

[Federal Register: November 2, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 212)]
[Proposed Rules]               
[Page 62149-62175]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr02no07-16]                         

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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Food and Drug Administration

21 CFR Part 101

RIN 0910-ZA30
[Docket No. 2006N-0168]

 
Food Labeling: Revision of Reference Values and Mandatory 
Nutrients

AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.

ACTION: Advance notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing this advance 
notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) to request comment on what new 
reference values the agency should use to calculate the percent daily 
value (DV) in the Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts labels and what 
factors the agency should consider in establishing such new reference 
values. In addition, FDA requests comments on whether it should require 
that certain nutrients be added or removed from the Nutrition Facts and 
Supplement Facts labels. Comments on what factors should be considered 
to update the agency's reference values will inform any FDA rulemaking 
that may result from this ANPRM.

DATES: Submit written or electronic comments by January 31, 2008.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by Docket No. 2006N-
0168, by any of the following methods:
Electronic Submissions
    Submit electronic comments in the following ways:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. 

Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     Agency Web site: http://www.fda.gov/dockets/ecomments. 

Follow the instructions for submitting comments on the agency Web site.
    Written Submissions
    Submit written submissions in the following ways:
     FAX: 301-827-6870.
     Mail/Hand delivery/Courier [For paper, disk, or CD-ROM 
submissions]: Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug 
Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852.
    To ensure more timely processing of comments, FDA is no longer 
accepting comments submitted to the agency by e-mail. FDA encourages 
you to continue to submit electronic comments by using the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal or the agency Web site, as described in the 
Electronic Submissions portion of this paragraph.
    Instructions: All submissions received must include the agency name 
and Docket No. and Regulatory Information Number (RIN) for this 
rulemaking. All comments received may be posted without change to 
http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/default.htm, including any personal 

information provided. For additional information on submitting 
comments, see the ``Comments'' heading of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 
section of this document.
    Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or 
comments received, go to http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/default.htm 

and insert the docket number, found in brackets in the heading of this 
document, into the ``Search'' box and follow the prompts and/or go to 
the Division of Dockets Management, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061, 
Rockville, MD 20852.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paula R. Trumbo, Center for Food 
Safety and Applied Nutrition (HFS-830), Food and Drug Administration, 
5100 Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD 20740, 301-436-2579, or e-
mail: Paula.Trumbo@fda.hhs.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Background
    A. Development of Current DVs
    B. Nutrient Content Final Rule
    C. Labeling of Dietary Supplements
    D. IOM DRIs and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
    E. IOM Report on Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling
    F. IOM Report on the Definition of Fiber
    G. Current Regulations on Trans Fat
    H. ANPRM on Prominence of Calories
    I. Carbohydrate Content of Food
    J. ``2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans''
II. Agency Request for Information
    A. Approach for Setting DVs
    B. Populations for Which the DVs are Intended
    C. Labeling of Individual Nutrients
    D. Other Questions
    E. Process Questions
    F. Questions on Consumer and Producer Use and Understanding of DVs
III. Comments
IV. References
Appendix A Acronyms Used in This Document
Appendix B Examples of Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts Labels

I. Background\1\
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    \1\A list of the acronyms cited in this ANPRM are defined in 
Appendix A.
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    On November 8, 1990, the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act 
(NLEA) of 1990 (Public Law No. 101-535) was signed into law (the 1990 
amendments) amending the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the 
act). The 1990 amendments made the most significant changes in the act 
and had a direct bearing on FDA's revision of nutrition labeling in 
1993. The 1990 amendments added section 403(q) (21 U.S.C. 403(q)) to 
the act which specified, in part, that: (1) With certain exceptions, a 
food is to be considered misbranded unless its label or labeling bears 
nutrition labeling; (2) certain nutrients and food components are to be 
included in

[[Page 62150]]

nutrition labeling, although the Secretary of Health and Human Services 
can add or delete nutrients by regulation if it is found necessary to 
assist consumers in maintaining healthy dietary practices; (3) 
nutrition labeling is to be provided for the most frequently consumed 
varieties of raw produce (fruits and vegetables) and raw fish according 
to voluntary guidelines or, if necessary, regulations; (4) a simplified 
nutrition label is to be used when the food contains insignificant 
amounts of most nutrients; and (5) FDA is to develop regulations 
governing labeling of foods to which section 411 of the act (21 U.S.C. 
350) applies (i.e., vitamin and minerals).
    In response to the NLEA, FDA, in 1993, issued several rules to 
modify how nutrition information is presented on food labels. When the 
agency issued those rules to modify the nutrition label information, it 
considered the diet and health information that was current at that 
time, including the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Recommended 
Dietary Allowances (RDAs) (Refs. 1 to 3), the NAS Diet and Health 
Report (Ref. 4), the Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health 
(Ref. 5), and the 1990 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Ref. 6). New 
information has since become available on nutrient values that the 
agency believes may impact what nutrients it should consider requiring 
to be listed on the food label and what nutrient values it should use 
as a basis for the DVs on the food label. The new information includes 
revisions to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Ref. 7), the 
Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) published reports on the Dietary 
Reference Intakes (DRIs) that update recommendations for the intake of 
vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients (Refs. 8 to 14), the IOM report 
on the application of the DRIs (Ref. 15), and the IOM report on 
``Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling and Fortification'' that 
provides recommendations on the use of the new DRIs in nutrition 
labeling (Ref. 16). The latter reports stimulated extensive discussion 
in the scientific community (e.g. at nutrition and food science 
conferences and in publications (Refs. 17 to 19); FDA and the IOM 
recognize that the approach to setting a DV in the labeling report 
(Ref. 16) represents a new approach that requires evaluation. At the 
IOM's 2007 workshop on ``The Development of DRI's 1994-2004: Lessons 
Learned and New Challenges,'' there was discussion about the 
limitations of the framework that was used to set the DRIs, as well as 
recommendations for future consideration. For all of these reasons, FDA 
finds it important to seek comment on the recommendations made in these 
reports (Refs. 7 to 16). In addition, the agency is considering changes 
to the food label in more recently published ANPRMs concerning 
prominence of calories and the labeling of trans fats. The agency 
discusses, below, the 1993 rules on food labeling, these ANPRMs, and 
publications and reports available since 1993, to provide background 
for the questions the agency is asking in this ANPRM related to a 
future proposed rule to update the presentation of nutrients and 
content of nutrient values on food labels.

A. Development of Current DVs

    In the final rule on Food Labeling; Reference Daily Intakes and 
Daily Reference Values (the 1993 RDI/DRV final rule) (58 FR 2206, 
January 6, 1993), FDA amended its regulations to establish two sets of 
label reference values: Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) and Daily 
Reference Values (DRVs) for use in declaring the nutrient content of a 
food on its label or labeling. These two reference values were used to 
establish a single set of label reference values known as the DVs, 
which were intended to assist consumers in both understanding the 
relative significance of nutritional information in the context of a 
total daily diet and in comparing the nutritional values of food 
products.
1. RDIs
    In the Federal Register of July 19, 1990 (55 FR 29476), FDA 
proposed to replace the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances (U.S. RDAs) 
as the reference values for certain vitamins and minerals used in 
nutrition labeling of foods with updated and expanded reference values 
(the 1990 proposal). The U.S. RDAs set in 1973 were based primarily on 
the NAS 1968 RDA values for vitamins and minerals (Ref. 1). However, 
the U.S. RDAs for certain vitamins and minerals for which no RDA had 
been identified (biotin, pantothenic acid, copper, and zinc) were based 
on information cited in the NAS's ``Recommended Dietary Allowances,'' 
7th edition (Ref. 1). The NAS RDAs were updated in 1974 and 1980, and 
again in 1989 along with revised values for the listing known as 
``Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes'' (ESADDIs).\2\ In 
1990, FDA decided that it needed to update the U.S. RDA values, in 
part, due to the revisions of the 1989 NAS RDA and ESADDI values. FDA 
proposed to redesignate ``U.S. RDAs'' as ``RDIs,''\3\ and to establish 
five sets of RDIs for different developmental groups, i.e., adults and 
children 4 or more years of age (excluding pregnant or lactating 
women), children less than 4 years of age, infants, pregnant women, and 
lactating women. FDA also proposed using a population-weighted average 
of the relevant NAS RDAs and ESADDIs to establish the RDIs because it 
would ``serve the purpose of providing an overall reference value for 
food labeling more appropriately than a highest value'' and ``because 
of decreasing public health concern with nutritional deficiencies, it 
makes less sense to use maximum values as the basis for these reference 
values'' (55 FR 29476 at 29478).
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    \2\The ESADDIs are nutrient values set by NAS for essential 
nutrients for which data are available to estimate a range of 
requirements, but insufficient for developing a specific RDA (Ref. 
3).
    \3\In 1993, FDA redesignated the term U.S. RDA to RDI because 
the term U.S. RDA was easily confused with the term RDA (58 FR 2206 
at 2207).
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    In the 1993 RDI/DRV final rule, FDA redesignated the U.S. RDA 
values in part 101 (21 CFR part 101) for vitamins and minerals as RDIs. 
In addition, FDA established, under 21 CFR part 104, a single set of 
label reference values for adults and children 4 or more years of age, 
in part, because of space constraints on the food label and the fact 
that children over the age of 4 years consume the same foods that the 
rest of the population consumes (58 FR 2206 at 2213). These RDIs were 
based on the NAS RDAs set in 1968. Although FDA proposed in 1990 to 
base the RDIs on a population-weighted average of the RDAs and ESADDIs, 
in the 1993 RDI/DRV final rule FDA used the highest RDA for adults and 
children 4 or more years of age (excluding values for pregnant and 
lactating women) to serve as label reference values (58 FR 2206 at 2210 
to 2213). FDA found that there was considerable and uniform support in 
the comments for continuing to select the highest nutrient value from 
this group and that vulnerable or at-risk groups would be sufficiently 
covered by electing the highest value. FDA referred to this approach as 
the ``population-coverage approach.''
    On October 6, 1992, Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Act of 
1992 that, in section 203, instructed FDA to not issue regulations 
before November 8, 1993, that would revise the U.S. RDAs (redesignated 
as RDIs) for vitamins or minerals (other than existing regulations that 
established the U.S. RDAs specified in Sec.  101.9(c)(7)(iv) that were 
in effect prior to October 6, 1992). Thus, FDA did not codify new 
nutrient values in the 1993 RDI/DRV final rule. In the Federal Register 
of December 28, 1995 (60 FR 67164) (the 1995 final rule), FDA amended 
certain

[[Page 62151]]

