
[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 52 (Monday, March 20, 2017)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 14319-14324]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2017-05526]



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 Rules and Regulations
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  Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 52 / Monday, March 20, 2017 / Rules 
and Regulations  

[[Page 14319]]



DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Food and Drug Administration

21 CFR Parts 201, 801 and 1100

[Docket No. FDA-2015-N-2002]
RIN 0910-AH19


Clarification of When Products Made or Derived From Tobacco Are 
Regulated as Drugs, Devices, or Combination Products; Amendments to 
Regulations Regarding ``Intended Uses''; Further Delayed Effective 
Date; Request for Comments

AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.

ACTION: Final rule; further delay of effective date; request for 
comments.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or we) is further 
delaying the effective date of a final rule published in the Federal 
Register of January 9, 2017. In the Federal Register of February 7, 
2017, we delayed until March 21, 2017, the effective date of the final 
rule. This action further delays the effective date of the rule until 
March 19, 2018. FDA has received a petition from affected parties which 
raises questions about the amendments to the regulations regarding 
``intended uses'' and requests that FDA reconsider these amendments. 
FDA is further delaying the effective date to invite public comment on 
the important substantive issues raised by the petition and to allow 
additional time to fully evaluate these issues and any other issues 
raised in response to this request for comments. FDA is seeking input 
on some specific questions, and is also interested in any other 
pertinent information or comments stakeholders would like to provide 
regarding any aspect of the final rule, or with respect to issues 
relating to ``intended uses'' generally.

DATES: Effective date: The effective date for the rule amending 21 CFR 
chapter 1 published at 82 FR 2193 on January 9, 2017, delayed at 82 FR 
9501 on February 7, 2017, is further delayed until March 19, 2018.
    Comment date: Submit either electronic or written comments by May 
19, 2017. For additional information on the comment date, see section 
III in SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments as follows:

Electronic Submissions

    Submit electronic comments in the following way:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments. Comments submitted 
electronically, including attachments, to https://www.regulations.gov 
will be posted to the docket unchanged. Because your comment will be 
made public, you are solely responsible for ensuring that your comment 
does not include any confidential information that you or a third party 
may not wish to be posted, such as medical information, your or anyone 
else's Social Security number, or confidential business information, 
such as a manufacturing process. Please note that if you include your 
name, contact information, or other information that identifies you in 
the body of your comments, that information will be posted on https://www.regulations.gov.
     If you want to submit a comment with confidential 
information that you do not wish to be made available to the public, 
submit the comment as a written/paper submission and in the manner 
detailed (see ``Written/Paper Submissions'' and ``Instructions'').

Written/Paper Submissions

    Submit written/paper submissions as follows:
     Mail/Hand delivery/Courier (for written/paper 
submissions): Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug 
Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852.
     For written/paper comments submitted to the Division of 
Dockets Management, FDA will post your comment, as well as any 
attachments, except for information submitted, marked and identified, 
as confidential, if submitted as detailed in ``Instructions.''
    Instructions: All submissions received must include the Docket No. 
FDA-2015-N-2002 for ``Clarification of When Products Made or Derived 
From Tobacco Are Regulated as Drugs, Devices, or Combination Products; 
Amendments to Regulations Regarding `Intended Uses'; Delayed Effective 
Date; Request for Comments.'' Received comments, those filed in a 
timely manner (see DATES), will be placed in the docket and, except for 
those submitted as ``Confidential Submissions,'' publicly viewable at 
https://www.regulations.gov or at the Division of Dockets Management 
between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday.
     Confidential Submissions--To submit a comment with 
confidential information that you do not wish to be made publicly 
available, submit your comments only as a written/paper submission. You 
should submit two copies total. One copy will include the information 
you claim to be confidential with a heading or cover note that states 
``THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION.'' The Agency will 
review this copy, including the claimed confidential information, in 
its consideration of comments. The second copy, which will have the 
claimed confidential information redacted/blacked out, will be 
available for public viewing and posted on https://www.regulations.gov. 
Submit both copies to the Division of Dockets Management. If you do not 
wish your name and contact information to be made publicly available, 
you can provide this information on the cover sheet and not in the body 
of your comments and you must identify this information as 
``confidential.'' Any information marked as ``confidential'' will not 
be disclosed except in accordance with 21 CFR 10.20 and other 
applicable disclosure law. For more information about FDA's posting of 
comments to public dockets, see 80 FR 56469, September 18, 2015, or 
access the information at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-09-18/pdf/2015-23389.pdf.
    Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or 
the electronic and written/paper comments received, go to https://www.regulations.gov and insert the docket number, found in brackets in 
the heading of this document, into the

