[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 209 (Monday, October 29, 2018)]
[Notices]
[Pages 54356-54359]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-23523]


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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Food and Drug Administration

[Docket No. FDA-2018-N-0821]


Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for Office 
of Management and Budget Review; Comment Request; Investigation of 
Consumer Perceptions of Expressed Modified Risk Claims

AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.

ACTION: Notice.

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SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA, Agency, or we) is 
announcing that a proposed collection of information has been submitted 
to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and clearance 
under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995.

DATES: Fax written comments on the collection of information by 
November 28, 2018.

ADDRESSES: To ensure that comments on the information collection are 
received, OMB recommends that written comments be faxed to the Office 
of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, Attn: FDA Desk Officer, 
Fax: 202-395-7285, or emailed to [email protected]. All 
comments should be identified with the OMB control number 0910-NEW and 
title ``Investigation of Consumer Perceptions of Expressed Modified 
Risk Claims.'' Also include the FDA docket number found in brackets in 
the heading of this document.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Amber Sanford, Office of Operations, 
Food and Drug Administration, Three White Flint North, 10A-12M, 11601 
Landsdown St., North Bethesda, MD 20852, 301-796-8867, 
[email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In compliance with 44 U.S.C. 3507, FDA has 
submitted the following proposed collection of information to OMB for 
review and clearance.

Investigation of Consumer Perceptions of Expressed Modified Risk Claims

OMB Control Number 0910--NEW

I. Background

    FDA's Center for Tobacco Products proposes to conduct a study to 
develop generalizable scientific knowledge to help inform its 
implementation of section 911 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic 
Act (FD&C Act) (21 U.S.C. 387k), wherein FDA will be evaluating 
information submitted to the Agency about how consumers understand and 
perceive modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs). Section 911 of the 
FD&C Act authorizes FDA to grant orders to persons to allow the 
marketing of MRTPs. The term ``modified risk tobacco product'' means 
any tobacco product that is sold or distributed for use to reduce harm 
or the risk of tobacco-related disease associated with commercially 
marketed tobacco products. FDA can issue a risk modification order 
under section 911(g)(1) of the FD&C Act authorizing the marketing of an 
MRTP only if the Agency determines that the product, as it is used by 
consumers, will significantly reduce harm and the risk of tobacco-
related disease to individual tobacco users and benefit the health of 
the population as a whole, taking into account both users of tobacco 
products and persons who do not currently use tobacco products (section 
911(g)(1) of the FD&C Act). Alternatively, with respect to tobacco 
products that may not be commercially marketed under section 911(g)(1) 
of the FD&C Act, FDA may issue an exposure modification order under 
section 911(g)(2) of the FD&C Act authorizing the marketing of an MRTP 
if the Agency determines that the standard in section 911(g)(2) of the 
FD&C Act is met, including, among other requirements, that: Any aspect 
of the label, labeling, or advertising that would cause the product to 
be an MRTP

[[Page 54357]]