RDIs based on the 1989 NAS RDAs and ESADDIs.
    In the 1995 final rule, FDA amended its regulations to establish 
RDIs for vitamin K and selenium based on the 1989 NAS RDAs, and for 
manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and chloride based on the 1989 ESADDIs 
(Ref. 3). FDA did not establish a DV for fluoride in the 1995 final 
rule because the 1989 NAS RDA report stated that published studies ``do 
not justify a classification of fluorine\4\ as an essential element, 
according to accepted standards'' (Ref. 3 at p. 235) and because the 
primary sources of dietary fluoride (e.g., community water supplies, 
toothpastes, mouth rinses) are not required to bear nutrition labeling 
(60 FR 67164 at 67168). FDA concluded that the declaration of percent 
DV of fluoride within nutrition labeling on a limited number of foods 
that are relatively minor sources of the nutrient would be of little 
use in assisting consumers in maintaining healthy dietary practices (60 
FR 67164 at 67168).
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    \4\Fluoride is the ionized form of the element fluorine.
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    In addition, a notification was submitted under section 
403(r)(2)(G) of the act (21 U.S.C. 343(r)(2)(G)) in 2001 for the use of 
certain nutrient content claims for choline. These statements identify 
the daily value for choline as 550 milligrams (mg).\5\ This value is 
based on the Adequate Intake (AI) set by the Institute of Medicine 
(IOM) of the NAS in 1998 (Refs. 9 and 20).
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    \5\FDA has not acted to prohibit or modify the claims, and 
therefore, manufacturers may use the specified claims on the label 
and in the labeling of any food or dietary supplement product that 
qualifies for the claims described in the notification.
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2. DRVs
    The 1993 RDI/DRV final rule also identified DRVs for those 
nutrients that are important to diet and health (e.g., total fat, 
saturated fat, cholesterol, total carbohydrate (CHO), protein, dietary 
fiber, sodium, and potassium). The DRVs are based on the NAS Diet and 
Health Report (sodium, potassium, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, 
carbohydrate, and dietary fiber) (Ref. 4), the Surgeon General's Report 
on Nutrition and Health (dietary fiber) (Ref. 5), and the 1990 Dietary 
Guidelines for Americans (Ref. 6). The DRV for protein (50 grams per 
day (g/d)) was set at 10 percent of 2,000 calories based on an adjusted 
average of the 1989 RDA (Ref. 3). The use of ``calories'' to mean 
``kilocalories'' (kcals) is commonly accepted and more readily 
understood by consumers.
    The DRVs in the 1993 RDI/DRV final rule (58 FR 2206) were based on 
a 2,000 calorie reference diet. In the 1990 proposal (55 FR 29476 at 
29482), FDA proposed using a 2,350 calories reference diet based on a 
population adjusted mean of recommended calorie allowances for persons 
4 or more years of age (excluding pregnant and lactating women) (from 
table 3-5 of the 10th edition of ``Recommended Dietary Allowances'' 
(Ref. 3)). However, FDA received several comments opposing the 2,350 
reference values because of concerns that this value was too high, 
especially among women (58 FR 2206 at 2217). In addition, several 
comments suggested that using 2,000 calories as a reference diet would 
be easier for consumers to use in calculations and closer to caloric 
requirements of older women who are ``at risk for excessive calories 
and fat'' (id.). The 2,000 calorie reference diet FDA adopted was 
consistent with the ``population-coverage approach'' as it selected a 
lower calorie basis for the DRVs for the group at risk (i.e., older 
women).

B. Nutrient Content Final Rule

    In the Federal Register of January 6, 1993 (58 FR 2079), FDA 
published a final rule entitled ``Food Labeling: Mandatory Status of 
Nutrition Labeling and Nutrient Content Revision, Format for Nutrition 
Label'' (the 1993 nutrient content final rule). The 1993 nutrient 
content final rule: (1) Requires nutrition labeling on most foods that 
are regulated by FDA, (2) revises the list of required nutrients and 
food components and the conditions for declaring them in nutrition 
labeling, (3) specifies a new format for declaring nutrition 
information, (4) allows specified products to be exempt from nutrition 
labeling, and (5) prescribes a simplified form of nutrition labeling 
and the circumstances in which such simplified nutrition labeling can 
be used. An example of a Nutrition Facts label can be found in appendix 
B.
1. Required and Voluntary Labeling of Nutrients on Food Products (Sec.  
101.9(c))
    With respect to nutrition labeling of foods, the 1993 nutrient 
content final rule declared that nutrition information on the label and 
in labeling of foods shall contain information about the level of the 
following nutrients: (1) Calories or total calories; (2) calories from 
fat; (3) calories from saturated fat (voluntary); (4) total fat; (5) 
saturated fat; (6) polyunsaturated fat (voluntary); (7) monounsaturated 
fat (voluntary); (8) cholesterol; (9) sodium; (10) potassium 
(voluntary); (11) total carbohydrate (including sugars (mono- and 
disaccharides), oligosaccharides, starch, fiber, and organic acids); 
(12) dietary fiber; (13) soluble fiber (voluntary); (14) insoluble 
fiber (voluntary); (15) sugars; (16) sugar alcohol (voluntary); (17) 
other carbohydrate (voluntary); (18) protein; and (19) vitamins and 
minerals (see Sec.  101.9(c)(1) through (c)(8)). However, those 
nutrients that can be declared voluntarily, as described previously in 
this document, must be declared when a nutrient content or health claim 
is made (Sec.  101.9(c)). In the Federal Register of July 11, 2003 (68 
FR 41434), FDA amended its regulations on nutrition labeling to require 
trans fatty acids be declared in grams per serving in the nutrition 
label of conventional foods and dietary supplements (see section G).
    Nutrient information for both mandatory and any voluntary nutrients 
that are to be declared in the nutrition label, except vitamins and 
minerals, shall be declared with the name of each nutrient, and the 
quantitative amount by weight for that nutrient (i.e. g or mg) (see 
Sec.  101.9(d)(7)(i)). A listing of the percent DRV as established in 
Sec.  101.9(c)(7)(iii) and (c)(9) (see table 1 of this document for 
reference values) is required under the heading percent DV for each 
nutrient for which a DRV was established, except that the percent for 
protein may be omitted (see Sec.  101.9(d)(7)(ii)).
    The regulations require that information about these nutrients be 
declared on the nutrition label and that no nutrients or food 
components, other than those listed, may be included on the nutrition 
label (Sec.  101.9(c)).
    A statement about the percent of the RDI, expressed as the percent 
of the DV for vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron, in that order, 
is required (see table 1 of this document for reference values) (Sec.  
101.9(c)(8)(ii)). These four vitamin and mineral nutrients are required 
to be declared because of public health concerns relative to inadequate 
intake of these nutrients by specific portions of the population, as 
well as the possible association between the lack of several of these 
nutrients in the diet and the risk of chronic disease (58 FR 2079 at 
2106). The declaration of other vitamins and minerals that have an RDI 
is required when they are added as a nutrient supplement or when a 
claim is made about them (Sec.  101.9(c)(8)(ii)). If the amount of the 
vitamin or mineral is present at less than 2 percent of the RDI, 
declaration of an amount is not required or the content may be 
expressed as zero (Sec.  101.9(c)(8)(iii)).

[[Page 62152]]



   Table 1.--Reference Values for Nutrition Labeling (Based on a 2,000
     Calorie Intake; for Adults and Children 4 or More Years of Age)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Nutrient\1\             Unit of  Measure         Daily  Values
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Fat                  g                         65
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Saturated fatty acids      g                         20
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cholesterol                mg                        300
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sodium                     mg                        2,400
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Potassium                  mg                        3,500
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total carbohydrate         g                         300
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Fiber                      g                         25
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protein                    g                         50
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin A                  International Units (IU)  5,000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin C                  mg                        60
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calcium                    mg                        1,000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iron                       mg                        18
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin D                  IU                        400
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin E                  IU                        30
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin K                  micrograms (microg)       80
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thiamin                    mg                        1.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riboflavin                 mg                        1.7
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Niacin                     mg                        20
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin B6                 mg                        2.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Folate                     microg                    400
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin B12                microg                    6.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Biotin                     microg                    300
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pantothenic acid           mg                        10
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phosphorus                 mg                        1,000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iodine                     microg                    150
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Magnesium                  mg                        400
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zinc                       mg                        15
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Selenium                   microg                    70
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copper                     mg                        2.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manganese                  mg                        2.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chromium                   microg                    120
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molybdenum                 microg                    75
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chloride                   mg                        3,400
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Nutrients in this table are listed in the order in which they are
  required to appear on a label in accordance with Sec.   101.9(c). This
  list includes only those nutrients for which a DRV has been
  established in Sec.   101.9(c)(9) or a RDI in Sec.   101.9(c)(8)(iv).

    The declaration of other vitamins and minerals with an RDI need not 
be declared if: (1) Neither the nutrient nor the component is otherwise 
referred to on the label or in labeling or advertising and (2) the 
vitamins and minerals are required or permitted in a standardized food 
(e.g., thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin in enriched flour) and included 
in a food solely for technological purposes and declared only in the 
ingredient statement (Sec.  101.9(c)(8)(ii)). Foods that are 
represented or purported to be for use by infants (up to 12 months of 
age), children 1 to 4 years of age, pregnant women, or lactating women 
must use the RDIs that are specified for the intended group (Sec.  
101.9(c)(8)(i)). However, FDA has not codified RDI values to use for 
these various groups. FDA stated, in the 1995 final rule, that it 
intended to address the issue of RDIs for all nutrients for the various 
age groups in a future rulemaking but was not doing so in that rule due 
to the continuing questions about how to arrive at such values. FDA 
noted that, for conventional foods, there could be no declaration on 
labels of foods represented or purported to be for use by infants, 
children less than 4 years of age, or pregnant or lactating women for 
vitamin K, selenium, chloride, manganese, chromium, and molybdenum 
until such time as RDIs are established for such groups (60 FR 67164 at 
67171). FDA stated that these six nutrients could be specified in mg or 
[micro]g amounts in dietary supplements under Sec.  101.36 with an 
asterisk in the percent DV column that refers to a footnote stating 
``Daily Value not established.''
    Prior to the 1995 final rule, FDA noted in the 1993 RDI/DRV final 
rule that manufacturers have continued to use the nutrient values that 
were contained in 21 CFR 105.3(b) (FDA deleted this paragraph on March 
16, 1979 (44 FR 16005)), as label reference values for use on foods 
purported or represented to be for use by infants, children under 4 
years of age, or pregnant or lactating women, without objection from 
FDA (58 FR 2206 at 2213). The RDIs for the vitamins and minerals for 
these groups are listed in a table in the 1993 RDI/DRV final rule as 
guidance (58 FR 2206 at 2213). Such table does not include the seven 
nutrients that FDA stated could not be on conventional food labeling 
for these specific groups in the 1995 final rule. Section 
101.9(c)(8)(i) states that all other foods must use the RDI for adults 
and children 4 or more years of age.
2. Application of DVs
    Section 403(q) of the act provides discretion to the agency to 
require information about nutrients on the food label when the agency 
determines such information will ``assist consumers in maintaining 
healthy dietary practices.'' Section 2(b)(1)(A) of the 1990 amendments 
states that nutrition labeling must ``be conveyed to the public in a 
manner which enables the public to readily observe and comprehend such 
information and to understand its relative significance in context of a 
total daily diet.'' In the 1993 nutrient content final rule, FDA stated 
that ``the nutrition label can and should help consumers make informed 
food choices, and that it can also contribute to consumers maintaining 
healthy dietary practices'' (58 FR 2079 at 2114). While the DVs do not 
represent dietary goals for individuals, their intended use is to 
provide an overall population reference value on the food label for the 
consumer (55 FR 29476 at 29481).
    In order to determine a nutrition labeling format that could be 
used most effectively by consumers, FDA conducted consumer research and 
evaluated research conducted by others in considering requirements for 
the nutrition label format in the 1993 nutrient content final rule (58 
FR 2079 at 2115-2121). Based on the results of several consumer studies 
that evaluated the ability of nutrition label formats to enable 
consumers to understand the relative significance of product nutrition 
information in the context of a total daily diet, FDA concluded the 
following: (1) The declaration of nutrient amount information as 
percentages of DV or the placement of adjectives (e.g., high, medium, 
or low) next to the nutrient amount information are effective ways to 
help consumers understand the significance of product nutrition 
information in the context of the total daily diet; (2) the percent DV 
declarations moderate dietary judgments about a food; and (3) other 
format elements, such as a list of DRVs

