
[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 125 (Wednesday, June 29, 2016)]
[Notices]
[Pages 42397-42452]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2016-15343]



[[Page 42397]]

Vol. 81

Wednesday,

No. 125

June 29, 2016

Part II





Department of Energy





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Federal Energy Regulatory Commission





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Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Availability of 
Environmental Assessment; Notice

  Federal Register / Vol. 81 , No. 125 / Wednesday, June 29, 2016 / 
Notices  

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

[Project No. 14677-001--Montana]


Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project; Notice of Availability of 
Environmental Assessment

    In accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 
and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (Commission or FERC) 
regulations, 18 CFR part 380 (Order No. 486, 52 FR 47897), Office of 
Energy Projects staff have reviewed Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC's 
application for license for the proposed Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric 
Project. The project would be located at the U.S. Bureau of 
Reclamation's (Reclamation's) Clark Canyon Dam, on the Beaverhead River 
near the city of Dillon, Beaverhead County, Montana, and would occupy a 
total of 62.3 acres of federal land administered by the U.S. Bureau of 
Reclamation and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.
    Staff have prepared an environmental assessment (EA) analyzing the 
potential environmental impacts of the project, and conclude that 
constructing and operating the project, with appropriate environmental 
protective measures, would not constitute a major federal action that 
would significantly affect the quality of the human environment.
    A copy of the EA is available for review at the Commission in the 
Public Reference Room or may be viewed on the Commission's Web site at 
http://www.ferc.gov using the ``eLibrary'' link. Enter the docket 
number excluding the last three digits in the docket number field to 
access the document. For assistance, contact FERC Online Support at 
FERCOnlineSupport@ferc.gov or toll-free at 1-866-208-3676, or for TTY, 
202-502-8659.
    You may also register online at http://www.ferc.gov/docs-filing/esubscription.asp to be notified via email of new filings and issuances 
related to this or other pending projects. For assistance, contact FERC 
Online Support.
    Any comments should be filed within 30 days from the date of this 
notice. Comments may be filed electronically via the Internet. See 18 
CFR 385.2001(a)(1)(iii) and the instructions on the Commission's Web 
site http://www.ferc.gov/docs-filing/efiling.asp. Commenters can submit 
brief comments up to 6,000 characters, without prior registration, 
using the eComment system at http://www.ferc.gov/docs-filing/ecomment.asp. You must include your name and contact information at the 
end of your comments.
    For assistance, please contact FERC Online Support. Although the 
Commission strongly encourages electronic filing, documents may also be 
paper-filed. To paper-file, mail comments to: Kimberly D. Bose, 
Secretary, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street NE., 
Washington, DC 20426. The first page of any filing should include 
docket number P-14677-001.
    For further information, contact Kelly Wolcott by telephone at 202-
502-6480 or by email at kelly.wolcott@ferc.gov.

    Dated: June 23, 2016.
Kimberly D. Bose,
Secretary.

Environmental Assessment for Hydropower License

Clark Canyon Dam Project

FERC Project No. 14677-001
Montana
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Office of Energy Projects, 
Division of Hydropower Licensing, 888 First Street NE., Washington, DC 
20426.
June 23, 2016.

Table of Contents

 
 
 
LIST OF FIGURES......................................                 iv
LIST OF TABLES.......................................                  v
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...........................                 vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................               viii
1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................                  1
    1.1 Application..................................                  1
    1.2 Purpose of Action and Need for Power.........                  1
        1.2.1 Purpose of Action......................                  1
        1.2.2 Need for Power.........................                  4
    1.3 Statutory and Regulatory Requirements........                  4
        1.3.1 Federal Power Act......................                  6
        1.3.2 Clean Water Act........................                  7
        1.3.3 Endangered Species Act.................                  7
        1.3.4 National Historic Preservation Act.....                  7
    1.4 Public Review and Consultation...............                  8
        1.4.1 Interventions..........................                  8
        1.4.2 Comments on the License Application....                  9
2.0 PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES.................                 10
    2.1 No-Action Alternative........................                 10
    2.2 Applicant's Proposal.........................                 10
        2.2.1 Proposed Project Facilities............                 10
        2.2.2 Project Safety.........................                 13
        2.2.3 Proposed Project Operation.............                 13
        2.2.4 Proposed Environmental Measures........                 14
        2.2.5 Modifications to Applicant's Proposal--                 15
         Mandatory Conditions........................
    2.3 Staff Alternative............................                 18
3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS...........................                 19
    3.1 General Description of the River Basin.......                 19
    3.2 Scope of Cumulative Effects..................                 20
        3.2.1 Geographic Scope.......................                 20
        3.2.2 Temporal Scope.........................                 21
    3.3 Proposed Action and Action Alternatives......                 21
        3.3.1 Geologic and Soil Resources............                 21
        3.3.2 Aquatic Resources......................                 26
        3.3.3 Terrestrial Resources..................                 62
        3.3.4 Threatened and Endangered Species......                 75
        3.3.5 Recreation, Land Use, and Aesthetics...                 76

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        3.3.6 Cultural Resources.....................                 83
    3.4 No-Action Alternative........................                 87
4.0 DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSIS...........................                 87
        4.2.1 No-action Alternative..................                 89
        4.2.2 Applicant's Proposal...................                 89
        4.2.3 Staff Alternative......................                 89
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................                 96
    5.1 Comparison of Alternatives...................                 96
    5.2 Comprehensive Development and Recommended                     97
     Alternative.....................................
    5.3 Unavoidable Adverse Effects..................                108
    5.4 Summary of Section 10(j) Recommendations and                 108
     4(e) conditions.................................
        5.4.1 Recommendations of Fish and Wildlife                   108
         Agencies....................................
        5.4.2 Land Management Agency's Section 4(e)                  112
         Conditions..................................
    5.5 Consistency with Comprehensive Plans.........                112
6.0 FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT.................                113
7.0 LITERATURE CITED.................................                114
8.0 LIST OF PREPARERS................................                121
 

List of Figures

 
 
 
Figure 1. Location of Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric                   3
 Project.............................................
Figure 2. Clark Canyon Dam Project features..........                 12
Figure 3. Beaverhead River hydrograph at Clark Canyon                 27
 Dam, 1965 to 2007 and 2001 to 2005..................
Figure 4. Clark Canyon Dam Daily Reservoir Discharge,                 27
 1965 to 2014........................................
Figure 5. Daily average water temperatures in the                     31
 Beaverhead River measured at the site located 300
 feet downstream of Clark Canyon Dam in 2013.........
Figure 6. Minimum oxygen levels measured during                       32
 monthly 48-hour continuous sampling periods at five
 sites in the lower Beaverhead River between May 2007
 and November 2008 downstream from the Clark Canyon
 Dam.................................................
Figure 7. Daily minimum dissolved oxygen levels in                    33
 the Beaverhead River measured at the site located
 300 feet downstream of Clark Canyon Dam.............
Figure 8 Discharge and total dissolved gas                            34
 concentrations in the Beaverhead River downstream of
 Clark Canyon Dam during periodic sampling, October
 2007 through December 2009..........................
Figure 9. Average turbidity values measured during                    35
 monthly 48-hour continuous sampling periods at five
 sites in the lower Beaverhead River between May 2007
 and November 2008...................................
Figure 10. Relative abundance of age 1+ rainbow and                   38
 brown trout in the Hildreth section (RM 74.9 and
 73.3 of the Beaverhead River below Clark Canyon Dam,
 1991-2013...........................................
Figure 11. Recreation access sites in the vicinity of                 78
 the proposed Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project.
 

List of Tables

 
 
 
Table 1. Major statutory and regulatory requirements                   5
 for the Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project......
Table 2. Numeric water quality criteria applicable to                 28
 the Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project..........
Table 3. Clark Canyon Reservoir release guidelines...                 42
Table 4. Water Quality Monitoring During Operation                    53
 (source: license application as modified by staff)..
Table 5. Parameters for the economic analysis of the                  88
 Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project..............
Table 6. Costs of environmental mitigation and                        90
 enhancement measures considered in assessing the
 environmental effects of constructing and operating
 the Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project..........
Table 7. Fish and wildlife agency recommendations....                109
 

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AIR additional information request
APLIC Avian Power Line Interaction Committee
APE Area of Potential Effect
applicant Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC
BLM U.S. Bureau of Land Management
BMPs best management practices
[deg]C degrees Celsius
certification Section 401 Water Quality Certification
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
cfs cubic feet per second
Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce
Commission Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
CWA Clean Water Act
CWQMP Construction Water Quality Monitoring Plan
District East Bench Irrigation District
DO dissolved oxygen
Revised DOEP Revised Dissolved Oxygen Enhancement Plan
EA environmental assessment
ESA Endangered Species Act
ESCP Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
[deg]F degrees Fahrenheit
FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FPA Federal Power Act
FWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
HPMP Historic Properties Management Plan
Interior U.S. Department of the Interior
IPaC Information, Planning, and Conservation system
kWh kilowatt-hour
kV kilovolt
L&WCF Land and Water Conservation Fund
mg/L milligram per liter
Montana DEQ Montana Department of Environmental Quality
Montana DFWP Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
Montana DNRC Montana Department of Natural Resources and 
Conservation
Montana NHP Montana Natural Heritage Program
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
msl mean sea level
MW megawatt
MWh megawatt-hour
National Register National Register of Historic Places
NERC North American Electric Reliability Council
NHPA National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
NTU nephelometric turbidity unit
NWPP Northwest Power Pool
P-12429 FERC Project No. 12429
PA Programmatic Agreement
Park Service National Park Service
project Clark Canyon Dam Project
Reclamation U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
RM river mile
ROW right-of-way
SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer
SOC Species of Concern
TCP traditional cultural property
TDG total dissolved gas
TMDL total maximum daily load

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ULT Ute ladies'-tresses
VMP Vegetation Management Plan
VRMP Visual Resources Management Plan

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Proposed Action

    On November 23, 2015, Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC (applicant) filed an 
application to construct and operate the 4.7-megawatt (MW) Clark Canyon 
Dam Hydroelectric Project (project). The project would be located at 
the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's (Reclamation's) Clark Canyon Dam on 
the Beaverhead River, near the city of Dillon, Montana.\1\ The proposed 
project would occupy a total of 62.3 acres of federal land managed by 
Reclamation and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.
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    \1\ The applicant supplemented its application on December 10, 
2015; February 1, 2016; February 9, 2016; and March 11, 2016.
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Existing Reclamation Facilities

    Reclamation's Clark Canyon Dam and Reservoir is a flood control and 
water conservation facility located at the head of the Beaverhead River 
\2\ in southwestern Montana. Clark Canyon Dam was completed in 1964 as 
part of Reclamation's Pick-Sloan Missouri River Basin Program, East 
Bench Unit. It is managed to provide irrigation storage, flood control, 
and recreation opportunities.
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    \2\ Red Rock River and Horse Prairie Creek flow into Clark 
Canyon reservoir; reservoir releases form the head of the Beaverhead 
River.
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    Clark Canyon Dam is a 2,950-foot long, 147.5-foot high, zoned, 
earth-fill structure, with an uncontrolled spillway at a crest 
elevation of 5,578 feet mean sea level (msl). The reservoir has a 
volume of 257,152 acre-feet at the flood control pool elevation of 
5,560.5 msl. The dam includes an intake structure and conduit located 
within the reservoir that leads to a shaft house at the dam crest. From 
the shaft house, a 9-foot-diameter outlet conduit carries water through 
the dam approximately 360 feet and discharges it into a stilling basin. 
The discharge capacity of the outlet works is 2,325 cubic feet per 
second (cfs) at a reservoir water surface elevation of 5,547 feet msl. 
Reclamation manages approximately 15 recreation sites at Clark Canyon 
Reservoir and just downstream of the dam, including fishing access, 
campgrounds, day-use areas, boat ramps, and an overlook.

Proposed Project Facilities

    The proposed Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project would use the 
existing dam, reservoir, intake and outlet works, and stilling basin. 
The proposed project would involve the installation of a new 360-foot 
long, 8-foot diameter steel lining within Reclamation's outlet works 
from the existing gate chamber to the stilling basin. At the river end 
of the liner, a trifurcation would separate flows into two 8-foot-
diameter, 35-foot-long steel penstocks leading to a new powerhouse and 
a new 10-foot long, 8-foot diameter steel outlet pipe that would 
discharge into the stilling basin through a fixed cone valve.\3\ The 
46-foot by 65-foot concrete powerhouse would be located at the toe of 
the dam adjacent to the stilling basin and contain two 2.35-megawatt 
(MW) vertical Francis-type turbine/generator units, for a total 
installed capacity of 4.7 MW. Water discharged from the turbines would 
pass through 25-foot-long steel draft tubes that would transition into 
a concrete draft tube and tailrace channel discharging into the 
stilling basin. An aeration basin, consisting of three 45-foot-long, 
10-foot-wide frames containing 330 diffusers would be installed in the 
stilling basin to inject air into the water column to elevate DO levels 
by a maximum of 7.5 milligrams per liter above reservoir conditions at 
the intake before the water enters the Beaverhead River. Power would be 
carried through a 1,100-foot-long underground transmission line from 
the powerhouse to a new substation containing step-up transformers and 
switchgear, and from there along a 7.9-mile-long overhead transmission 
line to the existing Peterson Flat substation (the point of 
interconnection).
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    \3\ The fixed cone value would provide a controlled release of 
flows when the powerhouse is offline or when the flow requirements 
are greater than the turbine capacity.
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Proposed Operation

    The project would operate in a run-of-release mode, meaning the 
project would operate only using flows made available by Reclamation in 
accordance with its standard practices and procedures; thus project 
operation would not affect storage or reservoir levels. The project 
would be operated automatically, but an operator would be on site 
daily.
    Power generation would be seasonally dictated by Reclamation's 
operations. The project would be able to operate with flow release 
ranging from 87.5 to 700 cfs (minimum capacity of 87.5 cfs and a 
maximum capacity of 350 cfs per unit totaling 700 cfs). Flows less than 
the 87.5-cfs would cause the isolation valve in the penstock to close, 
allowing all flows to bypass the powerhouse and pass through the 
existing outlet works into the stilling basin. When the project is 
operating at maximum capacity, any inflows in excess of 700 cfs would 
bypass the powerhouse and continue to flow through Reclamation's 
existing outlet works and over its spillway into the stilling basin. 
The proposed project would generate up to 15,400 megawatt-hours (MWh) 
annually.

Proposed Environmental Measures

    The applicant proposes the following environmental measures to 
protect or enhance aquatic, terrestrial, cultural, recreational and 
visual resources during project design, construction, and operation:
     Implement the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) 
filed with the license application to minimize soil erosion and dust, 
protect water quality, and minimize turbidity in the Beaverhead River;
     Implement the Instream Flow Release Plan filed with the 
license application with provisions to temporarily pump flows around 
Reclamation's existing intake and outlet works to prevent interrupting 
Reclamation's flow releases into the Beaverhead River during 
installation of the proposed project's penstock;
     Maintain compliance monitoring staff on site 24 hours per 
day and 7 days per week when bypassing flows around Reclamation's 
intake and outlet works to ensure prompt response to a pumping 
equipment failure or malfunction and Reclamation's flow releases are 
maintained in the Beaverhead River downstream.
     Implement the Construction Water Quality Monitoring Plan 
(CWQMP) filed with the license application that includes monitoring and 
reporting water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved gas 
(TDG), and turbidity levels during construction to protect aquatic 
resources during construction;
     Implement the Revised Dissolved Oxygen Enhancement Plan 
(Revised DOEP) filed with the license application that includes 
installing and operating the aeration basin and monitoring and 
reporting of water temperature, DO, and TDG levels for a minimum of the 
first five years of project operation to ensure water quality does not 
degrade during project operation;
     Implement the Vegetation Management Plan filed with the 
license application that includes provisions for revegetating disturbed 
areas, wetland protection, and invasive weed control before, during, 
and after construction;
     Conduct a pre-construction survey for raptor nests and 
schedule construction activities or establish a 0.5-mile construction 
buffer, as appropriate, to minimize disturbance of nesting raptors;

[[Page 42401]]

     Design and construct the project transmission line in 
accordance with current avian protection guidelines, including 
installing flight diverters and perch deterrents to prevent collision 
and electrocution hazards and increased predation of upland sage 
grouse;
     Implement the Visual Resources Management Plan (VRMP) 
filed with the license application that includes measures to design and 
select materials to reduce the visual contrast of project facilities;
     Post signs and public notice, limit construction hours, 
days, and locations, and stage construction traffic to reduce conflicts 
with recreational users and other motorists;
     Implement the Buffalo Bridge Fishing Access Road 
Management Plan filed with the license application that includes 
provisions for flagging, traffic control devices, and public notice of 
construction activities to maintain traffic safety and minimize effects 
on fishing access;
     Install and maintain an interpretive sign near the dam 
that describes the concept and function of the hydroelectric project 
and how it affects the sport fisheries, including any measures taken to 
eliminate or reduce adverse effects;
     Use a single-pole design for the transmission line, along 
with materials and colors that reduce visibility and blend with the 
surroundings; and
     Implement the revised Historic Properties Management Plan 
(HPMP) filed February 9, 2016, and stop work if any unanticipated 
cultural materials or human remains are found.

Public Involvement and Areas of Concern

    This project was previously licensed under a similar design as FERC 
Project No.12429 (P-12429) on August 26, 2009.\4\ The license was 
amended on March 7, 2013, to alter the project transmission line from a 
0.3-mile-long, 24.9-kV buried transmission line to a 7.9-mile-long, 69-
kV overhead powerline.\5\ That license was terminated on March 19, 
2015, for failure to commence construction by the deadline established 
in section 13 of the FPA. Because of the similarity of the project 
features and level of consultation that occurred during the preparation 
of the current license application, the Commission waived the pre-
filing, three-stage consultation process and scoping for this project 
by notice issued on December 4, 2015. On February 23, 2016, the 
Commission issued a notice stating that the application was accepted 
and ready for environmental analysis, setting March 24, 2016, as the 
deadline for filing protests and motions to intervene as well as 
comments, terms and conditions, recommendations, and prescriptions.
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    \4\ See 128 FERC ] 62,129 (2009).
    \5\ See 142 FERC ] 62,192 (2013).
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    The primary issues associated with licensing the project are the 
protection of wetlands, water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, 
visual resources, and cultural resources during project construction 
and operation.

Alternatives Considered

    This EA analyzes the effects of project construction and operation 
and recommends conditions for an original license for the project. The 
EA considers three alternatives: (1) the applicant's proposal, as 
outlined above; (2) the applicant's proposal with staff modifications 
(staff alternative); and (3) no action--no project construction or 
operation (no-action alternative).

Staff Alternative

    Under the staff alternative, the project would be constructed and 
operated as proposed by the applicant with the modifications and 
additional measures described below. This alternative includes all of 
the mandatory conditions specified by Reclamation under section 4(e) of 
the Federal Power Act and all but one of the conditions specified by 
Montana Department of Environmental Quality's (Montana DEQ) section 401 
Water Quality Certification (certification).\6\ Our recommended 
modifications and additional environmental measures include, or are 
based on, recommendations made by federal and state resource agencies 
that have an interest in resources that may be affected by operation of 
the proposed project.
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    \6\ The staff alternative does not include condition 11 which 
stipulates that the applicant meet annually with all watershed 
stakeholders to discuss water quality monitoring efforts associated 
with project operation. However, we recognize that the Commission is 
required to include valid section 401 water quality certification 
conditions in any license issued for the project.
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    Under the staff alternative, the project would include most of the 
applicant's proposed measures, as outlined above, and the following 
additional measures: (1) TDG and DO compliance monitoring at all times 
during project operation rather than just potentially for the first 
five years of operation; (2) water temperature monitoring for the first 
five years of project operation and, after consultation with the 
agencies, filing a proposal for Commission approval regarding the 
possible cessation of temperature monitoring after the first five 
years; (3) installing and maintaining a pressure transducer and water 
level alarm in the Beaverhead River when flows are being bypassed 
around Reclamation's existing intake and outlet works to alert 
compliance monitoring staff if water levels downstream of the dam are 
reduced; (4) notifying Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks 
(Montana DFWP) in addition to Reclamation in the event of an unplanned 
shutdown during project operation; (5) notifying Montana DEQ and 
Montana DFWP within 24 hours of any deviation from water temperature, 
DO, TDG, or turbidity requirements during construction and operation 
and filing a report with the Commission within 30 days describing the 
deviation, any adverse effects resulting from the deviation, the 
corrective actions taken, any proposed measures to avoid future 
deviations, and comments or correspondence, if any, received from the 
agencies; (6) maintaining records of pre-construction raptor surveys 
that includes presence of birds, eggs, and active nests, the 
qualifications of the biologist performing the survey, and measures 
implemented to avoid disturbing nesting birds; and (7) constructing the 
transmission line segments that cross the Horse Prairie and Medicine 
Lodge drainages outside of the greater sage-grouse breeding season 
(March 1-April 15); and (8) revising the HPMP in consultation with the 
Montana State Historic Preservation Officer (Montana SHPO) and 
Reclamation to include a Treatment Plan to resolve project effects on 
the Clark Canyon Dam and to clarify consultation procedures and filing 
the plan with the Commission for approval prior to construction.
    Under the no-action alternative, the proposed project would not be 
built and environmental resources in the project area would not be 
affected.

Project Effects

Geology and Soils

    Some unavoidable minor, short-term increases in turbidity would 
occur in the Beaverhead River downstream of the project during project 
construction. These effects would be minimized by implementing the 
applicant's ESCP.

Aquatic Resources

    Operating the project in a run-of-release mode would protect 
aquatic habitat in the impoundment and in the Beaverhead River 
downstream of the project. Installing the penstock and associated 
valves would temporarily impair Reclamation's ability to release stream 
flows downstream of the dam.

[[Page 42402]]

However, pumping flows around Reclamations' existing intake and outlet 
works to the Beaverhead River as outlined in the applicant's Final 
Instream Flow Release Plan would ensure that streamflows and water 
quality are maintained downstream during this phase of construction. 
Also, the applicant's proposal to provide 24-hour attendance of the 
pumping system for the duration of pumping activities would ensure that 
any failure or malfunction of the pumping equipment could be dealt with 
in a timely manner to avoid downramping during the trout spawning 
season. Staff's recommendation to install a flow meter and water level 
alarm would detect falling water levels in the event of an equipment 
failure and alert construction staff of the need to activate backup 
pumps.
    Current dam operations can cause total dissolved gases (TDG) levels 
to rise above 115 percent saturation, exceeding the state standard of 
110 percent and potentially harming fish. Discharging flows through the 
project instead of Reclamation's outlet works would reduce the plunging 
effect and potential for entrained air to enter solution under 
pressure, thereby reducing the potential for TDG supersaturation which 
would be a project benefit. However, TDG supersaturation could still 
affect aquatic resources at times in the summer or early fall when flow 
release requirements exceed the hydraulic capacity of the project or 
when the project is shut down and flows exit at high pressure through 
the existing outlet works.
    Reducing the turbulence from Reclamation's discharges could also 
reduce dissolved oxygen (DO) levels downstream. However, injecting air 
through the proposed aeration basin based on incoming DO levels and the 
level of aeration needed to maintain the state criteria of 7.5-8.0 mg/L 
as described in the applicant's Revised DOEP would maintain adequate DO 
levels in the project tailrace and potentially enhance DO levels in the 
summer months, which would benefit trout in the Beaverhead River. 
Deploying corrective measures and emergency shutdown procedures if DO 
falls below state criteria would further protect aquatic resources 
during low DO periods.
    The applicant's proposal to monitor water temperature, DO, TDG, and 
turbidity prior to and during construction as described in its CWQMP 
and its proposal to monitor water temperature, DO, and TDG for a 
minimum of the first five years of project operation as described in 
its Revised DOEP would allow the applicant to document and report 
compliance with state water quality criteria and would inform the need 
for corrective measures to protect water quality during the monitoring 
period. Staff's recommendation that the applicant extend monitoring for 
DO and TDG for the term of any license issued would ensure that the 
aeration basin continues to function properly and maintains or improves 
water quality downstream. Staff's recommended reporting requirements 
during construction and operation would facilitate the Commission's 
administration of the license and ensure that any appropriate 
corrective measures to protect water quality are timely identified and 
implemented.
    The applicant's proposal to screen the pump intakes would limit the 
potential for entrainment of fish during project construction. However, 
some fish are likely to be entrained and injured as they pass through 
the project turbines during operation similar to existing conditions.

Terrestrial Resources

    Project construction would temporarily disturb and displace some 
wildlife and would permanent remove 0.10 acres of vegetation. 
Implementing the best management practices in the applicant's proposed 
VMP would protect wetlands and prevent the introduction and spread of 
noxious weeds during construction.
    Vegetation lost during construction of the transmission line right-
of-way and staging and spoil areas would be restored following 
construction using native plant species approved by Reclamation and BLM 
which would provide locally-adapted and naturally-occurring habitat and 
forage for wildlife.
    The potential for avian electrocutions and collisions with the 
transmission line would be reduced by the applicant's proposals to 
design the transmission line in adherence to current avian protection 
standards, including installing flight diverters and perch deterrents 
on the power line. Perch deterrents would also discourage predators 
from perching on the transmission line poles, which would protect 
greater sage-grouse. Restricting construction within 0.5 miles of a 
raptor nests would avoid disturbing or displacing nesting raptors.

Threatened and Endangered Species

    Project construction and operation would not affect the federally 
listed threatened Ute ladies'-tresses, the threatened grizzly bear, or 
the threatened Canada lynx because the project area does not contain 
suitable habitat for either species, or for the snowshoe hare, which is 
the primary prey of the Canada lynx. There is no designated critical 
habitat within the project area for these species.

Cultural Resources

    Clark Canyon Dam and six other cultural resource sites along the 
transmission corridor were identified during site investigations. 
Project construction would only affect the Clark Canyon Dam, which was 
determined to be eligible for listing on the National Register of 
Historic Places. The Montana SHPO concurred with these findings.\7\ 
Revising the HPMP to include a Treatment Plan to resolve project 
effects on the Clark Canyon Dam and to clarify consultation procedures 
for addressing any future maintenance activities would protect known 
and any newly discovered historic properties.
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    \7\ See the Programmatic Agreement issued by the Commission on 
May 5, 2016, and the letter from the Montana SHPO to the Commission, 
filed March 25, 2016.
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Recreation, Land Use, and Aesthetics

    Clark Canyon Reservoir and the Beaverhead River are popular 
recreational destinations, particularly for fishing, boating, and 
camping. The noise and dust associated with construction activities 
could disturb recreationists, and safety concerns could arise where 
recreational users and construction vehicles use the same roadways to 
access areas near the dam or transmission line. The applicant's 
proposed Buffalo Bridge Fishing Access Road Management Plan would 
reduce the effects of construction traffic on recreation users at that 
location. The applicant's proposed limits on construction hours and 
days, along with public notice of construction activities would help to 
minimize conflicts with recreational users, and its proposed signing, 
flagging, barriers, and construction traffic staging would minimize 
conflicts with other motorists. During project operation, minor noise 
and light from the powerhouse could be noticeable to recreation users 
nearby, particularly below the dam.
    Installing and maintaining an interpretive sign at the Clark Canyon 
Dam Fishing Access site would inform visitors of the concept and 
function of the hydroelectric project, how it affects the sport 
fisheries, and any measures taken to eliminate or reduce adverse 
effects.
    Construction of the powerhouse, transmission line, and construction 
and access roads would introduce new visual elements to the existing

[[Page 42403]]

environment. Implementing the applicants proposed Visual Resources 
Management Plan would ensure that project design incorporates the use 
of color, form, grading, and revegetation that would minimize the 
project's long-term visual contrast with the existing environment. The 
overhead transmission line would be designed and located to further 
minimize visual effects on scenic vistas and nearby recreational use.
    Under the no-action alternative, the project would not be 
constructed and the environmental resources in the project areas would 
not be affected.

Conclusions

    Based on our analysis, we recommend licensing the project as 
proposed by the applicant with staff modifications and additional 
measures, as described above under Alternatives Considered.
    In section 4.2 of the EA, we estimate the likely cost of 
alternative power for each of the two alternatives identified above. 
Our analysis shows that during the first year of operation under the 
applicant's proposal, project power would cost $2,331,512, or $151.40/
MWh, more than the likely alternative cost of power. Under the staff 
alternative, project power would cost $2,335,362, or $151.65/MWh, more 
than the likely alternative cost of power.
    We chose the staff alternative as the preferred alternative 
because: (1) the 4.7-MW project would save the equivalent amount of 
fossil-fueled generation and capacity, thereby helping to conserve non-
renewable energy resources and reduce atmospheric pollution; and (2) 
the recommended environmental measures proposed by the applicant, as 
modified by staff, would adequately protect and enhance environmental 
resources affected by the project. The overall benefits of the staff 
alternative would be worth the cost of the proposed and recommended 
environmental measures.
    We conclude that issuing a license for the project, with the 
environmental measures that we recommend, would not be a major federal 
action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.

Environmental Assessment

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Office of Energy Projects, 
Division of Hydropower Licensing, Washington, DC

Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project

FERC Project No. 14677-001--Montana

Month XX, 2016

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Application

    On November 23, 2015, Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC (applicant) filed an 
application for an original license to construct, operate, and maintain 
the Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project (project). The 4.7-megawatt 
(MW) project would be located at the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's 
(Reclamation's) Clark Canyon Dam on the Beaverhead River, near the city 
of Dillon, Montana (figure 1). The proposed project would occupy 62.1 
acres of federal lands within the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program, 
East Bench Unit, administered by Reclamation, and 0.2 acres of land 
administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. The project would 
generate an average of about 15,400 megawatt-hours (MWh) of energy 
annually.

1.2 Purpose of Action and Need For Power

1.2.1 Purpose of Action

    The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission or FERC) must 
decide whether to issue a license to the applicant for the project and 
what conditions should be placed in any license issued. In deciding 
whether to issue a license for a hydroelectric project, the Commission 
must determine that the project will be best adapted to a comprehensive 
plan for improving or developing a waterway. In addition to the power 
and developmental purposes for which licenses are issued (e.g., flood 
control, irrigation, and water supply), the Commission must give equal 
consideration to the purposes of energy conservation, the protection, 
mitigation of damage to, and enhancement of fish and wildlife 
(including related spawning grounds and habitat), the protection of 
recreational opportunities, and the preservation of other aspects of 
environmental quality.
    Issuing a license for the project would allow the applicant to 
generate electricity at the project for the term of an original 
license, making electric power from a renewable resource available to 
the public.
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[[Page 42405]]

    This environmental assessment (EA) assesses the environmental and 
economic effects of constructing and operating the proposed 
hydroelectric project: (1) As proposed by the applicant, and (2) with 
our recommended measures and agency mandatory conditions. We also 
consider the effects of the no-action alternative. Important issues 
that are addressed include the protection of wetlands, water quality, 
fish and wildlife habitat, visual resources, and cultural resources 
during project construction and operation.

1.2.2 Need for Power

    The project would provide hydroelectric generation to meet part of 
Montana's power requirements, resource diversity, and capacity needs. 
The project would have an installed capacity of 4.7 MW and generate 
approximately 15,400 MWh per year.
    The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) annually 
forecasts electric supply and demand nationally and regionally for a 
10-year period. The proposed project would be located in the Northwest 
Power Pool area of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) 
region of NERC. For the 2016-2025 time period, NERC projects that total 
demand for the summer, the peak season for the entire WECC Region, 
decreased by 2.3 percent due to generally mild temperatures and 
increased distributed solar generation. The demand for the summer 
season is projected to increase by 1.1% per year, while the annual 
energy load is projected to increase by 1.2% per year for the same time 
period.
    We conclude that power from the proposed project would help meet a 
need for power in the WECC region in both the short and long term. The 
project would provide power that would displace non-renewable, fossil-
fired generation and contribute to a diversified generation mix. 
Displacing the operation of fossil-fueled facilities avoids some power 
plant emissions and creates an environmental benefit.

1.3 Statutory and Regulatory Requirements

    A license for the project is subject to numerous requirements under 
the Federal Power Act (FPA) and other applicable statutes. The major 
regulatory and statutory requirements are summarized in table 1 and 
described below.