[[Page 14320]]

``Search'' box and follow the prompts and/or go to the Division of 
Dockets Management, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Robert Berlin, Office of Policy, Food 
and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 32, Rm. 4238, 
Silver Spring, MD 20993, 301-796-8828.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background

    In the Federal Register of September 25, 2015 (80 FR 57756), FDA 
issued a proposed rule entitled ``Clarification of When Products Made 
or Derived From Tobacco Are Regulated as Drugs, Devices, or Combination 
Products; Amendments to Regulations Regarding `Intended Uses.' '' This 
notice of proposed rulemaking proposed a new regulation (proposed 21 
CFR 1100.5) to describe the circumstances in which a product made or 
derived from tobacco that is intended for human consumption will be 
subject to regulation as a drug, device, or a combination product under 
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act). The proposed 
rule also proposed certain changes to FDA's existing regulations 
describing the types of evidence that may be considered in determining 
a medical product's intended uses (see 21 CFR 201.128 (drugs) and 21 
CFR 801.4 (devices)). These amendments were intended to clarify FDA's 
existing interpretation and application of these regulations (see 80 FR 
57756 at 57761). Specifically, the amendments were intended to clarify 
that FDA would not regard a firm as intending an unapproved new use for 
an approved or cleared drug or device based solely on that firm's 
knowledge that its product was being prescribed or used by doctors for 
such use (see 80 FR 57756 at 57761). FDA proposed to delete the last 
sentence of the intended use regulations to provide this clarification, 
in addition to some other changes.
    The proposed amendments to the existing intended use regulations 
were not intended to reflect a change in FDA's approach regarding 
evidence of intended use for drugs and devices: FDA's longstanding 
position is that, in determining a product's intended use, FDA may look 
to any relevant source of evidence (see 80 FR 57756 at 57757) (the 
product's labeling, promotional claims, and advertising, oral or 
written statements by a manufacturer or its representatives, 
circumstances surrounding the distribution or sale of a product, and 
other relevant evidence).
    In the Federal Register of January 9, 2017, we published final 
regulations adding new 1100.5 to volume 21 of the CFR and amending the 
intended use regulations found at 201.128 and 801.4. The provisions in 
the final rule amending the intended use regulations were modified from 
the proposed rule because of comments we received that suggested to us 
that the proposed changes might not provide adequate clarity to 
manufacturers (see 82 FR 2193 at 2207). Some comments appeared to 
misunderstand the limited scope of what FDA intended by the proposal, 
interpreting the proposal as signifying that FDA intended to eliminate 
manufacturer knowledge altogether as a source of evidence of intended 
use (see 82 FR 2193 at 2206). In addition, some comments requested that 
FDA narrow the scope of evidence relevant to determining intended use 
in ways inconsistent with FDA's longstanding position--for example, by 
removing manufacturer knowledge entirely from the types of evidence 
that may be considered in determining a product's intended use or by 
limiting evidence of intended use to a manufacturer's promotional 
claims (see 82 FR 2193 at 2206-2208)--further indicating potential 
misunderstanding of, and a lack of clarity with respect to, the 
proposed rule.
    In issuing the amendments to the intended use regulations in the 
final rule, FDA's goal remained the same as it had intended in the 
proposed rule: To clarify that FDA would not regard a firm as intending 
an unapproved new use for an approved or cleared drug or device based 
solely on that firm's knowledge that its product was being prescribed 
or used by healthcare providers for such use (see 82 FR 2193 at 2206-
07). Because of the comments described above, FDA decided that its 
clarification goals would be better achieved by amending the last 
sentence of each intended use regulation, rather than by deleting the 
sentences, and we revised the regulations accordingly (see 82 FR 2193 
at 2206). The revised language was intended to achieve the goal 
described in the proposed rule, by amending the last sentence so that 
it no longer suggests that a manufacturer's mere knowledge that its 
approved or cleared product was being prescribed or used for an 
unapproved use would, on its own, be sufficient to establish a new 
intended use (see 82 FR 2193 at 2206). The revised sentence was also 
intended to embody FDA's longstanding position, discussed in the 
preamble to the proposed rule, that intended use can be based on ``any 
relevant source of evidence,'' including a variety of direct and 
circumstantial evidence (see 82 FR 2193 at 2206). The text of the final 
rule used the phrase ``the totality of evidence'' to accomplish these 
goals (see 82 FR 2193 at 2206).\1\
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    \1\ In the final rule, FDA also stated that the amendments were 
not intended to change or override FDA's existing guidance and 
ongoing proceedings regarding manufacturer communications regarding 
unapproved uses of approved or cleared products (see 82 FR 2193 at 
2209-2210).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The rule was published with an effective date of February 8, 2017. 
On February 7, 2017, in accordance with the memorandum of January 20, 
2017, from the Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff, entitled 
``Regulatory Freeze Pending Review,'' FDA delayed the effective date of 
the rule until March 21, 2017 (82 FR 9501).