[[Page 62153]]

for important macronutrients, highlighting, or grouping nutrients 
according to Dietary Guidelines for Americans, did not help consumers 
to make better dietary judgments (58 FR 2079 at 2118). Upon reviewing 
the results of several studies that evaluated the consumer's use of the 
nutrition label, the two most reported uses identified by FDA were to 
evaluate nutrition characteristics of single products and to assist in 
making choices between products (58 FR 2079 at 2121 and references 
cited therein).
    Informed choices include making judgments about a food product's 
contribution to the total diet and making comparisons between the 
nutritional quality of different food products. Findings from the FDA 
Food Label Use and Nutrition Education Surveys (FLUNES) conducted in 
1994 and 1995 showed that more than half of consumers used the 
Nutrition Facts label to make a judgment about the overall nutritional 
quality of a food product, especially the fat content (Ref. 21).
3. Uses of the DVs in Nutrient Content and Health Claims
    The DVs are used to determine, in part, whether a food or dietary 
supplement is eligible to bear nutrient content claims or health 
claims. For nutrient content claims, a food or dietary supplement must 
contain 10 to 19 percent of the DV per Reference Amount Customarily 
Consumed (RACC) in order to be labeled as a good source of a particular 
nutrient and must contain 20 percent or more of the DV per RACC in 
order to be labeled as an excellent source of a particular nutrient 
(Sec.  101.54(b) and (c)). When a health claim is about the effects at 
decreased dietary intake levels (i.e., low claim), the levels must meet 
the definition for use of the term low that has been established for 
that substance, unless a specific alternative level has been 
established (Sec.  101.14(d)(2)(vi)). If no definition for low has been 
established, the level of the substance must meet the level established 
in the regulation authorizing the claim. For health claims, when a 
claim is about the effects of consuming the substance at other than 
decreased dietary levels (i.e. not a low claim), a food must meet the 
definition of high (20 percent of the DV) for the substance that is the 
subject of the claim, if the agency has established a definition for 
the use of the term ``high'' for that substance and the agency has not 
established an alternative level for that nutrient in the health claim 
regulation (Sec.  101.14(d)(2)(vii)). For a few health claims 
authorized in Sec. Sec.  101.76, 101.78, and 101.79, an eligibility 
requirement is based upon meeting the definition for a good source (10 
percent) of the DV for a particular nutrient. The specific eligibility 
requirements for each authorized health claim are set forth in subpart 
E, Sec. Sec.  101.70 to 101.83. In addition, foods bearing health 
claims, other than dietary supplements or where otherwise provided for 
in regulations, must contain 10 percent or more of the DV, prior to any 
nutrient addition, for one of the following nutrients: Vitamins A, 
vitamin C, iron, calcium, protein, or fiber (Sec.  101.14(e)(6)).

C. Labeling of Dietary Supplements

    As part of the implementation of the Dietary Supplement Health and 
Education Act of 1994, FDA issued final regulations in the Federal 
Register of September 23, 1997 (62 FR 49826), requiring that a 
Supplement Facts label appear on the label or labeling of all dietary 
supplements. The Supplement Facts label is similar to the Nutrition 
Facts label in both content and format. Examples of Supplement Facts 
labels can be found in appendix B. The Supplement Facts label must 
include the amount and percent DV of the same nutrients that are 
required for conventional foods if the nutrients are present in the 
supplement, as well as the amount of other dietary ingredients present 
(Sec.  101.36(b)). Nutrients that have established DVs are listed 
first, followed by a horizontal line that separates these nutrients 
from dietary ingredients that have no DVs (e.g., botanicals). The 
Supplement Facts label must state that percent DVs have not been 
established for these dietary ingredients and must indicate these 
ingredients clearly with an asterisk (*) (Sec.  101.36(b)(3)(iv)).

D. IOM DRIs and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

    Beginning in 1997, the IOM began publishing a series of reports on 
reference intake values (Refs. 8 to 14), collectively known as the 
DRIs. The DRIs are defined intake levels and include the AI, estimated 
average requirement (EAR), RDA, and the tolerable upper intake level 
(UL). DRIs were set for those vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients 
that are essential in humans and/or provide a beneficial role in human 
health. While many of the RDAs were revised for nutrients that had an 
existing RDA (e.g., iron and vitamin A), some nutrients that had RDAs 
now have an AI (e.g., calcium and vitamin K). Those nutrients that had 
an ESADDI, now have either an RDA (copper and molybdenum) or an AI 
(manganese, fluoride, and chromium). Although not considered to be a 
DRI that provides a defined intake level, the IOM also set acceptable 
macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) for carbohydrate (i.e., 
sugars (mono-, di- and oligosaccharides) and starch), total fat, n-3 
and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and protein (Ref. 13 and Ref. 16 
at p. 93). The DRIs and AMDRs were set for the following life stage 
groups: Infants (0 to 6 and 7 to 12 months); toddlers (1 to 3 years); 
boys and girls (4 to 8 years); adolescent boys and girls (9 to 13 and 
14 to 18 years); adult men and women (19 to 30, 31 to 50, 51 to 70, and 
greater than 70 years); and pregnant and lactating women.
1. EAR
    The EAR for a nutrient is defined as the daily intake value that is 
estimated to meet the requirement for that nutrient, as defined by a 
specific criterion of adequacy or optimal health, in half of the 
apparently healthy individuals in a specific life stage and gender 
group. This definition of the EAR implies a median, rather than a mean 
or average. The median and mean would be the same if the distribution 
of requirements followed a symmetrical distribution.
    In the case of energy, the IOM set an estimated energy requirement 
(EER) to represent the average dietary energy intake that is predicted 
to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, 
weight, height, and physical activity level (PAL). PAL is the ratio of 
total energy expenditure (TEE) divided by the basal rate of energy 
expenditure. The EER equations use one of the four PAL categories: 
Sedentary, low active, active, and very active. In children and 
pregnant and lactating women, the EER meets the needs associated with 
the deposition of tissues or secretion of milk at rates consistent with 
good health.
    The EAR and the EER are used for assessing nutrient intakes of 
groups. For nutrients with an EAR and for the EER, the prevalence of 
inadequacy in the population group for the nutrient or energy level 
evaluated is usually the approximate percentage of the population 
evaluated whose intakes fall below the EAR for the nutrient or the EER 
(Ref. 22). The EAR for the nutrient and the EER can also be used to 
plan for an acceptably low prevalence of inadequate intakes within a 
group. The EAR for a nutrient and the EER should not be used as an 
intake goal for the individual. Examples of planning for groups include 
planning diets in an assisted-living facility for senior citizens

[[Page 62154]]

or planning menus for a school nutrition program (Ref. 15).
2. RDAs
    The RDA is an estimate of the daily average intake level that meets 
the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy 
individuals in a particular life stage and gender group and assuming a 
normal distribution of requirements (Ref. 8). An RDA cannot be set 
without an EAR. For all nutrients, except iron, the RDA was set based 
on the EAR plus 2-times the standard deviation (SD) of the EAR : RDA = 
EAR + 2 x SDrequirement. If data about the variability in 
the EAR for a nutrient were insufficient to calculate the 
SDEAR, then a coefficient of variation (CV) of 10 percent 
was assumed.
    If individual intakes have been observed for a large number of days 
and are at the RDA, or observed intakes for fewer days are well above 
the RDA, there can be a high level of confidence that the intake is 
adequate. Under these conditions, RDAs can be used for assessing 
intakes of individuals for nutritional adequacy. The RDA can also be 
used to plan for intakes of individuals. The RDA should not be used to 
plan intakes of groups. The RDA is not used to plan intakes of groups 
because the median of a target intake distribution for a group will 
usually exceed the RDA because the variance in usual intakes exceeds 
the variance in requirements. Thus, the selection of the RDA as the 
median of the target usual intake distribution for groups is not 
recommended as it results in a greater percentage of inadequacy. The 
IOM report on the application of the DRIs in planning diets for 
individuals provided several examples of nutrient-based food guidance 
systems that could be used by individuals for planning diets, including 
food and supplement labels (e.g., the Nutrition Facts label) (Ref. 15).
3. AI
    If there is insufficient scientific evidence to calculate the EAR 
and therefore insufficient evidence on which to establish an RDA for an 
essential nutrient or a nutrient that is beneficial for human health, 
then an AI is determined. AIs are based on the following: (1) 
Scientific evidence for requirements that is insufficient to set an EAR 
(e.g., calcium, vitamin D, choline, biotin, fluoride, sodium); (2) 
experimental data on risk reduction of chronic disease that are 
insufficient to set an EAR (e.g., dietary fiber, potassium); or (3) 
median intakes of a nutrient usually using national nutrition intake 
survey data, provided there is no evidence of a deficiency of the 
nutrient in the United States (e.g., pantothenic acid, vitamin K, 
chromium, manganese, linoleic acid, and [agr]-linolenic acid). There is 
much less certainty about an AI value than about an RDA value. The AI 
for a nutrient is expected to exceed the RDA for that nutrient, and 
therefore it should cover the needs of more than 97 to 98 percent of 
individuals. The IOM set most AIs for young infants (0 to 6 months of 
age) based on the average intake of the nutrient consumed exclusively 
from breastfed infants, provided that breast milk provides a sufficient 
amount of a nutrient to meet the needs of the infant. The AIs for older 
infants (7 to 12 months) were set based on: (1) The average intake of 
the nutrient consumed exclusively from breastfed infants and, if data 
were available, average intakes of a nutrient provided by complimentary 
weaning foods; and/or (2) extrapolated from the AI of younger infants; 
and/or (3) extrapolated from adult AIs; and/or (4) clinical data. The 
AIs for iron and zinc for older infants could not be set using intake 
from breast milk because the level of iron and zinc in human milk is 
not sufficient to meet their needs. For iron, zinc, and protein; EARs 
and RDAs for older infants 7 to 12 months were set based upon data 
regarding daily requirements.
    Usual individual intakes that are equal to or above the AI can be 
assumed adequate. The likelihood of inadequacy of usual intakes below 
the AI cannot be determined since there is insufficient information of 
the distribution of requirements. The AI can also be used to plan for 
intakes of individuals (Ref. 15).
4. UL
    The UL is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely 
to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in 
the specific life stage group. As intake increases above the UL, there 
is a potential for an increased risk of adverse effects. The UL is not 
intended to be a recommended level of intake, as there is no 
established benefit for healthy individuals if they consume a nutrient 
in amounts exceeding the RDA or AI.
    The UL can be used to estimate the percentage of the population at 
potential risk of adverse effects from excess nutrient intake. The UL 
can also be used to plan for usual intakes below this level for an 
individual or in planning to minimize the proportion of the population 
at risk of excess nutrient intake (Ref. 15).
5. AMDR
    An AMDR is a range of intakes for a particular energy source (e.g., 
fat, fatty acids, carbohydrate, and protein) that is associated with 
reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of 
essential nutrients. The AMDR of a macronutrient (e.g., fat) is 
expressed as a percentage of total energy intake because its 
requirement is dependent on other energy sources (e.g., carbohydrate 
and protein). If an individual consumes below or above this range, 
there is a potential for increasing the risk of chronic diseases shown 
to affect long-term health, as well as increasing the risk of 
insufficient intakes of essential nutrients.
6. DRIs Set for Macronutrients and Micronutrients
    Based on the review of all macronutrients and micronutrients that 
are known to be essential and/or beneficial in humans, the IOM set the 
DRIs that are listed for each nutrient in tables 2 to 10 of this 
document. As can be seen from tables 11a and 11b of this document, the 
population-coverage and population-weighted AIs for fluoride and the 
population-coverage RDAs for synthetic niacin exceed the UL for 
children 4 to 8 years.
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E. IOM Report on Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labeling