   Table 1--Major statutory and Regulatory Requirements for the Clark
                    Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project
                             [Source: Staff]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Requirement                 Agency               Status
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 18 of the FPA (fishway  FWS..............  No fishway
 prescriptions).                                    prescription or
                                                    requests for
                                                    reservation of
                                                    authority to
                                                    prescribe fishways
                                                    were filed.
Section 4(e) of the FPA (land   Reclamation......  Interior, on behalf
 management conditions).                            of Reclamation,
                                                    filed preliminary
                                                    conditions on March
                                                    17, 2016.
Section 10(j) of the FPA......  FWS..............  Interior, on behalf
                                                    of FWS, filed
                                                    section 10(j)
                                                    recommendations on
                                                    March 17, 2016.
                                Montana DFWP.....  No section 10(j)
                                                    recommendations were
                                                    filed.
Endangered Species Act          FWS..............  Commission staff
 consultation.                                      generated official
                                                    species list from
                                                    FWS's IPaC website
                                                    on April 15, 2016.
Clean Water Act--section 401    Montana DEQ......  Applicant submitted
 water quality certification.                       an application for
                                                    certification on
                                                    April 15, 2016,
                                                    which was received
                                                    by Montana DEQ on
                                                    April 18, 2016.
                                                    Montana DEQ issued a
                                                    draft certification
                                                    for public comment
                                                    on June 3, 2016;
                                                    comments are due to
                                                    Montana DEQ by July
                                                    5, 2016.
                                                    Certification is due
                                                    by April 18, 2017.
National Historic Preservation  Montana SHPO.....  The Clark Canyon Dam
 Act.                                               was determined to be
                                                    eligible for listing
                                                    on the National
                                                    Register of Historic
                                                    Places. A PA was
                                                    signed by the SHPO
                                                    and filed on May 31,
                                                    2016, requiring the
                                                    applicant to revise
                                                    its HPMP and prepare
                                                    a Treatment Plan to
                                                    resolve effects.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Commission--Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. FPA--Federal
  Power Act. FWS--U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. HPMP--Historic
  Properties Management Plan. Interior--U.S. Department of the Interior.
  Montana DEQ--Montana Department of Environmental Quality. Montana
  DFWP--Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Montana SHPO--
  Montana State Historic Preservation Officer. PA--Programmatic
  Agreement. Reclamation--U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

1.3.1 Federal Power Act

1.3.1.1 Section 18 Fishway Prescription
    Section 18 of the FPA states that the Commission is to require 
construction, operation, and maintenance by a licensee of such fishways 
as may be prescribed by the Secretaries of the U.S. Department of 
Commerce (Commerce) or the U.S. Department of the Interior (Interior). 
Neither Commerce nor Interior filed a fishway prescription or requested 
a reservation of authority to prescribe fishways at the project.
1.3.1.2 Section 4(e) Conditions
    Section 4(e) of the FPA provides that any license issued by the 
Commission for a project within a federal reservation shall be subject 
to and contain such conditions as the Secretary of the responsible 
federal land management agency deems necessary for the adequate 
protection and use of the reservation. Interior, on behalf of 
Reclamation, filed preliminary conditions on March 17, 2016, pursuant 
to section 4(e) of the FPA. These conditions are described under 
section 2.2.5, Modifications to Applicant's Proposal--Mandatory 
Conditions.
1.3.1.3 Section 10(j) Recommendations
    Under section 10(j) of the FPA, each hydroelectric license issued 
by the Commission must include conditions based on recommendations 
provided by federal and state fish and wildlife agencies for the 
protection, mitigation, or enhancement of fish and wildlife resources 
affected by the project. The Commission is required to include these 
conditions unless it determines that they are inconsistent with the 
purposes and requirements of the FPA or other applicable law. Before 
rejecting or modifying an agency recommendation, the Commission is 
required to attempt

[[Page 42406]]

to resolve any such inconsistency with the agency, giving due weight to 
the recommendations, expertise, and statutory responsibilities of such 
agency.
    On March 17, 2016, Interior, on behalf of the U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service (FWS), timely filed recommendations under section 
10(j), as summarized in table 7 in section 5.4.1, Recommendations of 
Fish and Wildlife Agencies. In section 5.4, Summary of Section 10(j) 
Recommendations and 4(e) Conditions, we discuss how we address the 
agency recommendations and comply with section 10(j).

1.3.2 Clean Water Act

    Under section 401 of the Clean Water Act (CWA), a license applicant 
must obtain certification from the appropriate state pollution control 
agency verifying compliance with the CWA. On April 15, 2016, the 
applicant applied to the Montana Department of Environmental Quality 
(Montana DEQ) for 401 water quality certification (certification) for 
the Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project. Montana DEQ acknowledged 
receipt of the application on April 18, 2016.\8\ Montana DEQ issued a 
draft certification for a 30-day public comment period on June 3, 2016; 
comments are due to Montana DEQ by July 5, 2016. Clark Canyon Hydro 
filed the draft certification with the Commission on June 7, 2016. The 
certification is due by April 18, 2017.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ The letter confirming receipt was dated April 18, 2016, and 
filed with the Commission the following day.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.3.3 Endangered Species Act

    Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires federal 
agencies to ensure that their actions are not likely to jeopardize the 
continued existence of endangered or threatened species or result in 
the destruction or adverse modifications of the critical habitat of 
such species. No federally listed species are known to occur within the 
project area; however, on April 15, 2016, Commission staff generated an 
official species list on FWS's Information, Planning, and Conservation 
(IPaC) Web site that indicates that three threatened species: The Ute 
ladies'-tresses (Spiranthes diluvialis), the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos 
horribilis), and the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) may occur in the 
project area. There are no critical habitats in the project area for 
these species. See section 3.3.4, Threatened and Endangered Species, 
for our analysis of the occurrence of listed species and the potential 
for effects on them. We conclude that the proposed action would have no 
effect on the threatened Ute ladies'-tresses, threatened grizzly bear, 
or the threatened Canada lynx.

1.3.4 National Historic Preservation Act

    Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 
(NHPA) as amended requires that every federal agency ``take into 
account'' how the agency's undertakings could affect historic 
properties. Historic properties are districts, sites, buildings, 
structures, traditional cultural properties (TCPs), and objects 
significant in American history, architecture, engineering, and culture 
that are eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic 
Places (National Register).
    The Clark Canyon Dam was determined to be individually eligible for 
listing on the National Register and would be adversely affected by 
project construction; six other sites located along the transmission 
line corridor that may or may not be eligible would not be adversely 
affected by project construction and operation. Commission staff and 
the Montana SHPO concurred with these findings as discussed in a letter 
and Programmatic Agreement (PA) issued on May 5, 2016. The SHPO signed 
the PA and filed it on May 31, 2016. In the event that a license is 
issued for the project, the PA requires the licensee to revise its 
proposed HPMP \9\ to include a Treatment Plan to resolve effects on the 
dam, as well as address other concerns raised by the SHPO and 
Reclamation with regard to future consultation and review of ongoing 
activities at the dam (as discussed in section 3.3.6, Cultural 
Resources). The Treatment Plan and revised HPMP would be developed by 
the licensee in consultation with the SHPO and Reclamation, and would 
be filed with the Commission for approval prior to construction. 
Additionally, the Commission contacted the Shoshone-Bannock, Eastern 
Shoshone, Nez Perce, and Salish-Kootenai tribes inviting comments and 
consultation. No comments or requests for consultation were received 
from the tribes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ The HPMP filed with the license application was developed by 
the applicant before the Clark Canyon Dam was determined to be 
eligible for listing on the National Register. A modified HPMP filed 
by the applicant on February 9, 2016, acknowledges eligibility and 
adverse effects on the dam, but does not resolve the effects.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.4 Public Review and Consultation

    The Commission's regulations (18 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR], 
section 4.38) require that applicants consult with appropriate resource 
agencies, tribes, and other entities before filing an application for a 
license. This consultation is the first step in complying with the Fish 
and Wildlife Coordination Act, the ESA, the NHPA, and other federal 
statutes. Pre-filing consultation must be complete and documented 
according to the Commission's regulations.
    In its tendering notice issued December 4, 2015, the Commission 
stated its intent to waive the three-stage pre-filing consultation 
process and scoping for this project based on the pre-filing 
consultation record. No objections were filed.

1.4.1 Interventions

    On February 23, 2016, the Commission issued a notice stating that 
the applicant's application was accepted and ready for analysis. This 
notice set March 24, 2016, as the deadline for filing protests and 
motions to intervene. On March 22, 2016, Upper Missouri Waterkeeper 
filed a motion to intervene.

1.4.2 Comments on the License Application

    The February 23, 2016, notice solicited comments, terms and 
conditions, recommendations, and prescriptions. In a letter filed March 
17, 2016, Interior, on behalf of Reclamation and FWS, filed preliminary 
comments, terms and conditions, recommendations, and prescriptions. The 
following entities commented:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Commenting agencies and other entities             Date filed
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wade Fellin...............................  February 26, 2016.
Brian Wheeler.............................  March 1, 2016.
Michael Stack.............................  March 8, 2016.
Tim Hunt..................................  March 11, 2016.
Steve Hemkens.............................  March 14, 2016.
Kimball Leighton..........................  March 17, 2016.
Department of the Interior................  March 17, 2016.

[[Page 42407]]

 
Gregg B. Messel...........................  March 21, 2016.
Woody Bailey..............................  March 21, 2016.
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife &      March 24, 2016.
 Parks.
Rhonda Sellers (on behalf of International  March 24, 2016.
 Federation of Fly Fishers).
Luke Massaro..............................  March 24, 2016.
Christian Appel...........................  March 24, 2016.
Cordell Appel.............................  March 24, 2016.
Upper Missouri Waterkeeper \10\...........  March 24, 2016.
Montana Historical Society................  March 25, 2016.
Montana Trout Unlimited...................  March 25, 2016.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The applicant filed reply comments on April 8, 2016.

     
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Upper Missouri Waterkeeper also filed a form letter signed 
by 178 citizens urging the Commission to consider how the project 
may contribute to recent poor water quality conditions in the 
Beaverhead River.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.0 PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES

2.1 No-Action Alternative

    The no-action alternative is license denial. Under the no-action 
alternative, the proposed project would not be built and environmental 
resources in the project area would not be affected.

2.2 Applicant's Proposal

2.2.1 Proposed Project Facilities

    Reclamation's Clark Canyon Dam and Reservoir are existing flood 
control and water conservation facilities at the head of the Beaverhead 
River in southwestern Montana, about 20 miles southwest of Dillon, 
Montana. Clark Canyon Dam was completed in 1964 for Reclamation's Pick-
Sloan Missouri River Basin Program, East Bench Unit, which was 
authorized as part of the Flood Control Acts of 1944 and 1946.
    The dam is a zoned, earth-fill structure that is approximately 
2,950 feet long at the crest. The crest of the dam is at elevation 
5,578 feet mean sea level (msl), with a structural height of 147.5 feet 
and width of 36 feet. The outlet works include an approach channel, an 
intake structure, a concrete conduit, a shaft house, and a 9-foot-
diameter conduit that discharges into a stilling basin. The outlet 
works contain a gate chamber with four 3-foot by 6.5-foot high pressure 
gates. The discharge capacity of the outlet works is 2,325 cubic feet 
per second (cfs) at a reservoir water surface elevation of 5,547 feet 
msl. In addition, there is a separate uncontrolled spillway with a 
crest elevation of 5,571.9 feet msl, and a design discharge of 9,520 
cfs.
    The proposed project (figure 2) would use the existing dam, 
reservoir, and outlet works, and would consist of the following new 
facilities: (1) A 360-foot-long, 8-foot-diameter steel penstock within 
Reclamation's existing concrete conduit, ending in a trifurcation; (2) 
two 35-foot-long, 8-foot-diameter steel penstocks equipped with 
isolation valves extending from the trifurcation to the powerhouse, 
each penstock transitioning to 6-foot-diameter before entering the 
powerhouse; (3) a 10-foot-long, 8-foot-diameter steel penstock leaving 
the trifurcation and ending in a 7-foot-diameter cone valve and reducer 
to control discharge into Reclamation's existing outlet stilling basin; 
(4) a 65-foot-long, 46-foot-wide reinforced concrete powerhouse, 
located at the toe of the dam adjacent to the spillway stilling basin, 
containing two vertical Francis-type turbine/generator units with a 
total capacity of 4.7 MW; (5) two 25-foot-long steel draft tubes 
transitioning to a concrete draft tube/tailrace section; (6) a 17-foot-
long, 15-foot-wide tailrace channel connecting with Reclamation's 
existing spillway stilling basin; (7) an aeration basin downstream of 
the powerhouse with three 45-foot-long, 10-foot-wide frames containing 
330 diffusers; (8) a 4.16-kilovolt (kV) buried transmission line from 
the powerhouse to a substation containing step-up transformers and 
switchgear located 1,100 feet downstream of the powerhouse; (9) a 500-
foot-long access road connecting to the existing access road; (10) a 
7.9-mile-long, 69-kV overhead transmission line extending from the 
substation to the Peterson Flat substation (the point of 
interconnection); and (11) appurtenant facilities.

2.2.2 Proposed Project Boundary

    The proposed project boundary \11\ will enclose: 4.3 acres around 
the outlet conduit, penstock, powerhouse, aeration basin, tailrace, and 
valve house; 1.9 acres of staging area; 2.5 acres along proposed and 
existing access roads; and 0.4 acres along the transmission line 
corridor, for a total of about 12.7 acres of federal lands under 
jurisdiction of Reclamation's Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program, East 
Bench Unit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ Upper Missouri Waterkeeper's recommends that the existing 
Clark Canyon Dam and Reservoir be included in the project boundary. 
However, since the dam was constructed and is operated by 
Reclamation for flood control and water conservation purposes, the 
applicant will have no control over the dam or reservoir. The dam 
and reservoir would not be project features to be included in the 
project boundary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

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[[Page 42408]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN29JN16.002


[[Page 42409]]


BILLING CODE 6717-01-C

2.2.2 Project Safety

    As part of the licensing process, the Commission would review the 
adequacy of the proposed project facilities. Special articles would be 
included in any license issued, as appropriate. Commission staff would 
inspect the licensed project both during and after construction. 
Inspection during construction would concentrate on adherence to 
Commission-approved plans and specifications, special license articles 
relating to construction, and accepted engineering practices and 
procedures. Operational inspections would focus on the continued safety 
of the structures, identification of unauthorized modifications, 
efficiency and safety of operation, compliance with the terms of the 
license, and proper maintenance. Additionally, Reclamation's 
preliminary section 4(e) conditions require Reclamation review and 
approval of plans and specifications to ensure structural adequacy and 
compatibility of the proposed projects with the authorized purposes of 
Reclamation's East Bench Unit. Any license issued would give 
Reclamation oversight over construction, operation, and maintenance of 
the project as they pertain to the structural integrity or operation of 
the East Bench Unit. Construction, operation, and maintenance of 
project works that may affect the structural integrity or operation of 
the East Bench Unit would also be subject to periodic or continuous 
inspections by Reclamation.

2.2.3 Proposed Project Operation

    The Clark Canyon Dam and Reservoir are owned and operated by 
Reclamation for irrigation storage, flood control, and recreational 
opportunities. Reclamation's existing facilities are not currently 
capable of providing hydroelectric power generation. Regulation of the 
reservoir and corresponding water releases are made in accordance with 
standard procedures developed by Reclamation. The East Bench Irrigation 
District (District) is responsible for operation of the dam and 
reservoir in close coordination with Reclamation. Operation of the dam 
and reservoir would not be altered to accommodate operation of the 
proposed hydroelectric facilities. The proposed project would use water 
that is currently released from the reservoir into the Beaverhead River 
through the existing intake structure and outlet works on the dam.
    The proposed hydropower project would require no modification to 
existing Clark Canyon Dam and Reservoir uses and would operate in a 
run-of-release mode with no daily storage, using normally released 
flows to produce power. The hydropower project would have the ability 
to be operated automatically, but an operator would be on site daily 
for operation. Power generation would be seasonally dictated as flow 
regimes, reservoir levels, and so on are set forth by Reclamation.
    The project would operate using Reclamation's flow releases ranging 
from 87.5 to 700 cfs (minimum capacity of 87.5 cfs and a maximum 
capacity of 350 cfs per unit totaling 700 cfs). Flows less than the 
87.5-cfs would cause the isolation valve in the penstock to close, 
allowing all flows to bypass the powerhouse and flow through the 
existing outlet works into the stilling basin. When the project is 
operating at maximum capacity, flows in excess of 700 cfs would 
continue to flow through Reclamation's existing outlet works and over 
its spillway into the stilling basin.
    The proposed project would have an installed generating capacity of 
4.7 MW, with an average annual generation of 15,400 MWh.

2.2.4 Proposed Environmental Measures

    The applicant proposes the following environmental measures:
     Implement the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) 
filed with the license application to minimize soil erosion and dust, 
protect water quality, and minimize turbidity in the Beaverhead River;
     Implement the Instream Flow Release Plan filed with the 
license application with provisions to temporarily pump bypassed flows 
around Reclamation's existing intake and outlet works to prevent 
interrupting Reclamation's flow releases into the Beaverhead River 
during installation of the proposed project's penstock;
     Maintain qualified compliance monitoring staff on site 24 
hours per day and 7 days per week when flows are bypassing 
Reclamation's outlet works to ensure staff promptly responds to a 
pumping equipment failure or malfunction and ensure Reclamation's flow 
releases are maintained in the Beaverhead River downstream;
     Implement the Construction Water Quality Monitoring Plan 
(CWQMP) filed with the license application that includes monitoring and 
reporting water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved gas 
(TDG), and turbidity levels during construction;
     Implement the Revised Dissolved Oxygen Enhancement Plan 
(Revised DOEP) filed with the license application that includes 
installing and operating an aeration basin to increase DO levels of 
water exiting the powerhouse and monitoring and reporting water 
temperature, DO, and TDG levels for a minimum of the first five years 
of project operation to ensure water quality does not degrade during 
project operation;
     Implement the Vegetation Management Plan filed with the 
license application that includes provisions for revegetating disturbed 
areas, wetland protection, and invasive weed control before, during, 
and after construction;
     Conduct a pre-construction survey for raptor nests and 
schedule construction activities or establish a 0.5-mile construction 
buffer as appropriate to minimize disturbing nesting raptors;
     Design and construct the project transmission line in 
accordance with current avian protection guidelines, including 
installing flight diverters and perch deterrents;
     Post signs and public notice, limit construction hours, 
days, and locations, and stage construction traffic to reduce conflicts 
with recreational users and other motorists;
     Implement the Buffalo Bridge Fishing Access Road 
Management Plan filed with the license application, including 
provisions for flagging, traffic control devices, and public notice of 
construction activities to maintain traffic safety and minimize effects 
on fishing access;
     Install and maintain an interpretive sign near the dam 
that describes the concept and function of the hydroelectric project 
and how it affects the sport fisheries, including any measures taken to 
eliminate or reduce adverse effects;
     Use a single-pole design for the transmission line, along 
with materials and colors that reduce visibility and blend with the 
surroundings; and
     Implement the revised Historic Properties Management Plan 
(HPMP) filed February 9, 2016. Stop work if any unanticipated cultural 
materials or human remains are found.

2.2.5 Modifications to Applicant's Proposal--Mandatory Conditions

2.2.5.1 Section 4(e) Land Management Conditions
    Interior, on behalf of Reclamation, filed nine mandatory conditions 
under FPA section 4(e). Conditions 1 through 3 and conditions 5 through 
9 are administrative conditions that would require the applicant to 
enter into a construction, operation, and maintenance agreement with 
Reclamation; consult with and receive

[[Page 42410]]

approval from Reclamation for those facilities that would be an 
integral part of, or could affect the structural integrity or operation 
of, the federal reservation; not impair the structural integrity or 
operation of the federal facilities or the federal government's ability 
to fulfill its trust responsibilities to Indian tribes; have no claim 
against the United States arising from any change in operation of the 
federal facility; recognize the primary right of any Reclamation 
activity or the fulfillment of Indian water rights taking precedence 
over project hydropower activities; provide to the Commission's 
Regional Engineer copies of all correspondence between the licensee and 
Reclamation; provide Reclamation the opportunity to review and approve 
the design of contractor-designed cofferdams, blasting, and deep 
excavations; and acknowledge that the timing, quantity, and location of 
water releases and release changes from the facilities would be at the 
sole discretion of Reclamation. Condition 4 requires the applicant to 
revegetate all newly disturbed land areas with plant species indigenous 
to the area within 6 months of the completion of the project's 
construction.
2.2.5.2 Water Quality Certification Conditions
    Montana DEQ's certification includes 13 conditions. Conditions 1 
through 7 and condition 11 are environmental measures that are 
evaluated in the EA. Conditions 8 through 10 and conditions 12 and 13 
are administrative or legal in nature and not environmental measures; 
therefore we do not analyze them in the EA.
    The administrative measures specify that Clark Canyon Hydro: Allow 
Montana DEQ reasonable entry and access to the project and review of 
appropriate records; obtain all required permits, authorizations, and 
certifications prior to commencement of any activity that would violate 
Montana water quality standards; understand that Montana DEQ's reserves 
its authority to require adaptive management plans that may include 
corrective actions and monitoring necessary to correct water quality 
violations that may result from construction or operation; consider the 
terms and conditions of the certification to be violated if the project 
is found to not be in compliance with any of the certification 
conditions or if the project is constructed or operated in any way not 
specified in the application, supporting documents or as modified by 
the conditions; and understand that the certification expires upon 
transfer of property covered by the certification unless the new owner 
submits to Montana DEQ a written consent to all the certification 
conditions.
    Environmental measures included in Montana DEQ's certification 
conditions 1 through 7 and condition 11 that are analyzed in this EA 
are as follows:
     Condition 1 stipulates that Clark Canyon Hydro conduct 
water quality monitoring for DO, temperature, and TDG for a minimum of 
five years following initial project operation and to continue 
monitoring these parameters each year thereafter while discharging 
between July and October, unless Montana DEQ determines that additional 
monitoring is not warranted upon review of the five-year monitoring 
results.
     Condition 2 stipulates that Clark Canyon Hydro submit a 
plan prior to construction to monitor Clark Canyon Reservoir and the 
Beaverhead River for turbidity, TDG, DO, and temperature during project 
construction.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ Montana DEQ clarified in a phone conversation with staff 
that condition 2 refers directly to the applicant's CWQMP filed with 
the license application and would not require a new or modified plan 
to be submitted. See telephone record summary between FERC and 
Montana DEQ filed on June 9, 2016.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Condition 3 stipulates that Clark Canyon Hydro maintain 
minimum DO levels at saturation from June 1 through August 31 and 8.0 
milligrams per liter (mg/L) the rest of the year downstream of the 
project while discharging into the Beaverhead River.
     Condition 4 stipulates that Clark Canyon Hydro maintain 
TDG levels at 110 percent or lower downstream of the project while 
discharging into the Beaverhead River.
     Condition 5 stipulates that Clark Canyon Hydro submit a 
plan prior to construction for project engineering modifications to 
maintain DO levels during project operation.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ Montana DEQ clarified in a phone conversation with staff 
that condition 5 refers directly to the applicant's Revised DOEP 
filed with the license application and would not require a new or 
modified plan to be submitted. See telephone record summary between 
FERC and Montana DEQ filed on June 9, 2016.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Condition 6 stipulates that the project automatically go 
offline in the event that DO levels fall below Montana DEQ standards, 
that an on-call operator arrive at the powerhouse within 30 minutes to 
evaluate the cause of any noncompliance reading, and that Clark Canyon 
Hydro deploy a redundant DO probe at its compliance point in the 
Beaverhead River.
     Condition 7 stipulates that Clark Canyon Hydro notify 
Montana DFWP and Montana DEQ within 24 hours of any unauthorized 
discharge of pollutants to state waters within the project boundary.
     Condition 11 stipulates that Clark Canyon Hydro meet 
annually with all watershed stakeholders to discuss water quality 
monitoring efforts associated with project operation.

2.3 Staff Alternative

    Under the staff alternative, the project would include all of the 
applicant's proposals, all of Reclamation's conditions specified under 
FPA section 4(e), all but one of Montana DEQ's certification 
conditions,\14\ and the following additional measures:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ The staff alternative does not include condition 11 which 
stipulates that the applicant meet annually with watershed 
stakeholders to discuss water quality monitoring efforts associated 
with project operation. However, we recognize that the Commission is 
required to include all valid 401 water quality certification 
conditions in any license issued for the project.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Conduct TDG and DO compliance monitoring at all times 
during project operation;
     Conduct water temperature monitoring for the first five 
years of project operation and, after consultation with Montana DFWP, 
Montana DEQ, and FWS, file a proposal for Commission approval regarding 
the possible cessation of the temperature monitoring program after 5 
years;
     Install and maintain a pressure transducer and water level 
alarm in the Beaverhead River when flows are being bypassed around 
Reclamation's existing intake and outlet works to alert compliance 
monitoring staff if water levels downstream of the dam are reduced;
     During project operation, notify Montana DFWP in addition 
to Reclamation in the event of an unplanned shutdown;
     Notify Montana DEQ and Montana DFWP, within 24 hours of 
any deviation from water temperature, DO, TDG, or turbidity 
requirements during construction and operation and file a report with 
the Commission within 30 days describing the deviation, any adverse 
effects resulting from the deviation, the corrective actions taken, any 
proposed measures to avoid future deviations, and comments or 
correspondence, if any, received from the agencies;
     Document the results of the pre-construction raptor survey 
and the measures taken to avoid disturbing raptors by maintaining a 
record that includes nesting bird survey data, including the presence 
of migratory birds, eggs, and active nests, the qualifications of the 
biologist performing the survey, and any avoidance measures 
implemented;
     Construct the transmission line segments that cross the 
Horse Prairie

[[Page 42411]]

and Medicine Lodge drainages outside of the greater sage-grouse 
breeding season (March 1-April 15); and
     Revise the Historic Properties Management Plan (HPMP) in 
consultation with the Montana SHPO and Reclamation to include a 
Treatment Plan to resolve project effects on the Clark Canyon Dam and 
to clarify consultation procedures in the plan (see section 3.3.6). 
File the HPMP with the Commission for approval prior to construction.
    Proposed and recommended measures are discussed under the 
appropriate resource sections and summarized in section 4 of this EA.

3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

    In this section, we present: (1) A general description of the 
project vicinity; (2) an explanation of the scope of our cumulative 
effects analysis; and (3) our analysis of the proposed action and other 
recommended environmental measures. Sections are organized by resource 
area (e.g., aquatic resources, recreation). Under each resource area, 
historical and current conditions are first described. The existing 
condition is the baseline against which the environmental effects of 
the proposed action and alternatives are compared, including an 
assessment of the effects of proposed mitigation, protection, and 
enhancement measures, and any potential cumulative effects of the 
proposed action and alternatives. Staff conclusions and recommended 
measures are discussed in section 5.2, Comprehensive Development and 
Recommended Alternative.\15\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ Unless noted otherwise, the sources of our information are 
the final License Application filed on November 23, 2015 (Clark 
Canyon Hydro, LLC, 2015a) and additional information filed on 
December 10, 2015 (Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC, 2015), February 1, 2016 
(Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC, 2016b), February 9, 2016 (Clark Canyon 
Hydro, LLC, 2016a), and March 11, 2016 (Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC, 
2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1 General Description of the River Basin

    The Beaverhead River is formed by the confluence of the Red Rock 
River and Horse Prairie Creek immediately upstream of Clark Canyon Dam. 
Other important tributaries include Cedar Creek, Medicine Lodge Creek, 
and Maurer Creek upstream of the dam, and Gallagher Creek and 
Grasshopper Creek downstream of the dam. From its origin at the 
tailrace of Clark Canyon Dam, the river flows approximately 71 miles to 
its confluence with the Big Hole River at Twin Bridges, Montana, where 
it forms the Jefferson River. The Jefferson River merges with the 
Madison and Gallatin rivers at Three Forks, Montana, about 100 miles 
downstream of Clark Canyon Dam, to form the Missouri River.
    The topography of the Beaverhead River Basin is characterized by 
arid hillsides throughout the first 12 river miles (RM), opening into a 
wide valley about 8 miles south of Dillon, Montana. The total drainage 
area encompasses 3,619 square miles. Average annual precipitation in 
the basin is largely dependent on location and elevation. The southeast 
and western portions of the basin receive up to 20 inches. At the city 
of Dillon, about 20 miles from Clark Canyon Dam, the average annual 
precipitation is 11.7 inches. Winter and summer temperatures average 
about 26 and 63 degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F), respectively, at Dillon.
    Clark Canyon Reservoir and the Beaverhead River provide water for 
Reclamation's East Bench Unit of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin 
Irrigation Program. The program provides full irrigation services for 
up to 28,055 acres of land to support the agricultural industry.

3.2 Scope of Cumulative Effects

    According to the Council on Environmental Quality's regulations for 
implementing the National Environmental Policy Act (40 CFR, section 
1508.7), cumulative effect is the impact on the environment that 
results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other 
past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of 
what agency (federal or non-federal) or person undertakes such other 
actions. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but 
collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time, 
including hydropower and other land and water development activities.
    Based on our review of the license application and agency and 
public comments, we have identified aquatic resources, including 
fisheries and water quality, as resources that may be cumulatively 
affected by the project in combination with other past, present, and 
future activities, because of the potential for the project to 
adversely affect aquatic habitat and water quality, which are affected 
by upstream land uses and water storage and diversion.

3.2.1 Geographic Scope

    The geographic scope of the analysis defines the physical limits or 
boundaries of the proposed action's effects on the resources. Because 
the proposed action would affect these resources differently, the 
geographic scope for each resource varies.
    We have determined that the geographic scope for cumulatively 
affected fishery resources would encompass the Beaverhead River from 
Clark Canyon Dam to Barrett's Diversion Dam, located about 11 miles 
downstream. We chose this geographic scope because construction and 
operation of the project may affect streamflows and aquatic habitat in 
this reach.
    For water quality, we have determined that the geographic scope 
would encompass Clark Canyon Reservoir, its two primary tributaries 
(Red Rock River and Horse Prairie Creek), and the Beaverhead River from 
Clark Canyon Dam downstream to Barrett's Diversion Dam. We chose this 
geographic scope because these stream reaches are on the CWA section 
303(d) list as being impaired for water quality, and actions within 
these waterbodies together with construction and operation of the 
project may affect water quality in the Beaverhead River.

3.2.2 Temporal Scope

    The temporal scope of analysis includes a discussion of the past, 
present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions and their effects on 
fishery and water quality resources. Based on the term of the proposed 
license, we will look 30 to 50 years into the future, concentrating on 
the effects on fish, fish habitat, and water quality from reasonably 
foreseeable future actions. The historical discussion is limited, by 
necessity, to the amount of available information. We identified the 
present resource conditions based on the license application, agency 
comments, and comprehensive plans.

3.3 Proposed Action and Action Alternatives

    In this section, we discuss the effects of the project alternatives 
on environmental resources. For each resource, we first describe the 
affected environment, which is the existing condition and baseline 
against which we measure effects. We then discuss and analyze the 
specific cumulative and site-specific environmental issues.
    Only the resources that would be affected, or about which comments 
have been received, are addressed in detail in this EA. Based on this, 
we have determined that geology and soils, fishery, water quality and 
quantity, terrestrial, threatened and endangered species, recreation, 
cultural, and aesthetic resources may be affected by the proposed 
action and action alternatives. We have not identified any substantive 
issues related to socioeconomics associated with the

[[Page 42412]]

proposed action, and therefore, socioeconomics is not assessed in this 
EA. We present our recommendations in section 5.2, Comprehensive 
Development and Recommended Alternative.

