commission certification 
proceeding, any later challenge to a QF's certification asserting that 
facilities more than one mile and less than ten miles apart are located 
at the same site must demonstrate a material change in the relevant 
circumstances that calls into question the continued validity of the 
certification.
    (4) Waiver. The Commission may modify the application of paragraph 
(a)(2) of this section, for good cause.
    (5) Exception. Facilities meeting the criteria in section 3(17)(E) 
of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 796(17)(E)) have no maximum size, 
and the power production capacity of such facilities shall be excluded 
from consideration when determining the maximum size of other small 
power production facilities less than ten miles of such facilities.
* * * * *
0
5. Amend Sec.  292.207 by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  292.207  Procedures for obtaining qualifying status.

    (a) Self-certification. (1) Form No. 556. The qualifying facility 
status of an existing or a proposed facility that meets the 
requirements of Sec.  292.203 may be self-certified by the owner or 
operator of the facility or its representative by properly completing a 
Form No. 556 and filing that form with the Commission, pursuant to 
Sec.  131.80 of this chapter, and complying with paragraph (c) of this 
section.
    (2) Factors. For small power production facilities pursuant to 
Sec.  292.204, the owner or operator of the facility or its 
representative may, when completing the Form No. 556, provide 
information asserting factors showing that the facility for which 
qualification is sought is at a separate site from other facilities 
using the same energy resource and owned by the same person(s) or its 
affiliates.
    (3) Protests and Interventions. Any protest to and any intervention 
in a self-certification must be filed in accordance with Sec. Sec.  
385.211 and 385.214 of this chapter, on or before 30 days from the date 
the self-certification is filed. Any protest must provide evidence to 
substantiate the claims in the protest.
    (4) Commission action. Self-certification is effective upon filing. 
If no protests are timely filed, no further action by the Commission is 
required for a self-certification to be effective. If protests are 
timely filed, a self-certification will remain effective until the 
Commission issues an order revoking QF certification. The Commission 
will act on the protest within 90 days from the date the protest is 
filed; provided that, if the Commission requests more information from 
the protester, the entity seeking QF certification, or both, the time 
for the Commission to act will be extended to 60 days from the filing 
of a complete answer to the information request. In addition to any 
extension resulting from a request for information, the Commission also 
may toll the 90-day period for one additional 60-day period if so 
required to rule on a protest. Authority to toll the 90-day period for 
this purpose is delegated to the Secretary or the Secretary's designee.
    (b) Optional procedure--Commission certification. (1) Application 
for Commission certification. In lieu of the self-certification 
procedures in paragraph (a) of this section, an owner or operator of an 
existing or a proposed facility, or its representative, may file with 
the Commission an application for Commission certification that the 
facility is a qualifying facility. The application must be accompanied 
by the fee prescribed by part 381 of this chapter, and the applicant 
for Commission certification must comply with paragraph (c) of this 
section.
    (2) General contents of application. The application must include a 
properly completed Form No. 556 pursuant to Sec.  131.80 of this 
chapter. For small power production facilities pursuant to Sec.  
292.204, the owner or operator of the facility or its representative 
may, when completing the Form No. 556, provide information asserting 
factors showing that the facility for which qualification is sought is 
at a separate site from other facilities using the same energy resource 
and owned by the same person(s) or its affiliates.
* * * * *
0
6. Section 292.303 is revised to read:


Sec.  292.303  Electric utility obligations under this subpart.

    (a) Obligation to purchase from qualifying facilities. Subject to 
paragraph (b) of this section, each electric utility shall purchase, in 
accordance with Sec.  292.304, unless exempted by Sec.  292.309 and 
Sec.  292.310, any energy and capacity which is made available from a 
qualifying facility:
    (1) Directly to the electric utility; or
    (2) Indirectly to the electric utility in accordance with paragraph 
(e) of this section.
    (b) Reduction in purchase obligation. The obligation of an electric 
utility to purchase from a qualifying facility may be reduced to the 
extent that a purchasing electric utility's supply obligation has been 
reduced by a state's retail choice program.
    (c) Obligation to sell to qualifying facilities. Each electric 
utility shall sell to any qualifying facility, in accordance with Sec.  
292.305, unless exempted by Sec.  292.312, energy and capacity 
requested by the qualifying facility.
    (d) Obligation to interconnect.
    (1) Subject to paragraph (d)(2) of this section, any electric 
utility shall make such interconnection with any qualifying facility as 
may be necessary to accomplish purchases or sales under this subpart. 
The obligation to pay for any interconnection costs shall be determined 
in accordance with Sec.  292.306.
    (2) No electric utility is required to interconnect with any 
qualifying facility if, solely by reason of purchases or sales over the 
interconnection, the electric utility would become subject to 
regulation as a public utility under part II of the Federal Power Act.
    (e) Transmission to other electric utilities. If a qualifying 
facility agrees, an electric utility which would otherwise be obligated 
to purchase energy or capacity from such qualifying facility may 
transmit the energy or capacity to any other electric utility. Any 
electric utility to which such energy or capacity is transmitted shall 
purchase such energy or capacity under this subpart as if the 
qualifying facility were supplying energy or capacity directly to such