II. Rationale and Good Cause for a Further Delay of the Effective Date 
of the Final Rule

    FDA has decided to delay the effective date for the final rule from 
March 21, 2017, until March 19, 2018. To the extent that 5 U.S.C. 553 
applies to the delay of effective date from March 21, 2017, until March 
19, 2018, the action is exempt from notice and comment because it 
constitutes a rule of procedure under 5 U.S.C. 553(b)(A).
    Alternatively, FDA's implementation of this action without 
opportunity for public comment, effective immediately upon publication 
in the Federal Register, is based on the good cause exceptions in 5 
U.S.C. 553(b)(B) and (d)(3). Good cause exists to delay the prior rule 
without comment because the delay will ensure that the public is given 
an opportunity to comment on the final language that FDA included in 
the underlying final rule. A petition raising concerns with the final 
language was submitted by various industry organizations on February 8, 
2017 (``petition'' and ``petitioners'').\2\ The petition requests that 
FDA reconsider the amendments to the ``intended use'' regulations and 
promulgate a new final rule that, with respect to the intended use 
regulations at Sec. Sec.  201.128 and 801.4, reverts to the language of 
the September 25, 2015, proposed rule. The petition also requests that 
FDA indefinitely stay the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ See February 8, 2017 petition submitted by Ropes & Gray and 
Sidley Austin LLP on behalf of the Medical Information Working 
Group, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, and 
the Biotechnology Innovation Organization, available in Docket Nos. 
FDA-2011-P-0512, FDA-2013-P-1079, FDA-2015-N-2002, and FDA-2016-N-
1149 at https://www.regulations.gov.
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    Petitioners ask that the final rule be stayed indefinitely and 
reconsidered for

[[Page 14321]]