    In 2003 the IOM committee on nutrition labeling (the IOM Committee) 
considered how the DRIs can be used to develop appropriate reference 
values for nutrition labeling (Ref. 16). The IOM Committee's report 
recommended the following 10 guiding principles for nutrition labeling:
     Nutrition information in the Nutrition Facts label should 
continue to be expressed as percent DV. The concept of percent DV was 
developed by FDA in response to NLEA to help consumers better 
comprehend the nutritional value of food and to understand its relative 
significance in the context of a daily diet. The percent DV concept was 
modeled after the ``percent of U.S. RDAs'' used in 1973 labeling. The 
use of the percent DV concept has been supported by consumer studies 
(58 FR 2079). The IOM Committee concluded that the rationale to use 
percent DV was compelling and suggested no alternative approach.
     The DVs should be based on a population-weighted reference 
value using census data and proportions of each life stage and gender 
group. The IOM Committee's rationale for using a population-weighted 
approach was that the DRIs for the various age and gender groups should 
be represented by the DV of the population in the same proportions. A 
DV defined this way would represent a central value of the requirement 
of the base population, with individual requirements varying around 
this value.
    As discussed previously in this document, the population-weighted 
approach is one of two approaches for setting one DV for all 
individuals 4 years of age and older. Currently, FDA uses the 
population-coverage approach for setting a single DV which represents 
the highest recommended intake level among all life stage and gender 
groups, excluding pregnant and lactating women. Although the degree of 
change will differ for each nutrient, the DV would be lower using the 
population-weighted approach for most nutrients when compared to a DV 
derived using the population-coverage approach (see tables 11a and 11b 
of this document). Note that if the DV for a nutrient is increased, 
then a serving of food would have a lower percent DV on the Nutrition 
Facts label.

            Table 11a. Comparison of the Current DVs with the EAR, RDA, and UL Using the Population-Coverage or Population-Weighted Approach
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                            UL 4 to 8
                 Nutrient                  Unit of Measure   Current DV   Highest RDA   Weighted RDA\1\   Highest EAR  Weighted EAR\1\      years\2\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nutrients Assigned an EAR and RDA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Copper                                                  mg          2.0           0.9               0.8           0.7              0.7                 3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Folate                                              microg        400           400               378           330              304                 400
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iodine                                              microg        150           150               144            95               91                 300
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iron                                                    mg         18            18                11             8                6                  40
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Magnesium                                               mg        400           420               341           350              283                 110
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Molybdenum                                          microg         75            45                42            34               32                 600
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Niacin                                                  mg         20            16                14            12               11                  15
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phosphorus                                              mg      1,000         1,250               769         1,055              640               3,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protein                                                  g         50            56                47            46               39                   -
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riboflavin                                              mg          1.7           1.3               1.1           1.1              0.9                --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Selenium                                            microg         70            55                52            45               43                 150
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thiamin                                                 mg          1.5           1.2               1.1           1.0              0.9                --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin A                                               IU      5,000         3,000             2,511         2,100            1,768                  --
                                          --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    microg   1,500 RE       900 RAE           754 RAE       630 RAE          531 RAE                 900
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin B6                                              mg          2.0           1.7               1.3           1.4              1.1                40
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin B12                                         microg          6.0           2.4               2.3           2.0              1.9                --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin C                                               mg         60            90                74            75               61                 650
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin E                                               IU      30 IU            --                --            --               --                  --
                                          --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 mg [agr]-  ...........          15                14            12               11                 300
                                                tocopherol
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62163]]


Zinc                                                    mg         15            11                 9.1           9.4              7.7                12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Population-weighted means of life-stage and gender specific RDAs, EARs, AIs, and ULs were computed for adults and children 4 or more years of age,
  using 2005 Middle Series Data from Annual Projections of the Resident Population by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: Lowest, Middle, Highest, and
  Zero International Migration Series, 1999 to 2100 (NP-D1-A), (http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/natdet-D1A.htm), U.S. Census Bureau,

  Population Projection Program , accessed July 19, 2006. Life-stage and gender specific RDAs, EARs, AIs, and ULs were multiplied by the population
  projection for the corresponding life-stage and gender group (e.g., children 4 to 8 years old, males 9 to 13 years old). Sum of these values were
  divided by the total population projection for adults and children 4 or more years of age.
\2\The ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. The ULs
  for vitamin A apply only to preformed vitamin A. The ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and do not include intake
  from food and water.
RE=retinol equivalents, RAE=retinol activity equivalents


               Table 11b. Comparison of the Current DVs with the AIs and ULs Using the Population-Coverage or Population-Weighted Approach
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               Weighted
                   Nutrient                       Unit Of Measure    Current DV  Highest AI      AI\1\      Highest UL  Weighted UL\1\   UL 4 to 8 years
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nutrients Assigned an AI
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Biotin                                                      microg          300        30            28             --              --              --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calcium                                                         mg        1,000     1,300         1,091             --              --           2,500
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chloride                                                        mg        3,400     2,300         2,150          3,600           3,536           2,900
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Choline                                                         mg       550\2\       550           460             --              --           1,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chromium                                                    microg          120        35            27             --              --              --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fiber                                                            g           25     38\3\         29\3\             --              --              --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linoleic acid                                                    g           --        17            13             --              --              --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[agr]-Linolenic acid                                             g           --         1.6           1.3           --              --              --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manganese                                                       mg          2.0         2.3           1.9           --              --               3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pantothenic acid                                                mg           10         5             5             --              --              --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Potassium                                                       mg        3,500     4,700         4,622             --              --              --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sodium                                                          mg     2,400\4\     1,500         1,410          2,300           2,265           1,900
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin D                                                       IU          400       600           280             --              --              --
                                               ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            microg           10        15             7    ...........  ..............              50
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vitamin K                                                   microg           80       120            95             --              --              --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fluoride                                                        mg           --         4             3             --              --               2.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Population-weighted means of life-stage and gender specific RDAs, EARs, AIs, and ULs were computed for adults and children 4 or more years of age,
  using 2005 Middle Series Data from Annual Projections of the Resident Population by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: Lowest, Middle, Highest, and
  Zero International Migration Series, 1999 to 2100 (NP-D1-A), (http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/natdet-D1A.htm), U.S. Census Bureau,

  Population Projection Program , accessed July 19, 2006. Life-stage and gender specific RDAs, EARs, AIs, and ULs were multiplied by the population
  projection for the corresponding life-stage and gender group (e.g., children 4 to 8 years old, males 9 to 13 years old). Sum of these values were
  divided by the total population projection for adults and children 4 or more years of age.
\2\A notification was submitted under section 403(r)(2)(G) of the act (21 U.S.C. 343(r)(2)(G)) in 2001 for the use of certain nutrient content claims
  for choline. These statements identify the daily value for choline as 550 mg (see footnote 5 of this document). This value is based on the AI set by
  the IOM of the NAS in 1998 (Refs. 9 and 20).
\3\Based on AI of 14g/1,000 calories.
\4\Daily reference value to not be exceeded.

     A population-weighted EAR should be the basis for DVs for 
those nutrients for which EARs have been identified. The Committee's 
rationale for using an EAR, rather than the RDA, to set the DV was the 
Committee's belief that the EAR represents the most accurate 
representation of the true contribution of food to total nutrient needs 
in the general population.
    Currently, the RDIs are based on RDAs, when available. There are 16 
nutrients for which the DV is currently based on an RDA and now have a 
new EAR and RDA.\6\ Because the RDA is 2 standard deviations greater 
than the

[[Page 62164]]

EAR, a DV based on an EAR would be lower than when based on the RDA 
(see table 11a of this document). The population-weighted EAR yields 
the lowest values compared to population-coverage RDA, population-
weighted RDA, or population-coverage EAR (see table 11a of this 
document). The population-weighted EAR can vary from as little as 21 
percent lower than the population-coverage RDA for vitamin 
B12, to 41 percent lower for vitamin A, to as much as 67 
percent lower for iron.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\Currently there are DVs that were based on RDAs for vitamin 
A, vitamin C, iron, vitamin E, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin 
B6, folate, vitamin B12, phosphorous, iodine, magnesium, zinc, 
selenium, and protein.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     If no EAR has been set for a nutrient, then a population-
weighted AI should be used as the basis for a DV.
    An AI is a proxy for an RDA, however, the AI is not the equivalent 
of an EAR. Thus, when an AI is set for a nutrient, there is no other 
recommended intake level that is set for that nutrient. AIs were 
determined for 15 nutrients (tables 2 and 3 of this document). As can 
be seen in table 11b of this document, a reference value for labeling 
based on a population-weighted AI is lower for most nutrients than a 
reference value that is derived based on the population-coverage 
approach that uses the highest AI. As discussed previously in this 
document, AIs for children and adults were based on experimental data 
that were not sufficient for setting an EAR or were based on median 
intake levels. The IOM labeling report did not address the issue of 
whether AIs based on either approach should or should not be considered 
in setting a DV. The IOM labeling report did not address the AIs set 
for sodium and potassium because the IOM DRI report on electrolytes and 
water was not completed (Ref. 14).
     The AMDR should be the basis for the DVs for protein, 
total carbohydrate, and total fat. The IOM labeling committee 
recommended that using the AMDRs to set reference values for protein, 
total carbohydrate, and total fat is appropriate to promote healthful 
dietary practices and nutritionally adequate diets and would provide 
consistency. Because the IOM set AMDRs (percent of energy) for all 
three macronutrients, the IOM Committee recommended setting the DV 
based on the following: (1) The midpoint of the AMDR for carbohydrate 
(starch and sugars), (2) a population-weighted midpoint of the AMDR for 
total fat since AMDRs varied for age, and (3) the difference (100 
percent of energy - (DVfat + DVcarbohydrate)) for 
protein. The IOM Committee stated that using the midpoint of the AMDR 
values avoids extreme values from the upper or lower boundaries and is 
an approach that focuses on moderation. The IOM Panel on Macronutrients 
did not set a UL for total or added sugars, but identified a suggested 
maximum intake level of no more than 25 percent of energy from added 
sugars. However, the IOM Committee recommended against using this value 
for nutrition labeling because it could be misrepresented as a 
desirable intake level. Although the IOM panel on macronutrients set an 
AMDR for protein, they also set EARs and RDAs for protein (see tables 
11a and 12 of this document).
    Currently, the DV for protein is based on 10 percent of 2,000 
calories using an adjusted average of the 1989 RDA (Ref. 3). Although 
protein has a DV, the declaration of a percent DV for protein on the 
label is optional unless a claim is being made. The declaration of a 
percent DV for protein is optional due, in part, to the cost 
consideration of determining the protein digestibility-corrected amino 
acid score which is necessary to calculate the percent DV of protein 
(58 FR 2079 at 2102).