[[Page 53271]]

electric utility. The rate for purchase by the electric utility to 
which such energy is transmitted shall be adjusted up or down to 
reflect line losses pursuant to Sec.  292.304(e)(4) and shall not 
include any charges for transmission.
    (f) Parallel operation. Each electric utility shall offer to 
operate in parallel with a qualifying facility, provided that the 
qualifying facility complies with any applicable standards established 
in accordance with Sec.  292.308.
0
7. Amend Sec.  292.304 by
0
a. Adding paragraphs (b)(6), (b)(7), (b)(8); and
0
b. Revising paragraphs (d), and (e).
    The addition and revisions read as follows:


Sec.  292.304   Rates for purchases.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (6) Locational Marginal Price. A state regulatory authority or 
nonregulated electric utility may use a locational marginal price as a 
rate for as-available qualifying facility energy sales to purchasing 
utilities located in a market operated defined in Sec.  292.309(e), 
(f), or (g).
    (7) Competitive Price. A state regulatory authority or nonregulated 
electric utility may use a Competitive Price as a rate for as-available 
qualifying facility energy sales to purchasing electric utilities 
located outside a market defined in Sec.  292.309(e), (f), or (g). A 
Competitive Price may be either a Market Hub Price or a Combined Cycle 
Price, determined as follows:
    (i) A Market Hub Price is a price established at a liquid market 
hub to which a state regulatory authority or nonregulated electric 
utility determines the purchasing electric utility has reasonable 
access, based on its evaluation of the relevant factors, including but 
not limited to the following:
    (A) Whether the hub is sufficiently liquid that prices at the hub 
represent a competitive price;
    (B) Whether prices developed at the hub are sufficiently 
transparent;
    (C) Whether the purchasing electric utility has the ability to 
deliver power from such hub to its load, even if its load is not 
directly connected to the hub; and
    (D) Whether the hub represents an appropriate market to derive an 
energy price for the purchasing electric utility's purchases from the 
relevant QFs given the electric utility's physical proximity to the hub 
or other factors.
    (ii) A Combined Cycle Price is a price determined pursuant to a 
formula established by a state regulatory authority or nonregulated 
electric utility using published natural gas price indices and a proxy 
heat rate for an efficient natural gas combined-cycle generating 
facility. Before establishing such a formula rate, a state regulatory 
authority or nonregulated electric utility must determine that the 
resulting Combined Cycle Price represents an appropriate approximation 
of the purchasing electric utility's avoided cost, based on its 
evaluation of the relevant factors, including but not limited to the 
following:
    (A) Whether the cost of energy from an efficient natural gas 
combined cycle generating facility represents a reasonable 
approximation of a competitive price in the purchasing electric 
utility's region;
    (B) Whether natural gas priced pursuant to particular proposed 
natural gas price indices would be available in the relevant market;
    (C) Whether there should be an adjustment to the natural gas price 
to appropriately reflect the cost of transporting natural gas to the 
relevant market; and
    (D) Whether the proxy heat rate used in the formula should be 
updated regularly to reflect improvements in generation technology.
    (8) Competitive Solicitation Price. A state regulatory authority or 
nonregulated electric utility may use a price determined pursuant to a 
competitive solicitation process to establish qualifying facility 
energy and/or capacity rates for sales to purchasing electric 
utilities, provided that such competitive solicitation process is 
conducted pursuant to procedures ensuring the solicitation is conducted 
in a transparent and non-discriminatory manner including, but not 
limited to, the following:
    (i) The solicitation process is an open and transparent process;
    (ii) Solicitations should be open to all sources, to satisfy that 
purchasing electric utility's capacity needs, taking into account the 
required operating characteristics of the needed capacity;
    (iii) Solicitations are conducted at regular intervals;
    (iv) Solicitations are subject to oversight by an independent 
administrator; and
    (v) Solicitations are certified as fulfilling the above criteria by 
the relevant state regulatory authority or nonregulated electric 
utility.
* * * * *
    (d) Purchases ``as available'' or pursuant to a legally enforceable 
obligation. (1) Each qualifying facility shall have the option either:
    (i) To provide energy as the qualifying facility determines such 
energy to be available for such purchases, in which case the rates for 
such purchases shall be based on the purchasing electric utility's 
avoided costs calculated at the time of delivery; or
    (ii) To provide energy or capacity pursuant to a legally 
enforceable obligation for the delivery of energy or capacity over a 
specified term, in which case the rates for such purchases shall, 
except as provided in subsection (d)(2) below, be based on either:
    (A) The avoided costs calculated at the time of delivery; or
    (B) The avoided costs calculated at the time the obligation is 
incurred.
    (iii) The rate for delivery of energy calculated at the time the 
obligation is incurred may be based on estimates of the present value 
of the stream of revenue flows of future locational marginal prices, or 
Competitive Prices during the anticipated period of delivery.
    (2) Notwithstanding paragraph (d)(1)(ii)(B) of this section, a 
state regulatory authority or nonregulated electric utility may require 
that rates for purchases of energy from a qualifying facility pursuant 
to a legally enforceable obligation to vary through the life of the 
obligation, and to be set at the as-available energy price applicable 
to the purchasing electric utility determined at the time of delivery.
    (3) Obtaining a legally enforceable obligation. A qualifying 
facility must demonstrate commercial viability and financial commitment 
to construct its facility pursuant to criteria determined by the state 
regulatory authority or nonregulated electric utility as a prerequisite 
to a qualifying facility obtaining a legally enforceable obligation. 
Such criteria must be objective and reasonable.
    (e) Factors affecting rates for purchases. (1) A state regulatory 
authority or nonregulated electric utility may establish rates for 
purchases of energy from a qualifying facility based on a purchasing 
electric utility's locational marginal price calculated by the 
applicable market defined in Sec.  292.309(e), (f), or (g), or the 
purchasing electric utility's applicable Competitive Price. 
Alternatively, a state regulatory authority or nonregulated electric 
utility may establish rates for purchases of energy and/or capacity 
from a qualifying facility based on a Competitive Solicitation Price. 
To the extent that capacity rates are not set pursuant to this section, 
capacity rates shall be set pursuant to subsection (2).
    (2) To the extent that a state regulatory authority or nonregulated 
electric utility does not to set energy and/or capacity rates pursuant 
to