two independent reasons (petition at pg. 10). First, they argue that 
the final rule was promulgated in violation of the fair notice 
requirement under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) (petition at 
pgs. 10-13). Second, they argue that the ``totality of the evidence'' 
language in the final rule is a new and unsupported legal standard 
(petition at pgs. 10, 13-21). More specifically, the petitioners 
contend that the revisions to the intended use regulations run contrary 
to ``the settled interpretation'' of intended use (petition at pg. 2). 
They describe that settled interpretation in various ways, including as 
limiting evidence of intended use to ``manufacturer's claims,'' ``any 
relevant source of claims,'' ``labels on the drug or the `labeling','' 
and ``objective evidence in promoting, distributing, and selling the 
[medical product]'' (petition at pgs. 2, 16, 17, 19) (emphases in 
original). Petitioners also state that, under existing law, a 
``manufacturer must make an explicit promotional claim before FDA may 
find a new intended use'' (petition at pg. 19) (emphasis in original), 
and there is an exception for relying on circumstantial evidence ``only 
when its probative value is sufficient to negate any explanation other 
than the intended use of the product as a drug or device'' (petition at 
pg. 15) (emphasis in original). The petitioners interpret the proposed 
rule as acknowledging ``key limits'' on the scope of intended use 
(petition at pg. 7), and argue that under the proposed rule, intended 
use would have turned solely on the manufacturer's promotional 
statements (petition at pg. 11). The petitioners contend that the final 
rule unexpectedly expanded the understanding of intended use, and that 
adding the new final sentence referencing the ``totality of the 
evidence'' was a reversal of the proposed rule that violates the APA's 
notice-and-comment provisions (petition at pg. 11). Petitioners express 
the view that the wording used in the proposed rule would have helped 
to address substantial concerns they have regarding FDA's intended use 
definitions, while the final rule exacerbates those concerns (petition 
at pg. 11). These concerns include constitutional concerns (petition at 
pg. 19-21), and public health concerns related to chilling valuable 
scientific speech (petition at pg. 21).
    These issues raised by the petition and similar concerns provide 
good cause to extend to the effective date of the rule without comment 
on the extension, so as to receive full public comments on these 
underlying issues and afford us enough time to collect and consider 
those comments.\3\ Moreover, to the extent that petitioners (and/or 
others) misunderstood FDA's intent in proposing the revisions to the 
intended use provisions, the new comment period should provide 
additional opportunity to comment on FDA's approach, including a fair 
opportunity to comment on the language chosen in the final rule. This 
action should not be construed to suggest that FDA has made any 
decisions about the substantive arguments made in the petition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ We also note that a related issue, manufacturers' 
communications about unapproved uses of approved/cleared medical 
products, is currently the subject of a public docket with an open 
comment period; extending the effective date and taking comment on 
the issues raised with respect to this final rule provides FDA with 
the opportunity for contemporaneous consideration and resolution of 
these related issues.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Seeking public comment on this delay of the effective date is 
impracticable, unnecessary, and contrary to the public interest. The 
delay in the effective date until March 19, 2018, is necessary to give 
the public a fair opportunity to fully comment, and FDA the opportunity 
to further evaluate and consider the issues raised by the petition in 
addition to any other pertinent information or comments stakeholders 
submit to this docket regarding the final rule. Given the imminence of 
the effective date, seeking prior public comment on this delay would 
have been impracticable, as well as contrary to the public interest in 
the orderly issuance and implementation of regulations. However, in 
accordance with 21 CFR 10.40(e)(1), FDA will also accept comments for a 
period of 60 days on whether this rule delaying the effective date 
should be modified or revoked.
    This action is being taken under FDA's authority under 21 CFR 
10.35(a). The Commissioner of Food and Drugs finds that this delay of 
the effective date is in the public interest.

III. Issues for Comment and Consideration

    In addition to other comments, FDA is soliciting comments from 
interested persons in particular on the issues raised in the petition. 
For ease of reference, these comments should be submitted to this 
existing public docket, FDA-2015-N-2002. We request that any additional 
data and information be submitted to FDA by May 19, 2017 to allow us to 
fully consider it. Late, untimely filed comments will not be 
considered. Electronic comments must be submitted on or before May 19, 
2017. The https://www.regulations.gov electronic filing system will 
accept comments until midnight Eastern Time at the end of May 19, 2017. 
Comments received by mail/hand delivery/courier (for written/paper 
submissions) will be considered timely if they are postmarked or the 
delivery service acceptance receipt is on or before that date.
    We are interested in comments on the petitioners' views on the 
proper interpretation of ``intended use.'' FDA solicits comment on the 
appropriateness of the various limitations suggested by petitioners, 
including limiting the evidence that may be considered to establish a 
product's intended use to the manufacturer's or distributor's 
promotional statements; requiring that a manufacturer make an explicit 
promotional claim before FDA may find a new intended use; and allowing 
an exception for relying on circumstantial evidence ``only when its 
probative value is sufficient to negate any explanation other than the 
intended use of the product as a drug or device'' (petition at pgs. 11, 
19, 15) (emphasis in original). We are also interested in comments on 
the public health implications of limiting evidence of intended use as 
suggested by the petitioners, including with respect to the exchange of 
valuable scientific speech, or otherwise.
    As explained in the preambles to the proposed and final rules: In 
determining intended use, the consideration of evidence such as the 
circumstances surrounding the distribution of a product, the known 
effects of a product or substance, and/or the context in which the 
product is sold often ensures that firms that attempt to evade FDA's 
medical product regulation by making no claims, or at least no explicit 
claims, about their products can be held accountable (see 80 FR 57756 
at 57757; 82 FR 2193 at 2196). A few examples of situations in which 
evidence of intended use has been derived from sources other than 
explicit promotional claims are:
     Persons distributing substances which are known to be used 
recreationally to get high, such as Dextromethorphan (the active 
ingredient in some cough suppressants) and Nitrous Oxide (which is a 
prescription drug). See, e.g., United States v. Johnson, 471 F.3d 764, 
765 (7th Cir. 2006); United States v. Schraud, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 
89231, 3-6 (E.D. Mo. Dec. 4, 2007); United States v. Travia, 180 F. 
Supp. 2d 115, 119 (D.D.C. 2001); United States v. LA Rush, 2:13-cr-
00249, First Superseding Information (C.D. Cal. April 3, 2014).
     Persons distributing synthetic drugs, such as synthetic 
marijuana, labeled as incense, potpourri, or bath

