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<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:72.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="0000ff"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DECLARATION</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:93.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="0000ff"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">OF HELSINKI - Ethical Principles for Medical</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:113.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><b><FONT COLOR="0000ff"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18.00pt">Research Involving Human Subjects</FONT></FONT></b></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:162.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964, and</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:176.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">amended by the:</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:189.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:203.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:217.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:231.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:245.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">1996</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:258.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">52nd WMA General Assembly, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2000</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:272.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">53rd WMA General Assembly, Washington 2002 (Note of Clarification on</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:286.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">paragraph 29 added)</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:300.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">55th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo 2004 (Note of Clarification on Paragraph 30</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:314.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">added)</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:327.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><i><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">59th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, October 2008</FONT></FONT></i></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:108.00pt;top:355.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">A.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:125.95pt;top:355.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">INTRODUCTION</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:369.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">1.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:161.95pt;top:369.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">The World Medical Association (WMA) has developed the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:383.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:396.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">medical research involving human subjects, including research on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:410.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">identifiable human material and data.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:424.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">The Declaration is intended to be read as a whole and each of its</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:438.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">constituent paragraphs should not be applied without consideration</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:452.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">of all other relevant paragraphs.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:465.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">2.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:465.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">Although the Declaration is addressed primarily to physicians, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:479.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">WMA encourages other participants in medical research involving</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:493.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">human subjects to adopt these principles.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:507.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">3.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:507.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">It is the duty of the physician to promote and safeguard the health</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:521.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">of patients, including those who are involved in medical research.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:534.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">The physician's knowledge and conscience are dedicated to the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:548.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">fulfilment of this duty.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:562.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">4.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:562.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">The Declaration of Geneva of the WMA binds the physician with the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:576.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">words, "The health of my patient will be my first consideration," and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:590.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">the International Code of Medical Ethics declares that, "A physician</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:603.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">shall act in the patient's best interest when providing medical care."</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:617.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">5.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:617.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">Medical progress is based on research that ultimately must include</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:631.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">studies involving human subjects. Populations that are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:645.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">underrepresented in medical research should be provided</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:659.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">appropriate access to participation in research.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:672.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">6.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:672.90pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">In medical research involving human subjects, the well-being of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:686.70pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">individual research subject must take precedence over all other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:700.50pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">interests.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:792.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:864.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">7.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:864.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:878.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">is to understand the causes, development and effects of diseases</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:891.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">and improve preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:905.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">(methods, procedures and treatments). Even the best current</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:919.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">interventions must be evaluated continually through research for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:933.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">their safety, effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility and quality.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:947.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">8.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:947.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">In medical practice and in medical research, most interventions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:960.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">involve risks and burdens.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:974.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">9.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:974.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">Medical research is subject to ethical standards that promote</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:988.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">respect for all human subjects and protect their health and rights.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1002.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">Some research populations are particularly vulnerable and need</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1016.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">special protection. These include those who cannot give or refuse</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1029.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">consent for themselves and those who may be vulnerable to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1043.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">coercion or undue influence.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:1057.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">10.Physicians should consider the ethical, legal and regulatory norms</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1071.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">and standards for research involving human subjects in their own</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1085.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">countries as well as applicable international norms and standards.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1098.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">No national or international ethical, legal or regulatory requirement</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1112.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">should reduce or eliminate any of the protections for research</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1126.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">subjects set forth in this Declaration.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:108.00pt;top:1140.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">B.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:126.00pt;top:1140.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR ALL MEDICAL RESEARCH</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:1154.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">11. It is the duty of physicians who participate in medical research to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:223.35pt;top:1209.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">earch involving human subjects must conform to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:486.10pt;top:1223.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">gh</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:497.60pt;top:1250.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">al</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:328.05pt;top:1292.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">ercised in the conduct of medical</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:391.50pt;top:1319.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">rch study involving</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:501.50pt;top:1333.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">l.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:452.85pt;top:1361.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">inciples in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:510.20pt;top:1374.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">e</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:493.55pt;top:1430.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">y.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1167.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">protect the life, health, dignity, integrity, right to self-determination,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1181.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">privacy, and confidentiality of personal information of research</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1195.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">subjects.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:1209.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">12. Medical res</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1223.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">generally accepted scientific principles, be based on a thorou</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1236.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">knowledge of the scientific literature, other relevant sources of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1250.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">information, and adequate laboratory and, as appropriate, anim</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1264.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">experimentation. The welfare of animals used for research must be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1278.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">respected.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:1292.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">13. Appropriate caution must be ex</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1305.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">research that may harm the environment.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:1319.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">14. The design and performance of each resea</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1333.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">human subjects must be clearly described in a research protoco</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1347.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">The protocol should contain a statement of the ethical</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1361.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">considerations involved and should indicate how the pr</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1374.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">this Declaration have been addressed. The protocol should includ</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1388.