[[Page 53272]]

paragraph (e)(1) of this section, the following factors shall, to the 
extent practicable, be taken into account in determining rates for 
purchases from a qualifying facility:
    (i) The data provided pursuant to Sec.  292.302(b), (c), or (d), 
including State review of any such data;
    (ii) The availability of capacity or energy from a qualifying 
facility during the system daily and seasonal peak periods, including:
    (A) The ability of the electric utility to dispatch the qualifying 
facility;
    (B) The expected or demonstrated reliability of the qualifying 
facility;
    (C) The terms of any contract or other legally enforceable 
obligation, including the duration of the obligation, termination 
notice requirement and sanctions for non-compliance;
    (D) The extent to which scheduled outages of the qualifying 
facility can be usefully coordinated with scheduled outages of the 
electric utility's facilities;
    (E) The usefulness of energy and capacity supplied from a 
qualifying facility during system emergencies, including its ability to 
separate its load from its generation;
    (F) The individual and aggregate value of energy and capacity from 
qualifying facilities on the electric utility's system; and
    (G) The smaller capacity increments and the shorter lead times 
available with additions of capacity from qualifying facilities; and
    (iii) The relationship of the availability of energy or capacity 
from the qualifying facility as derived in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this 
section, to the ability of the electric utility to avoid costs, 
including the deferral of capacity additions and the reduction of 
fossil fuel use; and
    (iv) The costs or savings resulting from variations in line losses 
from those that would have existed in the absence of purchases from a 
qualifying facility, if the purchasing electric utility generated an 
equivalent amount of energy itself or purchased an equivalent amount of 
electric energy or capacity.
0
8. Amend Sec.  292.309 by revising paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) to read 
as follows:


Sec.  292.309  Termination of obligation to purchase from qualifying 
facilities.

* * * * *
    (d)(1) For purposes of Sec.  292.309(a)(1), (2), and (3), there is 
a rebuttable presumption that a qualifying cogeneration facility with a 
capacity at or below 20 megawatts does not have nondiscriminatory 
access to the market.
    (2) For purposes of Sec.  292.309(a)(1), (2), and (3), there is a 
rebuttable presumption that a qualifying small power production 
facility with a capacity at or below 1 megawatt does not have 
nondiscriminatory access to the market.
    (3) For purposes of implementing paragraphs (d)(1) and (d)(2) of 
this section, the Commission will not be bound by the standards set 
forth in Sec.  292.204(a)(2).
    (e) Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc. (MISO), PJM 
Interconnection, L.L.C. (PJM), ISO New England Inc. (ISO-NE), and New 
York Independent System Operator, Inc. (NYISO) qualify as markets 
described in Sec.  292.309(a)(1)(i) and (ii), and there is a rebuttable 
presumption that small power production facilities with a capacity 
greater than one megawatt and cogeneration facilities with a capacity 
greater than 20 megawatts have nondiscriminatory access to those 
markets through Commission-approved open access transmission tariffs 
and interconnection rules, and that electric utilities that are members 
of such regional transmission organizations or independent system 
operators (RTO/ISOs) should be relieved of the obligation to purchase 
electric energy from the qualifying facilities. A qualifying facility 
may seek to rebut this presumption by demonstrating, inter alia, that:
    (1) The qualifying facility has certain operational characteristics 
that effectively prevent the qualifying facility's participation in a 
market; or
    (2) The qualifying facility lacks access to markets due to 
transmission constraints. The qualifying facility may show that it is 
located in an area where persistent transmission constraints in effect 
cause the qualifying facility not to have access to markets outside a 
persistently congested area to sell the qualifying facility output or 
capacity.
    (f) The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) qualifies as 
a market described in Sec.  292.309(a)(3), and there is a rebuttable 
presumption that small power production facilities with a capacity 
greater than one megawatt and cogeneration facilities with a capacity 
greater than 20 megawatts have nondiscriminatory access to that market 
through Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) approved open access 
protocols, and that electric utilities that operate within ERCOT should 
be relieved of the obligation to purchase electric energy from the 
qualifying facilities. A qualifying facility may seek to rebut this 
presumption by demonstrating, inter alia, that:
    (1) The qualifying facility has certain operational characteristics 
that effectively prevent the qualifying facility's participation in a 
market; or
    (2) The qualifying facility lacks access to markets due to 
transmission constraints. The qualifying facility may show that it is 
located in an area where persistent transmission constraints in effect 
cause the qualifying facility not to have access to markets outside a 
persistently congested area to sell the qualifying facility output or 
capacity.
* * * * *