[[Page 14322]]

salts, and/or bearing the statement ``not for human consumption.'' See, 
e.g., United States v. Carlson, 810 F.3d 544 (8th Cir. 2016), cert. 
denied, 137 S. Ct. 102, 291, 292 (2016); United States v. Carlson, 12-
cr-00305-DSD-LIB, Amended Superseding Indictment (D. Minn. Sept. 11, 
2013) and Court's Instructions to the Jury, (D. Minn. Oct. 8, 2013); 
United States v. Bowen, 14-cr-00169-PAB, Indictment (D. Colo. May 5, 
2014) and Rule 11(c)(1)(A) and (B) Plea Agreement and Statement of 
Facts Relevant to Sentencing (D. Colo. Jan. 29, 2015).
     Persons distributing imitation drugs claimed to be incense 
or dietary supplements, such as imitation cocaine or imitation Ecstasy. 
See, e.g., United States v. Storage Spaces Designated Nos. ``8'' & 
``49'', 777 F.2d 1363, 1366 (9th Cir. 1985); United States v. 
Undetermined Quantities of . . . Street Drug Alternatives, 145 F. Supp. 
2d 692 (D. Md. 2001).
     Persons distributing products containing the active 
ingredients in prescription drugs, such as VIAGRA, CIALIS, LEVITRA, or 
BOTOX, as less expensive alternatives to the approved products, with 
labeling that states that they are ``all natural'' or ``herbal'' 
supplements or ``for research only.'' See, e.g., United States v. 
Dessart, 823 F.3d 395 (7th Cir. 2016); United States v. Zeyid, 1:14-cr-
0197, First Superseding Indictment (N.D. Ga. June 24, 2014) (see also 
https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndga/pr/atlanta-man-convicted-illegally-importing-and-distributing-male-enhancement-products); United States v. 
Livdahl, 459 F. Supp. 2d 1255, 1260 (S.D. Fla. 2005).
     Other instances where a person's claims about the intended 
use of a product are belied by the person's activities or non-
promotional statements or by circumstantial evidence. See, e.g., United 
States v. An Article of Device Toftness Radiation Detector, 731 F.2d 
1253, 1257 (7th Cir. 1984); United States v. 789 Cases of Latex 
Surgeons' Gloves, 799 F. Supp. 1275, 1294-1295 (D.P.R. 1992).
    In these situations, the evidence relied on has included general 
knowledge of actual use by customers to get high or to achieve some 
other mind-altering effect; the known effects of a product or 
substance; implied claims from using names that sound similar to the 
names of controlled substances; the circumstances surrounding the sale 
(e.g., a rock concert venue; receiving the product in bulk and 
repackaging into smaller plastic bags; the use of private email 
addresses; the absence of labeling); shipping orders, other 
correspondence, and memoranda relating to marketing and distribution; 
statements made in training sessions; and admissions.
    Evidence other than promotional claims has also been used to 
establish that products offered for import into the United States 
without labeling or other claims that identify them as a drug or device 
are in fact intended for use as a drug or device, and are therefore 
subject to refusal if they fail to meet certain requirements for 
importing medical products (see 21 U.S.C. 381(a)(3)). For example, the 
defendants in United States v. Zeyid, 1:14-cr-0197, First Superseding 
Indictment (N.D. Ga. June 24, 2014) (see also https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndga/pr/atlanta-man-convicted-illegally-importing-and-distributing-male-enhancement-products), imported products containing 
active ingredients that were the same as those used in prescription 
drugs but that were labeled as ``tea,'' ``coffee,'' and ``beauty 
products.'' Another example of a setting where FDA commonly relies on 
non-promotional information in determining intended use is when 
evaluating whether research studies involving human subjects must be 
conducted under an investigational new drug application or 
investigational device exemption (see 21 CFR parts 312 and 812). For 
example, FDA commonly evaluates materials such as research protocols in 
determining whether studies of products that are marketed as dietary 
supplements, conventional foods, or cosmetics are evaluating such 
products for use as drugs and are therefore subject to the 
investigational new drug application requirements under part 312. Non-
promotional information regarding the purpose of the research is 
relevant to establishing whether the product should be considered a 
drug for the purpose of the investigation.
    With respect to the petitioners' suggested approaches to: (1) Limit 
the evidence relevant to determining the intended use of a medical 
product to promotional claims; (2) require that a manufacturer make an 
explicit promotional claim before FDA may find a new intended use; and/
or (3) allow an exception for relying on circumstantial evidence ``only 
when its probative value is sufficient to negate any explanation other 
than the intended use of the product as a drug or device,'' and in 
light of the background described above regarding situations in which 
evidence of intended use has been derived from sources other than 
explicit promotional claims, we are particularly interested in comments 
on the following questions:
    1. How should FDA consider situations such as those outlined above 
where companies and individuals distribute medical products and/or seek 
to import medical products without explicit promotional claims as we 
evaluate whether to adopt any of petitioners' suggested approaches to 
determining intended use?
    2. What are the potential public health consequences, positive and 
negative, that should be considered in evaluating whether to adopt any 
of petitioners' suggested approaches to determining intended use? What 
other policy considerations are relevant when assessing approaches to 
intended use?
    3. To the extent that your comment cites to First Amendment 
considerations as the legal rationale underlying your recommendations, 
how (if at all) do those considerations apply to the use of non-speech 
evidence in determining intended use, such as the circumstances 
surrounding the distribution of a product or the context in which it is 
sold?
    4. In light of the petitioners' concerns about the language in the 
final rule, do stakeholders believe there is a distinction between 
considering ``any relevant source of evidence'' and ``the totality of 
evidence''? Do stakeholders have suggestions about what wording 
provides the most clarity to regulated entities?
    These questions are not meant to be exhaustive; we are also 
interested in any other pertinent comments or information stakeholders 
would like to share regarding the final rule, including whether there 
are other approaches to ``intended use'' that FDA should consider. 
Please note that, as mentioned in the final rule (see 82 FR 2193 at 
2209), FDA is currently engaged in a comprehensive review of its 
regulations and policies governing firms' communications about 
unapproved uses of approved/cleared medical products, and has 
established a separate public docket to receive written comments on 
that topic (see 81 FR 60299, September 1, 2016, available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/MeetingsConferencesWorkshops/ucm489499.htm). As 
part of that separate proceeding, FDA is seeking input on a number of 
questions (see 81 FR 60299 at 60302-60303). To the extent the 
commenters wish to provide feedback on those questions rather than on 
the issues addressed here, that feedback should be submitted to that 
separate docket, which is open until April 19, 2017; however, we 
encourage commenters to submit to this docket their feedback on issues 
addressed in the separate docket to the extent that the feedback may 
also be pertinent to the final rule (including the preamble),