  Table 12.--Comparison of the Current DVs in Grams to the Lower, Midpoint, and Upper Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for a 2,000 Calorie
                                                                          Diet
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Current DV                             AMDR                            AMDR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               Percent of energy          Grams (for 2,000 calories per
                                                                     Grams (for 2,000   -------------------------------              day)\1\
                   Nutrient                     Percent of Energy    calories per day)                                 ---------------------------------
                                                                                           Low      Midpoint     High      Low      Midpoint      High
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adults
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protein                                                        10                    50     10           22.5     35         50         112.5      175
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fat                                                         30\2\                    65     20           27.5     35         44.4        61.1       77.7
  Linoleic acid                                                --                    --      5            7.5     10         11          17         22
  [agr]-Linolenic                                              --                    --      0.6          0.9      1.2        1.3         2          2.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbohydrate                                                   60                300\3\     45           55.0     65     225\4\      275\4\     325\4\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protein by difference                           .................  ....................  .......         17.5  .......  .........        87.5  .........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total energy                                                  100  ....................  .......        100    .......  .........  ..........  .........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Children Age 4 to 18 Years
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protein                                                        10                    50     10           20       30         50         100        150
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fat                                                         30\2\                    65     25           30       35         55.6        66         77.7
  Linoleic acid                                                --                    --      5            7.5     10         11          17         22
  [agr]-Linolenic                                              --                    --      0.6          0.9      1.2        1.3         2          2.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbohydrate                                                   60                300\3\     45           55       65     225\4\      275\4\     325\4\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protein by difference                           .................  ....................  .......         15    .......  .........        75    .........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total energy                                                  100  ....................  .......        100    .......  .........  ..........  .........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62165]]


Age 4 Years and Older (Weighted per IOM Labeling Report, Table B-4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fat\5\                                                      30\2\                    65     21           28       35         46.7        62         77.7
  Linoleic acid                                                --                    --      5            7.5     10         11          17         22
  [agr]-Linolenic                                              --                    --      0.6          0.9      1.2        1.3         2          2.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbohydrate\6\                                                60                300\3\     45           55       65     225\4\      275\4\     325\4\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protein by difference\7\                        .................  ....................     34           17        0        170          85          0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total energy                                    .................  ....................  .......        100    .......  .........  ..........  .........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Derived by converting percent energy to g/d using Atwater factors 4 calories/g for carbohydrates and protein and 9 calories/d for fat for a 2,000
  calories diet.
\2\Based on a Dietary Guideline recommendation of no more than 30 percent of energy from fat.
\3\Carbohydrate represents sugars, starch, fiber, and organic acids.
\4\Carbohydrate represents starch and sugars.
\5\The AMDR for total fat is comprised of population-weighted values computed based on U.S. Census Bureau estimates of the U.S. population in 2005.
\6\No weighting was done for this group.
\7\Calculated using the difference (100 percent of energy - (DVfat + DVcarbohydrate)) for protein.

    For the purpose for food labeling, total carbohydrate in food is 
currently calculated by subtraction of the sum of crude protein, total 
fat, moisture, and ash from the total weight of the food and includes 
starch, sugars, sugar alcohols, and fiber (Sec.  101.9(c)(6)). The 
current DV for total carbohydrate is based on the 100 percent of energy 
minus the sum of the DV for fat (30 percent) plus the DV for protein 
(10 percent). Thus, the DV is 60 percent of a 2,000 calorie diet (300 
g) for total carbohydrate. In contrast to the calculation of total 
carbohydrates (Sec.  101.9(c)(6)), the IOM panel on macronutrients set 
an AMDR for carbohydrates and also set an EAR and RDA for carbohydrate 
that specifically represents starch and sugars, but does not include 
sugar alcohols or fiber (see tables 8, 10, and 12 of this document). 
Therefore, the recommendation by the IOM Committee to use the AMDR for 
setting a DV for total carbohydrate would limit the definition and 
corresponding DV to sugars and starch.
    The current DV for fat (65 g) is based on the NAS Diet and Health 
Report (Ref. 4) which recommended no more than 30 percent of energy 
from fat and represents triglyceride content (Sec.  101.9(c)(2)). The 
IOM panel on macronutrients set AMDRs for total fat and fatty acids 
linoleic and [agr]-linolenic acid (see table 12 of this document). The 
IOM panel on macronutrients also set AIs for linoleic and [agr]-
linolenic acid (see table 11b of this document).
    Table 12 of this document shows the current DV, the lowest, the 
midpoint, and the highest value for each AMDR set by the IOM DRI panel 
on macronutrients, and the AMDRs adjusted using the population-weighted 
approach. As can be seen in table 12 of this document for fat, linoleic 
acid, [agr]-linolenic acid, and carbohydrate, the lowest, the midpoint, 
and the highest AMDR values are similar to the values obtained using 
the population-weighted AMDRs. The approach that was recommended by the 
IOM Committee, i.e., using the midpoint of the AMDR for fat and 
carbohydrate as the basis for label reference values, would yield 
values of 62 g/d of fat, 85 g/d protein, and 275 g/d carbohydrate.
     Two thousand calories should be used, when needed, as the 
basis for expressing energy intake when developing DVs. Although EERs 
were set for all life-stage groups (Ref. 13), the IOM Committee 
recognized that the EERs are dependent upon height, weight, and 
physical activity level. In addition, the EER equations are based on 
normal weight individuals, and the United States has a high prevalence 
of obese and overweight individuals (64 percent of adults and 15 
percent of children) (Ref. 16). The IOM Committee found that the data 
necessary to use the EER to derive a calorie reference value is 
incomplete. Therefore, the IOM Committee recommended retaining the 
current 2,000 calorie reference level (Ref. 16).
     The DVs for saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and 
cholesterol should be set at a level that is as low as possible in 
keeping with an achievable health-promoting diet. The rationale for 
this recommendation is based on the DRI macronutrient report (Ref. 13) 
which did not set ULs but recommended that saturated fatty acid, trans 
fatty acid and cholesterol intakes should be as low as possible while 
consuming a nutritionally adequate diet. The current DV for saturated 
fat (not more than 10 percent of energy (20 g/d) and cholesterol (300 
mg/d)) is based on the NAS Diet and Health Report (Ref. 4).
    For FDA to establish a DV for trans fatty acids, saturated fat, and 
cholesterol, the IOM Committee suggested that FDA use food composition 
data, menu modeling, and data from dietary surveys to estimate minimum 
intakes consistent with nutritionally adequate and health-promoting 
diets for diverse populations. In April of 2004, FDA held a meeting of 
the Nutrition Subcommittee of the Food Advisory Committee on total fat 
and trans fat (the subcommittee) (Ref. 23). The subcommittee concluded 
that currently there is not enough scientific evidence to recommend a 
specific acceptable daily intake for trans fatty acids.
     While the general population is best identified as all 
individuals 4 years of age and older, four distinctive life stages were 
identified for developing separate DVs: Infants (<  1 year), toddlers (1 
to 3 years), pregnancy, and lactation. Because infants, toddlers, and 
pregnant women and lactating women have specific nutritional needs, the 
IOM Committee stated that a single DV for the entire population could 
over- or underestimate the nutrient contribution

[[Page 62166]]

of foods for these four groups. Therefore, the IOM Committee 
recommended that separate DVs for foods manufactured specifically for 
these four groups be used for that specific life-stage group.
    See discussion in section I.B.1 of this document on requirements 
for foods that are represented or purported to be for the use of 
infants (up to 12 months of age) or children 1 to 4 years of age, and 
pregnant women or lactating women.
     The Supplement Facts label should use the same DVs as the 
Nutrition Facts label. The IOM Committee recommended that all other 
guiding principles should apply to dietary supplement labeling. The IOM 
Committee came up with this recommendation because the Supplement Facts 
label requires the inclusion of the percent DVs for the nutrients that 
are mandated for conventional food (21 U.S.C. 321(ff)). Therefore, the 
comparisons that are shown for the Nutrition Facts label in tables 11a 
and 11b of this document are the same for the Supplement Facts label.
     Absolute amounts should be included in the Nutrition Facts 
and Supplement Facts labels for all nutrients. The IOM Committee 
concluded that including absolute amounts (e.g., mg/serving) would 
assist consumers who want nutrient information but are yet unable to 
understand the percent DVs. Furthermore, absolute amounts for 
macronutrients are already required on the Nutrition and Supplement 
Facts labels. Therefore, the IOM Committee stated that adding absolute 
amounts for micronutrients would make the labeling consistent. The IOM 
Committee also recommended that the units used for vitamin A (IU), 
vitamin D (IU), vitamin E (IU), folate ([micro]g), copper (mg), sodium 
(mg), potassium (mg) and chloride (mg) be changed to be consistent with 
the units in the new DRI reports (vitamin A ([micro]g Retinol Activity 
Equivalents), vitamin D ([micro]g), vitamin E (mg [agr]-tocopherol), 
folate ([micro]g dietary folate equivalents), copper ([micro]g), sodium 
(g), potassium (g), and chloride (g)).

F. IOM Report on the Definition of Fiber

1. Definitions
    Because there is not a formal definition for dietary fiber, dietary 
fiber is the material isolated using AOAC INTERNATIONAL Enzymatic-
Gravimetric Method 985.29 (Ref. 12). This method includes lignin and 
nonstarch polysaccharides and some resistant starch, inulin, chitin, 
chitosan, chondroitin sulfate, and noncarbohydrate material. This 
method does not include oligosaccharides, polydextrose, or resistant 
maltodextrins. Currently, dietary fiber is indented under ``Total 
Carbohydrates'' in the Nutrition Facts label (Sec.  101.9(c)(6)(i)).
    In 2001 the IOM Panel on the Definition of Dietary Fiber (the IOM 
Panel) responded to FDA's request to provide definitions for dietary 
fiber based on its role in human physiology and health. The IOM Panel 
developed two categories of definitions of fiber: ``Dietary Fiber'' and 
``Functional Fiber'' (Ref. 12). See table 13 of this document from the 
IOM Report on the Definition of Dietary Fiber, which lists the 
characteristics of dietary fiber currently determined by FDA and by the 
IOM definitions for dietary and functional fibers.