PART 375--THE COMMISSION

0
1. The authority citation for part 375 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  5 U.S.C. 551-557; 15 U.S.C. 717-717w, 3301-3432; 16 
U.S.C. 791-825r, 2601-2645; 42 U.S.C. 7101-7352.

0
2. Section 375.302(v) is revised to read:


Sec.  375.302  Delegations to the Secretary.

* * * * *
    (v) Toll the time for action on requests for rehearing, and toll 
the time for action on protested self-certifications and self-
recertifications of qualifying facilities.
    The following will not appear in the Code of Federal Regulations:

                  Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Docket Nos.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Qualifying Facility Rates and Requirements............       RM19-15-000
Implementation Issues Under the Public Utility               AD16-16-000
 Regulatory Policies Act of 1978......................
------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Issued September 19, 2019)

GLICK, Commissioner, dissenting in part:
    1. I dissent in part from today's notice of proposed rulemaking 
(NOPR) because it would effectively gut the Public Utility 
Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA).\1\ Our basic

[[Page 53273]]

responsibilities under PURPA are three-fold: (1) To encourage the 
development of qualifying facilities (QFs); (2) to prevent 
discrimination against QFs by incumbent utilities; and (3) to ensure 
that the resulting rates paid by electricity customers remain just 
and reasonable and in the public interest.\2\ As discussed further 
below, it is not clear from the record or the discussion in today's 
NOPR that many of the proposed changes will satisfy those 
requirements. Although the record developed in response to this NOPR 
will give us a basis to address those issues, I am deeply concerned 
that the Commission has failed so far to show that certain aspects 
of its proposal satisfy our basic responsibilities under the law.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Public Law 95-617, 92 Stat. 3117 (1978).
    \2\ See 16 U.S.C. 824a-3 (2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    2. It appears that the Commission no longer believes that PURPA 
is necessary. I disagree. I believe that the goals of PURPA--
including the need to expand competition and reduce our reliance on 
fossil fuels \3\--remain as relevant now as ever. But our apparent 
disagreement is beside the point. Whether PURPA's goals remain 
relevant is a decision for Congress, not an administrative agency. 
The Commission should not be seizing the reins from Congress in 
order to isolate an important debate about national energy policy 
within an independent regulatory agency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ See Am. Paper Inst., Inc. v. Am. Elec. Power Serv. Corp., 
461 U.S. 402, 405 (1983) (describing Congress's intent in enacting 
PURPA).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. PURPA's Continuing Relevance Is an Issue for Congress To Decide

    3. A fundamental reform to a major energy statute, particularly 
one that Congress has been debated for decades, ought to come from 
Congress, not an independent regulatory agency. For more than forty 
years, the Commission has rather consistently interpreted Congress's 
directives in PURPA. During that time, Congress has repeatedly 
considered legislation to amend the statute, in some cases to expand 
its reach and in others to pare it back. Indeed, almost from the 
moment PURPA was passed, Congress began to hear many of the 
arguments being used today to justify scaling the law back. Yet 
Congress only on one occasion--in 2005--significantly amended the 
statute. After a lengthy debate, which included proposals to repeal 
PURPA, Congress adopted the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005), 
which left in place PURPA's basic framework but added a series of 
provisions that relieved utilities of their requirements in regions 
of the country with robust wholesale energy markets.\4\ Over the 
course of the last fourteen years, Congress has continued to 
consider a wide range of proposals to reform PURPA, some of which 
would have enacted into law many of the proposals advanced in this 
NOPR. But Congress did not enact any of these reforms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ Public Law 109-58, 119 Stat. 594 (2005).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    4. Today's NOPR flips that dynamic on its head. It removes an 
important debate from the halls of Congress and isolates it within 
the Commission. That may help to achieve certain stakeholders' 
objectives and, no doubt, some Members of Congress that have 
unsuccessfully sought to further reform PURPA will applaud this 
outcome. But what should concern all of us is that resolving these 
sorts of questions by regulatory edict rather than congressional 
legislation is neither a durable nor desirable approach for 
developing energy policy.
    5. With those concerns in mind, the Commission's explanation of 
the purported need for reform rings hollow. The majority recites 
statistics to show that the energy landscape has changed over the 
last 40 years. And there is no doubt that it has. Renewables are 
growing rapidly and, in some parts of the country, are being 
financed in large numbers without PURPA's protections.\5\ Natural 
gas production has increased in similarly dramatic fashion and 
recently surpassed coal as the country's principal source of fuel 
for generating electricity.\6\ But reams of statistics do not make a 
law irrelevant. The majority and I might disagree about PURPA and 
the importance of its objectives, but that is not a dispute that we, 
as Commissioners, should resolve. A policy debate about the 
continuing relevance of PURPA--which, make no mistake, is what this 
NOPR is really about--is an issue for Congress to resolve.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ See Qualifying Facility Rates and Requirements; 
Implementation Issues Under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies 
Act of 1978, 168 FERC ] 61,184, at PP 19-21 (2019) (NOPR).
    \6\ U.S. Energy Info. Admin., What is U.S. electricity 
generation by energy source?, https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3 (last visited Sept. 19, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. Certain Proposed Revisions Are Inconsistent With Our Statutory 
Obligations