3.3.1 Geologic and Soil Resources

3.3.3.1 Affected Environment
    Clark Canyon Dam is located at the confluence of the Red Rock River 
and Horse Prairie Creek, where the watercourses become the Beaverhead 
River. The terrain in the area is generally characterized as arid 
rolling hills with watercourses carving floodplains and canyons into 
volcanic rock. In areas where the canyon sides become unstable as a 
result of erosion or seismic activity, landslides do occur and some 
affect the path of river flow.
    Downstream of the dam, the river valley is relatively deep and 
narrow for about 12 miles, with an average gradient of 0.244 percent. 
The valley widens as the river crosses an area near the Blacktail Fault 
at Barrett's Diversion Dam, where the Blacktail uplift was developed by 
late movement of this active fault (described in more detail below). 
Below the diversion, the valley is characterized by agricultural 
activity and the irrigation that supports it, stemming from the 
irrigation and flood control functions of Clark Canyon Reservoir. 
Surface soils in the hills and mountains are generally loamy and sandy 
with rock escarpments and fragments, while the alluvial valley soils 
are loamy and clayey. Watercourses have generally carved soil down to 
bedrock and loose gravel.
    Seismic activity in the southwestern region of Montana is 
significant and has been shown to have the highest degree of tectonic 
plate movement within the state (Bartholomew et al., 1999). A portion 
of the region borders the highly active Yellowstone caldera in Wyoming. 
Documented earthquakes occurred in 1925, 1959, and 1983, centered at 
Clarkston Valley, Hebgen Lake, and Borah Peak, Idaho, respectively. 
These epicenters all lie within 90 miles of Clark Canyon Reservoir, and 
at least one of the earthquakes (Hebgen Lake) was felt in nine states 
and three Canadian provinces. It also caused subsidence within the 
Hebgen Lake Basin of as much as 6.7 meters, as well as a landslide 
large enough to dam Madison Canyon and create Earthquake Lake.
    The nearest faults to Clark Canyon Dam are known as Red Rock Fault 
and Blacktail Fault. Both run approximately southeast to northwest, 
perpendicular to the flow of the Beaverhead River downstream of the 
dam. Red Rock Fault is about 10 miles upstream along the Red Rock 
River, while the Blacktail Fault is about 12 miles downstream toward 
the city of Dillon. Being close to a population center, Blacktail Fault 
has been well-documented as an active fault.
    In 2000, Reclamation commissioned a study to assess the amount of 
sedimentation that has accumulated in Clark Canyon Reservoir since 
operation of the earthfill dam began in 1964. The sedimentation is 
generally believed to be contributed by the drainage area to the 
reservoir, although a minor amount is trapped upstream by Lima 
reservoir. Loss of storage below the normal operating water surface 
level could also occur from shoreline erosion, although this has not 
been studied. Reclamation's mapping of the reservoir concluded that 2.3 
percent of the reservoir's storage volume had been lost since operation 
began, an average of 114.7 acre-feet of sedimentation per year.
    The areas where construction of the proposed project would occur 
are all areas that were disturbed during construction of Clark Canyon 
Dam, completed in 1964. The valve house, powerhouse, and staging area 
would all be located on the toe of the downstream face of the dam 
adjacent to the existing spillway and stilling basin. There would be no 
new penetrations through the dam structure; the project would use the 
existing outlet tunnel downstream of the intake gates by installing a 
new steel liner in the tunnel with a new trifurcated diversion 
structure to allow for flows to the existing outlet stilling basin or 
to the proposed powerhouse.
3.3.1.2 Environmental Effects
Effects of Construction
    Ground disturbance associated with construction of the project, 
including the powerhouse, access road, and transmission line, could 
release sediment into nearby wetland areas and the Beaverhead River 
downstream of the dam, and it could adversely affect the structural 
stability or seepage characteristics of the existing dam. Turbidity 
could also be increased by a change in flow patterns through the dam 
during construction.
    Proposed construction work would disturb multiple areas on the 
downstream side of the dam, as well as inside the dam. The disturbance 
downstream of the dam would include burial of 0.3 miles of transmission 
line. The applicant proposes to lengthen the existing access road and 
place a temporary staging and spoil site on the uphill side of the 
proposed transmission line burial corridor and existing access road.
    To minimize soil erosion and dust, protect water quality, and 
minimize turbidity in the Beaverhead River, the applicant proposes to 
implement the measures contained in its ESCP. The ESCP includes best 
management practices (BMPs) such as:
     Defining clearing limits within project area and buffer 
zones around sensitive areas, including wetlands;
     Stabilizing construction access road entrances and exits, 
parking and staging areas;
     Controlling flow rates coming onto and leaving the project 
area utilizing, but not limited to, swales, dikes, sediment ponds, or 
sediment traps, as necessary;
     Installing sediment controls to minimize erosion and 
stabilize soils including, but not limited to, silt fences, wattles, 
interceptor dikes, swales, and vegetative filtration;
     Preserving natural vegetation and stabilize soils 
utilizing nets, blankets, mulch, and seeding, as necessary;
     Protecting slopes utilizing, but not limited to, terracing 
or pipe slope drains;
     Protecting stormwater drain inlets utilizing catch basin 
inserts;
     Stabilizing channels and outlets;
     Controlling the release of pollutants to protect water 
quality and aquatic resources by keeping chemical storage areas covered 
or designating a concrete handing area; and taking all precautions to 
avoid spills (e.g. herbicides would not be mixed within 200 feet of 
wetlands or open water, maintain spill kits on-site, etc.);
     Controlling de-watering processes within the project area;
     Visually inspecting all construction and disturbance areas 
every two weeks throughout the entirety of construction activity, or 
after any project related discharges or rain events; and
     Using existing developed and primitive roads where 
possible to access the project area and construction features.
    Constructing facilities at an existing earthfill dam such as the 
Clark Canyon Dam has the potential to adversely affect the dam's 
structural ability to withstand a seismic or flood event by adversely 
affecting the seepage characteristics of the dam. The applicant 
proposes to construct the powerhouse and appurtenant facilities in a 
manner to avoid any effects on reservoir levels or dam stability. The 
proposed hydroelectric facilities would also be designed to withstand 
seismic and hydrostatic forces.

[[Page 42413]]

    To ensure that the area is suitable for the foundation loading of 
the hydroelectric facilities, geotechnical borings would be drilled and 
the results reviewed and approved by the Commission and Reclamation. To 
confirm that the proposed facilities would not affect the stability of 
the existing structures, and to confirm that the proposed structures 
would be compatible with applicable seismic and hydrostatic load 
standards, the applicant would finalize design plans and drawings and 
submit for Commission and Reclamation review and approval. The plans 
would include structural drawings, construction methods, and mitigation 
measures for potential impacts from construction of the powerhouse, 
steel conduit liner, shaft house, transmission line, and all 
appurtenant facilities. The Commission and Reclamation would review 
final design plans before the start of construction, as well as the 
results of geotechnical borings. Borings would be located and drilled 
after final design plans specify the exact location of the 
hydroelectric facilities. The results of the borings would show the 
composition of the subsurface geology and dam structures, including the 
location of bedrock, to confirm the suitability of the final design 
location of the powerhouse and foundation loading.
Our Analysis
    The proposed project would disturb areas downstream of the dam 
during construction of the powerhouse and appurtenant facilities, 
burial of the transmission line, and upgrade of the access road. The 
ESCP would control sediment release, if properly implemented. Approved 
and properly implemented erosion and sediment control measures, 
consistent with the Commission's guidelines, would minimize sediment 
releases that could result from construction disturbance. Inspection 
and maintenance of the erosion and sediment control structures, 
especially around rainfall events and disturbance activities, would 
ensure compliance with Commission guidelines. With effective erosion 
control measures in place, sediment from construction activities would 
not likely enter wetlands or the Beaverhead River.
    The applicant's proposal to avoid any jurisdictional wetlands and 
route the transmission line along the uphill side of the existing 
access road would limit the potential for sediment release from 
construction activities into wetlands and the Beaverhead River. 
Although project construction would result in ground disturbance and 
could potentially result in sediment release into the river, the 
applicant's proposed plan would protect environmental resources.
Effects of Operation
    Potential effects on geology and soils during project operation 
could occur as a result of sediment release caused by concentrated 
runoff. Revegetated or paved surfaces such as the access roads, parking 
area, or walkways could generate runoff. If improperly managed, that 
runoff could cause rills or gullies that transport sediment into 
Beaverhead River. Similarly, construction areas and the spoil area, 
especially the buried transmission line corridor, could be susceptible 
to increased erosion if revegetation work were not completed properly.
Our Analysis
    Post-construction stabilization and effective site restoration as 
discussed in section 3.3.3.2, Environmental Effects, Terrestrial 
Resources, would minimize long-term effects on environmental resources. 
With effective erosion control measures in place, sediment from 
construction activities would not likely enter wetlands or the 
Beaverhead River.
    Once in operation, the project should have little or no effect on 
geology and soils. Proper implementation of the applicant's ESCP would 
prevent excessive runoff that could possibly cause rills or gullies to 
form, thereby protecting water quality, wetlands, and soil resources. 
Intake and discharge of water for project use would be confined to 
areas already established for those purposes.

3.3.2 Aquatic Resources

    The proposed project has the potential to affect water quantity, 
water quality, and fisheries resources in Clark Canyon Reservoir and 
the Beaverhead River. The Affected Environment section describes these 
resources in the project area.
3.3.2.1 Affected Environment
Water Quantity
    The hydrology of the Beaverhead River is dictated by Reclamation's 
operation of the Clark Canyon Reservoir as an irrigation and flood 
control facility. On average, the lowest reservoir elevations typically 
occur in late summer or early fall at the end of the irrigation season, 
with the highest reservoir elevations typically occurring in mid-May 
just prior to the irrigation season. For the period of record of 1965 
to 2007, the estimated mean monthly streamflow downstream of the dam 
ranged from a low of about 170 cfs during the winter to a high of about 
750 cfs during the peak summer irrigation season (figures 3 and 4). 
Starting in April, water releases from the reservoir are increased 
until mid-July when the pool in the reservoir is nearly full. Flows 
then drop until around mid-October before stabilizing until the 
following April, which corresponds to a period of reduced reservoir 
storage.
    Extended periods of low flows (<100 cfs) occurred in 1967, 1975, 
1986, 1990-1993, 2001-2009, and 2013-2014. The low-flow period of 2001-
2004 reduced the reservoir storage to its lowest level since 
construction, with flow releases during this period ranging from a 
fall/winter low of about 30 cfs to a summer high of about 500 cfs 
(figure 3). Unusually high flow years occurred in 1976, 1984, 1996, and 
1999. In 1984, spring snow melt, accompanied by spring rains, 
contributed to a maximum combined release of 2,586 cfs through the dam 
outlet works and spillway.

[[Page 42414]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN29JN16.003

    Discharge from Clark Canyon Dam during the fall through winter 
period generally averaged between 200 to 300 cfs from 1965 to 2003. The 
maximum discharge recorded for the period of 1965 to 2003 for the fall 
and winter seasons ranged from a high of about 1,300 cfs in October to 
about 700 to 500 cfs from November through February.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN29JN16.004

    Minimum instream flow releases specified by existing water uses 
during non-irrigation (winter) seasons are 23 cfs during dry 
conditions.
Water Quality
    Water quality standards applicable to Clark Canyon Reservoir and 
the Beaverhead River downstream of Clark Canyon Dam are shown in table 
2. These waters are classified as B-1, which means they are to be 
maintained suitable for drinking, culinary, and food

[[Page 42415]]

processing purposes, after conventional treatment; bathing, swimming 
and recreation; growth and propagation of salmonid fishes and 
associated aquatic life, waterfowl, and furbearers; and agricultural 
and industrial water supply.

 Table 2--Numeric Water Quality Criteria Applicable to the Clark Canyon
                        Dam Hydroelectric Project
           [Source: License application as modified by staff]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Background
           Parameter                condition         Numeric criteria
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature \a\...............  32[deg]F to 66     1[deg]F maximum
                                 [deg]F.            increase above
                                                    background.
                                66[deg]F to 66.5   No discharge is
                                 [deg]F.            allowed that will
                                                    cause the water
                                                    temperature to
                                                    exceed 67 [deg]F.
                                >66.5 [deg]F.....  The maximum allowable
                                                    increase in water
                                                    temperature is
                                                    0.5[deg]F.
DO \b\........................  NA...............  At saturation
                                                    (approximately 7.5
                                                    mg/L or higher) from
                                                    June 1 through
                                                    August 31 and 8.0 mg/
                                                    L from September 1
                                                    through May 31 \c\.
Total gas pressure............  NA...............  110 percent
                                                    saturation.
Turbidity.....................  NA...............  5 NTU above
                                                    background.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: DO--dissolved oxygen; [deg]F--degrees Fahrenheit; mg/L--milligram
  per liter; NA--not applicable; NTU--nephelometric turbidity unit.
\a\ Montana does not have absolute standards for water temperature.
  Temperature regulation is relative and prohibits increases of various
  amounts above naturally occurring water temperature.
\b\ The freshwater aquatic life standard for dissolved oxygen in Montana
  is contingent on the classification of the waterbody and the presence
  of early life stages of fish.
\c\ These project-specific DO standards were stipulated by Montana DEQ's
  certification condition 3.

    Red Rock River and Horse Prairie Creek (the primary tributaries to 
Clark Canyon Reservoir), as well as the Beaverhead River downstream to 
Grasshopper Creek (11.8 miles downstream from Clark Canyon Dam), are 
identified on the state of Montana's CWA section 303(d) list as being 
water quality impaired (EPA, 2008). The Red Rock River is listed as 
being impaired due to habitat alteration, flow alteration, sediment, 
temperature, lead and zinc. Horse Prairie Creek is impaired by flow 
alteration, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc. The 
Beaverhead River from Clark Canyon Dam to Grasshopper Creek is listed 
as being impaired due to flow and habitat alteration, as well as lead, 
and downstream from Grasshopper Creek, the river is listed as being 
impaired by flow and habitat alteration, sediment, and temperature. 
Montana DEQ is currently working on defining acceptable total maximum 
daily loads (TMDLs) for the Red Rock River and Beaverhead River Basins.
    Clark Canyon Reservoir is included in Montana DEQ's 2014 Integrated 
Water Quality Report as impaired by a non-pollutant for alterations to 
flow regimes relating to drought impacts and irrigated crop production. 
These impacts cause impairments for the beneficial uses of primary 
contact recreation and aquatic life but because these impairments are 
not considered pollutants, no TMDL will be established (Montana DEQ 
2014).
    The causes of water quality impairment in the Beaverhead River 
Basin identified on the 303(d) list include grazing in riparian or 
shoreline zones, flow regulation and diversion for irrigated crop 
production, leaching of toxic materials from abandoned mines, and land 
clearing for development. Each of these sources likely contributes to a 
cumulative reduction in water quality in the project area, although 
water quality in Clark Canyon Reservoir and in the Beaverhead River 
downstream of Clark Canyon Dam is generally sufficient to support a 
high-quality trout fishery.
    The applicant collected water quality data at six sites in the 
project vicinity between 2007 and 2009. The sites were chosen to 
provide baseline data for assessment of the potential effects of 
project construction and operation on water quality of the Beaverhead 
River. Monitoring efforts documented DO and temperature profiles in the 
forebay area of Clark Canyon Reservoir, as well as DO, temperature, 
TDG, and turbidity at five sites in the Beaverhead River downstream 
from the dam.
Clark Canyon Reservoir
    Reservoir profiles reported by the applicant during the sampling 
period captured reservoir dynamics over a wide range of reservoir 
elevations. In 2007, reservoir surface elevations dropped about 15 feet 
during the sampling period from a high of about 5,535 feet during early 
May to a low of about 5,520 feet from August through October. The 
reservoir was cool but well stratified in May, with surface 
temperatures of approximately 14.5 degrees Celsius ([deg]C), a 
thermocline depth of about 10 meters, and hypolimnion temperatures of 
approximately 10 [deg]C. Surface temperatures continued to warm through 
July, but began to cool in August and were down to 12.5 [deg]C by 
September. The maximum surface temperature observed was in early July 
when surface waters reached 22 [deg]C. The thermocline was relatively 
constant at about 10 meters deep despite changes in reservoir 
elevations and reservoir temperatures. Stratification was strong from 
May through July, but lessened by mid-August and was completely absent 
by late September when the profile reflected complete mixing throughout 
the water column and a uniform temperature of approximately 12.5 
[deg]C.
    DO patterns from data collected in 2007 reflected the temperature 
stratification of Clark Canyon Reservoir. Surface DO concentrations 
were highest in May at about 9 mg/L, but declined below the thermocline 
and were below the standard of 8 mg/L in the bottom 3 meters of the 
reservoir. Late June showed a similar pattern of stratification, with 
only slightly lower DO concentrations. In July and August, DO levels 
were below the 8 mg/L water quality standard at the surface, and fell 
below 4 mg/L at depths greater than 15 meters. By late September, 
however, the reservoir uniformly mixed and DO concentrations met and 
exceeded the standard of 8 mg/L. Reservoir profiles of DO were also 
performed in 2010. The 2010 reservoir profiles showed that fall 
turnover occurred during late September or early October. However, the 
lowest hypolimnion DO level was 1.3 mg/L in late July during that 
sampling year.
    Additional information about reservoir stratification patterns is 
available from temperature and DO profiles measured by Reclamation in 
2001, 2002, and 2003 (Reclamation, 2005). In 2001, a substantial degree 
of stratification was evident in late June and in mid-August, with 
complete mixing (as reflected by uniform temperature and DO profiles) 
occurring by the next measurement on October 14. In 2002, the reservoir 
exhibited

[[Page 42416]]

substantial stratification in mid-June, was weakly stratified in mid-
September, and reflected complete mixing by the next measurement on 
October 8. In 2003, stratification was not evident in July, but no 
profiles were measured after July 28 in that year.
Beaverhead River
    The applicant conducted continuous monitoring of water temperature, 
DO, TDG, and turbidity at a site approximately 300 feet downstream of 
Clark Canyon Dam from June 2007 through 2009 and also collected water 
temperature, DO, and turbidity data at this site again in 2013. In 
addition, the 2009 monitoring effort included four additional sites 
located 0.9, 3.0, 5.7, and 10.7 miles downstream from Clark Canyon Dam. 
Water temperature, DO, TDG and turbidity were monitored for a minimum 
period of 48 hours in each month at each of these sites.
    Temperature--Water temperatures were monitored in the Beaverhead 
River from 2007-2009 and again in 2013. Water temperatures measured in 
2007 at the site 300 feet downstream from the dam gradually increased 
from 14.3 [deg]C in late June, peaked at just over 21 [deg]C on August 
4, and then gradually decreased to just over 16 [deg]C in early 
September. The range of daily variation decreased as the summer 
progressed, but averaged just less than 1 [deg]C. Water temperatures 
were highest around noon and lowest around midnight. Data collected in 
2008 and 2009 showed similar patterns between years, with winter 
temperatures generally less than 5 [deg]C and summer temperatures 
reaching 16 to 17 [deg]C. Sites closest to the reservoir outlet were 
generally the coolest in the summer, due to the proximity to cool 
reservoir waters.
    Temperature observations in 2013 were consistent with historical 
monitoring, with winter temperatures generally less than 5 [deg]C and 
summer temperatures peaking at approximately 18 [deg]C with a maximum 
daily average temperature of 18.6 [deg]C recorded on August 25 (figure 
5). The applicant states that the range of daily variation throughout 
the year averaged less than 1 [deg]C in 2013 which is consistent with 
data collected in 2007.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN29JN16.005

    Dissolved Oxygen--Minimum DO values measured at the five monitoring 
sites from May 2007 through 2009 generally exceeded the 8-mg/L (March 
through September) and 4 mg/L (October through February) water quality 
standards in most months and locations, although measurements at sites 
closest to the reservoir did measure levels lower than the state 
standard of 8 mg/L at times during the late summer and early fall 
months (figure 6).

[[Page 42417]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN29JN16.006

    Monitoring conducted near the reservoir outlet in 2008 and 2009 
revealed some diel DO patterns, primarily during the spring and winter 
months. For instance, DO generally increased during the day from 
morning to late afternoon before declining. The greatest amplitudes 
were observed during the spring. During the summer months, there was 
little or no diel pattern. The applicant stated that discharges during 
those times likely reduced the opportunity for DO to be absorbed into 
solution.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ The heavy dashed line applies to data collected at RM 5.7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DO observations in 2013 were consistent with historical monitoring. 
Seasonal highs occurred during the spring and winter months, with a 
peak concentration in the month of May, and lowest concentrations 
occurring in late summer. DO concentrations were temporarily below the 
8 mg/L standard during the month of June, and concentrations stayed 
below the standard continuously from mid-July through September during 
the 2013 sampling year (figure 7).
    Upper Missouri Waterkeeper, Montana Trout Unlimited, Rhonda Sellers 
(on behalf of the International Federation of Fly Fishers), and several 
local residents filed comments stating concerns with recent algal 
blooms that occurred in the Beaverhead River downstream of the dam 
during the summers of 2014 and 2015.\17\ Recent limnological data from 
Montana DFWP collected in the summer of 2015 indicate that the 
reservoir likely contributes to nitrogen and phosphorus loads being 
transported downstream (Selch, 2015). Downstream transport of nitrogen 
and phosphorous can feed algal growth in the summer which can also 
contribute to lower DO levels in the Beaverhead River during these 
months.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See comment letters filed by Wade Fellin on February 26, 
2016; Brian Wheeler on March 1, 2016; Michael Stack on March 8, 
2016; Tim Hunt on March 11, 2016; Steve Hemkins on March 14, 2016; 
Kimball Leighton on March 17, 2016; Gregg B. Messel on March 21, 
2016; Woody Bailey on March 22, 2016, Rhonda Sellers on March 24, 
2016; Christian Appel on March 24, 2016, Cordell Appel on March 24, 
2016, and Luke Massaro on March 24, 2016.

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[[Page 42418]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN29JN16.007

    Total Dissolved Gas--Current dam operations cause water to be 
vigorously aerated as highly pressurized flows exit the regulating 
outlet. As a result, the flow rate through the dam is highly correlated 
with TDG saturation. The highest flows can lead to oversaturation and 
TDG levels above 115 percent saturation which exceeds the state 
standard for TDG of 110 percent saturation and potentially harm fish.
    Although no spill occurred over Clark Canyon Dam during the 2007 
monitoring period, TDG saturation levels exceeded the state standard of 
110 percent saturation during high flow periods in 2007, and did so 
again during the 2008 and 2009 monitoring years (figure 8). The 
applicant states that statistically, the 110 percent saturation 
standard was exceeded when flows were greater than about 360 cfs. 
Overall, TDG levels appeared to track discharge from Clark Canyon Dam 
and frequently exceeded state standards between June and September. 
Peak TDG levels exceeded 115-120 percent saturation during mid-summer 
in all years, when flows were in the range of 600 to 900 cfs. 
Measurements taken at downstream sites indicated that saturation levels 
were reduced as water moved downstream, although at times TDG levels 
remained above the 110 percent standard at the next three measurement 
sites, extending 5.7 miles downstream from Clark Canyon Dam.

[[Page 42419]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN29JN16.008

    Turbidity--Turbidity measurements reported by the applicant 
indicate that turbidity levels in the Beaverhead River downstream of 
Clark Canyon Dam are generally low (i.e., below 5 NTU per every 48-hour 
sampling event), but do show some seasonal variation. For example, in 
2007, average turbidity values measured 300 feet downstream from the 
dam ranged from a low of 0.02 NTU in July to a high of 4.7 NTU in 
September (figure 9). Overall, turbidity levels measured at the site 
closest to the dam were highest in the fall when reservoir levels were 
low, which may be attributable to re-suspension of sediment deposits 
due to wave action as the elevation of the reservoir was lowered over 
the irrigation season. Peak instantaneous turbidity levels of between 
11 and 13 NTU occurred in mid-August and in late September, 
respectively. Longitudinal sampling at the four downstream sites showed 
relatively low average turbidity levels at all sites except in May, 
when the 48-hour average turbidity level increased from less than 2.7 
NTU at the first three sites to 7.33 and 21.48 NTU at the sites located 
5.7 and 10.7 miles downstream of Clark Canyon Dam, respectively. 
Elevated turbidity levels at the downstream sites were most likely 
attributable to suspended sediment contributed from tributary inflows.
    In 2008, average turbidity levels ranged between 0.2 and 29.3 NTU. 
The 29.3-NTU peak in turbidity reported in March 2008 at station RM 0 
is of questionable accuracy because this peak is not reflected in 
measurements taken at the downstream monitoring stations (figure 9). In 
its CWQMP, the applicant states that such spikes may be due to the 
gradual buildup of algae on the sensor or to debris becoming lodged in 
the probe casing near the sensor, thus causing a faulty reading.

[[Page 42420]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN29JN16.009

    Except for the questionable spike in turbidity observed at the site 
closest to the dam in March 2008, turbidity remained generally below 5 
NTU at all sites throughout the majority of the 2008 and 2009 
monitoring years. Exceptions to this were most often recorded at the 
monitoring site located the furthest downstream of the dam. For 
example, during May 2009, a measurement of about 20 NTU was recorded at 
this site. The applicant noted that this site occurs below several 
tributaries and irrigation returns and is downstream of river portions 
that may be more vulnerable to shoreline erosion, all of which can 
elevate turbidity in the river.
    In addition to tributary inflow and irrigation sources, turbidity 
may also be affected in Clark Canyon Reservoir and in the Beaverhead 
downstream due to algal blooms. Recent limnological and bathymetric 
survey data from Montana DFWP and Montana DEQ collected in 2015 
indicated that both inorganic fine sediments and concentrations of 
nitrogen and phosphorus are likely being transported downstream through 
the existing outlet works (Selch, 2015; Flynn, 2015). Downstream 
transport of nitrogen and phosphorous can feed algal growth and, along 
with other sediment sources, contribute to turbid conditions in the 
Beaverhead River downstream of Clark Canyon Dam.
Fishery Resources
Fish Community
    The Beaverhead River is recognized as one of the most popular and 
productive trout fisheries in North America and is designated as a blue 
ribbon fishery by Montana DFWP. Native fish species occurring in the 
Beaverhead River and in Clark Canyon Reservoir include mountain 
whitefish, burbot, mottled sculpin, mountain sucker, longnose sucker, 
and white sucker. Introduced fish species include rainbow trout, brown 
trout, brook trout, redside shiner, and common carp. Brown and rainbow 
trout are well established, and often attain trophy size in the 
Beaverhead River. Special status species that may occur in the project 
area include the westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) 
and Montana Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus montanus).
    The westslope cutthroat trout is a subspecies that occurred 
historically throughout the Northern Rocky Mountain states, including 
the Beaverhead River Basin. Genetically pure and near-pure populations 
have been documented in portions of the Beaverhead River in recent 
years, and some individuals may occur in the project vicinity. The U.S. 
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) categorizes the westslope cutthroat 
trout as having special status, which indicates that the species is 
imperiled throughout at least part of its range and documented to occur 
on BLM lands. It is currently listed as a S2 \18\ species by Montana

[[Page 42421]]

DFWP, meaning that it is at risk because of very limited and 
potentially declining numbers, extent, and/or habitat, making it highly 
vulnerable to global extinction or extirpation in the state. Current 
management actions for the westslope cutthroat trout by federal and 
state agencies include the identification and protection of remaining 
populations; the evaluation of areas that provide suitable habitat for 
range expansion; and the expansion of the distribution of genetically 
pure strains (Sloat, 2001). Montana DFWP and sister state agencies have 
signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and Conservation Agreement 
that is part of a coordinated multi-state, range wide effort to 
conserve westslope cutthroat trout (Montana DFWP, 2007). Genetically 
pure strains of westslope cutthroat trout persist in some of the 
headwaters of unobstructed tributaries within their former range where 
colder temperatures appear to provide them with a competitive advantage 
over introduced species that require higher temperatures to reach 
optimal growth, such as stocked rainbow trout (Sloat, 2001).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ S1 species are at high risk because of extremely limited 
and/or rapidly declining population numbers, range and/or habitat, 
making it highly vulnerable to global extinction or extirpation in 
the state. S2 species are at risk because of very limited and/or 
potentially declining population numbers, range and/or habitat, 
making it vulnerable to global extinction or extirpation in the 
state. S3 species are potentially at risk because of limited and/or 
declining numbers, range and/or habitat, even though it may be 
abundant in some areas (Montana NHP and Montana DFWP, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Montana Arctic grayling historically occurred throughout the 
upper Missouri River Basin upstream of Great Falls, Montana, including 
the Beaverhead River. In recent years, the Montana Arctic grayling has 
been stocked into the Beaverhead River downstream of the city of Dillon 
in an attempt to re-establish the species. The species is listed as 
sensitive by the U.S. Forest Service, indicating there is a concern for 
population viability within the state due to a significant current or 
predicted downward trend in populations or habitat. The species has 
also been petitioned for listing under the ESA several times since 1991 
although the FWS determined it was not warranted for listing in 2014 
(79 FR 49384). BLM affords the species special status and Montana DFWP 
lists it as G1-S1 species, indicating it is at high risk because of 
extremely limited and potentially declining numbers, extent, and/or 
habitat, making it highly vulnerable to global extinction or 
extirpation in the state.
    Fisheries in the Beaverhead River Basin have been cumulatively 
affected by grazing in riparian or shoreline zones, flow regulation and 
diversion for irrigated crop production, land clearing for development, 
and cumulative effects on water quality from these and other sources.
Beaverhead River Fishery
    The Beaverhead River between Clark Canyon Dam and Barrett's 
Diversion Dam is a productive tailwater fishery. This portion of the 
river is designated as a blue ribbon fishery and angler use can be very 
high from May through November. The dominant fish species in the 
Beaverhead River are brown trout and, to a lesser degree, rainbow 
trout. While neither of these species is native to the river, their 
populations are considered to be wild and self-sustaining.
    Surveys to determine the abundance of age 1+ rainbow and brown 
trout have been conducted by Montana DFWP within the project vicinity 
annually since 1986. Survey data collected by between RM 74.9 to RM 
73.3 in the Beaverhead River below Clark Canyon Dam between 1991 and 
2013 are shown on figure 10 below. Brown trout abundance was observed 
to range from 473 fish per mile to 2,619 fish per mile and averaged 
1,369 fish per mile between 1991 and 2013. Rainbow trout abundance was 
observed to range from 99 fish per mile to 680 fish per mile and 
averaged 305 fish per mile between 1991 and 2013. Oswald (2003) reports 
that rainbow trout in the reach downstream of Clark Canyon Dam have 
declined as the population of brown trout has expanded.