                                           Table 13.--Characteristics of Various Dietary Fiber Definitions\1\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                            Intact,
                                      CHOs Not Recovered     Nondigestible                                 Naturally     Resistant to      Specifies
    Reference       Nondigestible         by Alcohol           Mono- and        Lignin      Resistant      Occurring        Human        Physiological
                   Animal  CHOs\2\     Precipitation\3\      Disaccharides                    Starch     Food  Sources     Enzymes           Effect
                                                                                                              Only
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Food and     Yes                Some inulin           No                 Yes         Some           No             No             No
 Drug
 Administration
 (USFDA),
 1987\4\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Institute of Medicine (IOM) (Proposed), 2001
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dietary Fiber     No                 Yes                   No                 Yes         Some           Yes            Yes            No
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Added Fiber       Yes                Yes                   Yes                Yes         Yes            No             Yes            Yes
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\All definitions are assumed to include nonstarch polysaccharides.
\2\CHO = carbohydrate.
\3\Includes inulin, oligosaccharides (3-10 degrees of polymerization), fructans, polydextrose, methylcellulose, resistant maltodextrins, and other
  related compounds.
\4\Method-based definition.
Source: Adapted from the IOM, ``Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber,'' Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.

    a. The IOM Panel defined ``Dietary Fiber'' as nondigestible 
carbohydrates and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants. 
Nondigestible means that the material is not digested and absorbed in 
the human small intestine. Fractions of plant foods are still 
considered ``Dietary Fiber'' if the plants' cells and their three 
dimensional interrelationships remain largely intact. Examples of 
``Dietary Fiber'' include cereal brans; resistant starch that is 
naturally occurring; naturally occurring oligosaccharides such as 
raffinose, stachyose, verbacose; and low molecular weight fructans. The 
known physiological benefits of foods containing ``Dietary Fiber,'' 
such as attenuation of postprandial blood glucose and cholesterol 
levels and improved laxation, are recognized.
    b. The IOM Panel defined ``Functional Fiber'' as isolated, 
nondigestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects 
in humans. ``Functional Fibers'' can be isolated or extracted 
nondigestible carbohydrates, using chemical, enzymatic, or aqueous 
procedures or synthetically manufactured. Provided that one or more 
beneficial physiological effects are demonstrated in humans, examples 
of ``Functional Fiber'' would include isolated nondigestible animal 
carbohydrates, pectins or gums, resistant starch formed during 
processing, and synthetic fibers such as resistant maltodextrin and 
fructooligosaccharides. At this time, current FDA regulations have not 
established formal criteria for establishing the beneficial 
physiological effects of potential ``Functional Fibers.''
    c. The IOM Panel defined ``Total Fiber'' as the sum of ``Dietary 
Fiber''

[[Page 62167]]

and ``Functional Fiber.'' Thus, while there is currently one category 
of dietary fiber in the Nutrition Fact label, the Panel has provided 
three definitions of fiber for potential use. The AI set by the IOM is 
for ``Total Fiber.''
2. Soluble and Insoluble Fiber
    The IOM Panel recommended that the terms soluble and insoluble 
fiber be phased out and replaced with an appropriate physicochemical 
property (e.g., viscous or fermentable fiber) of the specific fiber as 
these become standardized. This recommendation is based on scientific 
findings that suggest that the physiological benefit of a fiber (e.g., 
attenuation of blood glucose and cholesterol concentration and improved 
laxation) is not related to the solubility of a fiber. There is 
evidence indicating that viscous fibers and fibers that are slowly, 
incompletely, or not fermented can provide beneficial physiological 
effects. The IOM Panel recommended that viscosity or fermentability of 
a fiber be considered as characteristics to distinguish ``Dietary 
Fibers'' and ``Functional Fibers'' that modulate gastric and small 
bowel function from those that provide substantial stool bulk which is 
affected by fiber solubility and may or may not affect gastric and 
small bowel function.
    Currently, a statement of the number of grams of soluble (Sec.  
101.9(c)(6)(i)(A)) and insoluble (Sec.  101.9(c)(6)(i)(B)) dietary 
fiber can be voluntarily declared and indented under dietary fiber and 
both are identified and quantified using AOAC INTERNATIONAL methods.
3. Analytical Issues
    The IOM Panel recognized that adoption of the two definitions for 
fiber would challenge the currently available analytical methods, 
requiring changes to the current analytical methods. Particularly, 
separating out ``Dietary'' and ``Functional Fibers,'' of which there 
could be a potential overlap (e.g., resistant starch and dietary fibers 
that are extracted, concentrated, and added to foods (gums, cellulose, 
pectin)). The IOM Panel proposed modifications to the current methods. 
While further refinement of these methods is made, the IOM Panel 
indicated that it would be more practical to determine ``Total Fiber'' 
using the current methods.

G. Current Regulations on Trans Fat

    In the Federal Register of July 11, 2003 (68 FR 41434), FDA amended 
its regulations on nutrition labeling to require trans fatty acids be 
declared in grams per serving in the nutrition label of conventional 
foods and dietary supplements (the 2003 trans fat final rule). No DV 
was established for trans fatty acids. Required labeling became 
effective on January 1, 2006.
    In the Federal Register of July 11, 2003 (68 FR 41507), FDA 
published an ANPRM (the 2003 trans fat ANPRM) to solicit information 
and data that potentially could be used to establish new nutrient 
content claims about trans fatty acids; to establish qualifying 
criteria for trans fat in current nutrient content claims for saturated 
fatty acids and cholesterol, lean and extra lean claims, and health 
claims that contain a message about cholesterol-raising lipids; and, in 
addition, to establish disclosure and disqualifying criteria to help 
consumers make heart-healthy food choices. FDA also requested comments 
on whether it should consider statements about trans fat, either alone 
or in combination with saturated fat and cholesterol, as a footnote in 
the Nutrition Facts label or as a disclosure statement in conjunction 
with claims to enhance consumer understanding about cholesterol-raising 
lipids and how to use the information to make healthy food choices.
    On March 1, 2004 (69 FR 9559), FDA reopened the comment period for 
the 2003 trans fat ANPRM to receive comments that considered the 
information in the 2003 IOM report on nutrition labeling (Ref. 16) that 
addressed the labeling of trans fat (see section II.E of this ANPRM). 
In addition to the questions raised in the 2003 trans fat ANPRM, FDA 
sought comments on the 2003 IOM labeling report's approach to establish 
a DV using food composition data, menu modeling, and dietary survey 
data to estimate a minimum trans fat intake within a nutritionally 
adequate diet. FDA also sought comment on whether the IOM approach of 
using food composition data, menu modeling, and dietary survey data 
should be used to revise the DV for saturated fat. Public comments were 
also sought on the IOM recommendation to list saturated fat and trans 
fat on separate lines of the Nutrition Facts label, but have one 
numerical value for the percent DV for these two nutrients together. In 
addition, if FDA were to use one numerical value for the percent DV for 
both trans fat and saturated fat together, the agency asked for comment 
about whether such value should be determined by adding a new DV 
established for saturated fat to the DV for trans fat, or, 
alternatively, whether the agency should establish a joint DV for 
saturated and trans fats that would then be used to calculate one 
numerical value as the percent DV for both fats.
    On April 19, 2004 (69 FR 20838), FDA extended the comment period 
for the 2003 trans fat ANPRM to receive comments that considered the 
information in the 2004 subcommittee meeting (Ref. 23) that addressed 
whether the available scientific evidence supports listing the percent 
DV for saturated fat and trans fat together or separately on the 
Nutrition Facts label and what the maximal daily intake of trans fat 
may be.
    Because of their relevance to the Nutrition Facts label, FDA 
intends to consider, as comments to this ANRPM, the comments to the 
2003 trans fat ANPRM on the IOM approach for calculating a DV for 
saturated fat and trans fat and listing of saturated and trans fats on 
separate lines of the Nutrition Facts label with one numerical value 
for the percent DV for both, and how to calculate the percent DV as one 
numerical value. Comments to the 2003 trans fat ANPRM on the outcome of 
the subcommittee meeting will also be considered. Public comments on 
these issues are being asked again in this ANPRM so that these issues 
can be considered in the context of the entire Nutrition Facts and 
Supplement Facts labels along with other questions being asked in this 
ANPRM.

H. ANPRM on Prominence of Calories

    In the Federal Register of April 4, 2005 (70 FR 17008), FDA 
published an ANPRM on the prominence of calories on the food label (the 
2005 ANPRM). The 2005 ANPRM was issued in response to recommendations 
from the Obesity Working Group (OWG) created by the Commissioner of 
Food and Drugs to develop an action plan to address the growing 
incidence of obesity in the United States. The 2005 ANPRM, in part, 
requested comments on whether giving more prominence to the declaration 
of calories per serving would increase consumer awareness of the 
caloric content of the packaged food. FDA also sought comment of 
whether providing a percent DV for total calories would help consumers 
understand the caloric content of the packaged food in the context of a 
2,000 calorie diet. In addition, FDA also requested comments on 
questions posed concerning the declaration of ``calories from fat'' (70 
FR 17008 at 17010). Because of their relevance to the Nutrition Facts 
label, FDA intends to consider, as comments to this ANRPM, comments to 
the 2005 prominence of calories ANPRM related to questions posed on a 
percent DV for total calories and calories from fat. Public comments on 
the specific question about establishing a percent

[[Page 62168]]

DV for total calories and the questions posed concerning ``calories 
from fat'' are being requested in this ANPRM so that these questions 
can be considered in the context of the entire Nutrition Facts and 
Supplement Facts labels along with other questions being asked in this 
ANPRM.

I. Carbohydrate Content of Food

    FDA received nine citizen petitions that requested, among other 
things, that the agency amend our nutrition labeling requirements 
related to the declaration of total carbohydrate content of foods.\7\ 
With respect to carbohydrate labeling, the agency is requesting comment 
in this ANPRM on questions related to the label declaration of 
carbohydrate in the Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts labels (see 
section II.C.10 of this document).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\The nine citizen petitions can be found in Docket Nos. 2004P-
0105/CP1, 2004P-0107/CP1, 2004P-0110/CP1, 2004P-0297/CP1, 2004P-
0298/CP1, 2004P-0299/CP1, 2004P-0293/CP1, 2004P-0473/CP1, 2004P-
0542/CP1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

J. ``2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans''

    The ``2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans'' (the 2005 Dietary 
Guidelines) developed jointly by the U.S. Department of Health and 
Human Services and the U.S. Department of Agriculture provide several 
key numerical recommendations with respect to micronutrients and 
macronutrients, of which most are based on the DRI reports (Ref. 7). 
These recommendations are as follows:
     Consume less than 10 percent of calories from saturated 
fat and less than 300 mg/d of cholesterol. These recommendations are 
the same as the current DRVs for saturated fat and cholesterol.
     Keep total fat intake between 20 and 35 percent of 
calories, the AMDR for total fat.
     Consume less than 2,300 mg/d of sodium, the UL for sodium.
    The 2005 Dietary Guidelines also identified nutrients of concern 
based on dietary intake data or evidence of public health problems. The 
nutrients of concern are identified for:
     Adults: Calcium, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and vitamins 
A (as carotenoids), C, and E;
     Children and adolescents: Calcium, potassium, fiber, 
magnesium, and vitamin E.
    The 2005 Dietary Guidelines also identified nutrients of concern 
for specific populations groups. Vitamin B12 was identified as a 
nutrient of concern for people over the age of 50. Iron was identified 
as a nutrient of concern for women of childbearing age who may become 
pregnant. Folic acid was also identified as a nutrient of concern for 
women of childbearing age who may become pregnant and those in the 
first trimester of pregnancy. Vitamin D was identified as a nutrient of 
concern for older adults, people with dark skin, and people exposed to 
insufficient ultraviolet band radiation (i.e., sunlight).

II. Agency Request for Information

    FDA has not updated or set new DVs since 1995. In 2003, the IOM 
completed its first review of nutrients using the DRI process. This 
review has generated discussion in the scientific community. FDA plans 
to revise the reference values used for the Nutrition Facts and 
Supplement Facts labels. FDA requests comments on the following 
questions. As part of the comments, FDA requests that scientific 
justification be submitted in support of the response. FDA recognizes 
that an individual commenter may choose to respond to all of the 
questions or only a subset, based on his/her area of expertise.