is limited to an explicit or implicit representation that the tobacco 
product or its smoke does not contain or is free of a substance or 
contains a reduced level of a substance, or presents a reduced exposure 
to a substance in tobacco smoke; the order would be appropriate to 
promote the public health; the issuance of the order is expected to 
benefit the population as a whole, taking into account both users and 
nonusers of tobacco products; and the existing evidence demonstrates 
that a measurable and substantial reduction in morbidity and mortality 
among individual tobacco users is reasonably likely to be shown in 
subsequent studies (section 911(g)(2) of the FD&C Act). In addition, 
section 911 of the FD&C Act requires that any advertising or labeling 
concerning modified risk products enable the public to comprehend the 
information concerning modified risk and to understand the relative 
significance of such information in the context of total health and in 
relation to all the diseases and health-related conditions associated 
with the use of tobacco products (section 911(h)(1) of the FD&C Act). 
The proposed research will inform the Agency's efforts to implement the 
provisions of the FD&C Act related to MRTPs.
    FDA proposes conducting a study to assist in determining 
appropriate methods for gathering information about how consumers 
perceive and understand modified risk information. The study would 
develop and validate measures of consumer perceptions of health risk 
from using tobacco products. Moreover, the study would test how 
participants' responses on these measures are affected by viewing 
modified risk labeling or advertising, participants' characteristics 
such as prior beliefs about the harmfulness of tobacco products, 
current use of tobacco products, and sociodemographic characteristics. 
Finally, the study would examine factors that may influence the 
effectiveness of debriefing at the end of a consumer perception study 
to ensure that people read and recall key information about the study. 
This research is significant because it will validate methods that can 
be used in studies of the impact of labels, labeling, and advertising 
on consumer perceptions and understanding of the risks of product use.
    Measures of consumer health risk perception will be developed and 
validated by conducting a study on two product types: Moist snuff 
smokeless tobacco products and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) 
products. For each product type, we will assess individual-level 
factors that may moderate the impact of modified risk information on 
consumer responses. Potential moderating factors under study include: 
Beliefs (prior to viewing the modified risk information) about the 
harmfulness of tobacco products, and the strength with which those 
beliefs are held; current tobacco use behaviors; and sociodemographic 
characteristics including age and educational attainment. For each 
product type, participants will be randomized to view one of two 
conditions: Tobacco product labeling and advertising that either does 
or does not contain modified risk claims about a product. The labeling 
will consist of a product package. The advertising will consist of a 
print advertisement. The study will assess participants' perceptions of 
various health risks from using the product, as well as their 
perceptions of health risk from using the product compared to smoking 
cigarettes, using nicotine replacement therapies, and quitting all 
tobacco and nicotine products. The study will also assess participants' 
intentions to use the product and their level of doubt about whether 
tobacco products are harmful to users' health. Measures of intentions 
and doubt will be used to help assess the validity of the measures of 
health risk perception.
    In the Federal Register of May 21, 2018 (83 FR 23464), FDA 
published a 60-day notice requesting public comment on the proposed 
collection of information. FDA received four comments that were PRA 
related. Within those submissions, FDA received multiple comments which 
the Agency has addressed.
    (Comment) Three of the comments were supportive of the usefulness 
and importance of the proposed data collection. These comments stated 
that validated measures of consumers' health risk perceptions could be 
useful for FDA, researchers in the field, and industry--in particular, 
sponsors of modified risk tobacco product applications (MRTPAs). One of 
these comments expressed hope that the proposed study would be part of 
a more general effort by FDA to establish methods and standards for 
evaluating other aspects of MRTPAs.
    (Response) FDA agrees with these comments to the extent they relate 
to this study.
    (Comment) One of the comments was unsupportive of the proposed data 
collection, stating that it should not be undertaken for two reasons. 
The comment stated that the data are unneeded because U.S. consumers 
already understand the negative health effects of tobacco use and will 
not use a tobacco product if they are concerned about their health.
    (Response) The proposed data collection focuses on consumer 
perceptions of modified risk tobacco products, which are products that 
are sold or distributed for use to reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-
related diseases associated with commercially marketed tobacco 
products.
    (Comment) A comment stated that the proposed data collection should 
not be undertaken because it would waste taxpayers' money.
    (Response) FDA believes this study will provide information 
important to its implementation of The Family Smoking Prevention and 
Tobacco Control Act. FDA also notes that the study is not funded by 
taxpayers' money, but rather by industry user fees paid by regulated 
tobacco companies.
    (Comment) One comment suggested that the proposed data collection 
should be guided by a theoretical approach.
    (Response) The main objective of the data collection--developing 
and validating measures of consumer perceptions of tobacco health 
risks--is intentionally atheoretical. We intend for this aspect of the 
research to be data-driven rather than theory-driven. To accomplish 
this, we have created a large pool of risk perception items by 
aggregating items from all of the multi-item measures we could find in 
the published tobacco literature, putting them into the main categories 
of tobacco health effects that have been identified in prior health 
reviews, changing the wording of the items to put them in a common 
format, eliminating redundant or poorly worded items by consulting 
expert colleagues in medicine, epidemiology, and social science, and 
adding items to fill remaining gaps in terms of the main categories of 
tobacco health effects. When analyzing data from this proposed data 
collection, we plan to use factor analysis to identify the main 
dimensions underlying how U.S. consumers perceive tobacco product 
risks. Thus, overall, the goal of the proposed measurement development 
research is to comprehensively assess risk perceptions without 
overlaying our own preconceptions about how people may perceive these 
risks.
    (Comment) One comment stated that the findings from our proposed 
analyses of moderation effects--in particular, the moderating effects 
of prior beliefs and the certainty with which those beliefs are held--
should be considered exploratory, given that these effects are not well 
established in prior literature. Relatedly, another comment pointed out 
that the findings from these moderation