[[Page 42422]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN29JN16.010

    Trout abundance in the survey area of the Beaverhead River has been 
observed to fluctuate with discharge flows which are generally 
attributable to regional weather conditions. Populations of both 
species appear to be adversely affected in dry water years, when the 
minimum flow released from Clark Canyon Dam may be reduced 
substantially during the winter (non-irrigation) season. Oswald (2006) 
reported that the number of brown trout greater than 18 inches in 
length in the Beaverhead River exceeded 600 fish per mile from 1998 to 
2000, after a series of wet water years when the mean winter flow 
releases were over 200 cfs. Dry water years from 2001 through 2006 
resulted in winter flow releases of less than 50 cfs, and the estimated 
number of brown trout greater than 18 inches in length subsequently 
declined to about 400 fish per mile by 2002, to 300 fish per mile by 
2004, and to 100 fish per mile by 2006.
    Gas bubble trauma has been documented in trout populations in the 
Beaverhead River (Oswald, 1985, as cited by Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC, 
2015a). The primary cause of gas bubble trauma in regulated systems is 
TDG supersaturation from water spilled at dams, which commonly occurs 
when entrained air is dissolved in water under pressure at depth in 
plunge pools (Beeman et al., 2003). Gas bubble trauma induces a variety 
of sub-lethal and lethal effects in fish and other aquatic species 
(EPRI, 1990; Weitkamp and Katz, 1980). Gas bubble trauma is 
characterized by the formation of gas bubbles in the body cavities of 
fish, such as behind the eyes or between layers of skin tissue. Small 
bubbles can form within the vascular system, blocking the flow of blood 
and causing tissue death. Bubbles can also form in the gill lamellae 
and block blood flow, occasionally resulting in death by asphyxiation. 
The effects of gas bubble trauma can range from mild to fatal depending 
on the level of TDG supersaturation, species, life stage, depth, 
condition of the aquatic organism, and temperature of the water (Beeman 
et al., 2003).
    In 1983, elevated TDG levels and gas bubble trauma were observed 
for the first time in the Beaverhead River downstream of Clark Canyon 
Dam. It was originally believed that the elevated TDG levels were 
caused by very high flows that included releasing the maximum quantity 
of flow through the outlet works and--for the first and only time since 
construction--releasing water through the spillway. Data collected by 
Oswald (1985) indicated that 8.8 percent of brown trout and 3 percent 
of the rainbow trout sampled downstream of the dam exhibited gas bubble 
trauma symptoms. Data collected by Falter and Bennett (1987) during a 
non-spill period, however, also found elevated levels of TDG in the 
river. In fact, the highest TDG concentration observed for the non-
spill period was 126 percent of saturation compared to 127 percent of 
saturation during the spill event. Falter and Bennett (1987) suggested 
that the primary cause of TDG supersaturation downstream of Clark 
Canyon Dam is the turbulent mixing and plunging of flows released 
through the existing outlet structure of the dam. Data reported by the 
applicant indicate that TDG levels continue to remain above state 
standards, even in the absence of spills.
    Other factors that may adversely affect trout populations in the 
Beaverhead River include outbreaks of bacterial furunculosis, and the 
more recent introductions of New Zealand mud snail (an exotic nuisance 
species that may displace species of greater forage value to trout) and 
whirling disease (Reclamation, 2006).
Clark Canyon Reservoir Fishery
    Clark Canyon Reservoir supports a popular fishery for rainbow 
trout. Other common or abundant fish species include white sucker, 
redside shiner, brown trout and burbot. Rare species present in the 
reservoir include brook

[[Page 42423]]

trout, mountain whitefish, carp, and westslope cutthroat trout.
    Relative abundance of rainbow and brown trout in Clark Canyon 
Reservoir has been documented since 1980 by gill netting. Rainbow trout 
abundance in fall surveys conducted between 1989 and 2011 was observed 
to range from 1.2 fish per net to 50 fish per net in 2004 and 2006, 
respectively. Rainbow trout abundance in spring surveys conducted 
between 1980 and 2006 was observed to range from 2.9 fish per net to 
18.7 fish per net in 1991 and 2006, respectively. Brown trout abundance 
in spring and fall surveys has remained fairly low and stable; 
generally ranging between 1 fish per net and 10 fish per net. To 
augment the existing rainbow trout population in Clark Canyon 
Reservoir, Montana DFWP collects and spawns broodstock from Red Rock 
River. Fertilized eggs from these fish are incubated and reared in 
hatcheries and then are released into the reservoir as fingerlings or 
yearlings. Between 100,000 and 300,000 fingerling trout are stocked 
into the reservoir in most years, and approximately 70,000 additional 
yearling fish have been released in most years since 2002. Broodstock 
collection has not been undertaken in some drought years, when flows in 
the Red Rock River were too low to support a spawning migration of 
rainbow trout (Reclamation, 2006).
    The health of the Clark Canyon Reservoir fishery has been linked to 
reservoir operation. Reclamation (2006) reports that fish populations 
typically remain healthy in years where storage remains over 60,000 
acre-feet at the end of the summer irrigation season, with year-end 
storage levels of 100,000 acre-feet or greater providing optimum 
habitat conditions.
3.3.2.2 Environmental Effects
Flow Releases During Project Construction
    Aquatic resources downstream of the dam may be affected during 
construction if project construction impairs the ability of streamflows 
to be released downstream into the Beaverhead River, or if it alters 
water quality compared to existing conditions. Because the existing 
outlet works would not be available to provide flow releases during 
part of the construction period, the applicant developed a plan for 
maintaining the continuity of flow releases during construction in 
consultation with Reclamation, FWS, Montana DFWP, District, Clark 
Canyon Water Supply Company, and Montana DEQ. The final Instream Flow 
Release Plan, incorporating comments received from the consulted 
agencies, was filed with the license application.
    During installation and pressure-grouting of the steel penstock 
liner, construction of the trifurcation leading to the powerhouse 
turbines, and installation of associated valves, minimum flows to the 
Beaverhead River would need to be bypassed around the existing 
penstock. The applicant estimates that this phase of the construction 
process would require approximately 8 to 12 weeks, extending from 
October into December. In its Final Instream Flow Release Plan, the 
applicant proposes to provide streamflows during this period using 
electric pumps mounted on a barge anchored in the project forebay. 
After this phase of the construction has been completed, flow would be 
released through the existing penstock.
    Prior to the start of construction, the number of primary and 
backup pumps would be determined based on the minimum flow release that 
would be required by Reclamation during the construction period. The 
number of primary and backup pump units would be a function of the 
final construction specifications and bypass flow requirements. The 
applicant anticipates that one or two pumps would most likely be 
required, but it proposes to provide as many pumps as are needed to 
pass the minimum flow specified by Reclamation. The applicant provided 
cost estimates for the installation of up to four pumps. The applicant 
proposes to mount the primary and backup pump units on a platform 
anchored in the forebay near the spillway, and to screen the pump 
intakes to meet resource agency requirements for fish exclusion.
    Magnetic flow measuring equipment would be installed on each 
discharge pipe so that the discharge from each pump can be measured. In 
addition, the applicant proposes to install a gaging station 
immediately downstream of the project prior to construction. 
Reclamation would be consulted prior to construction regarding how the 
exchange of flow releases from the regulating outlet to the pumps and 
back again would occur, and continuous contact would be maintained 
between representatives of the applicant and Reclamation during this 
period.
    A diesel generator located above the reservoir shoreline would be 
available to provide backup power in the event of a power outage. The 
generator would be enclosed in a spill containment unit of sufficient 
capacity to handle the diesel generator fuel storage. Additionally, an 
earthen berm would be placed around the generator site. The diesel 
generator would provide controls for automatic startup and electrical 
transfer if an outage occurs. The applicant also proposes to provide 
full-time/24-hour staff attendance of the pumping system when flows are 
being bypassed around Reclamation's existing intake and outlet works 
during construction of the proposed penstock.
Our Analysis
    The applicant's proposal to implement its Final Instream Flow 
Release Plan, with provisions to pump flows around the existing 
penstock to the Beaverhead River at flows dictated by Reclamation, 
would ensure that streamflows and water quality suitable to protect 
aquatic life are maintained in the Beaverhead River downstream of the 
dam during project construction. Providing stable flow releases would 
be especially important to brown trout and mountain whitefish, which 
spawn in the Beaverhead River in October and November and rely on 
stable river flows for reproductive success.
    The applicant estimates that this phase of the construction process 
would require approximately 8 to 12 weeks, extending from October into 
December. Elevated flows associated with irrigation demands have 
typically ended by late September. The timing of irrigation releases 
and the amount of minimum flow to be released after irrigation releases 
end are determined jointly by Reclamation and the East Bench Joint 
Board of Control, which is composed of the District and the Clark 
Canyon Water Supply Company. Minimum flows released during the post-
irrigation season are determined using guidelines based on the amount 
of reservoir storage at the beginning of September plus the total 
inflow that occurs during July and August (table 3).

Table 3--Clark Canyon Reservoir Release Guidelines (Source: Reclamation,
                                  2006)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                Minimum
   September 1 Storage Plus  July-August Inflow (acre-feet)       Flow
                                                                 (cfs)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 80,000.............................................         25
80,000-130,000...............................................         50
130,000-160,000..............................................        100
Greater than 160,000.........................................        200
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Staff examined the end-of-month storage for Clark Canyon Reservoir 
for the years 1965-2016. Over the period of record, end-of-month 
storage for the month of September was generally less than 160,000 
acre-feet with very few exceptions (Reclamation, 2016). Data for the 
most recent three years showed that storage for September ranged from 
47,983-59,215 acre-feet (Reclamation,

[[Page 42424]]

2016). Given the data, we do not expect that the applicant would be 
required to provide a minimum flow above 100 cfs during the pumping 
stage of construction. Nevertheless, the applicant commits to being 
prepared to release whatever flow is required by Reclamation during the 
construction period. Consultation with Reclamation prior to the start 
of construction to determine what minimum flows would be required 
during the construction period, as the applicant proposes, would ensure 
that a sufficient number of primary and backup pumps are installed to 
maintain the required minimum release flows. Provision of backup pumps 
and a backup generator, as proposed by the applicant, would help to 
ensure that the required minimum flow is maintained in the event of a 
mechanical failure or power outage. Installation of the backup 
generator and fuel storage in a containment unit would help to ensure 
that any spills of diesel fuel are contained and do not enter the 
waterway.
    Additional provisions proposed by the applicant that would help 
ensure flow continuity during project operation include:
     When flows drop below 87.5 cfs (the minimum hydraulic 
capacity of the powerhouse), the flow would be gradually transferred to 
the main penstock through synchronization between the powerhouse and 
the penstock valves. As flow is reduced through the powerhouse valves, 
flow would increase correspondingly through the penstock valve, and 
vice versa.
     The project is being engineered such that, in the event of 
emergency shut down or during a drop in flows that precludes power 
generation, the closure of the powerhouse valves and the return of 
flows to the normal outlet works would be automatically synchronized to 
eliminate the potential for unintended ramping. There would be no 
transition between pressurized and non-pressurized flows through the 
regulating outlet once the project is operational. Upon completion of 
the project, flows exiting the dam would be pressurized at all exit 
points except for the spillway.
     A project operator would be on site daily and Reclamation 
personnel would be notified immediately in the event of an unplanned 
shutdown or in case of any other type of emergency.
    Implementing these measures would help ensure a very low likelihood 
of unintended ramping or dewatering of aquatic habitat as a result of 
project operation. Also informing Montana DFWP of any unplanned 
shutdown would provide that agency with information relevant to its 
management of fishery resources downstream of the project.
    Providing 24-hour attendance of the pumping system for the duration 
of time that minimum flows are to be maintained by pumping would help 
avoid or minimize any adverse effects on aquatic resources caused by 
failure or malfunction of any component of the pumping system. Failure 
of the pumping system could have catastrophic consequences on fish and 
aquatic resources, especially brown trout and whitefish that are known 
to spawn during October and November in areas downstream of the dam. 
Because the pumps would provide the only means to transfer water from 
the reservoir to the river, it is anticipated that streamflows 
downstream of the dam would immediately begin to recede in the event of 
a pumping system failure. Any potential adverse effects of a pumping 
failure would be minimized by having properly trained staff on site to 
ensure a return to normal operations as quickly as possible. Further, 
installing a water level alarm to detect falling water levels in the 
Beaverhead River near the instream flow release point could help alert 
onsite staff of any need to activate back-up pumps or address any 
unforeseen problems with the pumping system.
    Notifying Montana DEQ and Montana DFWP within 24 hours of any 
unauthorized discharge of pollutants, as the applicant proposes in its 
CWQMP, would help ensure that best management practices are adhered to 
and that any spills are addressed in a timely and thorough manner.
Construction Water Quality Monitoring
    Montana DEQ's condition 2 stipulates the applicant submit a plan to 
monitor turbidity, temperature, DO, and TDG during construction. In its 
CWQMP, the applicant proposes to monitor DO, temperature, and turbidity 
at a site approximately 300 feet downstream of the proposed powerhouse 
and parking construction areas while TDG would be monitored immediately 
below the spillway pool when flows are being bypassed around 
Reclamation's existing intake and outlet works during construction of 
the proposed penstock.
    If monitoring indicates that the state of Montana standard for TDG 
of 110 percent saturation is exceeded during pumping, the applicant 
would reposition the pump outlets until the state standard is met. Data 
would be transmitted in real time to the construction manager's trailer 
at the construction site, with mean values recorded at 15-minute 
intervals. Routine calibration and maintenance of field equipment would 
be accomplished in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines.
    The applicant's plan also includes provisions to take a vertical 
profile of dissolved oxygen levels and water temperatures in Clark 
Canyon Reservoir prior to commencement of pumping activities to ensure 
that reservoir mixing has occurred. If mixing has not occurred, then 
the applicant would delay modifying Reclamation's penstock and inlet 
works until this determination is made; thereby ensuring that any water 
pumped around Reclamation's penstock does not degrade water quality 
conditions below the dam.
    For turbidity monitoring, the applicant proposes to use 5 NTU as 
background from which to evaluate turbidity levels generated by 
construction activities. Should this level be exceeded by more than 5 
NTU during construction, the applicant would conduct a ground survey to 
determine if there is noticeable sedimentation arising from the 
construction area, take a water sample to verify the reading, and also 
determine if the probe is functioning properly and clear of algae or 
other debris. Any event resulting in a discharge of sediment would be 
reported within 24 hours to Montana DEQ and Montana DFWP to determine 
the need for corrective measures.
    The applicant proposes to submit annual water quality monitoring 
reports to Reclamation, FWS, Montana DFWP, and Montana DEQ by February 
15 following each year of construction. Agencies would have 60 days to 
review the draft reports and the applicant would submit a final report 
to the Commission each year addressing agency comments. The reports 
would include the raw data, documentation of any deviations from water 
quality criteria, and documentation of procedures to correct any 
deviations. In addition to annual reporting, the applicant proposes and 
Montana DEQ's condition 7 stipulates that the applicant notify Montana 
DEQ and Montana DFWP within 24 hours of any event that results in the 
discharge of sediment or pollutants as described above. The applicant 
also proposes to file an incident report with the Commission following 
the event.
Our Analysis
    Monitoring water temperature, DO, TDG, and turbidity prior to and 
during construction as the applicant proposes and as stipulated by 
Montana DEQ's condition 2 would ensure that any adverse effects on 
water quality are

[[Page 42425]]

identified and that appropriate actions are undertaken to protect 
aquatic resources in Clark Canyon Reservoir and in the Beaverhead River 
downstream of the dam during all phases of construction.
    Available information on water temperature and DO levels in Clark 
Canyon Reservoir indicate that the reservoir is typically well-mixed by 
late September so that the depth at which water is drawn from the 
reservoir during the October start date for pumping flows around the 
existing intake and outlet works should have no effect on downstream 
water quality conditions. Collecting reservoir profile data prior to 
the start of project construction, as the applicant proposes, would 
help to determine whether reservoir mixing has occurred and to assess 
whether project construction can be initiated without causing any 
adverse changes in downstream water quality. If pre-construction water 
quality monitoring indicates that temperature and DO are not uniform by 
the proposed October start date, delaying the start date of 
construction would further ensure that downstream water quality is 
protected prior to initiating pumping activities.
    There is some potential that the pumping system used to bypass 
flows around the existing intake and outlet works during construction 
of the proposed penstock would provide a different level of aeration 
than currently occurs in the existing outlet structure, which could 
affect DO and TDG concentrations. If the pump discharge lines do not 
extend to the base of the spillway, aeration that would occur as flows 
pass down the spillway should ensure that DO and TDG concentrations 
equilibrate with atmospheric conditions, which would likely improve 
water quality for a temporary period compared to existing conditions. 
In the unlikely event that water quality conditions during pumping 
activities are adversely affected and water quality standards are not 
met, this would be detected by the proposed water quality monitoring 
program and appropriate measures could be taken (e.g., repositioning 
the pump outlets) until Montana DEQ's water quality standards for DO 
and TDG are met.
    The proposed temporary pumping facility could affect turbidity 
levels downstream by taking in sediment through its intake in the 
reservoir, or by disturbance during installation or removal of the 
intake. Monitoring turbidity levels downstream of the construction 
footprint immediately prior to and during construction as described in 
the applicant's CWQMP would alert the construction manager of a spike 
in turbidity and the need to determine the cause of the event and any 
necessary corrective measures to protect water quality. Because 
turbidity levels near the proposed construction footprint are generally 
less than 5 NTU during the year, using 5 NTU as a background turbidity 
level as the applicant proposes would be more than adequate to identify 
when a spike in turbidity has occurred beyond naturally occurring 
background levels. Notifying Montana DFWP and Montana DEQ within 24 
hours of a discharge of sediment or pollutants would alert the agencies 
of these events as they occur and allow for these agencies to provide 
timely recommendations to protect water quality and fish resources 
downstream during construction.
    Providing annual water quality monitoring reports to the agencies 
and the Commission during construction as the applicant proposes would 
provide a mechanism to evaluate whether any changes are needed to 
achieve water quality standards on a year-to-year basis during 
construction. However, in addition to annual reporting, notifying the 
agencies within 24 hours of a deviation from water quality criteria, 
and submitting an incident report to the Commission following the 
incident would enable the Commission and agencies to determine whether 
best management practices are being followed and that any needed 
corrective actions are addressed in a timely manner.
    Also, notifying Montana DEQ and Montana DFWP within 24 hours of any 
discharge of pollutants and submitting an incident report with the 
Commission following the event would help ensure that best management 
practices are adhered to and that any spills are addressed in a timely 
and thorough manner.
Minimum Instream Flows
    The applicant proposes that the project be operated as a run-of-
release project, in which the flows downstream of the project 
powerhouse would be dictated by Reclamation, thus the flows would be 
identical to the flows that would be released by Reclamation in the 
absence of the project. This is consistent with Reclamation's 4(e) 
condition 9, which states that the timing, quantity, and location of 
water releases and release changes from the facilities would be at the 
sole discretion of Reclamation.
    Interior, Upper Missouri Waterkeeper, and Montana Trout Unlimited 
recommend that the applicant work closely with water users and federal 
and state agencies to improve minimum instream flow conditions in the 
Beaverhead River, and support the implementation of the 2006 MOU 
between Reclamation and Montana DFWP entitled Betterment of the 
Beaverhead River and Valley.
    Interior and Montana Trout Unlimited also recommend that the 
applicant contribute to improvements in water use efficiency to enhance 
instream flows for fisheries and environmental health of the river. 
They recommend that the applicant dedicate 4 percent of the gross 
hydropower revenues to funding independent technical studies of water 
efficiency improvements or funding on-the-ground water conservation 
measures designed to result in instream flow improvements. Interior and 
Montana Trout Unlimited recommend that the applicant prepare annual 
reports that explain the uses and expenditures of such funds, and the 
expected benefits of funded activities. In advance of submitting the 
annual report to the Commission, the applicant would provide the report 
to Montana DFWP and FWS for a 30-day review, and attach any comments 
received on the report when filing it with the Commission.
Our Analysis
    Available information indicates that trout populations in the 
Beaverhead River are adversely affected by low flows that occur during 
the non-irrigation season and that fish populations in Clark Canyon 
Reservoir are adversely affected by low reservoir levels during periods 
of drought. Encouraging the implementation of water conservation 
strategies in the basin could alleviate adverse conditions that occur 
in Clark Canyon Reservoir and in the Beaverhead River during drought 
conditions. However, we note that operation of the project as proposed 
by the applicant would not cause any changes in the flows in the 
Beaverhead River or on water storage levels in Clark Canyon Reservoir.
    The 2006 Reclamation/Montana DFWP MOU includes the following 
elements: (1) Identify environmental degradation issues of the 
Beaverhead River; (2) investigate possible solutions to correct 
degradation issues; (3) review Clark Canyon Reservoir operation to 
increase river and reservoir environmental health; (4) explore water 
conservation projects; (5) describe fishery goals and fish management 
objectives; and (6) work through a collaborative process with 
interested groups to develop resource management strategies to improve 
the environmental health of Clark Canyon Reservoir and the Beaverhead 
River. Implementing the applicant's proposed water quality

[[Page 42426]]

monitoring program would assist with identifying any environmental 
impacts associated with project construction and operation, and 
determine whether measures are needed to address project effects. The 
monitoring program would also contribute information on water quality 
conditions that would be useful to Reclamation and Montana DFWP as they 
pursue implementation of the MOU.
    The applicant's proposal to operate the project to provide flows 
determined by Reclamation, consistent with Reclamation's 4(e) condition 
9, would ensure that any changes in reservoir operation or flow regimes 
implemented under the MOU or through any other agreements that 
Reclamation enters into would not be impeded by operation of the 
project.
    We make our final recommendation for water efficiency improvements 
in section 5.2, Comprehensive Development and Recommended Alternative.
Water Quality Operation Effects
    Montana DEQ's condition 3 stipulates that the applicant maintain DO 
levels at saturation (approximately 7.5 mg/L or higher, depending on 
the temperature of the reservoir water at the intakes) from June 1 
through August 31 and 8.0 mg/L the rest of the year while operating. 
Condition 5 stipulates that the applicant submit a plan prior to 
construction describing any project design engineering modifications 
for maintaining DO at these levels. Condition 4 stipulates that the 
applicant maintain TDG levels at 110 percent or lower downstream of the 
project while operating.
    Diverting water through the applicant's proposed penstock and 
turbines at Clark Canyon Dam has the potential to reduce DO 
concentrations downstream compared to current conditions by reducing 
the turbulence and the entrainment of gases in water exiting the 
powerhouse. Reduced DO concentrations may limit salmonid growth and 
reproduction and delay embryonic development and hatching of juveniles 
if concentrations remain low for extended periods (EPRI, 1990). In 
order to address potential DO and other water quality concerns during 
project operation and to comply with Montana DEQ's certification 
conditions, the applicant proposes to construct and operate an aeration 
basin downstream of the powerhouse and to implement its Revised DOEP 
during project operation which includes: (1) Procedures for monitoring 
and reporting temperature, DO, and TDG levels in project waters for a 
minimum of five years following initial project operation; (2) 
procedures for enhancing DO concentrations for water exiting the 
tailrace; and (3) corrective measures and emergency shutdown procedures 
to be implemented if deviations from state water quality criteria occur 
during project operation. The applicant states that the plan was 
developed in consultation with Reclamation, FWS, Montana DFWP, and 
Montana DEQ. Water quality monitoring provisions included in the plan 
are evaluated in section 3.3.2.2, Post-Construction Water Quality 
Monitoring.
    The proposed aeration basin would consist of three 45-foot-long, 
10-foot-wide frames containing 330 diffusers with the capacity to add 
additional frames if needed. The diffuser system would feature two 
mechanical blowers, an electronic control system, and ducted aeration 
diffuser disks to inject fine bubbles of air into the water column to 
provide the additional aeration. The applicant states that the blower 
and diffuser system would be designed with the capacity to elevate DO 
levels by a maximum of 7.5 mg/L before the water enters the Beaverhead 
River and could be adjusted based on the level of aeration needed to 
meet state criteria. The applicant anticipates that operation of the 
aeration basin would likely occur from June through mid-September each 
year, which is the time that DO concentrations at the bottom of the 
reservoir (i.e., near the depth of the intake) are expected to be at 
their lowest levels of the year.
    The blower for the aeration basin would include sensors to monitor 
flow rates and could be adjusted by the operator using controls located 
both remotely and in the powerhouse. The volume of air supplied by the 
blower would be based on the level of DO enhancement that is required 
for a given volume of water and would take into account empirically 
observed oxygen transfer rates. The applicant states that in early 
summer, as DO levels decline, the air diffusers in the aeration basin 
would be gradually brought online to maintain DO concentrations in the 
Beaverhead River downstream. If DO concentrations decline to such 
levels that the diffusers are insufficient to meet Montana DEQ's DO 
criteria (i.e., 7.5-8.0 mg/L) during these months, then flows would be 
gradually shifted through the cone valves to the existing project works 
to provide additional aeration beyond that provided by the aeration 
basin alone.\19\ This shift in flow would occur either automatically 
based on feedback from the applicant's water quality monitoring probes 
or manually by an operator as needed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ The applicant states the shift of partial flows to the cone 
valve can function to aerate water using the existing outlet works 
in addition to the proposed aeration basin thereby potentially 
further enhancing DO levels beyond what the aeration basin would 
provide alone.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In an emergency shutdown or if probes at compliance monitoring Site 
3 located approximately 300 feet downstream of the project in the 
Beaverhead River (described further below in section 3.3.2.2 Post-
Construction Water Quality Monitoring) show that Montana DEQ's DO 
criteria cannot be met, the project would automatically trip offline, 
triggering the closing of the wicket gates on the turbines and 
simultaneously opening the cone valve, transferring all flows through 
the cone valves at the existing project works. If blowers malfunction 
during the time that the applicant needs to provide additional 
aeration, the project would remain offline until the backup blower is 
connected or the blowers are replaced. The applicant also proposes to 
notify Reclamation immediately in the event of an unplanned shutdown or 
any other type of emergency that occurs during project operation.
    Montana DFWP recommends that the applicant's aeration system be 
designed to achieve water quality standards downstream when water 
entering the project works has DO concentrations of 0 mg/L or the 
applicant should be willing to shut the project down. In its reply 
comments, the applicant reiterated that its proposed aeration basin is 
designed to provide the necessary level of DO enhancement downstream, 
but in any case it would shift flows through the existing outlet works 
or shut the project down as a last resort to meet water quality 
standards.
    In addition, Montana DFWP and Upper Missouri Waterkeeper recommend 
that the applicant evaluate the need for dam infrastructure alterations 
and/or changes in long-term operations to minimize downstream turbidity 
resulting from entrainment of organic material or inorganic fine 
sediment from the reservoir into the project works. In its reply 
comments, the applicant stated that the Clark Canyon Project would not 
alter the depth of the reservoir intake, or the rate, volume, or 
velocity of water withdrawn. As a result, the applicant contends that 
minimizing entrainment of suspended organic and inorganic material is 
not within its operational control.

[[Page 42427]]

Our Analysis
    Installation of turbines at the outlet works as proposed by the 
applicant has the potential to alter TDG levels downstream of the 
project. Under existing conditions, water leaving the outlet structures 
is subject to aeration and plunging as it exits the outlet works, which 
likely causes supersaturated TDG levels that have been documented in 
the dam tailrace during the months of June through September (see 
Figure 8). Elevated TDG levels may injure or kill fish that are exposed 
depending on the level of TDG supersaturation, species, life stage, 
depth, condition of the aquatic organism, and temperature of the water 
(Beeman et al., 2003). Passing water through the turbines would reduce 
the plunging effect and turbulence that occur under existing 
conditions, as well as the potential for entrained air to enter 
solution under pressure in the outlet works and in the spillway pool, 
thereby reducing the potential for TDG supersaturation. Thus, when 
flows are within the operating range of the project (i.e., between 87.5 
and 700 cfs), we expect that the potential for TDG supersaturation 
would be reduced compared to existing conditions which would benefit 
aquatic resources in the Beaverhead River downstream of the dam. Based 
on mean monthly flow release data for Clark Canyon Dam, we expect flow 
releases to be within this range a majority of the time (see figures 3 
and 4). While it is reasonable to expect that TDG levels would be 
lowered during project operation (as compared to not operating the 
project), it is difficult to predict whether Montana DEQ's criteria of 
110 percent saturation could be maintained at all times during project 
operation.
    This would especially be the case when flow release requirements 
exceed the 700-cfs hydraulic capacity of the powerhouse. Under this 
scenario, additional flows would bypass the powerhouse penstock at the 
trifurcation and would be discharged through the existing outlet works, 
and in rare circumstances, through the spillway. As previously noted, 
TDG supersaturation frequently occurs when flows are released through 
the existing outlet works at the dam. Therefore, any time that flows 
exceed the 700-cfs capacity of the powerhouse which can occur at times 
during the peak summer irrigation season (see figures 3 and 4), it 
would not be unreasonable to expect that TDG supersaturation could 
occur. We would also expect that TDG supersaturation may occur if flows 
are partially shifted through the existing outlet works to enhance DO 
beyond what the applicant's proposed aeration basin would provide alone 
or if the project is shut down and all flows are released through the 
existing outlet works.
    According to its Revised DOEP, the applicant plans to take an 
adaptive management approach to correct any deviations from state water 
quality criteria, including TDG levels that occur during operation. At 
this time, we are not aware of any additional potential measures that 
could be implemented at the project to minimize TDG levels; therefore, 
we assume that the project would be required to cease operation should 
TDG levels exceed the 110 percent saturation criteria stipulated by 
Montana DEQ's condition 4 similar to what would occur if DO criteria 
aren't met. Under a shutdown scenario, supersaturation of gases may 
occur at times during the summer and early fall as is typical under 
existing conditions until any future corrective actions are identified 
and implemented.
    Although reduced turbulence in the tailrace area could benefit 
aquatic resources by reducing the frequency and extent of gas 
supersaturation, it could also decrease DO concentrations in the 
Beaverhead River by reducing the degree of aeration that occurs to 
water that is discharged downstream of the dam. Water currently 
discharges through the dam's outlet works under turbulent conditions, 
which tend to entrain atmospheric gases, thus increasing DO 
concentrations relative to Clark Canyon reservoir background levels. In 
contrast, discharging water through a powerhouse would reduce the 
turbulence and plunging effect and thus capacity for DO entrainment. 
The potential to pass water with decreased DO concentrations would be 
greatest in July, August, and September when DO concentrations at the 
bottom of the reservoir (near the depth of the intake) would be 
expected to be at the lowest levels of the year (i.e., approaching 0 
mg/L). Since baseline information indicates that DO levels in the upper 
Beaverhead River can fall below the 7.5-8.0 mg/L criteria for trout 
under existing aeration conditions, it appears likely that some level 
of DO enhancement would be necessary to ensure compliance with the 
state DO criteria during project operation.
    Early life stages of trout begin to see declines in their growth 
rates when DO levels fall below 8 mg/L and cannot survive in extremely 
hypoxic conditions when DO levels fall below 1-3 mg/L (EPRI, 1990). 
Because baseline information indicates that DO levels in the upper 
Beaverhead River can at times fall below the 7.5-8.0 mg/L criteria in 
the summer months, providing the necessary aeration to achieve this 
criteria throughout the summer would enhance water quality and provide 
a benefit to aquatic resources during these months, particularly early 
life stages of trout that are typically more vulnerable to low DO 
levels (EPRI, 1990). Foust et al. (2008) determined that an air 
admission system is a particularly cost-effective method for improving 
DO conditions in a hydroelectric project tailrace and EPRI (2002) 
states that tailrace diffusers are widely accepted as devices capable 
of providing supplemental aeration. A similar aeration basin and 
diffuser array was built and operating effectively at the Island Park 
Hydroelectric Project (FERC Project No. 2973) in Idaho. Water quality 
monitoring reports filed from 2001-2016 confirmed that the Island Park 
Hydroelectric Project was successful at meeting state DO standards of 
7.0 mg/L approximately 99 percent of the time during that period.\20\ 
Given the information available, we anticipate that using a similar 
aeration basin and tailrace diffuser array to inject air into the water 
column to provide at least 7.5 mg/L of DO as the applicant proposes 
would maintain DO concentrations downstream to support all life stages 
of trout even when source reservoir levels are approaching 0 mg/L. 
Shifting flows to the existing outlet structures as needed to either 
achieve a level of 8.0 mg/L or shutting the project down and passing 
all flows through Reclamation's outlet works would ensure that project 
operation does not degrade water quality conditions relative to 
existing conditions and ensure that the applicant complies with DO 
levels stipulated by Montana DEQ's condition 3 while operating. 
Diverting all flows through the existing project works in the event of 
a blower failure or during an emergency shutdown would further ensure 
that existing water quality conditions are maintained downstream 
consistent with Montana DFWP's recommendation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ See annual water quality monitoring reports for the Island 
Park Hydroelectric Project (FERC Project No. 2973) filed on November 
2, 2001; April 22, 2002; August 25, 2003; July 9, 2004; August 8, 
2005; June 27, 2006; October 3, 2007; December 31, 2008; November 
12, 2009; December 6, 2010; and March 16, 2016.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In regard to Montana DFWP's and Upper Missouri Waterkeeper's 
recommendations that the applicant evaluate the need for dam 
infrastructure alterations and/or changes in long-term operations to 
minimize downstream turbidity, we echo the applicant's reply comment 
that it wouldn't alter the depth of the reservoir intake, or the rate,

[[Page 42428]]

volume, or velocity of water withdrawn as these are determined solely 
by Reclamation. Therefore, we are not aware of what changes to dam 
infrastructure or operations would result from the recommended 
evaluation to be able to sufficiently evaluate this measure. The 
applicant already proposes to implement other soil and erosion control 
measures during construction (i.e., implementing its ESCP and CWQMP) 
which should inform how construction of the proposed penstock and 
outlet works affects downstream turbidity. Given these measures and the 
restrictions listed above, it is unclear what additional water quality 
benefit would be gained by requiring the applicant to conduct the 
recommended evaluation.
Post-Construction Water Quality Monitoring
    Montana DEQ's condition 1 stipulates that the applicant conduct 
water quality monitoring for temperature, DO, and TDG for a minimum of 
the first five years of project operation and each year thereafter 
while discharging from July through October, unless Montana DEQ 
determines that additional monitoring is not warranted based on a 
review of the monitoring results for the first five years of project 
operation. Condition 6 stipulates that the project shut down 
automatically if DO levels fall below Montana DEQ standards and that a 
second, redundant DO probe be deployed at site 3 to ensure compliance 
with DO criteria during project operation. Condition 6 also stipulates 
that in the event that automated alarms indicate that water quality 
standards may have been exceeded (i.e., TDG or temperature criteria), 
that an on-call operator be required to arrive within 30 minutes to 
evaluate the causes of the non-compliance reading. Condition 11 
stipulates that the applicant meet annually with all watershed 
stakeholders to discuss water quality monitoring efforts associated 
with project operation.\21\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Montana DEQ clarified in a phone conversation with staff 
that ``watershed stakeholders'' includes state and federal agencies, 
non-governmental organizations, and any interested members of the 
public. See telephone record summary between FERC and Montana DEQ 
filed on June 9, 2016.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In its Revised DOEP, the applicant proposes to continuously monitor 
TDG, DO and water temperature for at least the first five years of 
project operation consistent with Montana DEQ's condition 1. The 
applicant would monitor DO and temperature at three sites and TDG at 
two sites during this initial monitoring period (table 4).