A. Approach to Setting DVs

    As discussed in section I.D of this document, beginning in 1997, 
the IOM began publishing a series of reports on reference intake 
levels, collectively known as the DRIs. The DRIs provided revised RDAs 
and three new reference intakes for nutrients (AI, EAR, and UL). The 
IOM also reported on AMDRs for macronutrients. FDA requests comments on 
the following questions on which DRIs and AMDRs should be used for 
setting DVs.
     Should the DV be based on an EAR for those nutrients for 
which an EAR has been set? Explain why or why not.
     If EARs are used to set DVs, should they be set based on 
population-coverage or population-weighted EAR? Explain why you have 
chosen a particular approach and why it is preferable to the other 
approach. Explain why or why not.
     Should the DV be set based on an RDA for those nutrients 
for which an RDA has been set? Explain why you have chosen a particular 
approach and why it is preferable to the other approach.
     If RDAs are used to set DVs, should they be set based on 
population-coverage or population-weighted RDA? Explain why you have 
chosen a particular approach and why it is preferable to the other 
approach.
     Should any or all AIs, regardless of how they are derived, 
be used to set DVs? Explain why or why not. Or, should only those AIs 
based on experimental data be used to set DVs (i.e., from intervention 
studies that are designed to evaluate nutrient requirements rather than 
dietary intake data from national surveys)? Explain why or why not.
     If AIs are used to set DVs, should they be set based on 
population-coverage or population-weighted AI? Explain why you have 
chosen a particular approach and why it is preferable to the other 
approach.

B. Populations for Which the DVs are Intended

    Currently the DVs are for persons 4 years of age and older. FDA 
requests comments on the following questions on the populations for 
which the DVs should be intended.
     Should the DVs continue to be used for persons 4 years of 
age and older? Explain why or why not.
     Should DVs for different life stage groups be developed 
for labeling of food products specific to these groups, as recommended 
in the IOM labeling report (i.e., separate DVs: Infants (<  1 year), 
toddlers (1 to 3 years), pregnancy, and lactation)? Explain why or why 
not.
    If so,
     Should DVs for infants (< 1 year) be set based on the 
EARs, RDAs, or AIs for older infants (7 to 12 months)? Explain why you 
have chosen a particular approach and why it is preferable to the other 
approaches.
     Should DVs for toddlers (1 to 3 years) be set based on the 
EARs, RDAs, or AIs for toddlers (1 to 3 years)? Explain why you have 
chosen a particular approach and why it is preferable to the other 
approaches.
     Should DVs for pregnant women be set based on the 
population-weighted or population-coverage EARs, RDAs, or AIs for all 
DRI pregnancy groups (i.e. 14 to 18 years, 19 to 30 years, 31 to 50 
years)? Explain why you have chosen a particular approach and why it is 
preferable to the other approaches.
     Should DVs for lactating women be set based on the 
population-weighted or population-coverage EARs, RDAs, or AIs for all 
DRI lactation groups (i.e. 14 to 18 years, 19 to 30 years, 31 to 50 
years)? Explain why you have chosen a particular approach and why it is 
preferable to the other approaches.

C. Labeling of Individual Nutrients

    FDA requests comments on the following questions on individual 
nutrients:
1. Calories
     Should 2,000 calories continue to be used to express 
reference energy intake, as recommended in the IOM

[[Page 62169]]

labeling report? Explain why or why not.
     Should 2,500 calories also be kept on the label footnote? 
Explain why or why not.
     Should the EER (Estimated Energy Requirements) be used to 
express reference energy intake? Explain why or why not.
     If a population-weighted EER or a population-coverage EER 
should be used, which PAL (sedentary, low active, active, very active) 
should be used to calculate the EER? Explain why you have chosen a 
particular approach and why it is preferable to the other approaches.
     Would providing for a percent DV disclosure for total 
calories assist consumers in understanding the caloric content of the 
packaged food in the context of a 2,000 calorie diet? Explain why or 
why not.
2. Calories From Fat
     What data are there on how consumers use the listing of 
``Calories from fat?''
     How does the listing ``Calories from fat'' adjacent to 
``Calories'' affect consumers' focus on the total calories of a food?
     What are the advantages or disadvantages of eliminating 
the listing for ``Calories from fat'' from the nutrition label?
     What data would be needed to determine whether the listing 
of ``Calories from fat'' is or is not necessary to assist consumers in 
maintaining healthy dietary practices?
3. Calories From Saturated Fat
     Should calories from saturated fat continue to be 
voluntary or should it be made mandatory on the food label? Explain why 
you have chosen a particular approach and why it is preferable to the 
other approach.
4. Total Fat
     Should a population-weighted midpoint of the AMDR (e.g. 28 
percent for adults) be used, as suggested in the IOM labeling report? 
Explain why or why not.
Note: 28 percent of 2,000 calories/d is 560 calories/d. 560 calories/d 
divided by 9 calories/g is 62 g/d.
     Should the upper range of AMDR of 35 percent be used? 
Explain why or why not.
Note: This would increase the DRV from 65g/d to 78 g/d for 2,000 
calorie diet. 35 percent of 2,000 calories is 700 calories. 700 
calories divided by 9 calories/g is ~ 78g.
5. Saturated Fat
     Should the current DRV of 20g/d from saturated fat remain, 
as recommended by the 2005 Dietary Guidelines? Explain why or why not.
     Should food composition data, menu modeling, and data from 
dietary surveys be used to establish a DRV for saturated fat that is as 
low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet, as 
recommended in the IOM labeling report? Explain why or why not.
6. Trans Fat
     Should food composition data, menu modeling, and data from 
dietary surveys be used to establish a DRV for trans fat that is as low 
as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet, as 
recommended in the IOM labeling report? Explain why or why not.
     Should saturated fat and trans fat be listed on separate 
lines of the Nutrition Facts label, but have one numerical value for 
the percent daily value for these two nutrients together, as 
recommended in the IOM labeling report? Explain why or why not.
     If one numerical value is used for the percent DV for both 
trans fat and saturated fat together, should such value be determined 
by adding the DV for saturated fat to the DV for trans fat, or, 
alternatively, should the agency directly establish a joint DV for 
saturated and trans fats that would then be used to calculate one 
numerical value as the percent DV for both fats?
7. Polyunsaturated Fat
     Should polyunsaturated fat continue to be voluntary or 
should it be made mandatory on the food label? Explain why you have 
chosen a particular approach and why it is preferable to the other 
approach.
     Should a DRV for polyunsaturated fat (n-3 plus n-6) be 
established using the AMDRs for n-6 (5-10 percent) and n-3 (0.6-1.2 
percent) of total calories? If so, should the midpoint be used? Explain 
why or why not.
Note: 7.5 percent (midpoint) for n-6 and 0.9 percent (midpoint) for n-3 
of 2,000 calories =19g/d polyunsaturated fat.
     Should a DRV for polyunsaturated fat be derived based upon 
AIs for linoleic acid (n-6 polyunsaturated fat) plus [agr]-linolenic 
acid (n-3 polyunsaturated fat)? Explain why or why not.
     Should separate DRVs for linoleic acid (n-6 
polyunsaturated fat) and [agr]-linolenic acid (n-3 polyunsaturated fat) 
be established? Explain why or why not.
     If separate DRVs for linoleic acid (n-6 polyunsaturated 
fat) and [agr]-linolenic acid (n-3 polyunsaturated fat) are established 
should they be voluntary or should they be made mandatory on the food 
label? Explain why you have chosen a particular approach and why it is 
preferable to the other approach.
8. Monounsaturated Fat
     Should monounsaturated fat continue to be voluntary or 
should it be made mandatory on the food label? Explain why you have 
chosen a particular approach and why it is preferable to the other 
approach.
9. Cholesterol
     Should the current cholesterol DRV of 300 mg/d remain, as 
recommended by the ``2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans''? Explain 
why or why not.
     Should food composition data, menu modeling, and data from 
dietary surveys be used to establish a DRV for cholesterol that is as 
low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet, as 
recommended in the IOM labeling report? Explain why or why not.
10. Carbohydrate
     Should the current approach for calculating grams of total 
carbohydrate by difference (see section I.E of this document) continue 
to be used? Explain why or why not. If not, what other approach or 
method do you recommend? If so, what should be included or excluded in 
the current calculation of ``total carbohydrate''?
     The 2005 Dietary Guidelines recommends consuming fiber-
rich foods. Would the separation of dietary fiber from the ``total 
carbohydrate'' declaration in nutrition labeling affect consumer 
understanding of label information and its application to dietary 
guidelines and what would be the impact, if any, on fiber consumption?
     Should ``sugars'' continue to be included in the Nutrition 
Facts label?
     Should additional types of carbohydrate (e.g., starch) be 
listed separately in the Nutrition Facts label? Explain why or why not.
     Should carbohydrates be classified and declared in 
nutrition labeling based on their chemical definition or on their 
physiological effect? Explain why you have chosen a particular approach 
and why it is preferable to the other approach. If based on a 
physiologic effect, should the DV for carbohydrate (i.e., sugars and 
starch) be based on the midpoint of the AMDR (i.e., 55 percent)? 
Explain why or why not.
Note: 55 percent of 2,000 calories/d is 1,100 calories. 1,100 calories 
divided by 4 calories/g would be 275 g/d.

[[Page 62170]]

11. Dietary Fiber
     Should FDA continue to use the AOAC INTERNATIONAL methods 
to determine dietary fiber? If not, what other or additional methods 
should be used?
     Should the IOM dietary fiber and/or functional fiber 
definitions replace the current FDA definition for dietary fiber? 
Explain why or why not.
     Do you recommend another name for functional fiber? If so, 
what do you recommend and why?
     Until FDA identifies functional fibers and analytical 
methods are established for distinguishing functional fiber from 
dietary fiber, should total fiber be used on the label to represent 
dietary fiber? Explain why or why not.
12. Soluble and Insoluble Fiber
     Should soluble and insoluble fiber continue to be 
voluntary or should they be made mandatory on the food label? Explain 
why you have chosen a particular approach and why it is preferable to 
the other approach.
     Should the terms soluble fiber and insoluble fiber be 
changed to viscous and nonviscous fiber, as suggested by the IOM? 
Explain why or why not.
13. Sugar Alcohols
     Should sugar alcohols continue to be voluntary or should 
they be made mandatory on the food label? Explain why you have chosen a 
particular approach and why it is preferable to the other approach.
     How should the energy contribution of sugar alcohols be 
represented on the label since energy values vary (e.g., from 0.2 
calories/g for erythritol to 3.0 calories/g for hydrogenated starch 
hydrolysates)?
     FDA has not defined how it would determine available 
energy from sugar alcohols. What analytical methods could be used to 
determine the energy contribution of sugar alcohols?
14. Protein
     Should the DRV be based on the approach recommended in the 
IOM labeling report (100 percent--(DVfat + 
DVcarbohydrate))? Explain why or why not.
     Should the DRV be based on the midpoint of the AMDR for 
protein (i.e., 17 percent)? Explain why or why not.
Note: Based on 2,000 calories/d, the DRV would be 85 g/d.
     Should the DRV for protein be based on the EAR or RDA for 
protein? Explain why you have chosen a particular approach and why it 
is preferable to the other approach.
15. Sodium
     Should the DRV for sodium be based on the UL for sodium 
(2,300 mg/d) as suggested by the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 
or should it be based on the AI (1,500 mg/d using the population-
coverage approach)? Explain why you have chosen a particular approach 
and why it is preferable to the other approach.
     If the UL should be used, should it be adjusted using the 
same approach (population-weighted or population-coverage) as the other 
DRIs? Explain why or why not.
16. Chloride
    The IOM set an AI and UL for chloride on an equi-molar basis to 
that of sodium since most sodium is consumed in the form of sodium 
chloride.
     Should the DV for chloride continue to be an RDI, or 
should it be a DRV like sodium? Explain why you have chosen a 
particular approach and why it is preferable to the other approach.
     Should the DV for chloride be based on the same DRI (AI 
versus UL) as used to set a DV for sodium? Explain why or why not.
17. Vitamins and Minerals
    Currently vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron are mandatory on 
the food label because they were considered to be of public health 
concern.
     Are vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron still 
considered to be of public health concern? Explain why or why not.
     Are there other micronutrients that should be of public 
health concern? Please be specific in describing what, if any, other 
micronutrients are of public health concern and why.
     For those nutrients given an AI under the DRI process, but 
currently have a DV based on an earlier RDA (e.g., calcium, vitamin K, 
vitamin D, pantothenic acid, biotin), should the current DV be retained 
or should the newer AI be used to develop a new DV? Explain why you 
have chosen a particular approach and why it is preferable to the other 
approach.
     Currently there is no DV for fluoride. Since the IOM 
established an AI for fluoride, should there be a DV for fluoride? 
Explain why or why not.