    6. In addition to my general concerns about the direction and 
intent of today's NOPR, I have a number of more discrete objections 
regarding aspects of the Commission's proposal. I raise these 
concerns in particular because I believe that neither the record 
established to date nor the rationale articulated in today's NOPR 
suggest that these changes are consistent with our obligations under 
PURPA. Accordingly, I am especially interested in reviewing the 
record developed in response to these elements of the proposed rule 
and I encourage parties to address these issues in detail in their 
comments.

A. Avoided Cost

    7. No issue has consumed as much attention in the debates over 
PURPA as how to set avoided cost. Following PURPA's enactment in 
1978, the Commission introduced a framework for setting ``avoided 
cost'' that allows each individual state to consider a wide range of 
factors in identifying the ``full'' costs that are avoided when a 
utility purchases energy and capacity from a QF.\7\ The basic idea 
is that the avoided cost figure should reflect the full cost that 
the utility would incur but for the purchase of the QF output of 
energy or capacity, with each individual state enjoying considerable 
flexibility in implementing that concept.\8\ The Commission's 
regulations also provide states the flexibility to accommodate 
Congress's intent that the rates paid to QFs ``look beyond'' just 
``instantaneous cost savings'' in order to consider savings over a 
longer time horizon.\9\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ See 18 CFR 292.304(e) (2019).
    \8\ Small Power Production and Cogeneration Facilities; 
Regulations Implementing Section 210 of the Public Utility 
Regulatory Policies Act of 1978, Order No. 69, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 
30,128, at 30,865 (cross-referenced 10 FERC ] 61,150), order on 
reh'g, Order No. 69-A, FERC Stats. & Regs. ] 30,160 (1980) (cross-
referenced at 11 FERC ] 61,166), aff'd in part & vacated in part sub 
nom. Am. Elec. Power Serv. Corp. v. FERC, 675 F.2d 1226 (D.C. Cir. 
1982), rev'd in part sub nom. Am. Paper Inst. v. Am. Elec. Power 
Serv. Corp., 461 U.S. 402 (1983) (API).
    \9\ H.R. Rep. 95-1750, at 98-99 (1978) (Conf. Rep.) (``In 
interpreting the incremental cost of alternative energy, the 
Conferees expect that the Commission and the states may look beyond 
the costs of alternative sources which are instantaneously available 
to the utility. Rather the Commission and states should look to the 
reliability of that power and the cost savings to the utility which 
may result at some later date by reasons of supply to the utility at 
that time of power from the cogenerate or small power producers.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    8. The NOPR proposes two fundamental changes to how avoided cost 
is calculated and applied to QFs. First, it proposes to eliminate 
the requirement that a utility must afford a QF the option to enter 
a contract at an avoided cost energy rate that is fixed or known for 
the duration of the contract.\10\ As things stand now, a QF 
generally has two options for selling its output to a utility. Under 
the first option, the QF can sell its energy on an as-available 
basis and receive an avoided cost rate calculated at the time of 
delivery. This is generally known as the as-available option. Under 
the second option, a QF can enter into a fixed duration contract at 
an avoided cost rate that is fixed either at the time the QF 
establishes a legally enforceable obligation or at the time of 
delivery. This is generally known as the contract option. The 
ability to choose between both types sale options has played an 
important role in fostering the development of a variety of QFs. For 
example, the as-available option provides a way for QFs whose 
principal business is not generating electricity, such as industrial 
cogeneration facilities, to monetize their excess electricity 
generation. The contract option, by contrast, provides QFs who are 
principally in the business of generating electricity, such as small 
renewable electricity generators, a relatively stable option that 
will allow them to secure financing. Together, the presence of these 
two options have allowed the Commission to satisfy its statutory 
mandate to encourage the development of QFs and ensure that the 
rates they receive are non-discriminatory.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ The NOPR proposes to eliminate the contract option for the 
energy component, keeping the long-term contract requirement in 
place for capacity. That sounds more reasonable than it will often 
be in practice. The NOPR later clarifies that the fixed capacity 
value may be zero if the state determines that the electric utility 
does not have a need for additional capacity resources. See NOPR, 
168 FERC ] 61,184 at P 67. That would also mean that, in some 
instances, there would be no fixed element in an avoided cost 
contract, which would seem inconsistent with the Commission's 
rationale justifying variable energy price contracts. See id. P 70.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    9. I am concerned that the Commission's proposal to allow 
utilities to eliminate the