           Table 4--Water Quality Monitoring During Operation
           [Source: License application as modified by staff]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Monitoring
            Parameter                site \a\    Frequency and duration
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature ([deg]C).............      1, 2, 3  Continuous for a minimum
                                                 of first five years of
                                                 project operation.
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L and             1, 2, 3  Continuous for a minimum
 percent saturation) \b\.                        of first five years of
                                                 project operation.
Total Dissolved Gas (percent              2, 3  Continuous for a minimum
 saturation).                                    of first five years of
                                                 project operation.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: [deg]C--degrees Celsius; mg/L--milligram per liter.
\a\ Site 1 is small chamber located upstream of proposed turbines. Site
  2 is located in the proposed aeration basin. Site 3 is located about
  300 feet downstream of the project in the Beaverhead River.
\b\ Site 3 would also contain a second redundant probe to monitor DO
  levels in the Beaverhead River for the first year of project operation
  and then each year thereafter from June 1-September 14, subject to
  approval from Montana DEQ and Montana DFWP.

    Temperature and DO levels of the intake water would be monitored by 
diverting small amounts of water from the project penstock upstream of 
the turbines into a small pressurized chamber containing a monitoring 
probe (Site 1) that would continuously transmit data to the powerhouse. 
Probes would also be deployed in the aeration basin (Site 2) and at a 
site approximately 300 feet downstream of the project in the Beaverhead 
River (Site 3). A second redundant probe to ``double-check'' DO 
concentrations would also be deployed at Site 3 consistent with Montana 
DEQ's condition 6 for the first monitoring year and then from June 1 
through September 15 each year thereafter or until the DO criteria is 
met for 14 consecutive days without supplemental aeration, whichever 
date is later, subject to approval from Montana DEQ and Montana DFWP. 
The applicant also states that Montana DEQ or Montana DFWP can request 
to extended or shortened deployment of the redundant probe at Site 3 if 
necessary.
    As discussed in section 3.3.2.2, Water Quality Operation Effects, 
blower controls would include a bypass that would allow full flows to 
be automatically routed through the existing cone valves in the event 
of an emergency shutdown, or if DO criteria cannot be met. If probes at 
Site 3 indicate that DO levels are lowering and approaching Montana 
DEQ's DO criteria, flows would gradually shift to the cone valves in 
the existing outlet works to provide additional aeration beyond what 
the aeration basin could provide alone. If either probe at Site 3 
registers DO levels that fall below compliance levels, the project 
would automatically trip offline, and all water would be diverted 
through the cone valves consistent with Montana DEQ's condition 6.
    In addition to the automatic shutdown procedures described above, a 
powerhouse operator would oversee compliance with Montana DEQ's water 
quality standards and would take action in the event of a non-
compliance reading for temperature, TDG, or if only one of the probes 
at Site 3 indicate that DO criteria is not being met. The operator 
would visit the powerhouse at least once daily during all phases of 
operation and would determine the ability of the aeration basin to 
provide sufficient aeration. If a non-compliance reading for 
temperature or TDG occurs at Site 3 or if only one probe indicates non-
compliance with DO criteria, the operator would immediately investigate 
and determine if corrective actions, such as shutting the project down, 
is warranted.
    Whenever the operator is not at the powerhouse, a series of 
automated alarms would dispatch an on-call operator to the powerhouse 
within 30 minutes following a non-compliance reading consistent with 
the procedures stipulated by Montana DEQ's condition 6. If the operator 
is not able to reach the powerhouse for any reason, or if the cause of 
any noncompliance reading cannot be determined, the project would be 
manually shut down either at the powerhouse or remotely and all water 
would be diverted through the cone valves at the existing project 
works. Thus, the applicant states that whenever

[[Page 42429]]

compliance with state water quality standards for DO, TDG, and 
temperature cannot be met due to project operations, the project would 
be offline and all flows would be diverted through the existing project 
works until further corrective actions, in consultation with the 
agencies, could be identified and implemented.
    Although water quality would be monitored continuously, the 
applicant proposes to log and store hourly data for reporting purposes 
and to submit annual monitoring reports to Reclamation, Montana DEQ, 
Montana DFWP, and FWS for review by March 1 for the prior calendar 
year.\22\ The reports would include the raw data, identify any 
deviations from water quality criteria, and recommended actions to 
correct any deviations. At the end of the five-year monitoring period, 
the applicant would file a report that includes recommendations for any 
potential future monitoring, and identify which parameters, if any, 
should be monitored. The applicant's Revised DOEP states that 
monitoring of any parameter could be extended beyond the initial five-
year monitoring period at the discretion of Montana DEQ following 
review of the five-year monitoring results. In addition, the applicant 
includes a provision in its Revised DOEP to notify Reclamation, Montana 
DEQ, and Montana DFWP within 24 hours of any deviation from water 
quality criteria.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ The applicant agreed to send all post-construction annual 
water quality monitoring reports to FWS in addition to the other 
agencies in their reply comments filed on April 8, 2016.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Upper Missouri Waterkeeper recommends that the applicant tier 
operation of oxygen supplementation systems to ongoing monitoring of 
hypolimnion conditions in the reservoir to ensure the system in fact 
discharges water that achieves water quality standards and to consider 
immediate shutdown of diversions if water quality is shown through 
monitoring to be negatively affected downstream. In its reply comments, 
the applicant states that implementation of its Revised DOEP, which 
includes water quality monitoring compliance sites and corrective 
measures that would be taken, would ensure that adequate DO 
concentrations are maintained during project operation.
    Upper Missouri Waterkeeper recommends that the applicant support 
ongoing studies evaluating turbidity and nutrient pollution events 
occurring in the project vicinity and to develop and implement an 
adaptive management plan that addresses these concerns based on the 
results of those studies. In its reply comments, the applicant states 
that the proposed project has no nexus to the upstream land-use 
practices and subsequent nutrient loading to the Clark Canyon Reservoir 
and that it is beyond their control to eliminate or mitigate water 
quality impacts manifested from upstream land-use practices and 
reservoir operations.
    Montana DFWP recommends that the applicant conduct water quality 
monitoring at three additional sites for a minimum of three years to 
empirically assess water quality dynamics within the mixing zone in the 
Beaverhead River downstream of the project prior to selecting a 
permanent site in consultation with Montana DEQ and Montana DFWP. 
Specifically, Montana DFWP recommends the additional sites be located: 
(1) Immediately downstream of the cone valve; (2) 100 feet downstream 
of the project; and (3) 200 feet downstream of the project. Upper 
Missouri Waterkeeper also recommends that the applicant consider 
additional upstream and downstream monitoring sites as part of its 
water quality monitoring program. In its reply comments, the applicant 
states that its water quality compliance sites were selected in 
consultation with Montana DEQ under the previous licensing process but 
that it would collaborate with Montana DFWP and Montana DEQ as needed.
Our Analysis
    Monitoring TDG, DO, and water temperature for a minimum of five 
years during project operation as proposed by the applicant and as 
stipulated by Montana DEQ's condition 1 would document compliance with 
state water quality criteria and help identify whether the project is 
adequately protecting and enhancing water quality conditions and 
aquatic resources of the Beaverhead River over a range of hydrologic 
and meteorological conditions encountered during the monitoring period. 
This would be especially important for TDG and DO, two parameters that 
are expected to be affected by project operation.
    Monitoring DO concentrations of reservoir water at Site 1 as the 
applicant proposes and as recommended by Upper Missouri Waterkeeper 
would alert the project operator of the need to operate the aeration 
basin to maintain adequate water quality downstream. Monitoring DO at 
Site 2 in the aeration basin would confirm the amount of additional 
aeration being provided by the diffusers when the aeration basin is 
operating. Monitoring DO at Site 3 in the Beaverhead River downstream 
of the project would help confirm that DO enhancement measures are 
effective at maintaining adequate DO levels downstream of the project. 
Deploying a redundant probe at Site 3 as proposed by the applicant and 
as stipulated by Montana DEQ's condition 6 would ensure that the 
equipment is working properly for the first year of project operation 
and each additional year it is deployed.
    However, if monitoring ceases after the first five years of project 
operation, it is unclear how the applicant would ensure compliance with 
Montana DEQ's DO, TDG and temperature criteria beyond the initial 
monitoring period. The applicant and Montana DEQ did not identify what 
criteria would be used to determine that further monitoring would not 
be necessary, leaving that to occur in consultation with the agencies 
based on the five-year monitoring results. Presumably, the annual 
reports would show that with supplemental aeration that DO and TDG 
levels are always meeting or better than state water quality criteria. 
Consequently, the applicant would then be able to identify a set 
timeframe for operating the diffusers each year rather than tying 
operation of the diffusers to the results of DO monitoring. Operating 
the diffusers on this as-yet unidentified set schedule may cause DO 
levels to fall below state standards at certain times outside of this 
set period. Thus, extending the DO monitoring period through the term 
of any license issued would provide a means to track that DO 
enhancement equipment is working properly and that adequate DO levels 
are maintained at all times downstream for the protection of aquatic 
resources.
    Monitoring TDG levels in the aeration basin at Site 2 and in the 
Beaverhead River downstream of the project at Site 3 would confirm 
whether the project reduces TDG levels from October through April and 
also determine whether the project complies with Montana DEQ's TDG 
standard at other times to protect fish and other aquatic resources 
downstream. Our analysis in section 3.3.2.2, Water Quality Operation 
Effects, indicates that the project may still cause exceedances of 
Montana DEQ's TDG criteria during certain times of the year (i.e., when 
DO enhancement is occurring and when flow release requirements exceed 
the 700 cfs capacity of the project). Thus, extending the monitoring 
period for TDG through the license term would allow the applicant, 
resource agencies and Commission staff track these events as they 
occur, and make informed decisions on the need for corrective measures.

[[Page 42430]]

    Deploying probes at the cone valve and 100, 200, and 300 feet below 
the project, as recommended by Montana DFW and Upper Missouri 
Waterkeeper would permit the applicant to determine the extent of the 
mixing zone and potentially the best place to document compliance with 
DO and TDG levels. According to Urban et al (2008), the factors 
contributing to TDG concentrations in river systems downstream of a dam 
changes with distance. Elevated TDG levels in hydropower releases are 
generally caused by the entrainment of air in spillway releases and the 
subsequent exchange of atmospheric gasses into solution during passage 
through the stilling basin. Aerated water plunging off steep drops into 
pools is the typical mechanism by which entrained air is forced into 
solution causing gas supersaturation. These interactions cause TDG to 
fluctuate for a short distance downstream of the plunge or release 
point before TDG levels plateau and remain plateaued often for several 
miles downstream. This was consistent with the applicant's water 
quality sampling results from 2009 which showed that TDG saturation 
levels slightly reduced as water moved downstream from the dam but 
quickly plateaued and still remained above state criteria at times as 
much as 5.7 miles downstream of the project. Given the documented small 
changes in TDG levels and because conditions downstream are likely to 
be better represented by the applicant's proposed monitoring site than 
the turbulent mixing zone, it is unclear what additional benefits to 
aquatic resources would be derived from monitoring DO and TDG levels 
within the mixing zone.
    Because the project would be operated run-of-release and would 
withdraw water from the same depth and through the existing intake 
structure, operation of the project should not cause any change in 
water temperature in the Beaverhead River downstream of the project. If 
initial project operation causes any unforeseen adverse effects on 
downstream water temperatures, consulting with the agencies on the 
annual reports and extending the monitoring program beyond the initial 
five-year monitoring period would help ensure that any modifications 
needed to protect beneficial uses could be developed and implemented, 
if warranted.
    Conducting additional water quality monitoring at upstream sites as 
recommended by Upper Missouri Waterkeeper would provide general 
information on water quality conditions within the Clark Canyon 
Reservoir above the intake as well as possibly in tributaries feeding 
the reservoir but it is unclear what nexus this would have to the 
project as these areas would not be affected by the project.
    Supporting ongoing studies evaluating turbidity and nutrient 
pollution events occurring in the watershed and participating in the 
development of an adaptive management plan with other regional entities 
as recommended by Upper Missouri Waterkeeper would likely provide some 
information on specific land-use practices and upstream sources of 
nutrient loading of project waters to support ongoing watershed 
management efforts. However, it is unclear what nexus this effort has 
to the effects of the project and at this time we are not able to 
evaluate specific actions that would be required by the as-yet 
undeveloped adaptive management plan. However, implementing the 
applicant's proposed water quality monitoring program would assist with 
identifying any effects associated with project construction and 
operation, and determine whether measures are needed to address project 
effects. The monitoring program would also contribute information on 
water quality conditions that would be useful to entities as they 
conduct future studies addressing nutrient pollution events and their 
effects on aquatic resources in the project area.
    Also, the applicant's proposal to operate the project to provide 
flows determined by Reclamation, consistent with Reclamation's 4(e) 
condition 9, would ensure that any changes in reservoir operation or 
flow regimes implemented under any future adaptive management plan that 
Reclamation enters into would not be impeded by operation of the 
project.
    Submitting annual water quality monitoring reports to the agencies 
would provide a mechanism to evaluate whether any changes are needed to 
achieve water quality standards on a year-to-year basis during the 
initial few years of project operation. Holding an annual meeting with 
watershed stakeholders to discuss water quality monitoring efforts as 
stipulated by Montana DEQ's condition 11 would provide another 
mechanism to evaluate whether any changes are needed on a yearly basis.
    Notifying Reclamation, Montana DEQ, and Montana DFWP within 24 
hours of any deviation from water temperature, DO, or TDG requirements 
as the applicant proposes would allow the agencies to provide timely 
input on corrective actions needed to protect aquatic resources as they 
occur. However, also submitting an incident report with the Commission 
within 30 days following any deviation from water quality criteria 
would enable the Commission to review actions taken by the applicant in 
the short-term when these deviations occur and would facilitate 
Commission administration of the license.
    Also, notifying Montana DFWP in addition to Reclamation immediately 
in the event of an unplanned shutdown or other operating emergency 
would ensure that Montana DFWP provides input on any corrective actions 
needed to protect water quality and fish resources in the event of an 
unplanned shutdown.
Fish Entrainment
    Entrainment of fish from Clark Canyon Reservoir during project 
construction and operation could cause some reduction in fish 
populations in Clark Canyon Reservoir, and installation of the proposed 
Francis turbines could increase the mortality rate of entrained fish 
and reduce the number of fish that are recruited to downstream fish 
populations.
    During project construction, the applicant proposes to screen the 
pump intakes to meet resource agency requirements for fish exclusion 
using 0.5-inch mesh screens of sufficient size to limit approach 
velocities to a maximum of 1.0 foot per second.
    Interior and Montana Trout Unlimited recommend that the applicant 
prepare, in consultation with Montana DFWP and FWS, a feasibility 
assessment of technical procedures to evaluate the effects of fish 
entrainment (including pressure differential effects) and impingement 
of the dam outlet and project works, to include monitoring a range of 
water supply and operating conditions. These entities recommend that, 
based on the feasibility assessment, the reviewing agencies and the 
Commission determine whether monitoring or preventive measures to avoid 
or minimize damage and mortality of native fish would be required.
Our Analysis
    Although the applicant does not specify the depth from which the 
pumps would withdraw water from Clark Canyon Reservoir during project 
construction, it is expected that the water would likely be withdrawn 
from a shallow depth to minimize pipe length and pumping costs and to 
facilitate the inspection and maintenance of the proposed intake 
screens. Because the depth of the intakes would be much shallower than 
the existing dam intake, the potential for fish entrainment would

[[Page 42431]]

differ from existing conditions and from project operation, when flows 
would pass through the existing dam intake structure.
    Screening the pump intakes as proposed by the applicant would limit 
the potential for increasing the entrainment rates of fish species that 
use shallower areas of the reservoir, and would limit the potential for 
adversely affecting fish populations in the reservoir during project 
construction.
    The fish entrainment feasibility assessment recommended by Interior 
and Montana Trout Unlimited would determine what, if any, procedures 
are possible to study the magnitude of fish entrainment and the 
mortality rate of fish passing through the outlet works, with the 
ultimate goal of determining whether measures to reduce entrainment are 
warranted to minimize injury and mortality of fish.
    Numerous studies of resident fish entrainment and mortality have 
been conducted at hydroelectric projects over the past several decades. 
Comprehensive reviews of these studies have been done by FERC (1995), 
the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI, 1997, 1992), and Winchell 
et al. (2000). While none of these studies specifically evaluated the 
entrainment potential of resident trout, CH2M HILL (2007) summarized 
the results of several trout entrainment studies conducted at 
hydropower projects in the Pacific Northwest. The study reports 
summarized in the document suggest that the type of analysis requested 
by Interior and Montana Trout Unlimited could be conducted at the Clark 
Canyon Dam Project, and may be effective at developing estimates of 
entrainment and mortality if baseline information is lacking. In this 
instance, however, sufficient information appears to exist to describe 
how entrainment rates might change between baseline conditions and 
proposed project operation. Project operation would have no effect on 
the rate of fish entrained from Clark Canyon Reservoir because the 
project would not alter the timing, rate, or volume of water 
withdrawals, and all water passing the dam would pass via the existing 
deep intake and outlet structure (and by the spillway during spill 
events), as it does under existing conditions. During project 
operation, however, it is possible that the mortality rate of fish that 
are entrained into the intake facilities on the dam may increase due to 
the routing of fish through the turbines instead of the existing outlet 
works.
    The best available information suggests that the mortality rate of 
entrained fish under existing conditions appears to be quite high. In 
its comments under the previous license issued for the Clark Canyon 
project (i.e., P-12429), Montana DFWP stated that adult burbot 
entrained and sampled in 1984 exhibited a very high incidence of 
mortality, with most of the dead fish exhibiting extremely distended 
swim bladders. Further, Montana DFWP indicated that it is highly 
unlikely that brown or rainbow trout entrained under existing 
conditions can survive the pressure differential that occurs when fish 
are entrained into the deep intake in the reservoir and discharged 
through the existing outlet works (Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC, 2006).\23\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ See section E.4 of the final license application filed on 
July 7, 2006 under FERC Project No. 12429.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    It is unlikely that the addition of a penstock and turbines would 
alter the existing pressure-induced mortality rates of fish entrained 
into the dam. As previously noted, the project would not alter the 
depth of the intake, or the rate, volume, or velocity of water 
withdrawal. Therefore, similar to existing conditions, fish would pass 
through the turbines having been acclimated to the pressures of the 
deep reservoir and would experience rapid depressurization when they 
are exposed to atmospheric pressures in the relatively shallow 
tailrace. Because the mortality rate of fish passing through the 
existing outlet works likely approaches 100 percent based on the 
available information, any additional turbine-induced injury caused by 
mechanical strike or shear effects would not result in additional fish 
losses.
    The fish entrainment feasibility assessment recommended by Interior 
and Montana Trout Unlimited would ultimately determine whether measures 
to reduce entrainment are warranted to minimize damage and mortality of 
native fish. The probable outcome of this evaluation would be to 
determine whether a fish screen to preclude fish from exiting the 
reservoir would be appropriate. However, installing and maintaining a 
fish screen at the existing intake structure would be a substantial 
undertaking given the depth of the intake.
    Finally, the fishery in the Beaverhead River consists of self-
reproducing populations of brown and rainbow trout. Any increase in the 
mortality rate of fish that are entrained from Clark Canyon Reservoir, 
if it were to occur, is unlikely to affect the fishery for these 
species. Brown trout, the dominant trout species in the Beaverhead 
River, are not abundant in Clark Canyon Reservoir, and as a result, 
only small numbers of this species are likely to be entrained. Any 
rainbow trout that survived passage through the existing outlet works 
would likely be stocked fish that were hatched and reared in a hatchery 
environment, and are not likely to be as well adapted to conditions in 
the Beaverhead River as naturally spawned fish recruited from the 
existing, self-sustaining population.
Cumulative Effects
    Montana DEQ put the Beaverhead River as well as several tributaries 
to Clark Canyon Reservoir on the list of impaired waterbodies (CWA 
section 303[d]) for violations of state water quality standards. The 
listing of these waterbodies on the 303(d) list triggered the 
development of a TMDL for each parameter listed. TMDLs are designed to 
limit the inputs of potentially degrading agents to waterbodies by 
limiting the sources responsible for the degradation. Future 
implementation of TMDLs for tributaries to Clark Canyon Reservoir and 
the Beaverhead River could have a cumulative benefit of reducing 
harmful algal blooms caused by excessive nutrient inputs from several 
upstream and downstream sources within the watershed. However, because 
the project would not contribute to or affect such inputs, constructing 
and operating the project would not directly or cumulatively affect 
nutrient levels within the tributaries or the reservoir that may cause 
algal blooms.
    DO in the tailrace has been shown to fall below the state criteria 
of 8 mg/L at times during the summer and early fall when early life 
stages of fish are present. Project operation could further reduce DO 
concentrations in the tailrace. However, implementing the applicant's 
DO enhancement program would maintain adequate DO concentrations in the 
project tailrace throughout the year and potentially enhance DO levels 
in the summer months compared to existing conditions. Monitoring DO 
levels in the aeration basin and downstream would ensure that DO 
enhancement measures are successful at meeting state DO criteria during 
project operation.
    The proposed project would likely cumulatively contribute to 
efforts to improve water quality in the Beaverhead River by lowering 
TDG concentrations in the project tailrace at least during the months 
of October through April. Monitoring TDG levels within the aeration 
basin and downstream would inform whether additional corrective actions 
need to be taken to maintain compliance with state TDG criteria.
    Overall, construction and operation of the project is likely to 
cause cumulative enhancement to aquatic resources within the area 
defined for our

[[Page 42432]]

cumulative analysis due to DO enhancement in the summer months and the 
lowering of harmful TDG concentrations during the late fall compared to 
existing conditions.

3.3.3 Terrestrial Resources

3.3.3.1 Affected Environment
Vegetation
    Clark Canyon Dam and Reservoir are located within the Beaverhead 
Mountains Ecoregion, which extends from the Centennial Mountains south 
of Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Montana, 
west to the Continental divide along the Beaverhead Mountains, and 
includes the headwaters for the Beaverhead, Madison, and Big Hole 
rivers.
    Shrub steppe is the prevalent vegetation type in the Clark Canyon 
Reservoir area. Big sagebrush and green rabbitbrush are common shrubs. 
Rocky areas support mountain mahogany and broom snake weed. Perennial 
bunch grasses such as bluebunch wheatgrass, fescue, and Indian 
ricegrass occupy the understory alongside drought-adapted forbs.
    The proposed powerhouse site, at the base of Clark Canyon Dam, is 
characterized by low to mid-height grasses and forbs.
    The proposed transmission line route would extend over 7.9 miles to 
the south to the Peterson Flat substation. This area consists primarily 
of basin big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrasss. Other vegetation 
types found along the right-of-way (ROW) are Rocky Mountain juniper/
bluebunch wheatgrass woodland, quackgrass herbaceous vegetation, and 
wetland areas along the two small creeks west of the reservoir. 
Hayfields occur at the western end of the proposed transmission line 
ROW.
    The Montana Natural Heritage Program (Montana NHP) lists 93 plant 
species within Beaverhead County that are species of concern or 
potential species of concern. Eleven of these species are listed as 
sensitive species by BLM. Five of these plant species occur near the 
project: bitterroot milkvetch, scallop-leaf lousewort (at high risk of 
extirpation in Montana), hoary phacilia (a BLM watch species), chicken 
sage, and limestone larkspur. The known populations of bitterroot 
milkvetch, chicken sage, limestone larkspur, and hoary phacilia are 
located outside of the area that would be affected by the project. The 
scallop-leaf lousewort, which is known to occur in wetland and river 
bottom areas, is located along the Beaverhead River riparian zone 
downstream of Clark Canyon Dam.
Wetlands
    Wetlands are transitional land areas between terrestrial and 
aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the land 
surface or the land is covered by shallow water.
    The Beaverhead River at the base of the dam consists of a mix of 
open water and emergent and shrub-scrub wetland habitats. A narrow 
riparian corridor with a diversity of wetland plants along the river 
bottom land borders the Beaverhead River downstream of Clark Canyon 
Dam. Common riparian species include Baltic rush, hardstem bulrush, and 
coyote willow. Immediately downstream of the tailrace and along the 
original river channel, seepage has created a marsh wetland adjacent to 
the Beaverhead River.
    Wetlands within the bottomlands of Horse Prairie Creek and Medicine 
Lodge Creek along the transmission line ROW are dominated by cultivated 
grasses such as quack grass, Kentucky bluegrass, and redtop, as well as 
native species such as Baltic rush, sedges, and cattail. Coyote willow 
was also present in the Horse Prairie Creek bottomland wetlands.
Wildlife
    The marsh wetland and riparian areas provide feeding and nesting 
habitat for gulls, cormorants, sandhill cranes, and waterfowl. The open 
water of Clark Canyon Reservoir and the Beaverhead River provide 
feeding areas for waterfowl, bald eagles, and osprey, as well as 
breeding habitat for amphibians. Mule deer, moose, pronghorn antelope, 
and elk occasionally use the riparian meadows along the river and are 
commonly found in the upland sagebrush steppe. Song birds nest and feed 
in these habitats. The upland steppe provides feeding, breeding, and 
nesting habitat for songbirds, game birds such as sage grouse, and 
raptors such as ferruginous hawk.
    Common big game mammals in the area include mule deer, white-tailed 
deer, elk, pronghorn, moose, and black bear. Mule deer comprise most of 
the big game take in management districts of Montana DFWP Region 3, 
which includes the project area. Pronghorn and mule deer also feed and 
rear young in sage steppe habitats. Upland game birds popular with 
hunters in the region include blue grouse and sage grouse. Other upland 
game birds include chuckar, ruffed grouse, spruce grouse, Hungarian 
partridge, pheasant, and sharp tailed grouse.
    Several furbearing mammals that occur in the region include coyote, 
beaver, mountain lion, bobcat, wolverine, otter, marten, skunk, weasel, 
mink, muskrat, raccoon, badger, and fox. Many of these species are 
highly mobile, with large home ranges incorporating many habitat types. 
Mink and muskrat and rodents such as voles may den along the banks of 
the tailrace and meadow habitats. Others such as beaver, muskrat, and 
otter are more restricted to the riparian corridor.
    The ferruginous hawk is a BLM special status species, a Montana 
DFWP S2 species of concern (SOC), and is considered at risk for 
extirpation from the state by Montana NHP. In Montana, ferruginous 
hawks breed in the shortgrass foothills and steppe-habitat east of the 
Rocky Mountains. These hawks commonly migrate south in the fall. 
Ferruginous hawks are found on semi-arid plains and in arid steppe 
habitats and prefer relatively unbroken terrain. In Montana they 
inhabit shrub steppe and shortgrass prairie. Ferruginous hawks prefer 
tall trees for nesting, but will use a variety of structures including 
mounds, short cliffs, cutbacks, low hills, haystacks, and human 
structures. Ferruginous hawks feed on ground squirrels, rabbits, pocket 
gophers, kangaroo rats, mice, voles, lizards, and snakes. Populations 
can be adversely influenced by agricultural activities. The Montana NHP 
has records of 14 nest locations in the vicinity of the proposed 
transmission ROW; however, no breeding birds have been documented by 
the Montana NHP database since 2000. Nonetheless, there is suitable 
nesting habitat in the project vicinity, and breeding pairs may use the 
area for foraging. Call (1978 in Travsky and Beauvais, 2005) identified 
the breeding season of ferruginous hawks to be March 10-July 2 with 
nest building taking place from 10-16 March; egg laying from 17 March-
1April; incubation from 21 March-21 May; hatching from 16 April-21 May; 
and fledging from 4 June-2 July.
    Montana NHP has one local record of occurrence of a sagebrush 
sparrow (S2 SOC in Montana and a BLM sensitive species) from a couple 
of miles north of the proposed transmission ROW in 2002. Southwestern 
Montana is near the northern extent of the species' breeding range, and 
sagebrush sparrows are generally uncommon. Nonetheless, there is 
abundant suitable habitat in the vicinity of the proposed transmission 
ROW and sagebrush sparrows could be present in the area during the 
breeding season.
    Trumpeter swans are a Montana S2 and BLM sensitive species that 
utilize the Clark Canyon reservoir as migration stopover and winter 
habitat. A great

[[Page 42433]]

blue heron (S3 SOC in Montana) rookery is known from the east side of 
the reservoir, but was last observed active in 1999. The only wetland 
habitats found within the transmission line ROW that could support 
nesting, wintering, and migrating birds are associated with Horse 
Prairie Creek, Medicine Lodge Creek, and the Beaverhead River.
    The pygmy rabbit, a BLM special status species and a Beaverhead 
National Forest sensitive species, is found from the Great Basin region 
north to extreme southwestern Montana. Isolated populations are known 
from east central Washington and Oregon. The project is located within 
the range of pygmy rabbits, but pygmy rabbits have not been documented 
in the vicinity of the project. The Great Basin pocket mouse is another 
BLM sensitive species and a S1 SOC for Montana FWP. Southwestern 
Montana is near the northern extent of the species' range. Occupied 
habitats in Montana are arid and sometimes sparsely vegetated. They 
include grassland[hyphen]shrubland, stabilized sandhills, and other 
landscapes with sandy soils where sagebrush cover exceeds 25 percent. 
Elsewhere, they are also known to occur in pine woodlands, 
juniper[hyphen]sagebrush scablands, shortgrass steppes, and shrublands. 
They tend not to occur in heavily forested habitats. The Montana NHP 
does not have records of occurrence near the project, but there are 
known populations in Beaverhead County and suitable habitat nearby.
    Preble's shrew and Merriam's shrew, both S2 SOC in Montana, have 
not been documented in the project area, but have been known to occur 
in Beaverhead County and have suitable habitat that exists in the 
project area. Similarly, Southwestern Montana is at the western edge of 
the known range for the Dwarf shrew, another S2 SOC in Montana. It is 
possible, but unlikely, that this species occurs in the project area.
    The bald eagle is a Montana DFWP S1 species. Bald eagles continue 
to be protected at the federal level under the Bald and Golden Eagle 
Protection Act of 1940 and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The State of 
Montana also has regulations that protect bald eagles. The 1994 Montana 
Bald Eagle Management Plan developed by the Montana Bald Eagle Working 
Group, and their addendum, the 2010 Bald Eagle Management Guidelines, 
detail restrictions on human activities near known nest sites. Bald 
eagles are found primarily near coastlines, rivers, reservoirs, and 
lakes. Eagles principally eat fish, but also feed on carrion, 
waterfowl, and small mammals. They use large trees as nest sites and 
hunting perches. Eagles winter throughout much of the United States; 
both wintering and nesting eagles can be found in the project vicinity.
    Bald eagles are known to nest near the proposed transmission line 
ROW and downstream of Clark Canyon Dam. The Montana NHP has one record 
of a bald eagle nest attempt in 2011 about 334 feet north of the 
proposed project transmission ROW in the Horse Prairie Creek drainage, 
west of the reservoir and a pair of eagles were observed at the nest 
tree in February 2012. Montana DFW assumes the territory to be occupied 
yearly. Bald eagle nests also have been observed downstream of the dam, 
one of which was last documented in 2014. Bald eagles also utilize the 
Clark Canyon Reservoir area in winter and during migration.
    The golden eagle is a BLM sensitive species, a Montana DFWP S2 SOC, 
and a FWS Bird of Conservation Concern that is protected under the 
federal Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. They are common year 
round in open rangelands and mountainous habitats throughout Montana. 
Golden eagles prey primarily on small mammals, particularly rabbits and 
ground squirrels, but are also known to eat a wide variety of prey, 
including birds, snakes, insects, and carrion. They usually nest in 
large trees or on cliffs. Since the year 2000, there are no records of 
active breeding territories for golden eagles within 0.5 mile of the 
proposed project. However, the Clark Canyon Reservoir area does provide 
suitable nesting and wintering habitat, and golden eagles may be 
present at any time of year.
    On September 22, 2015, FWS determined that the greater sage-grouse 
does not warrant protection under the ESA. A landmark landscape-scale 
conservation initiative was started with conservation partnerships 
instituted between federal and state governments, private land owners, 
and others that provided sufficient protections to prevent listing 
(FWS, 2015). However, the greater sage-grouse remains a Montana DFWP S1 
SOC and a BLM sensitive species. It is the largest grouse species in 
North America and a sagebrush[hyphen]obligate, depending on sagebrush 
communities for breeding, nesting, brood[hyphen]rearing, and winter 
habitat. Seasonal habitat characteristics vary considerably and greater 
sage-grouse frequently move over large areas annually to meet their 
seasonal needs. Populations are found scattered throughout Montana, 
excluding the northwest and extreme northeast portions of the state. 
Greater sage-grouse leks generally occur in open areas with sparse 
shrub cover, while nests are usually located under sagebrush. 
Brood[hyphen]rearing habitat tends to have higher cover of herbaceous 
vegetation and abundant insects, which are an important food resource 
for juveniles. Greater sage-grouse move to more mesic habitats as 
herbaceous vegetation dries out and late summer brood[hyphen]rearing 
habitats become more variable.
    In winter, greater sage-grouse feed almost exclusively on 
sagebrush, which they also rely on for thermal and escape cover. Winter 
habitat is often in areas with moderate cover of tall sagebrush that 
emerges at least 10 to 12 inches from snow cover. Predators of adults 
and juveniles include hawks, eagles, ravens, weasels, coyotes, and 
foxes. Common nest predators include ground squirrels, badgers, 
coyotes, ravens, and snakes. Predation can cause low rates of nest 
success and juvenile survival.
    The greater sage-grouse population within the project area is 
designated as part of the Southwest Montana Population, which occurs in 
Madison and Beaverhead Counties. FWS developed a report titled Greater 
Sage-grouse Conservation Objectives: Final Report (FWS, 2013). The FWS 
(2013) considers the Southwest Montana population populations, which 
includes Madison and Beaverhead Counties, to be at a low level of risk 
considering the population size, limited habitat threats, and ties to 
Idaho's birds. The proposed transmission ROW runs alongside Highway 324 
and through the Montana DFWP-designated greater sage-grouse core area 
identified as ``Beaverhead 3.'' Active and historic leks are known to 
exist within four miles of the highway.
    As of 2012, greater sage-grouse had not been observed close to 
Highway 324 and the proposed transmission ROW; however, they may 
utilize the area during the late brooding season, when food resources 
become scarce in more xeric habitats, or during migration to and from 
breeding grounds. Any movement between breeding grounds in the Horse 
Prairie and Medicine Lodge drainages would entail crossing the highway 
and proposed transmission ROW. Movement to and from breeding grounds in 
Montana and wintering areas in Idaho would also entail crossing through 
the project area.
3.3.3.2 Environmental Effects
Vegetation and Wetlands
    Approximately 0.10 acres of upland habitat near the dam would be 
permanently converted for project features: 0.07 acres for the 
powerhouse