[[Page 54358]]

analyses may only apply to moist snuff smokeless tobacco and e-
cigarette products, given that these are the product types under study 
in this proposed data collection.
    (Response) FDA agrees that the findings of these analyses will be 
novel in the tobacco literature, and we plan to encourage others to 
replicate and extend our findings. However, we also note that the 
measures used in this part of the study were adapted from measures 
developed and used previously in the attitude certainty literature, and 
the hypotheses about the potential moderating effects of belief 
certainty were developed based on prior studies of attitude certainty 
(Refs. 1 and 2). Thus, there is related literature that will help us 
interpret our findings on this topic.
    (Comment) A comment encouraged FDA to consider how to account for 
participants' prior beliefs when the tobacco product under study has 
not been previously marketed in the United States and is therefore 
unknown to U.S. consumers.
    (Response) Our hypothesis would be that consumers may tend to be 
less certain about their beliefs about such unknown products, and 
therefore their beliefs about such products may be more susceptible to 
influence by modified risk information--but this is a hypothesis that 
has not been empirically tested. We agree that our findings from the 
proposed analyses of the moderating effects of prior beliefs will 
benefit from replication and extension by others.
    (Comment) One comment suggested that we should consider making four 
changes to the proposed data collection methodology. First, this 
comment suggested modifying the study design to change it from a 
between-subjects design (i.e., in which participants are randomized to 
conditions and complete a posttest) to a mixed factorial design (i.e., 
in which participants complete a pretest, are randomized to conditions, 
and then complete a posttest). The comment stated that this modified 
design, described as a pretest-posttest-control-group design, would 
allow us to control for pretest scores, which would ``explicitly 
minimize the potential threat to internal validity, namely, selection 
bias.''
    (Response) There are advantages and disadvantages to this 
alternative design type. Whereas the pretest-posttest-control-group 
design may help determine whether there is anything unusual about the 
sample that would reduce its representativeness of the target 
population (i.e., caused by biased selection), using this design would 
require participants to respond to the key measures twice within a 
short period of time. This would significantly lengthen the study, 
which is currently estimated to take approximately 20 minutes, and may 
influence how participants respond on the posttest (e.g., because of 
boredom or frustration with repetitive items, testing effects, or 
demand characteristics). Instead, we propose to use the original, 
between-subjects design and to conduct analyses to examine the 
sociodemographic and other characteristics of the sample to understand 
its representativeness of the U.S. population and to test the success 
of the randomization procedure.
    (Comment) A comment suggested that we should consider using a newly 
developed measure of participants' intentions to use tobacco products 
rather than the currently proposed intention items. The comment noted 
that the currently proposed items are based on prior research but 
stated that the new measure was developed and validated following 
procedures in FDA's (2009) guidance on patient-reported outcome 
measures.
    (Response) We appreciate this comment and support the continued 
development and validation of intention measures. However, at this 
time, we cannot use this newly developed measure because the research 
supporting its use has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed 
journal.
    (Comment) A comment suggested that this proposed data collection 
should assess many more of participants' pre-existing beliefs and 
attitudes. As examples, the comment suggested assessing participants' 
skepticism and perceived truthfulness of modified risk claims, stating 
that this would allow us to more fully capture the key constructs that 
explain why some people are more likely than others to recall and 
comprehend the claims.
    (Response) As with the recommendations above, we appreciate this 
suggestion but propose not to assess these additional constructs in 
this data collection because of concerns about participant burden. The 
proposed data collection is not intended to comprehensively assess 
influences on consumer responses to modified risk claims. Rather, it is 
intended to achieve several specific goals such as developing measures 
and testing novel potential moderators of the effects of modified risk 
information. The constructs proposed in this comment have been studied 
in prior research, as have additional constructs such as brand loyalty 
(November 19, 2014 (79 FR 68888)). Assessing such constructs may be 
informative but is not required to achieve the goals of the current 
proposed data collection.
    (Comment) To assist with this project's measurement validation 
aims, this comment recommended that the study should collect two types 
of evidence discussed in an FDA guidance on patient-reported outcome 
measures (FDA, 2009): Evidence of the measures' content validity, such 
as open-ended input from appropriate populations, and evidence of 
reliability, other aspects of validity, and sensitivity to detect 
change.
    (Response) The proposed data collection is consistent with both 
these recommendations. As described above, to achieve content validity, 
we developed our initial pool of items to be as comprehensive as 
possible, consulting multi-item measures used previously in the tobacco 
literature, literature on the objective health effects of tobacco use, 
and expert colleagues. Additionally, we cognitively tested our pool of 
items in individual, qualitative interviews with tobacco users and non-
users to evaluate their understanding of the items and beliefs about 
product risks. These interviews included open-ended questions, as 
recommended. Moreover, the proposed data collection is designed to test 
the performance of our measures on the criteria discussed in the 
comment, including internal consistency reliability, other aspects of 
validity (e.g., known groups, convergent, and discriminant validity), 
and sensitivity to detect changes (i.e., based on responsiveness to 
viewing advertisements with vs. without modified risk information). 
Other performance measures such as test-retest reliability must await 
further study.
    (Comment) Lastly, one comment requested that we clarify how the 
proposed data collection will assist in measuring consumers' 
understanding of modified risk information, in addition to their 
perceptions of health risk.
    (Response) In our conceptualization, risk perceptions are a 
component of consumer understanding, which also includes other 
components. The goal of the present study is to develop and validate 
measures of understanding insofar as this construct includes people's 
perceptions of absolute and relative health risks of using tobacco 
products.
    FDA estimates the burden of this collection of information as 
follows:

[[Page 54359]]



                                                     Table 1--Estimated Annual Reporting Burden \1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Number of
                 Activity                      Number of     responses per   Total annual           Average  burden per  response           Total hours
                                              respondents     respondent       responses
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Invitation: Young Adults (Ages 18-25).....          29,000               1          29,000  0.02 (1 minute).............................             580
Invitation: Adults (Ages 26+).............          29,000               1          29,000  0.02 (1 minute).............................             580
Consent and Screener: Young Adults (Ages            11,000               1          11,000  0.10 (6 minutes)............................           1,100
 18-25).
Consent and Screener: Adults (Ages 26+)...          16,500               1          16,500  0.10 (6 minutes)............................           1,650
Study: Young Adults (Ages 18-25)..........           3,300               1           3,300  0.33 (20 minutes)...........................           1,089
                                           -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Study: Adults (Ages 26+)..................           3,300               1           3,300  0.33 (20 minutes)...........................           1,089
    Total.................................  ..............  ..............  ..............  ............................................           6,088
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ There are no capital costs or operating and maintenance costs associated with this collection of information.

    FDA's burden estimate is based on prior experience with research 
that is similar to this proposed study. Approximately 58,000 people 
will receive a study invitation, estimated to take 1 minute to read 
(approximately 0.02 hour), for a total of 1,160 hours for invitations. 
Approximately 27,500 people will complete the informed consent and 
screener to determine eligibility for participation in the study, 
estimated to take 6 minutes (0.10 hour), for a total of 2,750 hours for 
informed consent and screening activities. Approximately 6,600 people 
will complete the full study, estimated to take 20 minutes 
(approximately 0.33 hour), for a total of 2,178 hours for study 
completion activities. The estimated total hour burden of the 
collection of information is 6,088 hours.

II. References

    The following references marked with an asterisk (*) are on display 
at the Dockets Management Staff (HFA-305), Food and Drug 
Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852) and 
are available for viewing by interested persons between 9 a.m. and 4 
p.m., Monday through Friday; they also are available electronically at 
https://www.regulations.gov. References without asterisks are not on 
public display at https://www.regulations.gov because they have 
copyright restriction. Some may be available at the website address, if 
listed. References without asterisks are available for viewing only at 
the Dockets Management Staff. FDA has verified the website addresses, 
as of the date this document publishes in the Federal Register, but 
websites are subject to change over time.

1. Tormala, Z.L. and D.D. Rucker, ``Attitude Certainty: A Review of 
Past Findings and Emerging Perspectives.'' Social and Personality 
Psychology Compass, 1:469-492, 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1751-
9004.2007.00025.x.
2. Tormala, Z.L. and D.D. Rucker, ``Attitude Certainty: Antecedents, 
Consequences, and New Directions.'' Consumer Psychology Review, 
1:72-89, 2018. doi:10.1002/arcp.1004.*


    Dated: October 23, 2018.
Leslie Kux,
Associate Commissioner for Policy.
[FR Doc. 2018-23523 Filed 10-26-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4164-01-P