[[Page 14323]]

``intended use,'' and/or the specific issues raised herein.

IV. Economic Analysis of Impacts

    We have examined the impacts of the final rule under Executive 
Order 12866, Executive Order 13563, Executive Order 13771, the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601-612), and the Unfunded 
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4). Executive Orders 12866 and 
13563 direct us to assess all costs and benefits of available 
regulatory alternatives and, when regulation is necessary, to select 
regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential 
economic, environmental, public health and safety, and other 
advantages; distributive impacts; and equity). We have developed a 
comprehensive Economic Analysis of Impacts that assesses the impacts of 
the final rule. We believe that this final rule is not a significant 
regulatory action as defined by Executive Order 12866 and Executive 
Order 13771.
    The Regulatory Flexibility Act requires us to analyze regulatory 
options that would minimize any significant impact of a rule on small 
entities. Because the clarifications in this final rule will not 
significantly increase costs on manufacturers of products made or 
derived from tobacco, we certify that the final rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (section 202(a)) requires 
us to prepare a written statement, which includes an assessment of 
anticipated costs and benefits, before issuing ``any rule that includes 
any Federal mandate that may result in the expenditure by State, local, 
and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of 
$100,000,000 or more (adjusted annually for inflation) in any one 
year.'' The current threshold after adjustment for inflation is $146 
million, using the most current (2015) Implicit Price Deflator for the 
Gross Domestic Product. This final rule will not result in an 
expenditure in any year that meets or exceeds this amount.
    We will delay the effective date of the final rule by 1 year. As 
shown in table 1, this action will generate a cost savings of $112,865 
in one-time costs with a 7 percent discount rate and a cost savings of 
$50,249 in one-time costs with a 3 percent discount rate. Annualized 
over 10 years, a 1-year delay will save $16,069 with a 7 percent 
discount rate and $5,891 with a 3 percent discount rate. We expect that 
the final rule will reduce regulatory ambiguity and uncertainty, and, 
thus, reduce the regulatory and compliance burdens associated with such 
ambiguity. Although we did not quantify these benefits, we anticipate 
that delaying the effective date will reduce the benefits by a similar 
magnitude as the cost savings. For any final rule issued during or 
after the 1-year delay, we will analyze the impacts of such a rule.