[[Page 42434]]

and 0.03 acres for the substation. A staging area of approximately 
8,000 square feet located adjacent to the access road would be used to 
store materials, equipment, and fuels during the construction period. A 
200 square foot area located near the east end of the downstream side 
of the dam would be designated for the temporary containment of spoils 
until it is either used as backfill or permanently removed from the 
project site. The existing access roads would be improved for use 
during project construction, operation, and maintenance. Vegetation 
would be temporarily removed from this area until vegetation is re-
established following construction.
    The proposed access road currently appears to be little more than 
an infrequently used track through perennial grasses and sagebrush 
steppe vegetation. The increase in traffic associated with the project, 
including heavy construction vehicle traffic, would likely cause soil 
compaction and remove the existing perennial grasses from the roadway. 
The increase in traffic during construction would temporarily disturb 
wildlife in the vicinity of the road.
    The buried transmission line segment between the powerhouse and 
powerhouse substation would roughly follow the south and east side of 
the access road for about 0.3 mile. Transmission line construction 
would require excavation of a 3-foot-wide by 3-foot-deep trench, 
placement of conductor, and backfilling. The applicant states that 
removed material would likely be temporarily placed alongside the 
trench and would be replaced in the trench following placement of the 
conductor. The buried transmission line would temporarily disturb about 
8,000 square feet of perennial grasses and sagebrush steppe vegetation.
    Approximately five miles of the 7.9-mile long transmission line 
would be located 100 to 200 feet north of Highway 324. The westernmost 
two miles and several shorter sections (generally at road curves) would 
be located closer to the highway. The proposed ROW would be 80 feet 
wide. The applicant proposes to construct the transmission line as 
single pole structures with an average span distance of 428 feet 
between the poles. Clark Canyon Hydro estimates that 13 poles would be 
required per mile and that each pole would displace approximately three 
square feet of vegetation and temporarily disturb an additional 22 
square feet. Less than 0.01 ac of vegetation would be permanently 
removed to construct the proposed transmission line and approximately 
0.05 acre could be temporarily disturbed by construction activities. No 
trees would be removed within the proposed ROW.
    Construction activities, including pole placement for the 
transmission line, would avoid wetlands to the extent practicable. The 
wetland areas adjacent to the original river channel, tailrace channel, 
and along the river would be protected from adverse construction 
effects by avoidance and the installation of a silt fence to prevent 
sediments from reaching the wetland areas.
    The applicant proposes to implement its Vegetation Management Plan 
(VMP) to minimize effects to wetland, riparian, and upland vegetation. 
The plan also includes measure to control noxious weeds. The VMP 
includes the following best management practices to minimize vegetation 
disturbance and loss and promote quick recovery of disturbed areas:
     Avoid driving off designated access routes whenever 
possible, use existing developed and primitive roads;
     Clearly mark wetland/riparian areas with signs and/or 
highly visible flagging during construction;
     Do not drive equipment, or stage materials in wetland/
riparian areas;
     Limit ground disturbance and grading to where absolutely 
necessary;
     Educate equipment operators through: Review of this plan; 
explicit delineation of all sensitive areas (e.g. wetland areas); the 
presence of an on-site construction supervisor trained in environmental 
protection; and frequent site walks to confirm all equipment operators 
are familiar with the location of sensitive areas;
     Visually inspect of all construction and disturbance areas 
a minimum of every seven days throughout the entirety of construction 
activity;
     Minimize compaction by heavy equipment in previously 
undisturbed off-road areas;
     Do not temporarily or permanently place fill material 
within the channel in the delineated wetland area, unless specifically 
permitted as part of the project design;
     Install biodegradable erosion control logs as needed 
(e.g., every 200 feet) in any sloped areas to minimize erosion until 
vegetation has established;
     Place biodegradable erosion control mats (coir fabric) on 
slopes exceeding 5% (e.g. along the transmission line right-of-way, or 
on the dam face) as needed to minimize erosion until vegetation has 
established;
     Employ silt fence as needed if working during rain events 
that may cause excess sediment to be washed into the Beaverhead River, 
or into wetland areas; and
     Reclaim and revegetate temporarily disturbed areas as soon 
as practicable after construction.
    The VMP also includes the following revegetation measures, which 
would be applied to all construction areas on and below the dam, the 
staging and spoil areas, temporary vehicle use and parking areas, and 
areas temporarily disturbed by installation of the transmission line 
poles:
     Preserving existing topography wherever possible;
     Following construction, ripping to a depth of 6 inches any 
soils compacted by construction equipment;
     Removing noxious weeds around areas to be reseeded;
     Reseeding or replanting all disturbed soils using a mix of 
native plants that meets Reclamation and BLM requirements; and
     Spreading certified weed-free mulch over seeded areas to 
retain moisture and protect from soil erosion.
    The applicant proposes to use native topsoil for all revegetation 
efforts. However, if this is not possible (e.g. if revegetation needs 
to occur in an area that was excavated and re-filled), then topsoil 
stripping and stockpiling would need to occur to ensure a proper 
topsoil seed bed. Fertilizer would not be used during the initial 
plantings. The species selected for planting would be adapted to 
conditions at the site. Seeding would occur ideally in spring, early 
summer (June-early July), or fall, within three months of construction.
    The applicant also proposes measures to treat and prevent the 
spread of invasive weeds in the project area. Gravel and fill material 
would be obtained from inspected and certified weed-free sources, and 
all equipment would be cleaned and inspected prior to arrival at the 
project area. Invasive weeds found prior to construction would be 
flagged and treated manually (for small infestations), and larger 
infestations would be treated with herbicides by an applicator 
certified by the Montana Department of Agriculture. Flagging would 
remain in place to designate the site as an area where additional weed 
precautions must be taken. Access roads leading to construction areas 
would also be inspected and weeds would be treated to preclude their 
spread by equipment moving through the area.
    Under the proposed VMP, the applicant would monitor the 
revegetation and invasive weed control efforts for a minimum of three 
years post-construction, and until the

[[Page 42435]]

following performance standards are achieved:
     Vegetation cover would be comparable to conditions in the 
adjacent, undisturbed reference area (within 70 percent of adjacent 
cover) within five years of revegetation.
     Soil stability would be evident based on the absence of 
rills, sediment fans, and other indicators of soil movement.
    The applicant would provide annual monitoring reports to 
Reclamation and BLM by December 31 of each year. The reports would 
include at a minimum:
     Description of each monitoring location including 
vegetation cover, species composition, condition, and any evidence of 
soil erosion;
     Discussion comparing revegetated versus reference plots 
with regards to performance criteria;
     Declaration of any performance criteria that have been met 
and a description of the progress made toward reaching any criteria 
that are not yet attained; and
     Maintenance recommendations to be implemented to achieve 
performance criteria.
Our Analysis
    The measures identified in the proposed VMP, if properly 
implemented, would minimize adverse effects of vegetation loss and 
disturbance and minimize the potential introduction and spread of 
invasive weeds. Wetlands adjacent to the original river channel, 
tailrace channel, along the river, and within the transmission line ROW 
would be protected from negative construction effects by avoidance and 
the installation of a silt fence to prevent sediments from reaching the 
wetland areas.
    There would be a loss of perennial grassland habitat during the 
construction period. Because the applicant would reseed this area with 
native grass species from the area, this impact would be temporary. 
Using certified weed-free mulch, as well as removing invasive weeds 
from the areas to be revegetated, would aid in the success of these 
mitigation efforts.
    Revegetation with native species, and using biodegradable erosion 
control mats and logs until these efforts are established would prevent 
revegetation material, such as seed and mulch, from being released into 
wetlands or the river. Post-construction stabilization and effective 
site restoration with native plants would minimize long-term effects on 
environmental resources.
Wildlife
    Constructing the project would mostly be in an area already 
disturbed by construction and operation of Reclamation's facilities. 
The project transmission line may pose an electrocution risk to 
perching birds and a collision risk to birds in flight. Raptors are at 
risk of electrocution due to their use of power line poles as perching 
structures. Species that are less maneuverable such as cranes, 
pelicans, and large waterfowl are also susceptible to power line 
collision. Birds that fly fast and low, such as geese, ducks, and 
smaller flocking birds, are also at higher risk. Lines that pose a high 
risk of collision include those over water, those that cross draws or 
other natural flyways, and those placed immediately above tree tops and 
ridgelines. Transmission lines that bisect areas of high bird movement, 
such as lines placed between nesting and feeding habitats, also pose a 
collision risk. The Montana DFWP identified three segments of the 
proposed transmission right-of-way where bird activity is concentrated 
and relatively high, including the portions within the Beaverhead River 
corridor and where the lines cross Horse Prairie and Medicine Lodge 
creeks.
    The applicant proposes to conduct pre-construction raptor surveys 
within the transmission line ROW and coordinate with FWS, BLM, and 
Montana DFWP on nest locations and nesting activity prior to and during 
construction. Based on the survey results and agency consultation, the 
applicant would incorporate any recommended construction buffers or 
seasonal constraints to protect raptors. The applicant would construct 
the transmission line in accordance with Avian Power Line Interaction 
Committee (APLIC) standards \24\ and include visual markers on the 
wires to prevent collisions as outlined in Reducing Avian Collisions 
with Power Lines: The State of the Art in 2012 (APLIC, 2012). In 
addition, the applicant proposes to coordinate with relevant agencies 
involved in greater sage-grouse management in southwest Montana, 
including Montana DFWP, the Montana Sage-Grouse Habitat Conservation 
Manager within the Montana Department of Natural Resources and 
Conservation (Montana DNRC), BLM, and FWS. As practicable, the 
transmission towers would also include perch deterrents to reduce or 
eliminate use by avian predators for nesting and perching on the 
transmission line infrastructure. The applicant also proposes that any 
recommended buffers seasonal constraints related to avian protection 
would be incorporated into the project design.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ In their reply comments, Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC explicitly 
stated their intent to use APLIC's Suggested Practices for Avian 
Protection on Power Lines: The State of the Art in 2006 (APLIC, 
2006), which are the most current guidelines to date for 
transmission line construction (Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In their letter filed March 17, 2016, Interior recommended that to 
the maximum extent practicable, project construction shall be scheduled 
so as not to disrupt nesting raptors or other birds during the breeding 
season. This includes a 0.5-mile no construction buffer during the 
breeding season (species-specific) for most nesting raptor species, 
including ferruginous hawks that nest in the project area. If work is 
proposed to take place during the breeding season or at any other time 
which may result in take of migratory birds, their eggs, or active 
nests, the licensee shall take all practicable measures to avoid and 
minimize take, such as maintaining adequate buffers, to protect the 
birds until the young have fledged. Active nests may not be removed. If 
field surveys for nesting birds are conducted with the intent of 
avoiding take during construction, any documentation of the presence of 
migratory birds, eggs, and active nests, along with information 
regarding the qualifications of the biologist(s) performing the 
surveys, and any avoidance measures implemented at the project site 
shall be maintained
    In addition, they recommended that if any active bald eagle nests 
occur within 0.5 mile of the project during construction, the licensee 
shall comply with the temporary seasonal disturbance restrictions 
(generally February 1-August 15) and distance buffer (0.5 mile) 
specified in the 2010 Montana Bald Eagle Management Guidelines: An 
Addendum to Montana Bald Eagle Management Plan (Montana Bald Eagle 
Working Group, 2010) during construction. To minimize the electrocution 
and collision hazard to eagles in the project area, the licensee shall 
ensure that: (1) Any newly constructed power lines or substations 
adhere to the APLIC standards in Suggested Practices for Avian 
Protection on Power Lines: The State of the Art in 2006; and, (2) all 
new power lines shall include visual markers on the wires to prevent 
collisions per techniques outlined in Reducing Avian Collisions with 
Power Lines: The State of the Art in 2012. In its reply comments, the 
applicant reiterated its proposed environmental measures, as mentioned 
previously.

[[Page 42436]]

    In addition, Interior recommended that the applicant coordinate 
with Montana DNRC and BLM regarding compliance with the Montana 
Executive Order 12-2015 and the Idaho Southwestern Montana Greater 
Sage-Grouse Land Use Plan Amendment, where applicable. Interior also 
recommended that the applicant provide compensatory mitigation to 
offset any unavoidable effects that remain after implementing avoidance 
and minimization measures for greater sage-grouse. In its reply 
comments, the applicant stated that no effects to greater sage-grouse 
were anticipated, and did not expect compensatory mitigation to be 
required after implementation if its proposed avoidance and mitigation 
measures.
Our Analysis
    Project construction would temporarily disturb and displace 
wildlife in the immediate vicinity of construction activities. The 
population of ferruginous hawks in the vicinity may use the area of the 
access road and transmission line ROW for foraging. This activity would 
be unavoidably but temporarily lost during the construction period.
    Because most construction would occur in areas disturbed from 
constructing and operating Reclamation's dam, the greatest potential 
for disturbing and displacing nesting birds would be during 
construction of the transmission line. Highway 324 already fragments 
wildlife habitat. Locating the transmission line within the road ROW 
would minimize further habitat losses, but it would also add a new 
vertical dimension to that fragmentation. Conducting pre-construction 
raptor nest surveys in coordination with FWS, BLM, and Montana DFWP 
would identify any raptor nests that might be disturbed during 
construction of the project. Disturbance and displacement of nesting 
raptors would be avoided if construction activities are scheduled to 
avoid the nesting period or through the use of 0.5-mile construction 
buffer as recommended by Interior and agreed to by the applicant. 
However, because the nesting period for the ferruginous hawks (March 
10-July 2) and the seasonal disturbance restrictions (generally 
February 1-August 15) and distance buffers (0.5 mile) for the bald 
eagle overlap significantly with the available construction season, 
implementing these construction limits could significantly delay 
construction, particular for the transmission line.
    Therefore, avoidance of the entire breeding season for all birds 
may not be practicable. Maintaining records of the pre-construction 
survey results and the measures taken to avoid disturbing nesting 
raptors and birds during construction would allow the applicant to 
document its efforts to minimize and avoid adverse effects on migratory 
birds. Those records should include the reproductive status of any 
identified nests, qualifications of the surveyor, and the applicant's 
proposed avoidance measures.
    The applicant's proposal to adhere to APLIC guidance in the design 
and construction of the transmission line, including installing flight 
diverters and perch deterrents to prevent perching, would reduce the 
risk of avian collision and electrocution, as well as predation of sage 
grouse.
    Greater sage grouse may abandon leks if repeatedly disturbed by 
raptors perching on power lines or other tall vertical structures near 
leks (Ellis 1984), by vehicular traffic on roads (Lyon and Anderson 
2003), or by noise and human activity associated with energy 
development (Braun et al. 2002; Holloran 2005; Kaiser 2006). Indirect 
effects could also occur from habitat degradation. Because the project 
would be constructed in habitats that have already been disturbed and 
subject to frequent human use (e.g., construction and operation of 
Reclamation's dam and Highway 324), greater sage grouse habitat in the 
project area is considered poor and any degradation of habitat 
conditions from project construction minimal. Reestablishing native 
vegetation and controlling invasive weeds through the VMP would further 
minimize any adverse effects on sage grouse habitat.
    Because the project would be co-located with existing development, 
it is unlikely that any greater sage grouse leks or breeding habitat 
occur near any project facility, except possibly where the proposed 
transmission line crosses Horse Prairie and Medicine Lodge drainages. 
Scheduling construction of these segments of the transmission line 
outside of the greater sage grouse breeding season would avoid 
disturbing sage grouse. The breeding season for greater sage-grouse is 
highly dependent on elevation and the length of winter conditions, and 
leks occurring in higher elevations may continue through early to mid-
May (Connelly et al., 2003). In southeast Montana the breeding season 
is from March 1- April 15 and nesting and brood-rearing occurs between 
April 16-July 15 (Montana DFWP and BLM, undated). In the Montana DFWP 
and BLM study, nests were located at an average elevation of 3,442 
feet, which is lower than the elevation of the proposed project. As 
such, the breeding season for the greater sage-grouse in the project 
area may be later in the spring, or early summer. This could delay 
construction of these segments of the transmission line until mid- to 
late-summer, but would not affect the post-construction revegetation 
effort, as the VMP states that the revegetation efforts may be carried 
out in the fall. The VMP also states that seeding should not occur 
during hot, dry, summer conditions (late July through August), or after 
if there is a significant amount of snow on the ground. Including 
seasonal restrictions on transmission line construction would still 
allow time for the transmission line to be constructed and the 
revegetation mitigation to take place before weather conditions become 
unfavorable. The avoidance and mitigation measures proposed by the 
applicant, as well as constructing segments of the transmission line 
outside of the breeding season, would ensure that the project would 
have minimal effects on the greater sage-grouse.

3.3.4 Threatened and Endangered Species

3.3.4.1 Affected Environment
    Commission staff accessed the IPaC Web site on April 15, 2016, and 
generated the following list of threatened and endangered species with 
the potential to occur in the vicinity of the project: the threatened 
plant Ute ladies'-tresses (ULT), threatened grizzly bear, and the 
threatened Canada lynx. There are no critical habitats present in or 
around the project area.
Ute Ladies'-Tresses
    ULT was listed as threatened under the ESA on January 17, 1992 (50 
CFR part 17, Vol. 57, No. 12). Clark Canyon Hydro conducted a survey 
for ULT in 2007 and 2011 in support of application for prior 
proceedings. No UTL were found and no suitable habitat was found within 
the areas that would be subject to disturbance from project 
construction and operation (ERM, 2015).
Grizzly Bear
    FWS listed the grizzly bear as threatened on July 28, 1975. Grizzly 
bears are normally solitary, except during breeding season or when 
caring for cubs. Home ranges for individual bears vary depending on 
food availability, weather conditions, other bears, and season. Female 
bears need large home ranges to support their offspring. Grizzly bears 
are opportunistic in their eating habits and will feed on prey items 
like small mammals or fish, but will also forage for

[[Page 42437]]

plants, berries, roots, and fungi. They will also scavenge on carrion 
and garbage. They prefer habitats with significant forest cover, 
especially for beds (FWS, 1993). This habitat is not present in the 
project area, and the project area is outside of its historical range 
and present distribution (FWS, 1993); therefore, grizzly bears are not 
expected to occur in the project site.
Canada Lynx
    Canada lynx are medium-sized cats that inhabit boreal forests and 
feed almost exclusively on snowshoe hare. The United States, primarily 
the Northeast, western Great Lakes, northern and southern Rockies, and 
northern Cascades, is the southern-most extent of its range. 
Populations of snowshoe hare have a direct effect on local lynx 
populations, which fluctuate in response to its prey. In the United 
States, Canada lynx prefer conifer-hardwood forests that support 
snowshoe hare. The Canada lynx was listed under the ESA as threatened 
on March 24, 2000 (FWS, 2005). The Canada lynx is not expected to occur 
at the project site due to the lack of habitat.
3.3.4.2 Environmental Effects
    No effects to threatened or endangered species are anticipated as a 
result of project construction and operation. ULT was not found during 
surveys in the project area in 2007 or 2011. Although the proposed 
transmission line route has a slightly different alignment than 
surveyed in 2011, surveys covered habitats that might support the 
species such as Medicine Lodge Creek, Horse Prairie Creek, and the 
wetlands near Beaverhead Creek below the dam.
    With respect to grizzly bears and Canada lynx, the project area 
does not contain suitable habitat for either species. Suitable habitat 
for the snowshoe hare, the primary prey species for Canada lynx, is 
also not available in the project area. Therefore, constructing and 
operating the project would have no effect on Ute ladies'-tresses, 
grizzly bears or Canada lynx, and no further action is warranted.

3.3.5 Recreation, Land Use, and Aesthetics

3.3.5.1 Affected Environment
Recreation
    Reclamation manages approximately 15 recreation sites at Clark 
Canyon Reservoir and just downstream of the dam (figure 11). The sites 
include fishing access, campgrounds, day-use areas, boat ramps, and an 
overlook. Recreational opportunities at the reservoir include boating, 
visiting cultural/historic sites, camping, fishing, hiking, hunting, 
picnicking, water sports, wildlife viewing, and using recreational 
vehicles. According to Reclamation's Great Plains Region Clark Canyon 
Web site (Reclamation, 2016), the reservoir, at full pool, has 4,935 
surface acres and 17 miles of shoreline offering good fishing for 
rainbow and brown trout. There are several concrete boat ramps, picnic 
shelters, and a marina, along with 9 campgrounds, including one 
recreational vehicle-only site, for a total of 96 campsites. The 
Cattail Marsh Nature Trail offers wildlife watching opportunities for 
seasonal waterfowl. Montana DFWP also manages several fishing access 
areas (figure 11) on the Beaverhead River downstream of the dam that 
are used by wading and bank anglers as well as by anglers on both 
guided and unguided float trips (Montana DFWP, 2003). In a letter filed 
September 19, 2007, during review of the prior license application, the 
Park Service stated that the Montana DFWP-managed Henneberry fishing 
access is an L&WCF site. The site is about 5 miles downstream of the 
proposed project (figure 11).
    As noted in section 3.3.2.1, the Beaverhead River is recognized as 
one of the most popular and productive trout fisheries in North 
America, and is designated as a blue ribbon fishery by Montana DFWP. 
Brown and rainbow trout are well established, and often attain trophy 
size in the Beaverhead River. Recreational use of the reservoir is also 
quite high, with heavy use from personal watercraft, water-skiers and 
pleasure boaters, as well as from anglers due to the high quality of 
the fishing.
    Of the recreational sites at the reservoir and immediately 
downstream of the dam (figure 11), those closest to the proposed 
project area include Beaverhead Campground (17.08 acres), Buffalo 
Bridge fishing access area, High Bridge fishing access area (0.18 
acres), and Clark Canyon Dam fishing access area (also known as 
Beaverhead River fishing access area, 3.27 acres). Use figures from a 
2004 recreation survey of the area indicated that the Beaverhead 
Campground and Beaverhead River fishing access area are frequently used 
by campers (10,423 visitors per year) and anglers (3,042 visitors per 
year), respectively (Dvorak et al., 2004). The survey did not include 
the Buffalo Bridge or High Bridge fishing access areas. Traffic count 
data from Reclamation for 2007 and 2008 indicated that more than 75 
percent of the vehicle use of the Clark Canyon Dam and Buffalo Bridge 
fishing access areas occurred from March through October (email from 
Steve Davies, Reclamation, to FERC staff, filed on March 25, 2009). 
During those two years, the greatest use at Clark Canyon Dam fishing 
access area occurred in June (781 vehicles in 2007 and 789 in 2008). At 
Buffalo Bridge fishing access area, the greatest use occurred in June 
(728 vehicles in 2008) or July (647 vehicles in 2007). Reclamation did 
not have traffic count data for the High Bridge fishing access area, 
which is managed by Montana DFWP.
    In 2009, the Beaverhead River had 38,706 angler days in 2009 
(Montana DFWP, 2015). Fishing regulations are in place to help manage 
heavy use, and fishing closures have occurred in drought years.
BILLING CODE 6717-01-P

[[Page 42438]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN29JN16.011

BILLING CODE 6717-01-C

[[Page 42439]]

Land Use
    The proposed project, including most of the transmission line 
corridor, would occupy 62.1 acres of federal lands within the Pick-
Sloan Missouri Basin Program, East Bench Unit, administered by 
Reclamation. It would also occupy 0.2 acres of federal land 
administered by BLM. In addition to substantial recreation 
opportunities, the dam and reservoir provide for irrigation and flood 
control across a wide area downstream of the project.
Aesthetics
    The Clark Canyon Dam and Reservoir present a relatively natural 
appearance in a broad, open valley of scenic, rolling landscape, with 
low vegetation cover of grasses and shrubs with a few patches of 
taller, thicker vegetation. The dam and reservoir are dominant 
landscape features that are quite visible to motorists traveling on 
Interstate Highway 15 (I-15) and very visible from adjacent lands. 
Dominant features include the dam structure, the reservoir, Armstead 
Island (see figure 11), and several recreation facilities. Wildlife 
viewing areas include a developed bird watching trail, as well as the 
delta areas near the mouths of Horse Prairie Creek and Red Rock River 
(see figure 1). A 3.2-mile-long section of the Beaverhead River between 
the I-15 bridge at Pipe Organ Rock and the Dalys highway exit has been 
evaluated for eligibility for ``Recreation'' classification of the Wild 
and Scenic River Act and is considered ``outstandingly remarkable'' for 
recreation, fish and historic values (BLM, 2005). This section of the 
river starts about 6 miles downstream of the project area.
    Several transmission lines are present in the vicinity of the 
project; however, transmission lines are absent along approximately 
five miles of Montana Highway 324, north and west of the Clark Canyon 
Reservoir. The proposed new transmission line would parallel this 
portion of the highway.
3.3.5.2 Environmental Effects
Recreation
    Issues that have been identified with respect to recreation apply 
primarily to the year-long construction period. Construction equipment 
activity could generate temporary disturbance to recreational use, 
including noise and dust, which could diminish the quality of the 
recreation experience in the vicinity of the proposed project, 
particularly at the Clark Canyon Dam/Beaverhead River fishing access 
site (figure 11). Additionally, there could be safety concerns where 
recreational users and construction vehicles use the same roadways to 
access areas near the dam. Construction access would use the Buffalo 
Bridge approach and could affect fishing access to the river at that 
location, although regular use of the road by construction vehicles is 
not expected.
    To reduce effects on fishing access, the applicant proposes to 
implement its Buffalo Bridge Fishing Access Road Management Plan. The 
plan provides for alerting the public to potential traffic hazards 
during construction and specifies the contents of a public notice, 
locations for posting, the number, type, and locations of any barriers 
that would be installed, a process to evaluate effectiveness of the 
plan and modify the plan if needed, and an implementation schedule. 
Flagging, traffic control devices, and signs would be used to further 
reduce effects on traffic and traffic safety. During project operation, 
minor noise and nighttime security light from the powerhouse could be 
noticeable to recreational users nearby.
    To minimize the effects of construction activities on nearby 
recreation users, the applicant proposes to limit construction 
activities in summer (Memorial Day through Labor Day) to daytime hours 
(7:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.). The applicant also proposes to have no 
construction taking place over peak summer holiday weekends (Memorial 
Day, Independence Day, and Labor Day), including the day before and day 
after those weekends. A sign with contact information would be posted 
at a location approved by Reclamation and would provide dates and hours 
of construction.
    The southbound exit ramp from I-15 to Montana Route 324 is proposed 
as a secondary access route for construction vehicles. This route is 
also an existing access route to the dam site and is gated to prevent 
unauthorized access. Construction traffic on the secondary route may 
affect exit ramp traffic.
    The applicant's proposal also includes installation and maintenance 
of an interpretive sign near the dam to inform visitors of the concept 
and function of the project, its relationship to aquatic resources and 
the recreational fishery, and measures taken to reduce adverse effects. 
The sign would be placed at a location acceptable to Reclamation.
Our Analysis
    During project construction, the applicant's proposed limits on 
construction hours, days, and locations would reduce conflicts with 
recreational users, and its proposed construction access routes and 
vehicle staging would reduce potential conflicts with other motorists. 
If public notices, signage, and barriers are used where appropriate, 
and the Buffalo Bridge Fishing Access Road Management Plan is 
implemented, this would further reduce potential concerns about traffic 
safety and effects on fishing access.
    Secondary use of the I-5 exit ramp for construction vehicles would 
have little effect on traffic or recreational use, including the two 
nearest recreational sites, due to relatively light traffic and only 
occasional use of the ramp and access route for construction. The 
entrance to Beaverhead Campground is located at the top of Exit 44 on 
Route 324, and the access to the Clark Canyon Dam/Beaverhead River 
fishing access site is located on the opposite side of the river from 
the construction access routes, which would minimize any potential 
disturbance to recreation users in the areas that are nearest the 
construction activity.
    During project operation, minor noise and light from the powerhouse 
could be noticeable to recreational users nearby, particularly those 
fishing or camping immediately below the dam, but the proximity of I-15 
to both the project site and the nearby recreation sites suggests that 
this effect would be minimal. All existing recreation sites would 
remain accessible to the public during project operation.
    The applicant proposes to operate the project in run-of-release 
mode, consistent with the current method of operation employed by 
Reclamation. Run-of-release operation would maintain the existing water 
surface elevations. Therefore, fishing and boating on the reservoir 
would not be affected, and neither would fishing opportunities 
downstream of the dam in the Beaverhead River be affected.
    With respect to the potential effects of the project on the 
Henneberry Fishing Access, the applicant does not propose any project-
related activities that would result in water quantity or quality 
effects at the site or interfere with access during construction or 
operation. The site would continue to be available for recreational 
use.
    The applicant's proposed interpretive sign would enhance the 
recreational experience for users and would also assist the public in 
understanding the project's potential effects on the prized fishery 
(see section, 3.3.2.2, Aquatic Resources).
Land Use
    Except for the footprint of the hydropower facilities and 
transmission line, land uses and public access in the vicinity of the 
project would remain

[[Page 42440]]

unchanged. Excluding the proposed transmission line, the project 
footprint would be small (approximately 0.10 acres at the dam), and the 
effect on land use would be minor.
Aesthetics
    Project construction activities would be visible from I-15, Highway 
324, recreation sites below the dam, and from other sites near the dam 
and along the transmission line corridor. Once construction is 
complete, the permanent presence of above-ground facilities, including 
the powerhouse, transformer, parking area, and transmission line would 
alter the current visual environment.
    A major portion of the new overhead transmission line would be 
located along approximately five miles of Montana Highway 324 west of 
the Camp Fortunate Overlook, where no transmission line currently 
exists. This could affect the aesthetic quality of nearby recreation 
and cultural resources, including the Clark Canyon Reservoir, the Lewis 
and Clark Trail, Camp Fortunate Overlook, several campgrounds, and a 
day-use area that are located along this stretch of the highway and 
above the shore of the reservoir.
    As part of its Visual Resources Management Plan (VRMP), the 
applicant proposes to address short-term impacts by limiting 
disturbance or displacement of vegetation to the extent possible. To 
reduce long-term effects, the applicant proposes to bury a short, 0.3-
mile-long transmission line between the proposed powerhouse and 
substation; use contouring and replanting to help the areas disturbed 
by construction, including the transmission line corridor, blend with 
the surrounding terrain; and consult with Reclamation on the design of 
project features, including color and construction materials. The 
applicant also states that it would use relevant comprehensive 
management plans to ensure that all new features of the proposed 
hydroelectric project meet established visual quality objectives.
    The applicant's VRMP, filed with the Commission on February 1, 
2016, lists the following as basic design criteria:
     Prevention of adverse visual impacts, whenever possible, 
by means of preconstruction planning and design, particularly in the 
selection of facility locations;
     Reduction of adverse visual impacts that cannot be 
completely prevented, by designing features with appearances consistent 
with existing structures;
     Reduction of adverse visual impacts to existing vegetation 
during construction by means of post-construction vegetation 
rehabilitation; and
     Quality control during construction, operation, and 
construction rehabilitation to ensure that the preceding objectives are 
achieved.
    After license issuance but prior to the start of construction 
activities, including any land-disturbing or land-clearing activities, 
the VRMP calls for the applicant to file with the Commission a pre-
construction visual impact assessment of the project area. That 
assessment would include photographs taken from three proposed key 
observation points (the parking area at the Clark Canyon Dam/Beaverhead 
River fishing access area, Highway 324 immediately above the power 
house, and the secondary access point on I-15 north of Clark Canyon 
Dam). The plan also includes the filing of post-construction 
photographic assessments annually for the first three years of project 
operation. If a license is issued for the project, the applicant would 
consult with Reclamation during the design phase to identify 
appropriate colors for structures on Reclamation lands and to identify 
appropriate vegetation mixes for disturbed areas of the project.
Our Analysis
    As noted by the applicant, the proposed hydropower facility would 
be designed to blend in with the existing dam structure as much as 
possible. Implementation of the applicant's VRMP, including 
consultation with Reclamation concerning structure color and 
appropriate vegetation mixes, would minimize any long-term effect on 
the aesthetic character of the project site.
    The previously altered landscape, including construction of the 
existing dam and its appurtenant features is highly visible to people 
using area roads and recreation sites. The proposed hydroelectric 
facility would be generally out of view from areas above the dam, but 
would be conspicuous below the dam. However, the proposed facilities 
would not be inconsistent with the existing or associated landscape 
features.
    The overhead portion of the transmission line would have a modest 
effect on the visual character of the area west of the Camp Fortunate 
Overlook, where no transmission line currently exists. Scenic and 
cultural values in the vicinity are associated with the extensive 
recreational amenities around the reservoir and near the highway. 
However, the transmission line would be generally located on the uphill 
side of the highway and away from the reservoir and recreation sites. 
Much of the transmission line would be located 100 to 200 feet from the 
highway, which would reduce its visibility to highway motorists and 
recreation users on or near the reservoir. As described above, the use 
of a single-pole design and unobtrusive materials and colors would 
further reduce its visibility and would be consistent with the criteria 
of VRMP. However, the transmission line was not specifically identified 
as a project facility that would be addressed by the proposed VRMP. 
While no additional measures are necessary, any deviation from the 
proposed design could have more of a negative effect on the aesthetic 
landscape. Applying the criteria and consultation procedures in the 
VRMP to the transmission line would ensure that visual effects are kept 
to a minimum.