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">information regarding funding, sponsors, institutional affiliations,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1402.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">other potential conflicts of interest, incentives for subjects and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1416.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">provisions for treating and/or compensating subjects who are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1430.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">harmed as a consequence of participation in the research stud</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1443.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">The protocol should describe arrangements for post-study access</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1457.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">by study subjects to interventions identified as beneficial in the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1471.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">study or access to other appropriate care or benefits.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:1584.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:1656.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">15.The research protocol must be submitted for consideration,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1670.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">comment, guidance and approval to a research ethics committee</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1683.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">before the study begins. This committee must be independent of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1697.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">the researcher, the sponsor and any other undue influence. It must</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1711.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">take into consideration the laws and regulations of the country or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1725.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">countries in which the research is to be performed as well as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1739.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">applicable international norms and standards but these must not be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1752.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">allowed to reduce or eliminate any of the protections for research</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1766.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">subjects set forth in this Declaration. The committee must have the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1780.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">right to monitor ongoing studies. The researcher must provide</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1794.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">monitoring information to the committee, especially information</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1808.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">about any serious adverse events. No change to the protocol may</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1821.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">be made without consideration and approval by the committee.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:1835.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">16.Medical research involving human subjects must be conducted only</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1849.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">by individuals with the appropriate scientific training and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1863.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">qualifications. Research on patients or healthy volunteers requires</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1877.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">the supervision of a competent and appropriately qualified</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1890.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">physician or other health care professional. The responsibility for</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1904.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">the protection of research subjects must always rest with the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1918.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">physician or other health care professional and never the research</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1932.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">subjects, even though they have given consent.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:1946.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">17.Medical research involving a disadvantaged or vulnerable</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1959.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">population or community is only justified if the research is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1973.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">responsive to the health needs and priorities of this population or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:1987.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">community and if there is a reasonable likelihood that this</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2001.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">population or community stands to benefit from the results of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2015.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">research.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:2028.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">18.Every medical research study involving human subjects must be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2042.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">preceded by careful assessment of predictable risks and burdens to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2056.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">the individuals and communities involved in the research in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2070.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">comparison with foreseeable benefits to them and to other</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2084.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">individuals or communities affected by the condition under</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2097.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">investigation.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:2111.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">19.Every clinical trial must be registered in a publicly accessible</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2125.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">database before recruitment of the first subject.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:2139.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">20.Physicians may not participate in a research study involving human</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2153.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">subjects unless they are confident that the risks involved have been</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2166.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">adequately assessed and can be satisfactorily managed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2180.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">Physicians must immediately stop a study when the risks are found</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2194.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">to outweigh the potential benefits or when there is conclusive proof</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2208.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">of positive and beneficial results.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:2222.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">21.Medical research involving human subjects may only be conducted</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2235.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">if the importance of the objective outweighs the inherent risks and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2249.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">burdens to the research subjects.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:2263.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">22.Participation by competent individuals as subjects in medical</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2277.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">research must be voluntary. Although it may be appropriate to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:2376.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2448.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">consult family members or community leaders, no competent</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2462.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">individual may be enrolled in a research study unless he or she</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2475.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">freely agrees.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:2489.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">23.Every precaution must be taken to protect the privacy of research</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2503.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">subjects and the confidentiality of their personal information and to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2517.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">minimize the impact of the study on their physical, mental and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2531.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">social integrity.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:2544.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">24.In medical research involving competent human subjects, each</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2558.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">potential subject must be adequately informed of the aims,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2572.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">methods, sources of funding, any possible conflicts of interest,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2586.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">institutional affiliations of the researcher, the anticipated benefits</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2600.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">and potential risks of the study and the discomfort it may entail, and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2613.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">any other relevant aspects of the study. The potential subject must</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2627.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">be informed of the right to refuse to participate in the study or to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2641.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">withdraw consent to participate at any time without reprisal. Special</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2655.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">attention should be given to the specific information needs of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2669.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">individual potential subjects as well as to the methods used to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2682.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">deliver the information. After ensuring that the potential subject has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2696.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">understood the information, the physician or another appropriately</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2710.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">qualified individual must then seek the potential subject's freely-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2724.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">given informed consent, preferably in writing. If the consent cannot</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2738.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">be expressed in writing, the non-written consent must be formally</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2751.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">documented and witnessed.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:2765.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">25.For medical research using identifiable human material or data,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2779.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">physicians must normally seek consent for the collection, analysis,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2793.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">storage and/or reuse. There may be situations where consent</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2807.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">would be impossible or impractical to obtain for such research or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2820.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">would pose a threat to the validity of the research. In such</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2834.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">situations the research may be done only after consideration and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2848.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">approval of a research ethics committee.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:2862.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">26.When seeking informed consent for participation in a research</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2876.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">study the physician should be particularly cautious if the potential</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2889.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">subject is in a dependent relationship with the physician or may</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2903.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">consent under duress. In such situations the informed consent</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2917.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">should be sought by an appropriately qualified individual who is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2931.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">completely independent of this relationship.