        Table 1--Total One-Time Cost Savings From a 1-Year Delay of the Effective Date of the Final Rule
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Annualized                      Annualized
                                                    Total  one-      one-time       Total  one-      one-time
                                                   time costs at  costs over  10  time  costs at  costs over  10
                                                     7 percent      years at  7      3 percent      years at  3
                                                                      percent                         percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Costs with Compliance Date Unchanged............      $1,725,225        $245,633      $1,725,225        $202,249
Costs with Compliance Date Delayed 1-Year.......       1,612,360         229,564       1,674,976         196,358
Cost Savings....................................       (112,865)        (16,069)        (50,249)         (5,891)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 2 shows the revised estimate of costs and benefits with a 1-
year delay of the effective date.

                                  Table 2--Economic Data With 1-Year Effective Date Delay: Costs and Benefits Statement
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                               Units
                                              Primary                                    ------------------------------------------------
                Category                     estimate      Low estimate    High estimate                   Discount rate                       Notes
                                                                                           Year dollars         (%)       Period covered
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Benefits
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized Monetized $millions/year.....  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............               7  ..............
                                         ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............               3  ..............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized Quantified...................  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............               7  ..............
                                         ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............               3  ..............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Qualitative.............................            Reduce regulatory ambiguity           ..............  ..............  ..............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                          Costs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized Monetized $millions/year.....          $0.230          $0.118          $0.341            2014               7        10 years
                                         ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   0.196           0.101           0.292            2014               3        10 years
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized Quantified...................  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............               7  ..............
                                         ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............               3  ..............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Qualitative.............................  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 14324]]

 
                                                                        Transfers
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Annualized Monetized $millions/   ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............               7  ..............
 year...................................
                                         ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............               3  ..............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From/To.................................                       From:
                                                                To:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other Annualized Monetized $millions/     ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............               7  ..............
 year...................................
                                         ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............               3  ..............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From/To.................................                       From:
                                                                To:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Effects
State, Local or Tribal Government: No Effect
Small Business: No effect
Wages: No estimated effect
Growth: No estimated effect
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The full analysis of economic impacts is available in the docket 
for this final rule (FDA-2015-N-2002) and at http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/Reports/EconomicAnalyses/default.htm.

V. References

    The following references are on display in the Division of Dockets 
Management (see ADDRESSES) and are available for viewing by interested 
persons between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday; they are also 
available electronically at https://www.regulations.gov. FDA has 
verified the Web site addresses, as of the date this document publishes 
in the Federal Register, but Web sites are subject to change over time.

    1. United States v. LA Rush, 2:13-cr-00249, First Superseding 
Information (C.D. Cal. April 3, 2014).
    2. United States v. Carlson, 12-cr-00305-DSD-LIB, Amended 
Superseding Indictment (D. Minn. Sept. 11, 2013).
    3. United States v. Carlson, 12-cr-00305-DSD-LIB, Court's 
Instructions to the Jury, (D. Minn. Oct. 8, 2013).
    4. United States v. Bowen, 14-cr-00169-PAB, Indictment (D. Colo. 
May 5, 2014).
    5. United States v. Bowen, 14-cr-00169-PAB, Rule 11(c)(1)(A) and 
(B) Plea Agreement and Statement of Facts Relevant to Sentencing (D. 
Colo. Jan. 29, 2015).
    6. United States v. Zeyid, 1:14-cr-0197, First Superseding 
Indictment (N.D. Ga. June 24, 2014).
    7. U.S. Department of Justice, ``Atlanta Man Convicted of 
Illegally Importing and Distributing Male Enhancement Products from 
China'', Feb. 16, 2017, available at https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndga/pr/atlanta-man-convicted-illegally-importing-and-distributing-male-enhancement-products.

    Dated: March 16, 2017.
Leslie Kux,
Associate Commissioner for Policy.
[FR Doc. 2017-05526 Filed 3-17-17; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4164-01-P