3.3.6 Cultural Resources

3.3.6.1 Affected Environment
    NHPA section 106 requires that the Commission evaluate the 
potential effects on properties listed or eligible for listing in the 
National Register. Such properties listed or eligible for listing in 
the National Register are called historic properties. In this document, 
we also use the term ``cultural resources'' for properties that have 
not been evaluated for eligibility for listing in the National 
Register. Cultural resources represent things, structures, places, or 
archeological sites that can be either prehistoric or historic in 
origin. In most cases, cultural resources less than 50 years old are 
not considered historic. Section 106 also requires that the Commission 
seek concurrence with the SHPO on any finding involving effects or no 
effects to historic properties, and allow the Advisory Council on 
Historic Preservation (Council) an opportunity to comment on any 
finding of effects to historic properties. If Native American (i.e., 
aboriginal) properties have been identified, section 106 also requires 
that the Commission consult with interested Indian tribes that might 
attach religious or cultural significance to such properties. In this 
case, the Commission must take into account whether any historic 
property could be affected by a proposed new license within the 
project's area of potential effect (APE), and allow the Council an 
opportunity to comment prior to issuance of any new license for the 
project.
Area of Potential Effect
    Pursuant to section 106, the Commission must take into account 
whether any historic property could be affected by the issuance of a 
proposed

[[Page 42441]]

new license within a project's APE. The APE is determined in 
consultation with the SHPO and is defined as the geographic area or 
areas within which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause 
alterations in the character or use of historic properties, if any such 
properties exist.
    The APE includes all lands within the project boundary and 
construction footprint, as well as the 7.9-mile-long, 80-feet-wide 
transmission line corridor and a portion of the Clark Canyon Dam, 
including the spillway. The APE is defined in the February 2016 HPMP. 
In an amendment to the HPMP filed on March 11, 2016, the applicant 
corrected the total area of the APE to 88.6 acres, including 68.3 acres 
of federal land owned by Reclamation.
Cultural History Overview
    The immediate area within the vicinity of the proposed project was 
an important prehistoric and historic travel route. During the 
ethnographic period (pre-European contact), the Clark Canyon watershed 
was occupied seasonally by the Lemhi-Shoshone Tribes. Lewis and Clark 
were the first Euro-Americans to pass through the Beaverhead Valley on 
August 13, 1805.
    The Lewis and Clark expedition made its first contact with 
Sacagawea's Shoshone Tribe at a location that is currently inundated by 
Clark Canyon Reservoir. The location was named ``Camp Fortunate'' due 
to the hospitality of the tribe and its willingness to trade for 
horses, a necessity for crossing the Rockies.\25\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ The Lewis and Clark expedition crossed the Continental 
Divide at Lemhi Pass on August 12, 1805. Approximately 208 acres in 
the vicinity of Lemhi Pass, about 35 miles from the proposed project 
site, are designated as a registered historic landmark by Interior.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 1862, gold was discovered near the town of Bannock, Montana, and 
caused the first wave of rapid Euro-American settlement in the area. At 
the height of the area's gold rush, Bannock, about 175 miles from the 
proposed project site, had a population of more than 3,000 and was the 
first Montana territorial capital. The period was short lived, however, 
and old mining camps and ghost towns are all that remain.
    In 1877, approximately 750 Nez Perce Native Americans fled north 
out of Idaho because of the demands of the U.S. Army that they move 
onto a reservation. On August 9, 1877, the U.S. Army attacked the Nez 
Perce along the north fork of the Big Hole River, about 50 miles from 
the proposed project site. Although the Battle of Big Hole lasted less 
than 36 hours, significant casualties were suffered on both sides. In 
1992, legislation incorporated Big Hole National Battlefield with the 
Nez Perce National Historical Park.
    The city of Dillon, about 20 miles from the proposed project site, 
originated during construction of the Utah and Northern Railroad. The 
city was the site of a construction camp during the winter of 1880. The 
railroad was pushing north toward Butte, but winter conditions halted 
progress until the spring of 1881. When construction resumed in the 
spring, the town remained. The city was named in honor of Sidney 
Dillon, the president of the Union Pacific Railroad.
Prehistoric and Historic Archaeological Resources
    An archaeological survey of the applicant's cultural resources 
inventory area for the prior license application identified one 
prehistoric artifact, a single chert flake. As an isolated find, this 
artifact does not meet the criteria for listing on the National 
Register. No prehistoric or historic-era sites were documented at that 
time.
    The project APE contains a single structure that is considered 
eligible for listing on the National Register--Clark Canyon Dam. Clark 
Canyon Dam (24BE1740) is an earthen dam constructed in 1964 by 
Reclamation. This structure meets the 50-year age requirement for 
listing on the National Register. Although the Clark Canyon Dam was 
potentially eligible for listing on the National Register as a 
contributing element to a broad, but undefined Pick-Sloan Missouri 
Basin historic district, the dam was also determined to be individually 
eligible for listing on the National Register. Commission staff and the 
Montana SHPO concurred that the dam was individually eligible, as 
discussed in a letter and Programmatic Agreement (PA) issued on May 5, 
2016. Six additional sites that may or may not be eligible for listing 
were identified in 2012 during a cultural resources inventory for the 
proposed transmission line corridor.
    Additionally, the Commission contacted the Shoshone-Bannock, 
Eastern Shoshone, Nez Perce, and Salish-Kootenai tribes inviting 
comments and consultation. No comments or requests for consultation 
were received from the tribes.
Traditional Cultural Properties
    The Commission consulted with the Nez Perce, Salish-Kootenai, 
Eastern Shoshone, Shoshone-Bannock, and Northern Arapaho tribes 
regarding the project. None of these tribes expressed concern about 
potential TCPs that might be present within the project APE.
3.3.6.2 Environmental Effects
    Commission staff and the Montana SHPO concurred that the Clark 
Canyon Dam would be adversely affected by constructing and operating 
the project, as stated in the PA and HPMP. Construction of the project, 
including retrofitting project features on or adjacent to the dam, or 
other alteration, would diminish the historical integrity of the 
structure's location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, 
or association. The applicant would consult with the SHPO and 
Reclamation to develop a Memorandum of Agreement that would include 
measures to address adverse effects to Clark Canyon Dam. A final PA has 
been signed that requires the licensee, if a license is issued, to 
revise its proposed HPMP to include a Treatment Plan to resolve effects 
on the dam prior to construction.
    The SHPO concurred in 2012 that none of the six sites along the 
transmission line corridor would be adversely affected by the project. 
To ensure that a specific rock feature was not affected, the applicant 
proposed to maintain a buffer around that area so that construction 
activity would not inadvertently disturb the site.
Our Analysis
    Alterations to the Clark Canyon Dam that would result from 
construction of the proposed project require specific measures to avoid 
or reduce adverse effects. The HPMP was originally developed by the 
applicant for the prior license before the Clark Canyon Dam was 
determined to be eligible for listing on the National Register. The 
HPMP filed on February 9, 2016 does not indicate what specific measures 
would be developed or how or when they might be implemented. Revising 
the HPMP, as required by the PA, to include these measures in a 
Treatment Plan for the dam before construction begins would resolve the 
adverse effects.
    The February HPMP defines consultation procedures for maintenance 
activities that would and would not affect the dam and what steps would 
be taken if human remains are discovered during project construction 
and operation. The PA requires the applicant to revise the HPMP to 
allow the SHPO and Reclamation to review and comment on maintenance 
activities that the licensee may determine have no effect on the dam, 
and clarifies the process to be followed in the event of an 
unanticipated discovery of human remains. Revising the HPMP 
accordingly, in consultation with the

[[Page 42442]]

SHPO and Reclamation, would ensure that cultural resources are 
protected.
    The February HPMP also defines procedures, in the event that 
cultural resources are inadvertently discovered during the course of 
constructing or developing project works or other facilities at the 
project. Those procedures include stopping all land-clearing and land-
disturbing activities in the vicinity of the discoveries and consulting 
with both Reclamation and the SHPO to determine next steps. 
Implementing the procedures in an approved, revised HPMP would prevent 
adverse effects on any newly identified cultural resources.

3.4 No-Action Alternative

    Under the no-action alternative, the project would not be 
constructed. There would be no changes to the physical, biological, or 
cultural resources of the area and electrical generation from the 
project would not occur. The power that would have been developed from 
a renewable resource would have to be replaced with other sources, and 
the anticipated benefits of reduced TDG supersaturation on aquatic 
resources would not be realized.

4.0 DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSIS

    In this section, we look at the Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric 
Project's use of the Beaverhead River for hydropower purposes to see 
what effect various environmental measures would have on the project's 
costs and power generation. Consistent with the Commission's approach 
to evaluating the economics of hydropower projects, as articulated in 
Mead Corp.,\26\ the Commission compares the project cost to an estimate 
of the cost of obtaining the same amount of power using the likely 
alternative source of power for the region (cost of alternative power). 
As described in Mead Corp., our economic analysis is based on current 
electric power cost conditions and does not consider future escalation 
of fuel prices in valuing the hydropower project's power benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ See Mead Corporation, Publishing Paper Division, 72 FERC ] 
61,027 (July 13, 1995). In most cases, electricity from hydropower 
would displace some form of fossil-fueled generation, in which fuel 
cost is the largest component of the cost of electricity production.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For each of the licensing alternatives, our analysis includes an 
estimate of: (1) The cost of individual measures considered in the EA 
for the protection, mitigation and enhancement of environmental 
resources affected by the project; (2) the cost of alternative power; 
(3) the total project cost (i.e. for construction, operation, 
maintenance, and environmental measures); and (4) the difference 
between the cost of alternative power and total project cost. If the 
difference between the cost of alternative power and total project cost 
is positive, the project produces power for less than the cost of 
alternative power. If the difference between the cost of alternative 
power and total project cost is negative, the project produces power 
for more than the cost of alternative power. This estimate helps to 
support an informed decision concerning what is in the public interest 
with respect to a proposed license. However, project economics is only 
one of many public interest factors the Commission considers in 
determining whether, and under what conditions, to issue a license.

4.1 Power and Developmental Benefits of the Project

    As proposed, the 4.7-MW project would generate an average of 15,400 
MWh annually. We have assumed the project would have a dependable 
capacity of 4.7 MW; however, because the project inflow is dependent on 
releases from the Clark Canyon Dam, which is directed by Reclamation 
and beyond the control of the applicant, the actual dependable capacity 
of the project could be lower.
    Table 5 summarizes the assumptions and economic information we use 
in our analysis. This information was provided by the applicant in its 
license application and supplemental submittals, or estimated by staff. 
We find that the values provided by the applicant are reasonable for 
the purposes of our analysis. Cost items common to all alternatives 
include; licensing costs; and normal operation and maintenance cost.

  Table 5--Parameters for the Economic Analysis of the Clark Canyon Dam
                          Hydroelectric Project
                             [Source: Staff]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Assumption                   Value             Source
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Period of analysis (years)........              30  Staff.
Term of financing (years).........              20  Staff.
License application cost..........        $160,000  Clark Canyon Hydro.
Construction cost.................     $32,500,000  Clark Canyon Hydro.
Annual operation and maintenance..        $365,088  Clark Canyon Hydro.
Power value \a\...................      $80.87/MWh  Clark Canyon Hydro.
Interest rate.....................       8 percent  Staff.
Discount rate.....................       8 percent  Staff.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: All costs are in 2015 dollars.
\a\ Average of on- and off-peak seasonal values of project power since
  the project would be producing power during the summer representing
  55% of the project's total annual production.

4.2 Comparison of Alternatives

4.2.1 No-Action Alternative

    Under the no-action alternative, the project would not be 
constructed as proposed and would not produce any electricity. No costs 
for construction, operation and maintenance, or proposed environmental 
protection, mitigation, or enhancement measures would be incurred by 
the applicant.

4.2.2 Applicant's Proposal

    Under the applicant's proposal, the project would require 
construction of a new hydroelectric facility at the existing Clark 
Canyon Dam. The proposed project would have a total capacity of 4.7 MW, 
an average annual generation of 15,400 MWh, and an average annual power 
value of $1,245,398 ($80.87/MWh). With an annual production cost 
(levelized over the 30-year period of analysis) of $3,576,910 ($232.27/
MWh), the project would produce energy at a cost which is $2,331,512, 
or about $151.40/MWh, more than the cost of alternative power.

4.2.3 Staff Alternative

    Table 6 shows the staff's recommended additions, deletions, and 
modifications to the applicant's proposed environmental protection and

[[Page 42443]]

enhancement measures and the estimated cost of each.
    Based on the same total capacity and average annual generation, the 
project under the staff alternative would have an average annual power 
value of $1,245,398 ($80.87/MWh). With an annual production cost 
(levelized over the 30-year period of our analysis) of $3,580,760 
($232.52/MWh), the project would produce energy at a cost which is 
$2,335,362, or about $151.65/MWh, more than the cost of alternative 
power.
    The staff alternative also included all mandatory conditions 
specified by Montana DEQ section 401 certification, except for the 
except for condition 11 which stipulates that the applicant meet 
annually with all watershed stakeholders to discuss water quality 
monitoring efforts associated with project operation.

4.3 Cost of Environmental Measures

    Table 6 gives the cost for each of the environmental enhancement 
measures considered in our analysis. We convert all costs to equal 
annual (levelized) costs over a 30-year period of analysis to give a 
uniform basis for comparing the benefits of a measure to its cost.

  Table 6--Costs of Environmental Mitigation and Enhancement Measures Considered in Assessing the Environmental
                Effects of Constructing and Operating the Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project
                                         [Sources: Applicant and Staff]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                     Levelized
       Environmental measure                Entity          Capital cost    Annual cost  (2015$)    annual cost
                                                               (2015$)                                (2015$)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Implement the Erosion and        Applicant, Staff.....      \a\ $5,900  $0...................            $500
 Sediment Control Plan.
2. Implement the Final Instream     Applicant, Staff.....     \a\ 424,600  0....................          31,770
 Flow Release Plan including pump
 on floating barge.
3. Implement the Construction       Applicant, Montana        \b\ 100,000  75,000 for years 1 &            4,400
 Water Quality Monitoring Plan       DEQ, FWS, Montana                      2 \b\.
 (CWQMP) including installation of   Trout Unlimited,
 monitoring equipment.               Staff.
4. Notify Montana DEQ and Montana   Staff................               0  1,000 \c\............           1,000
 DFWP within 24 hours of a
 deviation from state water
 quality criteria during
 construction and operation and
 file a report with the Commission
 within 30 days of the deviation.
5. Conduct total dissolved gas and  Staff................      \c\ 20,000  3,000 \c\............           1,530
 dissolved oxygen compliance
 monitoring for the term of the
 license.
6. Implement the Revised DOEP with  Applicant, Montana      \d\ 1,000,000  75,000 for years 1-5,          80,300
 an additional provision to send     DEQ, FWS, Montana                      $20,000 for rest of
 the annual water quality            Trout Unlimited,                       license term \b\.
 monitoring reports to FWS in        Upper Missouri
 addition to the other agencies      Waterkeeper, Staff.
 specified in the plan.
6a. Consult with Montana DFWP and   Staff................               0  1,000 in year 6 \c\..              80
 FWS in addition to Montana DEQ
 after the first five years of
 operation and, after consulting
 with the agencies, file a
 proposal for Commission approval
 regarding possible cessation of
 the temperature monitoring
 program after the first five
 years.
7. Install pressure transducer and  Staff................       \d\ 2,000  0....................             160
 water level alarm.
8. Maintain compliance monitoring   Applicant, Staff.....      \d\ 25,800  0....................           2,180
 staff on site 24 hours a day and
 7 days a week when flows are
 bypassed around the existing
 intake and outlet works during
 construction of the proposed
 penstock.
9. Notify Montana DFWP in addition  Staff................               0  0....................               0
 to Reclamation in the event of an
 unplanned shutdown.
10. Support water conservation      Interior, Upper                     0  0....................               0
 strategies.                         Missouri
                                     Waterkeeper, Montana
                                     Trout Unlimited.
11. Fund water conservation         Interior, Upper                     0  37,000 \e\...........          37,000
 measures.                           Missouri
                                     Waterkeeper, Montana
                                     Trout Unlimited.
12. Assess impacts of fish          Interior, Montana          \c\ 10,000  100,000 for years 1 &           4,540
 entrainment and impingement.        Trout Unlimited.                       2 \c\.
13. Support ongoing agency          Upper Missouri                    N/A  N/A..................         \f\ N/A
 turbidity and nutrient pollution    Waterkeeper.
 studies and participate in
 developing an adaptive management
 plan to address pollution
 concerns.
14. Evaluate the need for dam       Montana DFWP, Upper               N/A  N/A..................         \f\ N/A
 infrastructure alterations or       Missouri Waterkeeper.
 changes in operation to minimize
 downstream turbidity.
15. Consider additional upstream    Upper Missouri                    N/A  N/A..................         \f\ N/A
 and downstream water quality        Waterkeeper.
 monitoring sites to determine
 compliance with state water
 quality criteria.
16. Monitor water quality at three  Montana DFWP.........      \c\ 60,000  3,000 for years 1-3             3,500
 additional sites downstream of                                             \c\.
 the cone valve for 3 years to
 evaluate the dynamics of the
 mixing zone.

[[Page 42444]]

 
17. Hold annual meetings with       Montana DEQ..........               0  1,000 \c\............           1,000
 watershed stakeholders to discuss
 water quality monitoring efforts
 associated with project operation.
18. Survey for raptor nests prior   Applicant, Staff.....      \b\ 20,000  0....................           1,690
 to beginning construction of the
 transmission line.
18a. Maintain a record of the       Interior, Staff......               0  0....................           \c\ 0
 raptor surveys, including
 documentation of the presence of
 migratory birds, eggs, and active
 nests, along with information
 regarding the qualifications of
 the biologist(s) performing the
 surveys, and any avoidance
 measures implemented at the
 project site.
19. Coordinate (including           Interior, Staff                   N/A  N/A..................         \g\ N/A
 sequential impact avoidance,        (except compensatory
 minimization, reclamation, and      mitigation).
 compensation) with federal and
 state greater-sage grouse plans
 and provide compensatory
 mitigation to offset any
 unavoidable impacts remaining
 after application of greater sage-
 grouse impact avoidance and
 minimization measures.
20. Construct the transmission      Staff................               0  0....................           \h\ 0
 line segments that cross the
 Horse Prairie and Medicine Lodge
 drainages outside of the greater
 sage-grouse breeding season
 (March 1-April 15).
21. Construct the transmission      Applicant, Interior,                0  0....................           \i\ 0
 line in accordance with APLIC       Staff.
 guidelines, schedule construction
 to avoid nesting season for
 raptors (including bald eagles
 and ferruginous hawk) and other
 birds, establish a 0.5-mile
 construction buffer around raptor
 nests (including any bald eagle
 nest) to avoid disturbing any
 raptors during project
 construction, and include
 avoidance and mitigation measures
 for breeding migratory birds to
 the extent practicable.
22. Install avian flight diverters  Applicant, Interior,      \b\ 200,000  0....................          16,870
 and perch deterrents on the         Staff.
 transmission line.
23. Implement the Vegetation        Applicant, Staff.....      \c\ 50,000  10,000 for years 1-3           3,6800
 Management Plan.                                                           \c\.
24. Revise the HPMP to include a    Applicant, Staff.....               0  0....................           \j\ 0
 Treatment Plan and consultation
 procedures; stop work, consult
 with SHPO, and prepare action
 plan if previously unidentified
 cultural materials are found.
25. Implement the Buffalo Bridge    Staff................       \c\ 2,000  0....................             160
 Fishing Access Road Management
 Plan and other signage and
 traffic measures for local roads
 used by construction vehicles.
26. Implement signage and limit     Applicant............           \b\ 0  0....................               0
 construction times to reduce
 conflicts with recreational use.
27. Develop, install, and maintain  Applicant, Staff.....      \b\ 10,000  100 \c\..............             840
 an interpretive display.
28. Implement the Visual Resources  Applicant, Staff.....      \a\ 65,200  0....................           5,500
 Management Plan.
29. Use a single-pole design for    Applicant............           \b\ 0  0....................               0
 the transmission line, and
 materials and colors that reduce
 visibility.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Cost estimated by applicant in the original license application escalated to 2015 dollars.
\b\ Cost estimated by the applicant.
\c\ Cost estimated by staff.
\d\ Cost estimated by the applicant for its aeration basin.
\e\ Cost estimated by entity based on 4 percent of projected annual generation.
\f\ Cost cannot be determined because the measure lacks specificity.
\g\ Cost unavailable as it includes compensatory mitigation for effects after avoidance and mitigation efforts
  have been applied. Costs and measures are unknown.
\h\ Cost included with general and construction costs.
\i\ Cost for designing and constructing the transmission line in accordance with APLIC standards included in the
  construction cost. Additional costs (construction delay or implementing buffers) are unknown because it would
  depend on the nature and extent of the find.
\j\ The Treatment Plan would replace the Memorandum of Agreement approach proposed by the applicant; no
  additional cost is anticipated.


[[Page 42445]]

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Comparison of Alternatives

    In this section we compare the developmental and non-developmental 
effects of the applicant's proposal, the applicant's proposal as 
modified by staff, the staff alternative with all agency mandatory 
conditions, and the no-action alternative. The major differences 
between the applicant's proposal and our staff-recommended 
modifications are that we recommend monitoring TDG and DO at all times 
during project operation rather than just potentially the first five 
years of project operation and the following additional measures: 
Installing and maintaining a pressure transducer and water level alarm 
in the Beaverhead River during construction when flows are bypassed 
around Reclamation's existing intake and outlet works; notifying 
Montana DFWP in addition to Reclamation in the event of an unplanned 
shutdown; notifying Montana DEQ and Montana DFWP within 24 hours of any 
deviation from water temperature, DO, TDG, or turbidity requirements 
during construction and operation and filing a report with the 
Commission within 30 days describing the deviation, any adverse effects 
resulting from the deviation, the corrective actions taken, any 
proposed measures to avoid future deviations; and maintaining records 
of pre-construction raptor surveys that includes presence of birds, 
eggs, and active nests, information regarding the qualifications of the 
biologist performing the survey, and measures implemented to avoid 
disturbing nesting birds. The staff alternative also includes all of 
the mandatory conditions specified by Reclamation under FPA section 
4(e) and all of Montana DEQ's section 401 water quality certification 
conditions except for condition 11 which stipulates that the applicant 
meet annually with watershed stakeholders to discuss water quality 
monitoring efforts associated with project operation.
    The environmental effects of the staff alternative and applicant's 
proposal are essentially the same. Both alternatives would result in 
short-term changes in water quality from erosion and sedimentation and 
minor impacts from vegetation removal and disturbance of wildlife 
during construction. Proposed measures would minimize the adverse 
effects to greatest extent practicable. Both alternatives would also 
result in long-term benefits to water quality and aquatic resources 
from increased oxygen through the aeration basin in the summer and 
reduced potential for TDG supersaturation in the late fall. Staff's 
recommended measures would improve Commission administration of the 
license and ensure timely identification of any needed corrective 
actions.

5.2 Comprehensive Development and Recommended Alternative

    Sections 4(e) and 10(a)(1) of the FPA require the Commission to 
give equal consideration to the power development purposes and to the 
purposes of energy conservation, the protection, mitigation of damage 
to, and enhancement of fish and wildlife, the protection of 
recreational opportunities, and the preservation of other aspects of 
environmental quality. Any license issued shall be such as in the 
Commission's judgment will be best adapted to a comprehensive plan for 
improving or developing a waterway or waterways for all beneficial 
public uses. This section contains the basis for, and a summary of, our 
recommendations for licensing the Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric 
Project. We weigh the costs and benefits of our recommended alternative 
against other proposed measures.
    Based on our independent review of agency and public comments filed 
on this project and our review of the environmental and economic 
effects of the proposed project and its alternatives, we selected the 
staff alternative as the preferred alternative. This alternative 
includes elements of the applicant's proposal, all of the section 4(e) 
conditions, most of the section 401 water quality certification 
conditions, most of the resource agency recommendations, and some 
additional measures.
    We recommend this alternative because: (1) The 4.7-MW project would 
save the equivalent amount of fossil-fueled generation and capacity, 
thereby helping to conserve non-renewable energy resources and reduce 
atmospheric pollution; (2) the recommended environmental measures 
proposed by the applicant, as modified by staff, would adequately 
protect and enhance environmental resources affected by the project; 
and (3) it includes all agency mandatory conditions. The overall 
benefits of the staff alternative would be worth the cost of the 
proposed and recommended environmental measures.
    In the following section, we make recommendations as to which 
environmental measures proposed by the applicant or recommended or 
required by agencies and other entities should be included in any 
license issued for the project. In addition to the applicant's proposed 
environmental measures, we recommend additional staff-recommended 
environmental measures to be included in any license issued for the 
project. We also discuss which measures we do not recommend including 
in the license.

Measures Proposed by the Applicant

    Based on our environmental analysis of the applicant's proposal 
discussed in section 3 and the costs discussed in section 4, we 
recommend including the following environmental measures proposed by 
the applicant in any license issued for the project.
    The applicant proposes the following environmental measures:
     Implement the ESCP filed with the license application to 
minimize soil erosion and dust, protect water quality, and minimize 
turbidity in the Beaverhead River;
     Implement the Instream Flow Release Plan filed with 
license application that includes provisions to temporarily pump flows 
around Reclamation's existing intake and outlet works to prevent 
interrupting Reclamation's flow releases into the Beaverhead River 
during installation of the proposed project's penstock;
     Maintain qualified compliance monitoring staff on site 24 
hours per day and 7 days per week during construction when flows are 
bypassing Reclamation's outlet works to ensure staff promptly responds 
to a pumping equipment failure or malfunction and ensure Reclamation's 
flow releases are maintained in the Beaverhead River downstream;
     Implement the CWQMP filed with the license application 
that includes monitoring and reporting water temperature, DO, total 
dissolved gas (TDG), and turbidity levels during construction;
     Implement the Revised DOEP filed with the license 
application that includes installing and operating an aeration basin to 
increase DO levels of water exiting the powerhouse and monitoring and 
reporting water temperature, DO, and TDG levels for a minimum of the 
first five years of project operation to ensure water quality does not 
degrade during project operation;
     Implement the Vegetation Management Plan filed with the 
license application that includes provisions for revegetating disturbed 
areas, wetland protection, and invasive weed control to be implemented 
before, during, and after construction;
     Conduct a pre-construction survey for raptor nests and 
schedule construction activities or establish a 0.5-mile construction 
buffer as appropriate to minimize disturbing nesting raptors;

[[Page 42446]]

     Design and construct the project transmission line in 
accordance with current avian protection guidelines, including 
installing flight diverters and perch deterrents;
     Implement the Visual Resources Management Plan filed with 
the license application that includes measures to design and select 
materials to minimize visual effects of the project;
     Post signs and public notice, limit construction hours, 
days, and locations, and stage construction traffic to reduce conflicts 
with recreational users and other motorists;
     Implement the Buffalo Bridge Fishing Access Road 
Management Plan filed with the license application, including 
provisions for flagging, traffic control devices, and public notice of 
construction activities to maintain traffic safety and minimize effects 
on fishing access;
     Install and maintain an interpretive sign near the dam 
that describes the concept and function of the hydroelectric project 
and how it affects the sport fisheries, including any measures taken to 
eliminate or reduce adverse effects;
     Use a single-pole design for the transmission line, along 
with materials and colors that reduce visibility and blend with the 
surroundings; and
     Implement the revised Historic Properties Management Plan 
(HPMP) filed February 9, 2016. Stop work if any unanticipated cultural 
materials or human remains are found.