[[Page 53274]]

fixed-price contract option will make it more difficult--or in some 
cases impossible--for QFs to obtain financing. The option to enter a 
contract with a fixed or known price has played in essential role in 
encouraging QF development.\11\ In addition, those contracts have 
played an important role in ensuring that QFs receive non-
discriminatory rates, especially in areas of the country with 
vertically integrated utilities that are guaranteed to recover the 
costs of their prudently incurred investments through retail 
rates.\12\ Neither the record nor the rationale in this NOPR 
addresses these concerns in a manner that is even remotely 
convincing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ See, e.g., June 29, 2016 Technical Conf. Tr. at 26-27 
(Solar Energy Industries Association) (``The Power Purchase 
Agreement is the single most important contract of the development 
and financing of an energy project that's not owned by a utility. 
Without the long-term commitment to buy the output of that agreement 
at a fixed price, there is no predictable stream of revenue. Without 
a predictable stream of revenues, there is no financing. Without any 
financing, there is no project.'').
    \12\ See Statement of Travis Kavulla, Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 
2 (June 29, 2016) (``Whether compensation for a QF is a matter of 
market clearing prices or of administrative decision-making is 
largely a reflection of how larger or utility-owned generation is 
compensated.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    10. Second, I am concerned about the implications of the 
Commission's proposal to determine that a locational marginal price 
(LMP) is a per se reasonable measure of an as-available avoided cost 
for energy and to preliminarily advance several other ``Competitive 
Prices'' that would also be sufficient.\13\ Current regulations 
require states to consider factors, including reliability and when 
the QF is available, when calculating the avoided cost rate. Today's 
NOPR proposes to allow states to ignore these factors and, instead, 
rely entirely on LMP or a price set at a ``liquid market hub.'' That 
rule would apply across the country, irrespective of whether the QF 
has access non-discriminatory access to competitive markets.\14\ 
That is notwithstanding the fact that the evidence the Commission 
relies on to justify this proposal comes overwhelmingly from regions 
with sophisticated RTO and ISO markets and/or restructured 
utilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ NOPR, 168 FERC ] 61,184 at PP 50, 55-60.
    \14\ The NOPR proposes to allow states or utilities to use this 
liquid market price only for the ``as-available'' energy sales rate, 
not the capacity rate or for QFs that choose the contract option. 
But given that the Commission is also proposing to allow utilities 
to eliminate the fixed-price contract option for energy sales, QFs 
may have no choice but to rely on the ``as-available'' option for 
sales of energy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    11. As an initial matter, I support introducing more competition 
into the Commission's implementation of PURPA. Liquid price signals 
can be useful and transparent inputs that are worthy of considering 
as part of the overall calculation of an appropriate avoided cost 
number that includes both the short-term and long-term costs avoided 
by the utility's purchases from QFs. But referencing the words 
``competitive'' and ``market'' over and over again is not the same 
thing as proof that there is sufficient market competition. Many 
regions of the country--often the same regions where the debates 
about PURPA are most heated--have not established competitive 
markets, let alone non-discriminatory access to those markets for 
independent generators, even if there are liquid market hubs for 
spot energy purchases. When combined with the Commission's proposal 
to allow utilities to eliminate the contract option, discussed 
above, QFs may be reduced to relying solely on some synthetic 
measure of what spot prices would be in a competitive market based 
on gas prices and heat rates. I am not persuaded that this will 
satisfy our obligation to encourage QFs.
    12. Nor am I confident that this proposal will not result in 
discriminatory rates. In regions of the country with vertically 
integrated utilities (including some parts of RTO/ISO markets) the 
relevant utility will almost always receive guaranteed cost-recovery 
on its generation investments. Indeed, state regulators will often 
effectively pre-approve certain incumbent utility investments 
through those utilities' integrated resource plans, making it highly 
unlikely that the utility investments will ultimately be disallowed 
as imprudent. Under those circumstances, it is not clear to me how a 
rule that conclusively presumes that LMP--let alone some other 
measure of price--is a non-discriminatory rate in those regions.
    13. I recognize that in some regions of the country--such as the 
RTOs and ISOs with developed real-time and day-ahead markets and 
largely restructured utilities--this may be an appropriate approach 
for calculating the as-available rate for energy, at least for 
relatively large QFs. But the NOPR's proposed revisions are not 
limited to those regions and are not even predicated on utilities 
themselves actually relying on LMP, liquid market hubs, or other 
calculations of ``Competitive Prices.'' In any case, neither the 
record nor the rationale in this NOPR addresses these concerns in a 
convincing manner.