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:2945.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">27.For a potential research subject who is incompetent, the physician</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2958.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">must seek informed consent from the legally authorized</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2972.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">representative. These individuals must not be included in a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:2986.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">research study that has no likelihood of benefit for them unless it is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3000.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">intended to promote the health of the population represented by the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3014.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">potential subject, the research cannot instead be performed with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3027.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">competent persons, and the research entails only minimal risk and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3041.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">minimal burden.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:3055.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">28.When a potential research subject who is deemed incompetent is</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3069.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">able to give assent to decisions about participation in research, the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:3168.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3240.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">physician must seek that assent in addition to the consent of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3254.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">legally authorized representative. The potential subject's dissent</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3267.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">should be respected.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:3281.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">29.Research involving subjects who are physically or mentally</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3295.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">incapable of giving consent, for example, unconscious patients,</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3309.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">may be done only if the physical or mental condition that prevents</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3323.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">giving informed consent is a necessary characteristic of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3336.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">research population. In such circumstances the physician should</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3350.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">seek informed consent from the legally authorized representative. If</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3364.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">no such representative is available and if the research cannot be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3378.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">delayed, the study may proceed without informed consent provided</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3392.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">that the specific reasons for involving subjects with a condition that</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3405.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">renders them unable to give informed consent have been stated in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3419.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">the research protocol and the study has been approved by a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3433.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">research ethics committee. Consent to remain in the research</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3447.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">should be obtained as soon as possible from the subject or a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3461.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">legally authorized representative.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:3474.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">30.Authors, editors and publishers all have ethical obligations with</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3488.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">regard to the publication of the results of research. Authors have a</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3502.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">duty to make publicly available the results of their research on</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3516.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">human subjects and are accountable for the completeness and</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3530.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">accuracy of their reports. They should adhere to accepted</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3543.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">guidelines for ethical reporting. Negative and inconclusive as well</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3557.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">as positive results should be published or otherwise made publicly</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3571.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">available. Sources of funding, institutional affiliations and conflicts</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3585.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">of interest should be declared in the publication. Reports of</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3599.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">research not in accordance with the principles of this Declaration</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3612.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">should not be accepted for publication.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:108.00pt;top:3626.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">C.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:126.00pt;top:3626.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH COMBINED</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:126.00pt;top:3640.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">WITH MEDICAL CARE</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:3654.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">31. The physician may combine medical research with medical care</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:496.05pt;top:3681.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">has</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:272.80pt;top:3737.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">urdens and effectiveness of a new intervention</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:442.30pt;top:3778.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">able in studies</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:448.20pt;top:3819.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">ecessary to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3668.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">only to the extent that the research is justified by its potential</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3681.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic value and if the physician</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3695.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">good reason to believe that participation in the research study will</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3709.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">not adversely affect the health of the patients who serve as</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3723.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">research subjects.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:3737.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">32. The benefits, risks, b</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3750.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">must be tested against those of the best current proven</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:3764.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">intervention, except in the following circumstances:</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:180.00pt;top:3780.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Wingdings" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10.02pt">ƒ</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.00pt;top:3778.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">The use of placebo, or no treatment, is accept</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.00pt;top:3792.20pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">where no current proven intervention exists; or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:180.00pt;top:3807.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Wingdings" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10.02pt">ƒ</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.00pt;top:3806.00pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">Where for compelling and scientifically sound</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.00pt;top:3819.80pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">methodological reasons the use of placebo is n</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.00pt;top:3833.60pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">determine the efficacy or safety of an intervention and the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.00pt;top:3847.40pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">patients who receive placebo or no treatment will not be</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="position:absolute;left:71.76pt;top:3960.00pt"> </SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.00pt;top:4032.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">subject to any risk of serious or irreversible harm. Extreme</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:198.00pt;top:4046.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">care must be taken to avoid abuse of this option.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:4059.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">33. At the conclusion of the study, patients entered into the study are</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:512.25pt;top:4073.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">e</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:220.05pt;top:4128.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">ian must fully inform the patient which aspects of the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:482.50pt;top:4156.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">m the</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:502.95pt;top:4197.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">t</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:478.15pt;top:4225.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">n if in</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:470.75pt;top:4253.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">, this</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:90.00pt;top:4336.10pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">22.10.2008</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4073.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">entitled to be informed about the outcome of the study and to shar</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4087.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">any benefits that result from it, for example, access to interventions</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4101.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">identified as beneficial in the study or to other appropriate care or</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4115.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">benefits.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:4128.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">34. The physic</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4142.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">care are related to the research. The refusal of a patient to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4156.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">participate in a study or the patient's decision to withdraw fro</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4170.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">study must never interfere with the patient-physician relationship.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:144.00pt;top:4184.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">35. In the treatment of a patient, where proven interventions do not</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4197.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">exist or have been ineffective, the physician, after seeking exper</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4211.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">advice, with informed consent from the patient or a legally</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4225.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">authorized representative, may use an unproven interventio</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4239.25pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">the physician's judgement it offers hope of saving life, re-</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4253.05pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">establishing health or alleviating suffering. Where possible</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4266.85pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">intervention should be made the object of research, designed to</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4280.65pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">evaluate its safety and efficacy. In all cases, new information</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4294.45pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">should be recorded and, where appropriate, made publicly</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<SPAN STYLE="color:#000000;position:absolute;left:162.00pt;top:4308.30pt;z-index:3;"><FONT FACE ="Arial" style = "font-size: 12.00pt"><FONT COLOR="000000"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12.00pt">available.</FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
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