Additional Measures Proposed by Staff

    Under the staff alternative, the project would include 
Reclamation's 4(e) conditions, the applicant's proposals, all of the 
section 401 water quality certification conditions except for condition 
11, and the following additional measures:
     Conduct TDG and DO compliance monitoring at all times 
during project operation;
     Conduct water temperature monitoring for the first five 
years of project operation and, after consultation with Montana DFWP, 
Montana DEQ, and FWS, file a proposal for Commission approval regarding 
the possible cessation of the temperature monitoring program;
     Install and maintain a pressure transducer and water level 
alarm in the Beaverhead River during construction when flows are being 
bypassed around Reclamation's existing intake and outlet works to alert 
compliance monitoring staff if water levels downstream of the dam are 
reduced;
     During project operation, notify Montana DFWP in addition 
to Reclamation in the event of an unplanned shutdown;
     Notify Montana DEQ and Montana DFWP within 24 hours of any 
deviation from water temperature, DO, TDG, or turbidity requirements 
during construction and operation and file a report with the Commission 
within 30 days describing the deviation, any adverse effects resulting 
from the deviation, the corrective actions taken, any proposed measures 
to avoid future deviations, and comments or correspondence, if any, 
received from the agencies;
     Document the results of the pre-construction raptor survey 
and the measures taken to avoid disturbing raptors by maintaining a 
record that includes nesting bird survey data, including the presence 
of migratory birds, eggs, and active nests, the qualifications of the 
biologist performing the survey, and any avoidance measures 
implemented;
     Construct the transmission line segments that cross the 
Horse Prairie and Medicine Lodge drainages outside of the greater sage-
grouse breeding season (March 1-April 15); and
     Revise the Historic Properties Management Plan (HPMP) in 
consultation with the Montana SHPO and Reclamation to include a 
Treatment Plan to resolve project effects on the Clark Canyon Dam and 
to clarify consultation procedures in the plan (see section 3.3.6). 
File the HPMP with the Commission for approval prior to construction.
    The following is a discussion of the basis for the additional 
staff-recommended measures that would have significant effects on 
project economics or environmental resources, as well as the basis for 
not recommending some measures proposed by agencies.

Construction Water Quality Monitoring and Reporting

    The applicant proposes in its CWQMP to provide Reclamation, Montana 
DEQ, Montana DFWP, and FWS annual water quality monitoring reports 
during construction. Because the applicant proposes to prepare 
monitoring reports on an annual basis, any deviations from state water 
quality criteria for turbidity, temperature, DO, and TDG that occur 
during construction would not be reported to the Commission until the 
annual report is submitted. The applicant's proposal does not 
sufficiently protect water quality in the short term. If water quality 
monitoring in the reservoir or in the Beaverhead River indicates that 
deviations from water quality criteria are occurring during project 
construction, the applicant should take immediate reasonable action to 
remediate the deviation, and should notify Montana DEQ and Montana DFWP 
within 24 hours of the deviation. This would give the agencies the 
opportunity to visit the site quickly, assess the effects of the 
deviation, and provide the applicant and the Commission with 
recommendations for ways to prevent future deviations from occurring. 
Thus, we also recommend that the applicant file a report with the 
Commission within 30 days of the deviation that describes: (a) The 
cause, severity, and duration of the incident; (b) any observed or 
reported adverse environmental impacts resulting from the incident; (c) 
operational data necessary to determine compliance; (d) a description 
of any corrective measures implemented at the time of the incident and 
the measures implemented or proposed to ensure that similar incidents 
do not recur; and (e) comments or correspondence, if any, received from 
interested parties regarding the incident.
    We estimate that these additional notification and reporting 
measures would have minimal costs and conclude that the compliance 
monitoring benefits as well as benefits to aquatic resources during 
project construction would justify the cost.

Post-Construction Monitoring and Reporting

Temperature Compliance Monitoring
    The applicant proposes to consult with Montana DEQ on whether to 
extend the water temperature monitoring program beyond the first 5 
years of operation. We recommend this measure but also recommend that 
the applicant consult with Montana DFWP and FWS and allow the agencies 
30 days to review the report before filing a proposal to modify the 
temperature monitoring requirements for Commission approval. Given 
their trust responsibilities, also consulting with Montana DFWP and FWS 
would allow them to weigh in on whether a sufficient record has been 
established to document the project's compliance with state water 
temperature criteria during project operation, and to determine if 
additional temperature monitoring is needed beyond the initial five-
year monitoring period. We estimate that this additional coordination 
and reporting measure would have minimal costs and conclude that the 
compliance monitoring and aquatic resource protection benefits would 
justify the minor costs.

[[Page 42447]]

Dissolved Oxygen and Total Dissolved Gas Compliance Monitoring
    We recommend that the applicant continue to monitor TDG and DO for 
the term of any license issued. Our analysis in section 3.3.2.2 
indicates that it would be necessary to monitor these parameters for 
the term of the license to ensure that adequate DO enhancement is 
occurring throughout the year as needed, that DO aeration equipment is 
functioning properly, and to track compliance with TDG and DO criteria. 
We estimate the annualized cost of this measure would be $1,530, and 
conclude that the compliance monitoring and aquatic resource protection 
benefits would justify its costs.
Reporting Deviations From Water Quality Criteria
    The applicant proposes to provide annual water quality monitoring 
reports for the first five years of project operation to Reclamation, 
Montana DFWP, Montana DEQ, and FWS within 60 days following each 
calendar year (i.e., by March 1) and includes a provision within its 
Revised DOEP to report deviations from water quality criteria to 
Reclamation, Montana DEQ, and Montana DFWP within 24 hours of the 
deviation. We recommend the applicant implement its proposed reporting 
provisions but also recommend that the applicant file a report with the 
Commission within 30 days of any deviation from water quality criteria 
that describes: (a) The cause, severity, and duration of the incident; 
(b) any observed or reported adverse environmental impacts resulting 
from the incident; (c) operational data necessary to determine 
compliance; (d) a description of any corrective measures implemented at 
the time of the incident and the measures implemented or proposed to 
ensure that similar incidents do not recur; and (e) comments or 
correspondence, if any, received from interested parties regarding the 
incident. Filing a report with the Commission would facilitate the 
Commission's administration of the license and ensure that corrective 
actions taken to protect water quality during operation are reported to 
the Commission in a timely manner.
    We estimate that these additional notification and reporting 
measures would have minimal costs and conclude that the compliance 
monitoring benefits as well as benefits to aquatic resources during 
project operation would justify the cost.

Flow Alarm

    During construction of the project's inlet works, use of 
Reclamation's intake and outlet works would not be available to release 
flows to the Beaverhead River. During that construction period, the 
applicant would pump flows from a barge over Reclamation's spillway to 
discharge into the river. We recommend that the applicant install and 
operate a minimum flow protection alarm system to alert compliance 
monitoring staff in the event of a pumping system failure and 
subsequent water level drop in the tailrace. Our analysis in section 
3.3.2.2 indicates that the alarm system would ensure that minimum flows 
are maintained and backup pumps are brought on-line as rapidly as 
possible in the event of a pumping system failure. We envision that the 
alarm system would include: (1) Installation of a pressure transducer 
at the proposed water quality monitoring station located approximately 
300 feet downstream of the dam; and (2) an alarm that would sound in 
the event that water levels measured by the transducer begin to drop. 
We estimate the annualized costs of this measure would be $160, and 
conclude the benefits of ensuring minimum instream flow releases and 
protecting fish resources when flows are being bypassed during 
construction would justify the cost.

Agency Notification of Unplanned Shutdowns

    We recommend that the applicant inform Montana DFWP in addition to 
Reclamation in the event of an unplanned shutdown or other operating 
emergency during project operation. We estimate this additional 
notification would have minimal costs and therefore recommend this 
measure as it would allow Montana DFWP to provide input on any 
corrective measures needed to protect aquatic resources during any 
unplanned shutdowns that occur during operation.

Cultural Resources

    To resolve adverse effects on the Clark Canyon Dam, we recommend 
that the HPMP be revised to include a Treatment Plan for the dam, as 
well as address other concerns raised by the SHPO and Reclamation 
regarding consultation procedures. The Treatment Plan and revised HPMP 
should be developed by the licensee in consultation with the SHPO and 
Reclamation, and filed with the Commission for approval within 90 days 
of license issuance and prior to construction. Because the Treatment 
Plan essentially replaces the proposed MOA, no additional cost is 
anticipated.

Measures Not Recommended by Staff

    Staff finds that some of the measures recommended by other 
interested parties would not contribute to the best comprehensive use 
of Clark Canyon reservoir and Beaverhead River water resources, do not 
exhibit a sufficient relationship to project environmental effects, or 
would not result in benefits to non-power resources that would be worth 
their cost. The following discusses the basis for staff's conclusion 
not to recommend such measures.
Water Efficiency Improvements, Conservation Planning, and Pollution 
Adaptive Management Plan
    Interior, Upper Missouri Waterkeeper, and Montana Trout Unlimited 
recommend that the applicant be required to: (1) Provide 4 percent of 
the project's gross revenue to fund independent technical studies of 
Beaverhead River Basin water efficiency improvements or water 
conservation measures; and (2) support implementation of the 2006 MOU 
between Reclamation and Montana DFWP for the Betterment of the 
Beaverhead River and Valley. In addition, Missouri Waterkeeper 
recommends the applicant be required to support ongoing agency studies 
evaluating turbidity and nutrient pollution events occurring in the 
watershed and participate in developing and implementing an adaptive 
management plan that addresses those concerns.
    Available information indicates that trout populations in the 
Beaverhead River are adversely affected by low flows that occur during 
the non-irrigation season, and that fish populations in Clark Canyon 
Reservoir are adversely affected by low reservoir levels during periods 
of drought. Funding water conservation measures could help alleviate 
some adverse conditions to fish that occur in Clark Canyon Reservoir 
and the Beaverhead River, particularly during drought conditions. Our 
analysis in section 3.3.2.2, however, indicates that operation of the 
project as proposed by the applicant would not cause any changes in the 
water levels of Clark Canyon Reservoir, the quantity of water released 
by Reclamation into the Beaverhead River for instream flows, or the 
quality of tributaries entering the reservoir or within the reservoir.
    Although we agree that providing funds or support for water 
efficiency improvements and participating in watershed management and 
conservation planning activities may provide some benefits to fisheries 
in

[[Page 42448]]

Clark Canyon Reservoir and the Beaverhead River through increased 
potential for enhanced water storage, instream flows, and water 
quality, we find that these measures bear no relationship to project 
effects or purposes.
    For these reasons we conclude that Interior's, Montana Trout 
Unlimited's, and Upper Missouri Waterkeeper's recommended measures 
would be inconsistent with the comprehensive planning standard of 
section 10(a)(1) of the FPA, and therefore would not be in the public 
interest.
Annual Meeting With Watershed Stakeholders
    Montana DEQ's condition 11 stipulates that the applicant hold an 
annual meeting with watershed stakeholders (i.e., state and federal 
agencies, non-governmental organizations, and any interested members of 
the public) to discuss water quality monitoring efforts associated with 
project operation. Our analysis in section 3.3.2.2 indicates that we do 
not expect project operation to result in frequent deviations from the 
state water quality standards. Instead, our analysis indicates that 
operating the project would improve water quality in the Beaverhead 
River downstream of the project by enhancing DO levels in the summer 
months and reducing the potential for TDG supersaturation in the summer 
and early fall compared to existing conditions. While an annual meeting 
would provide another mechanism to evaluate whether any changes are 
needed to achieve water quality standards during project operation, it 
is not needed because the applicants proposed annual reporting and 
staff's recommended notification procedures (notifying the agencies 
within 24 hours of a deviation) would be adequate to identify problems 
and any need for corrective actions. Although the costs of organizing 
and holding such meetings would be small ($1,000), the benefits would 
not be worth the cost. For these reasons, we do not recommend the 
annual meeting stipulated by Montana DEQ's condition 11.
Fish Entrainment, Impingement, and Mortality
    Interior and Montana Trout Unlimited recommend that the applicant 
evaluate the effects of the project on fish entrainment and 
impingement. The recommended entrainment evaluation may be useful at 
assessing the entrainment, impingement, and mortality rates of fish at 
the dam. However, we believe that sufficient information exists to 
evaluate the effects of the project on fish entrainment and mortality.
    Our analysis in section 3.3.2.2 found that operation of the 
proposed project would have no effect on the rate of fish entrainment 
from Clark Canyon Reservoir because the project would not alter the 
timing or volume of water withdrawals, and all water passing the dam 
would do so via the existing intake structure (and by the spillway 
during spill events), as it does under existing conditions. Further, 
our analysis suggests that the mortality rates of entrained fish under 
proposed project operation would be similar to existing conditions. 
During project operation fish would still be subject to high mortality 
levels when they are exposed to rapid depressurization as they exit the 
pressure conditions of the deep reservoir and enter the relatively 
shallow conditions in the tailrace of the dam; therefore, the proposed 
project would not substantially add to the losses of fish currently 
occurring at the existing outlet works at mortality rates approaching 
100 percent of entrained fishes. The continued high mortality through 
the dam would limit the potential that fish entrained from the 
reservoir contribute substantially to the fishery downstream of the 
reservoir, which consists of self-reproducing trout populations. For 
these reasons, collecting additional information on entrainment and 
mortality would have only minimal benefits to the fishery resource.
    We estimate that the annualized costs of the entrainment assessment 
would be $4,540, not including the additional costs of any future 
measures that could be implemented to reduce entrainment. We conclude 
that the potential benefits of the entrainment assessment would not 
justify the cost, and therefore would not be in the public interest.
Dam Infrastructure and Operation Evaluation
    Montana DFWP and Upper Missouri Waterkeeper recommend that the 
applicant evaluate the need for alterations to dam infrastructure or 
operations to minimize downstream turbidity effects resulting from 
entrainment of organic material or inorganic fine sediment from the 
reservoir into the project works. The recommended measure is non-
specific, and therefore, we are unable to evaluate the benefits and 
costs of the measure. Because the project would be operated run-of-
release, the project would not alter the depth of the reservoir intake, 
or the rate, volume, or velocity of water withdrawn from the reservoir, 
nor does the Commission have the authority to require changes to 
Reclamation's facilities or operations; therefore it is unclear what 
specific changes in dam infrastructure or operations would be available 
to the applicant to address Montana DFWP and Upper Missouri 
Waterkeeper's concerns.
    For these reasons, we do not recommend requiring Montana DFWP and 
Upper Missouri Waterkeeper's recommended evaluation.
Downstream Water Quality Compliance Monitoring
    The applicant proposes to continuously monitor TDG, DO and water 
temperature for at least the first five years of project operation. The 
applicant would monitor DO and temperature in a small chamber located 
upstream of proposed turbines (Site 1), at a site located in the 
proposed aeration basin (Site 2), and at a site located about 300 feet 
downstream of the project in the Beaverhead River (Site 3). The 
applicant would monitor TDG levels at Sites 2 and 3.
    Montana DFWP recommends that the applicant deploy probes at the 
cone valve and 100, 200, and 300 feet below the project, in addition to 
the sites proposed by the applicant, and to monitor water quality 
parameters at these sites for a minimum of three consecutive years. The 
additional probes would permit the applicant to determine the water 
quality dynamics within the mixing zone and potentially the best place 
to document compliance with DO and TDG levels over the long term.
    In addition, Upper Missouri Waterkeeper recommends that the 
applicant evaluate the need for additional monitoring downstream of the 
project during operation.
    Our analysis in section 3.3.2.2 indicates that although TDG and DO 
may change slightly within the mixing zone, the site recommended by the 
applicant is likely to be most representative of water quality 
conditions downstream of the project and would be sufficient to 
document compliance with water quality conditions. Given the 
anticipated small changes within so short a distance, there would be 
little benefit to downstream aquatic resources by conducting this 
additional monitoring.
    We estimate that the annualized costs of monitoring at these 
additional compliance sites would be $3,500 and conclude that the 
limited benefits of the additional downstream monitoring would not 
justify the cost.

[[Page 42449]]

Upstream Water Quality Monitoring
    Upper Missouri Waterkeeper recommends that the applicant evaluate 
the need for additional monitoring upstream of Clark Canyon Dam during 
project operation. The recommended measure is non-specific, and 
therefore, we are unable to determine the benefits and costs of the 
measure. The applicant already proposes to collect water temperature 
and DO concentrations levels of source reservoir water in order to 
monitor the need for DO enhancement downstream. Conducting monitoring 
at additional sites upstream would provide general information on water 
quality conditions within the Clark Canyon Reservoir above the intake 
or in tributaries feeding the reservoir. However, the project would not 
affect these upstream areas. Therefore, the recommended monitoring does 
not have sufficient nexus to the project effects and we do not 
recommend that additional upstream monitoring be included as a license 
requirement.
Compensatory Mitigation for Greater Sage-Grouse
    We recommend adopting Interior's recommendation to coordinate with 
BLM and Montana DNRC for the purposes of complying with federal and 
state greater sage-grouse plans; however, we do not recommend adopting 
Interior's recommendation to provide compensatory mitigation to offset 
any remaining impacts after application of avoidance and mitigation 
measures. We cannot evaluate the cost or benefits of compensatory 
mitigation requirements because the agencies have not defined those 
requirements. Regardless, compensatory mitigation would not be 
warranted because the applicant's and staff proposed measures 
adequately minimize potential adverse effects on greater sage grouse 
for several reasons.
    First, the applicant's proposal to prevent perching of predators on 
the transmission line, and the revegetation measures under the VMP, 
would deter increased predation and minimize habitat loss. Second, 
staff's recommended measure to construct the transmission line segments 
that cross the Horse Prairie and Medicine Lodge drainages outside of 
the greater sage-grouse breeding season (March 1-April 15) would reduce 
the risk of project-related disturbances on breeding greater sage-
grouse.
    The avoidance and mitigation measures recommended in the staff 
alternative would ensure that the project would have minimal effects on 
greater sage-grouse and would not affect the population.

5.3 Unavoidable Adverse Effects

    Land-disturbing activities associated with the proposed 
construction and operation of the project would require the removal of 
vegetation and disturbance of soil. These activities would disrupt the 
topsoil and result in some temporary erosion in the construction areas 
that would be largely controlled by implementation of the applicant's 
proposed ESCP and VMP.
    During the construction period there would be an unavoidable loss 
of habitat along the access road and transmission line right-of way. 
Bald eagles and ferruginous hawks may be displaced from foraging areas 
in the stilling basin and along the access road and transmission line 
ROW during the period of construction and for a short time afterward 
until vegetation becomes reestablished.
    Noise and dust from land-disturbing activities, other construction 
activities, and construction traffic would diminish the quality of the 
recreational experience in the vicinity of Clark Canyon Dam and the 
project site. Project construction traffic would conflict with 
recreational traffic. The transmission line would introduce a new 
structural feature within view of several nearby recreation sites and 
along five miles of Montana Highway 324 where no transmission line 
currently exists.
    Some long-term fish entrainment into project facilities and 
subsequent injury would occur similar to existing conditions.

5.4 Summary of Section 10(j) Recommendations and 4(e) Conditions

5.4.1 Recommendations of Fish and Wildlife Agencies

    Under the provisions of section 10(j) of the FPA, each 
hydroelectric license issued by the Commission shall include conditions 
based on recommendations provided by federal and state fish and 
wildlife agencies for the protection, mitigation, or enhancement of 
fish and wildlife resources affected by the project. In response to our 
Ready for Environmental Analysis notice, Interior, on behalf of FWS, 
submitted 10(j) recommendations for the project on March 17, 2016.
    Section 10(j) of the FPA states that whenever the Commission 
believes that any fish and wildlife agency recommendation is 
inconsistent with the purposes and the requirements of the FPA or other 
applicable law, the Commission and the agency shall attempt to resolve 
any such inconsistency, giving due weight to the recommendations, 
expertise, and statutory responsibilities of such agency. Table 7 lists 
Interior's recommendations filed pursuant to section 10(j) and 
indicates whether the recommendations are adopted under the staff 
alternative. Environmental recommendations that we consider outside the 
scope of section 10(j) have been considered under section 10(a) of the 
FPA and are addressed in the specific resource sections of this 
document.
    Of the 5 recommendations that we consider to be within the scope of 
section 10(j), we wholly include 3, include 1 in part, and do not 
include 1. We discuss the reasons for not including those 
recommendations in section 5.1, Comprehensive Development and 
Recommended Alternative. Table 7 indicates the basis for our 
preliminary determinations concerning measures that we consider 
inconsistent with section 10(j).

                                Table 7--Fish and Wildlife Agency Recommendations
                                                 [Source: Staff]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Within scope of      Levelized
         Recommendation                   Agency             section 10(j)      annual cost        Adopted?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Support water conservation     Interior..............  No. Not a specific              $0  Not adopted.
 strategies to improve                                     measure to                          Because the
 Beaverhead River instream flows.                          protect fish and                    measure is not
                                                           wildlife.                           related to
                                                                                               project effects,
                                                                                               we have no
                                                                                               justification for
                                                                                               recommending the
                                                                                               measure.

[[Page 42450]]

 
2. Fund studies of water          Interior..............  No. A funding              $37,000  Not adopted.
 efficiency improvements or                                commitment for                      Because the
 water conservation measures.                              these purposes is                   measure is not
                                                           not a specific                      related to
                                                           measure to                          project effects,
                                                           protect fish and                    we have no
                                                           wildlife.                           justification for
                                                           Additionally,                       recommending the
                                                           there is no                         measure.
                                                           relationship
                                                           between this
                                                           measure and
                                                           project effects--
                                                           project operation
                                                           would not affect
                                                           the quantity of
                                                           Beaverhead River
                                                           instream flow
                                                           releases or
                                                           reservoir levels.
3. Submit water quality           Interior..............  No. Not a specific           \a\ 0  Adopted.
 monitoring reports during                                 measure to
 construction and operation to                             protect fish and
 FWS.                                                      wildlife.
4. Assess impacts of entrainment  Interior..............  Yes...............          $4,540  Not adopted.\b\
 and impingement.                                                                              Benefits of
                                                                                               monitoring
                                                                                               program would not
                                                                                               justify the cost.
5. Coordinate (including          Interior..............  No. Not a specific         \c\ N/A  Adopted in part.
 sequential impact avoidance,                              fish and wildlife                   We recommend that
 minimization, reclamation, and                            mitigation                          the applicant
 compensation) with federal and                            measure.                            coordinate with
 state agencies on any                                                                         state and federal
 applicable compliance                                                                         resource agencies
 procedures and stipulations in                                                                for greater sage-
 greater-sage grouse recovery                                                                  grouse
 plans. Provide compensatory                                                                   conservation, but
 mitigation for any unavoidable                                                                we do not
 impacts.                                                                                      recommend a
                                                                                               requirement to
                                                                                               provide
                                                                                               compensatory
                                                                                               funds for
                                                                                               unavoidable
                                                                                               effects.
6(a). Construct power lines and   Interior..............  Yes...............          \d\ $0  Adopted.
 substation in accordance with
 APLIC standards, including
 installing visual markers on
 the wires.
6(b). To the extent practicable,  Interior..............  Yes...............          \d\ $0  Adopted.
 schedule construction to avoid
 nesting season for raptors
 (including ferruginous hawk)
 and other birds, and establish
 a 0.5-mile no-construction
 buffer around raptor nests.
If field surveys are conducted    Interior..............  Yes...............          \d\ $0  Adopted.
 to avoid take during
 construction, maintain nesting
 bird survey data, including the
 presence of migratory birds,
 eggs, and active nests, as well
 as information regarding the
 qualifications of the biologist
 performing the survey, and any
 avoidance measures implemented.
7. Apply temporary seasonal       Interior..............  Yes...............              $0  Adopted.
 disturbance restrictions
 (February 1-August 15) and 0.5-
 mile buffer for any bald eagle
 nest that occur within 0.5-mile
 of the project.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\c\ Cost included in implementing the applicant's CWQMP and Revised DOEP.
\b\ Preliminary findings that recommendations found to be within the scope of section 10(j) are inconsistent
  with the comprehensive planning standard of section 10(a) of the FPA, including the equal consideration
  provision of section 4(e) of the FPA, are based on staff's determination that the costs of the measures
  outweigh the expected benefits.
\c\ Cost unavailable as it includes unidentified compensatory mitigation for effects after avoidance and
  mitigation efforts have been applied. Therefore, costs and measures are unknown.
\c\ Cost included in applicant's construction design.

5.4.2 Land Management Agency's Section 4(e) Conditions

    Of Reclamation's 9 preliminary conditions, we consider 8 
(conditions 1 through 3 and conditions 5 through 9) to be 
administrative or legal in nature and not specific environmental 
measures. We therefore do not analyze these conditions in this EA. 
Condition 4 requires the applicant to revegetate all newly disturbed 
land areas with plant species indigenous to the area within 6 months of 
the completion of the project's construction. All of

[[Page 42451]]

Reclamation's section 4(e) conditions are included in the staff 
alternative.

5.5 Consistency With Comprehensive Plans

    Section 10(a)(2)(A) of the FPA, 16 U.S.C.Sec.  803(a)(2)(A), 
requires the Commission to consider the extent to which a project is 
consistent with federal or state comprehensive plans for improving, 
developing, or conserving a waterway or waterways affected by the 
project. We reviewed nine comprehensive plans that are applicable to 
the Clark Canyon Dam Project, located in Montana.\27\ No 
inconsistencies were found.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ (1) Montana DEQ. 2004. Montana water quality integrated 
report for Montana (305(b)/303(d)). Helena, Montana; (2) Montana 
DEQ. 2001. Montana non-point source management plan. Helena, 
Montana; (3) Montana DEQ. Montana's State water plan: 1987-1999. 
Part I: Background and Evaluation. Part II: Plan Sections 
Agricultural Water Use Efficiency; Instream Flow Protection; Federal 
Hydropower Licensing and State Water Rights; Water Information 
System; Water Storage; Drought Management; Integrated Water Quality 
and Quantity Management; and Montana Groundwater Plan. Helena, 
Montana; (4) Montana DFWP. 2003. Montana Statewide Comprehensive 
Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP), 2003-2007; (5) Montana DFWP. 1993. 
Water rights filings under S.B.76. Helena, Montana; (6) Montana 
State Legislature. 1997. House Bill Number 546. Total Maximum Daily 
Load. Helena, Montana; (7) National Park Service. 1982. The 
nationwide rivers inventory. Department of the Interior, Washington, 
DC; (8) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Canadian Wildlife Service. 
1986. North American waterfowl management plan. Department of the 
Interior. Environment Canada; and (9) U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service. Undated. Fisheries USA: the recreational fisheries policy 
of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6.0 FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT

    On the basis of our independent analysis, we conclude that approval 
of the proposed action, with our recommended measures, would not 
constitute a major federal action significantly affecting the quality 
of the human environment. Preparation of an environmental impact 
statement is not required.

7.0 LITERATURE CITED

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collisions with power lines: The state of the art in 2012. Edison 
Electric Institute and APLIC. Washington, DC. October 2012.
___. 2006. Suggested practices for avian protection on power lines: 
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the California Energy Commission. Washington, DC, and Sacramento, 
CA.
Balance Environmental. 2011. Ute Ladies'-Tresses (Spiranthes 
diluvialis) survey report for the Clark Canyon transmission 
corridor.
Bartholomew, M.J., and S.E. Lewis, G.S. Russell, M.C. Stickney, E.M. 
Wilde, and S.A. Kish. 1999. Late Quaternary history of Beaverhead 
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Eastern Idaho. S.S. Hughes and G.C. Thackray (eds.). Idaho Museum of 
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Beeman, J.W., D.A. Venditti, R.G. Morris, D.M. Gadomski, B.J. Adams, 
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Braun, C.E., O.O. Oedekoven, and C.L. Alderidge. 2002. ``Oil and gas 
development in western North America: Effects on sagebrush steppe 
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the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 67:337-
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BLM (Bureau of Land Management). 2005. Proposed Dillon resource 
management plan and final environmental impact statement. Available 
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2005.
CH2M HILL. 2007. Henry M. Jackson Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. 
2157) relicensing study plan no. 4: Potential for resident trout 
entrainment in Spada Lake, Washington, Phase I. Prepared for Public 
Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish County and City of Everett, 
Washington. Prepared by CH2M HILL, Bellevue, WA. December 2007.
Call, M.W. 1978. Nesting habitats and surveying techniques for 
common western raptors. USDI Bureau of Land Management Technical 
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assessment for the ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis) in Wyoming. U.S. 
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January 2005.
Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC. 2016. Clark Canyon response to comments 
submitted regarding FERC's Ready for Environmental Analysis for the 
Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project under P-14677.
___. 2016a. Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 14677, 
amendment to historic properties management plan. March 2016.
___. 2016a. Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 14677, 
revised historic properties management plan. February 2016.
___. 2016b. Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 14677, 
AIR Item 2, and revised Visual Resources Management Plan under P-
14677. February 2016.
___. 2015. Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 14677, 
AIR response part 1. December 2015.
___. 2015a. Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 14677, 
final license application. November 2015.
___. 2006. Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 12429, 
final license application, stage 3 consultation document. July 2006.
Connelly, J.W., K.P. Reese, and M.A. Schroeder. 2003. Monitoring of 
Greater sage-grouse habitats and populations. State Bulletin 80. 
College of Natural Resources Experiment Station, University of 
Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.
Dvorak, R., N. Nickerson, and J. Wilton. 2004. 2003-04 Clark Canyon 
recreation survey. Research Report 2004-6. Available at http://www.itrr.umt.edu/research/ClarkCanyon2004.pdf. Accessed on February 
8, 2009. Prepared for U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Prepared by The 
University of Montana, College of Forestry and Conservation, 
Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research, Missoula, MT. May 
2004.
Ellis, K.L. 1984. ``Behavior of lekking sage-grouse in response to a 
perched golden eagle.'' Western Birds 15:37-38.
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listed waters for reporting year 2006 Web page. Available at: http://iaspub.epa.gov/waters10/attains_impaired_waters.impaired_waters_list?p_state=MT&p_cycle=2006.
 Accessed on December 22, 2008. U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency.
EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute. 2002. Maintaining and 
monitoring dissolved oxygen at hydroelectric projects: Status 
report. Prepared by Alden Research Laboratory, Inc., Holden, MA. 194 
pp.
___ 1997. Guidelines for hydro turbine fish entrainment and survival 
studies. EPRI Report TR-107299. Prepared by Alden Research 
Laboratory, Inc., Holden, MA.
___ 1992. Fish entrainment and turbine mortality review and 
guidelines. EPRI TR-101231. Electric Power Research Institute.
___ 1990. Assessment and guide for meeting dissolved oxygen water 
quality standards for hydroelectric plant discharges. EPRI GS-7001. 
Prepared by Aquatic Systems Engineering, Wellsboro, PA.
Environmental Resource Management (ERM). 2015. Clark Canyon Hydro, 
LLC draft vegetation management plan. In Clark Canyon Dam 
Hydroelectric Project final license application. Portland, Oregon. 
November 2015.
Falter, C.M. and D.H. Bennett. 1987. Overview of dissolved gas 
supersaturation and effects at Clark Canyon Dam. Department of Fish 
and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho (unpublished report). 
(Not seen, as cited in Clark Canyon Hydro, LLC, 2006).
FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission). 2009. Environmental 
Assessment for the Clark Canyon Dam Hydroelectric Project P-12429. 
April 2009.
___. 1995. Preliminary assessment of fish entrainment at hydropower 
projects; a

[[Page 42452]]

report on studies and protective measures. Volume 1. Federal Energy 
Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC.
Flynn, K. 2015. Clark Canyon reservoir turbidity: Summary of DEQ 
efforts. Powerpoint presentation. Montana DEQ. Available online at: 
http://www.uppermissouriwaterkeeper.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Upper-Beaverhead-DEQ-Oct-2015.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2016.
Foust, J.M, J. Etter, and R.K. Fisher. 2008. Predicting Dissolved 
Oxygen and Nitrogen Uptake During Turbine Aeration. Proceedings of 
Hydrovision 2008. Paper No. 187.
FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2015. Historic Conservation 
Campaign Protects Greater Sage-Grouse. Press release dated September 
22, 2015. Available at: https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/historic-conservation-campaign-protects-greater-sage-grouse. Accessed on 
March 29, 2016.
___. 2013. Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) 
Conservation Objectives: Final Report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service, Denver, CO. February, 2013.
___. 2005. Recovery Outline: Contiguous United States Distinct 
Population Segment of the Canada lynx. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service. Montana Field Office, Helena, Montana. September 14, 2005.
___. 1993. Grizzly bear recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service, Missoula, MT. 181 pp. Montana DEQ (Montana Department of 
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8.0 LIST OF PREPARERS

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

Kelly Wolcott--Project Coordinator, Terrestrial Resources and 
Threatened and Endangered Species (Environmental Biologist; M.S., 
Natural Resources)
Mike Tust--Aquatic Resources (Fishery Biologist; M.A., B.A, Marine 
Affairs and Policy)
Ken Wilcox--Cultural Resources, Recreation, Land Use, and Aesthetics 
(Outdoor Recreation Planner; B.S., Environmental Policy and 
Management)
Kim Nguyen--Geology and Soils, Developmental Analysis (Civil 
Engineer; B.S., Civil Engineering)
Frank Winchell--Cultural Resources (Archaeologist; Ph.D., M.A., 
B.S., Anthropology)

[FR Doc. 2016-15343 Filed 6-28-16; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6717-01-P