B. Reducing the 20 MW Rebuttable Presumption

    14. The Commission is also proposing to reduce the threshold for 
the rebuttable presumption of non-discriminatory access to 
competitive wholesale markets within RTOs and ISOs from 20 MW to 1 
MW. This proposal would, in essence, relieve most utilities within 
RTOs and ISOs from the must-purchase obligation for any resource 
greater than 1 MW based on the theory that those resources have non-
discriminatory access to the RTO and ISO markets.\15\
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    \15\ This issue, as much as any other, has been subject to 
vigorous debate in Congress. See supra at 3.
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    15. The Commission created the rebuttable presumption framework 
in response to Congress's enactment of section 210(m) in EPAct 2005. 
The Commission explained that QFs smaller than 20 MW often face more 
challenges than larger QFs in accessing competitive wholesale 
markets and therefore presumptively do not have non-discriminatory 
access.\16\ The challenges it identified included issues such as 
interconnection at the distribution level, jurisdictional 
differences, pancaked delivery rates, and administrative burdens to 
obtaining access to distant buyers.\17\
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    \16\ New PURPA Section 210(m) Regulations Applicable to Small 
Power Production and Cogeneration Facilities, Order No. 688, 117 
FERC ] 61,078, at PP 9-12 (2006), order on reh'g, Order No. 688-A, 
119 FERC ] 61,305 (2007), aff'd sub nom. Am. Forest & Paper Ass'n v. 
FERC, 550 F.3d 1179 (D.C. Cir. 2008).
    \17\ NOPR, 168 FERC ] 61,184 at P 121.
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    16. Today's NOPR contains precious little justification to 
support that change and does not cite a single piece of record 
evidence supporting its proposal.\18\ That may be because it seems a 
stretch to suggest that a 1 MW resource can generally access and 
compete in markets as sophisticated and complex as, for example, PJM 
Interconnection, L.L.C., on a similar footing as the resources in 
the portfolio of a large vertically integrated utility or merchant 
power generator.
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    \18\ To the contrary, the Commission has found that QFs less 
than 20 MW may not have non-discriminatory access, even within RTO/
ISO markets. In just the last few years, the Commission has 
explained that barriers such as transmission constraints are the 
very ``circumstances explained in Order No. 688 that gave rise to 
the rebuttable presumption that smaller QFs lack nondiscriminatory 
access to markets.'' N. States Power Co., 151 FERC ] 61,110, at P 34 
(2015). Today's NOPR fails to provide any explanation for the 
departure from the Commission's existing policy.
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    17. These are among the most important issues presented in this 
NOPR. I hope that the parties will assemble a correspondingly robust 
record that allows to us to dig into them in detail and evaluate 
whether the Commission's proposals are consistent with our 
obligations under the statute.

III. PURPA Should Be Revised To Create More Competition, Not Less

    18. Insofar as I can tell, the Commission interprets the success 
of PURPA since 1978 as evidence that the law is no longer needed and 
that the Commission should revise its regulations so that they do 
less to encourage QFs. I draw a slightly different conclusion from 
the same evidence. I view PURPA's success in deploying gigawatts of 
relatively low-cost electricity as proof of the benefits of 
introducing competition into the bulk power system.
    19. Several proposals in the record would do just that. For 
example, the National Association of Regulatory Commissioners 
(NARUC) submitted a proposal for how the Commission might implement 
section 210(m)(1), which was added by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. 
The new provision provided three bases for FERC to terminate a 
utility's must-purchase obligation under PURPA, all of which hinged 
on QFs' access to competitive wholesale electricity markets.\19\ The 
NARUC proposal urged the

[[Page 53275]]