D. Other Questions

     Should the IUs that are currently used for the DVs for 
vitamins A, D, and E be changed to [micro]g RAE (retinol activity 
equivalents), [micro]g, and mg [agr]-tocopherol, respectively? Explain 
why or why not.
     Should the current DV units for folate ([micro]g), copper 
(mg), chloride (mg), potassium (mg), and sodium (mg) be changed to be 
consistent with the units in the IOM DRI reports (folate ([micro]g 
dietary folate equivalents), copper ([micro]g), chloride (g), potassium 
(g), and sodium (g))? Explain why or why not.
     Should the Supplement Facts label use the same DVs as the 
Nutrition Facts label, as suggested in the IOM labeling report? Explain 
why or why not.
     Should absolute amounts (e.g., grams or milligrams) be 
included in the Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts labels for 
mandatory and voluntary nutrients? Explain why or why not.

E. Process Questions

    The following question seeks information on the process issues 
related to the Nutrition and Supplement Facts labels.
     If FDA includes functional fiber in the Nutrition Facts 
labels, should FDA develop criteria for identifying fibers that meet 
the definition of functional fiber (i.e., demonstrates a physiological 
benefit)? If so, what should those criteria be?

F. Questions on Consumer and Producer Use and Understanding of DVs

    To help determine which regulatory options might address problems 
associated with food package labels reflecting current DVs, we request 
comments including available data on the following questions:
     In the 2002 Health and Diet Survey (Ref. 24), respondents 
were asked how they use the Nutrition Facts label. The most common 
answers were as follows: (1) To see if the product was high or low in a 
specific nutrient, (2) to get a general idea of the nutritional content 
of food, and (3) to decide which brand to purchase and to compare 
different food items. Do you have information indicating how the 
percent DV found in the Nutrition Facts label facilitates any of these 
uses by consumers? For which food products and nutrients?
     Currently, a percent DV is required for most nutrients 
listed in the Nutrition Facts label. Do you have any information 
indicating that there are nutrients for which consumers would value 
percent DV information, but such nutrients are not currently found in 
the Nutrition Facts label?
     Do you have information suggesting the degree to which the 
percent DV is helpful for making purchases? For which food products? 
For which nutrients?
     Do you have information suggesting differences between the 
degree to which the percent DV is helpful for making

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purchases intended for consumers 4 years of age and older, children 
younger than 4 years of age, infants, and pregnant women and lactating 
women? For which food products? For which nutrients?
    The following questions address information needed by FDA to 
analyze the implications of changes in the percent DVs on consumer and 
producer behavior.
     Do you have any information suggesting that changes in 
percent DV (higher or lower), for a nutrient per serving, would cause 
consumers to reduce their consumption of some products or product 
categories and increase their consumption of other products or product 
categories? If so, changes in the percent DVs of which nutrients would 
cause changes in the consumption of which products or product 
categories? Why?
     If changes in the percent DVs of some nutrients would 
alter the eligibility of some products or product categories to make 
nutrient content claims or health claims, do you have any information 
suggesting that manufacturers would reformulate or re-label some of 
their products in order to make a nutrient content claim or a health 
claim? If so, changes in the percent DVs of which nutrients would cause 
which products or product categories to be reformulated in order to 
make a nutrient content claim or health claim?
     If changes in the percent DVs of some nutrients would 
cause some products or product categories to be reformulated or re-
labeled in order to make a nutrient content claim or a specific health 
claim, do you have any information suggesting that there are public 
health effects from changes in nutrient intakes and consumption 
behavior of newly reformulated or re-labeled products or product 
categories that make these claims? If so, what are the public health 
effects from changes in nutrient intakes and from changes in the 
consumption behavior of which newly reformulated products or product 
categories?
     The length of time to comply with any regulation requiring 
revision to product labels may introduce confusion on the part of 
consumers during a transition period in which two different percent DVs 
would be reflected on labels of otherwise identically formulated 
products. Do you have information suggesting the extent to which such 
confusion might exist for compliance periods of 6 months, 12 months, 
and 24 months? For which food products?

III. Comments

    Interested persons may submit to the Division of Dockets Management 
(see ADDRESSES) written or electronic comments regarding this document. 
Submit a single copy of electronic comments or two paper copies of any 
mailed comments, except that individuals may submit one paper copy. 
Comments are to be identified with the docket number found in brackets 
in the heading of this document. Received comments may be seen in the 
Division of Dockets Management between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday 
through Friday.

IV. References

    The following references have been placed on display in the 
Division of Dockets Management (see ADDRESSES) and may be seen by 
interested persons between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday. 
FDA has verified the Web site addresses but is not responsible for 
subsequent changes to the Web sites after this document publishes in 
the Federal Register.
    1. National Research Council (NRC), ``Recommended Dietary 
Allowances, Seventh Edition,'' Washington, DC: National Academy 
Press, 1968.
    2. NRC, ``Recommended Dietary Allowances, Ninth Edition,'' 
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980.
    3. NRC, ``Recommended Dietary Allowances, Tenth Edition,'' 
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
    4. NRC, Executive Summary, ``Diet and Health: Implications for 
Reducing Chronic Disease Risk,'' Washington, DC: National Academy 
Press, pp. 1 to 20, 1989.
    5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ``The Surgeon 
General's Report on Nutrition and Health,'' Washington, DC, 1988.
    6. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health 
and Human Services, ``Nutrition and Your Health, Dietary Guidelines 
for Americans,'' Washington, DC: Home and Gardening Bulletin No. 
232, 3d ed., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990. Available at 
http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/1990thin.pdf.

    7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. 
Department of Agriculture, ``2005 Dietary Guidelines for 
Americans,'' 6th ed., Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing 
Office, 2005. Available at http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/
.

    8. IOM, Executive Summary, ``Dietary Reference Intakes for 
Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride,'' 
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 1-20, 1997.
    9. IOM, Executive Summary, ``Dietary Reference Intakes for 
Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, 
Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline,'' Washington, DC: National 
Academy Press, pp. 1 to 16, 1998.
    10. IOM, Executive Summary, ``Dietary Reference Intakes for 
Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids,'' Washington, DC: 
National Academy Press, pp. 1 to 20, 2000.
    11. IOM, Executive Summary, ``Dietary Reference Intakes for 
Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, 
Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc,'' 
Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 1 to 28, 2001.
    12. IOM, ``Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition of 
Dietary Fiber,'' Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.
    13. IOM, Executive Summary, ``Dietary Reference Intakes for 
Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, 
and Amino Acids,'' Washington, DC: National Academies Press, pp. 1 
to 19, 2002.
    14. IOM, Executive Summary, ``Dietary Reference Intakes for 
Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate,'' Washington, DC: 
National Academies Press, pp. 1 to 20, 2004.
    15. IOM, Executive Summary, ``Dietary Reference Intakes: 
Applications in Dietary Planning,'' Washington, DC: National 
Academies Press, pp. 1 to 17, 2003.
    16. IOM, ``Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for 
Nutrition Labeling and Fortification,'' Washington, DC: National 
Academies Press, 2003.
    17. Beaton, G.H., ``When Is an Individual an Individual Versus a 
Member of a Group? An Issue in the Application of the Dietary 
Reference Intakes.'' Nutrition Reviews, 64:221-225, 2006.
    18. Beaton, G.H., ``Choice of DRI Value for Use in Nutrition 
Labeling.'' Journal of Nutrition, 137:694-695, 2007.
    19. Yates, A.A., ``Which Dietary Reference Intake Is Best Suited 
to Serve as the Basis for Nutrition Labeling for Daily Values?'' 
Journal of Nutrition, 136:2457-2462, 2006.
    20. FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 
``Nutrient Content Claims Notifications for Choline Containing 
Foods,'' (Internet address: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/flcholin.html
), August 30, 2001.

    21. Derby B., A. Levy, ``Do Food Labels Work?'' In: Handbook of 
Marketing and Society, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000.
    22. IOM, Executive Summary, ``Dietary Reference Intakes: 
Applications in Dietary Assessment,'' Washington, DC: National 
Academy Press, 2000.
    23. FDA, ``Meeting Minutes from the Nutrition Subcommittee of 
the Food Advisory Committee Meeting on Total Fat and Trans Fat,'' 
Washington, DC, April 27 to 28, 2004. Available at http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/minutes/4035m1_FinalSummaryMinutes.htm
.

    24. FDA, ``2002 Health and Diet Survey--Preliminary Topline 
Frequencies (Weighted),'' 2004.
    This ANPRM is issued under section 201 et al. of the Federal Food, 
Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321 et al.) and under authority of 
the Commissioner of Food and Drugs.

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                               Appendix A
                     Acronyms Used in This Document
AI            Adequate Intake
AMDRs         Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
ANPRM         Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
CV            Coefficient of Variation
DRIs          Dietary Reference Intakes
DRV           Daily Reference Value
DV(s)         Daily Value(s)
EAR           Estimated Average Requirement
EER           Estimated Energy Requirement
ESADDIs       Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes
FDA           Food and Drug Administration
FLUNES        Food Label Use and Nutrition Education Surveys
IOM           Institute of Medicine
IU            International Units
NAS           National Academy of Sciences
NLEA          Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990
OWG           Obesity Working Group
PAL           Physical Activity Level
RACC          Reference Amount Customarily Consumed
RDA           Recommended Dietary Allowance
RDI           Reference Daily Intakes
SD            Standard Deviation
TEE           Total Energy Expenditure
U.S. RDA      U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance
UL            Tolerable Upper Intake Level



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    Dated: October 25, 2007.
Jeffrey Shuren,
Assistant Commissioner for Policy.
[FR Doc. 07-5440 Filed 11-1-07; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 4160-01-S