Commission to give meaning to section 210m(1)(C) of the Federal 
Power Act by establishing criteria by which a vertically integrated 
utility outside of an RTO or ISO could apply to terminate the must-
purchase obligation if it conducts sufficiently competitive auctions 
or RFPs for energy and capacity.\20\ In other words, it would use 
the pathway established by Congress's amendments to PURPA to create 
more opportunity and competition in areas where, for non-incumbent 
utilities, PURPA is often the only game in town.
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    \19\ Section 210m(1) provides:
    (A)(i) Independently administered, auction-based day ahead and 
real-time wholesale markets for the sale of electric energy; and 
(ii) wholesale markets for long-term sales of capacity and electric 
energy; or
    (B)(i) transmission and interconnection services that are 
provided by a Commission approved regional transmission entity and 
administered pursuant to an open access transmission tariff that 
affords nondiscriminatory treatment to all customers; and (ii) 
competitive wholesale markets that provide a meaningful opportunity 
to sell capacity, including long-term and short-term sales, and 
electric energy, including long-term, short-term, and real-time 
sales, to buyers other than the utility to which the qualifying 
facility is interconnected. In determining whether a meaningful 
opportunity to sell exists, the Commission shall consider, among 
other factors, evidence of transactions within the relevant market; 
or
    (C) wholesale markets for the sale of capacity and electric 
energy that are, at a minimum, of comparable competitive quality as 
markets described in subparagraphs (A) and (B).
    16 U.S.C. 824a-3(m)(1) (2018)
    \20\ National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners 
Supplemental Comments, Docket No. AD16-16-00 (Oct. 17, 2018), 
Attachment A at 8; id. (proposing the Commission's Edgar-Allegheny 
criteria as a basis for evaluating whether a proposal was adequately 
competitive).
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    20. The NARUC proposal was a whitepaper, not a detailed NOPR. It 
would surely require more development before we could determine 
whether it satisfies PURPA's statutory requirements. Nevertheless it 
represented a step in the right direction that would have been 
consistent with PURPA's pro-competitive purposes. It was also an 
idea that we could have--and should have--amply explored through a 
technical conference or other proceeding since the Chairman 
indicated his intent to go forward with revisions to PURPA.
    21. The Solar Energy Industries Association also put forward a 
pro-competitive proposal of the type that I would like to have 
explored in more detail in this NOPR.\21\ The proposal would address 
competitive solicitations as a means of procuring energy and 
capacity from all new generation resources, including QFs. It also 
discussed the potential for these competitive solicitations to set 
avoided cost under certain circumstances. As with the NARUC 
proposal, this proposal would revise PURPA to include more genuine 
competition rather simply revising the regulations to do less to 
encourage QFs.
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    \21\ Solar Energy Industries Association Supplemental Comments, 
Docket No. AD16-16-000 (Aug. 28, 2019).
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    22. Rather than seeking to expand competition, the majority is 
instead using the success of competition in certain parts of the 
country as a reason to scale back PURPA throughout the country. In 
some areas of the country, particularly those with developed RTO and 
ISO markets and with few, if any, vertically integrated utilities, 
competition is the norm and PURPA may not be necessary, at least for 
generators that are sufficiently large and sophisticated to 
participate on an equal footing with other market participants. But 
it does not necessarily follow that the healthy competition we see 
in those regions means that PURPA does not continue to play a vital 
role in other parts of the country, including those without RTO and 
ISO markets or where vertically integrated utilities dominate. To 
put it bluntly, the success that a QF might have in selling its 
energy and capacity within ISO New England Inc. tells you very 
little about the success a similar resource might have in the 
Southeast or the West, at least without PURPA. I worry that applying 
lessons learned in the truly competitive regions of the country to 
the less competitive regions will actually result in less 
competition and, ultimately, higher prices for consumers.
    23. I support certain aspects of this NOPR that I believe are 
consistent with the Commission's proper role in administering PURPA 
and are supported by the record developed so far. First and 
foremost, I agree that it is time to address the ``one-mile'' rule, 
which currently provides an irrebuttable presumption that resources 
located more than a mile apart are separate QFs.\22\ There is 
evidence compiled as part of the Commission's 2016 technical 
conference on PURPA that suggests that this rule is susceptible to 
gaming and that some developers are splitting what should fairly be 
considered one project into a series of discrete projects spread 
separated by a mile each.\23\ I do not believe that is what Congress 
had in mind when it set out to promote small power production 
facilities in PURPA. The NOPR proposes what I believe is a 
reasonable framework for addressing this issue and I look forward to 
reviewing the comments we receive.
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    \22\ 18 CFR 292.204(a) (2019).
    \23\ See Statement of Paul Kjellander, Docket No. AD16-16-000, 
at 4-5 (June 29, 2016); Portland General Electric Company Comments, 
Docket No. AD16-16-000, at 6 (June 29, 2016).
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    24. In addition, I support the proposal to require that QFs 
demonstrate commercial viability before securing a legally 
enforceable obligation with the relevant utility. It seems only fair 
to require that a proposed QF demonstrate that it is not speculative 
and will likely enter service before a utility incurs an obligation 
to purchase that QF's output at any particular price. The proposal 
in today's NOPR appears to strike a reasonable balance between 
allowing QFs to secure a commitment for purchase early enough in 
their development cycle so that they can use it to facilitate 
financing while preventing QFs from locking-in avoided-cost rates 
too far ahead of their actual delivery of any energy or capacity. 
Nevertheless, in contrast to the one-mile rule, the record on this 
question is relatively underdeveloped and I hope that parties will 
address the specifics of this proposal in detail.
    25. Finally, I support the proposal to allow stakeholders to 
protest self-certification of QFs. If an entity believes a resource 
does not qualify as a QF, it should have the opportunity to protest 
the QF's filing in the same way that stakeholders have the 
opportunity to protest most other Commission filings. At the very 
least, it seems unfair to require them to file a declaratory order, 
and pay tens of thousands of dollars, in order to inform the 
Commission of their views.
    * * *
    26. The Commission seems to believe that PURPA's time has 
passed. But that is Congress's decision to make, not the 
Commission's. So long as PURPA is on the books, we must faithfully 
implement the requirements of the law. Although I support certain 
elements of today's NOPR, I am concerned that many of the 
Commission's proposals will fall short of our statutory obligations. 
In addition, I am also disappointed that the Commission is not doing 
more to explore using PURPA to expand opportunities for genuine 
competition, including through section 210(m)--the avenue for reform 
that Congress enacted in 2005. I believe that focusing on expanding 
opportunities for genuine competition would far better serve the 
public interest than simply rebalancing the scales against QFs, 
which seems to be the principal goal of today's NOPR.

    For these reasons, I respectfully dissent in part.
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Richard Glick,
Commissioner.

[FR Doc. 2019-20803 Filed 10-3-19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6717-01-P


