[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 140 (Monday, July 24, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 47650-47739]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-14425]



[[Page 47649]]

Vol. 88

Monday,

No. 140

July 24, 2023

Part III





Department of Transportation





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Federal Aviation Administration





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14 CFR Parts 1, 21, 22, et al.





Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 140 / Monday, July 24, 2023 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 47650]]


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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

14 CFR Parts 1, 21, 22, 36, 43, 45, 61, 65, 91, and 119

[Docket No.: FAA-2023-1377; Notice No. 23-10]
RIN 2120-AL50


Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of 
Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).

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SUMMARY: The FAA proposes to amend rules for the manufacture, 
certification, operation, maintenance, and alteration of light-sport 
aircraft. The proposed amendments would enable enhancements in safety 
and performance and would increase privileges under a number of sport 
pilot and light-sport aircraft rules. These enhancements include 
increasing suitability for flight training, limited aerial work, and 
personal travel. This proposed rule would expand what aircraft sport 
pilots may operate. This NPRM also includes proposals to amend the 
special purpose operations for restricted category aircraft; amend the 
duration, eligible purposes, and operating limitations for experimental 
aircraft; and add operating limitations applicable to experimental 
aircraft engaged in space support vehicle flights to codify statutory 
language.

DATES: Send comments on or before October 23, 2023.

ADDRESSES: Send comments identified by docket number FAA-2023-1377 
using any of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to regulations.gov and 
follow the online instructions for sending your comments 
electronically.
     Mail: Send comments to Docket Operations, M-30; U.S. 
Department of Transportation (DOT), 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Room 
W12-140, West Building Ground Floor, Washington, DC 20590-0001.
     Hand Delivery or Courier: Take comments to Docket 
Operations in Room W12-140 of the West Building Ground Floor at 1200 
New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590-0001 between 9 a.m. and 5 
p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays.
     Fax: Fax comments to Docket Operations at (202) 493-2251.
    Docket: Background documents or comments received may be read at 
regulations.gov at any time. Follow the online instructions for 
accessing the docket or go to the Docket Operations in Room W12-140 of 
the West Building Ground Floor at 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, 
Washington, DC 20590-0001, between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through 
Friday, except Federal holidays.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For technical questions concerning 
this action, contact James Newberger, Aircraft Certification Service 
(AIR-632), Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Ave. SW, 
Washington, DC 20591, telephone (202) 267-1636; email 
[email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary
    A. Overview of the Proposed Rule
    B. Summary of Costs and Benefits
II. Background
    A. History
    B. Related Actions
III. Authority for This Rulemaking
IV. Discussion of the Proposal
    A. General
    B. Revision of Definitions Applicable to the Certification and 
Operation of Light-Sport Category Aircraft
    C. Expansion of Eligibility for Light-Sport Category Aircraft 
and Sport Pilots
    D. Certification of Light-Sport Category Aircraft
    E. Sport Pilot Certification and Privileges
    F. Repairman (Light-Sport) Certificates
    G. Maintenance
    H. Operations
    I. Experimental Airworthiness Certificates
    J. Restricted Category
    K. Noise Certification of Aircraft That Do Not Conform to a Type 
Certificate
    L. Proposed Effective and Compliance Dates
    M. Amendments Concerning Import and Export of Aircraft
    N. Conforming Amendments
V. Regulatory Notices
    A. Regulatory Impact Analysis
    B. Regulatory Flexibility Act
    C. International Trade Impact Assessment
    D. Unfunded Mandates Assessment
    E. Paperwork Reduction Act
    F. International Compatibility
    G. Environmental Analysis
VI. Executive Order Determinations
    A. Executive Order 13132, Federalism
    B. Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments
    C. Executive Order 13211, Regulations That Significantly Affect 
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    D. Executive Order 13609, Promoting International Regulatory 
Cooperarion
VII. Additional Information
    A. Comments Invited
    B. Confidential Business Information
    C. Electronic Access and Filing
    D. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act

List of Acronyms Frequently Used in This Document

ASTM--ASTM International
ATD--Aviation Training Device
CAS--Calibrated Airspeed
CFR--Code of Federal Regulations
DOD--Department of Defense
DOT--Department of Transportation
FAA--Federal Aviation Administration
FADEC--Full Authority Digital Electric Control
FR--Federal Register
FSTD--Flight Simulation Training Device
IBR--Incorporation by reference
LSAMA--Light-Sport Aircraft Manufacturers Assessment
MOSAIC--Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification
MSL--Mean Sea Level (altitude)
NAICS--North American Industry Classification System
NPRM--Notice of proposed rulemaking
NTSB--National Transportation Safety Board
OMB--Office of Management and Budget
PIC--Pilot in Command
PTS--Practical Test Standards
RFA--Regulatory Flexibility Act
RIA--Regulatory Impact Analysis
U.S.C.--United States Code
VFR--Visual Flight Rules
VH--Maximum airspeed in level flight with maximum continuous power
VNE--Maximum never exceed speed
VS1--Maximum Stalling Speed (in clean configuration)

I. Executive Summary

A. Overview of the Proposed Rule

    The FAA proposes to amend rules related to the certification and 
operation of light-sport category aircraft. This rule would modernize 
the regulatory approach to light-sport aircraft, incorporating 
performance-based requirements that reflect advances in technology and 
use cases for this type of aircraft. The proposal is designed to 
respond to the evolving needs of this sector and provide for future 
growth and innovation without compromising safety.
    In 2004, the FAA published the final rule titled ``Certification of 
Aircraft and Airmen for the Operation of Light-Sport Aircraft,'' which 
established rules for the manufacture, certification, operation, and 
maintenance of light-sport aircraft (69 FR 44771; July 27, 2004) 
(hereafter ``the 2004 final rule''). That rule provided for the 
operation and manufacture of aircraft weighing less than 1,320 pounds 
(or 1,430 pounds for aircraft intended for operation on water). These 
``light-sport'' aircraft included airplanes, gliders, balloons, powered 
parachutes, weight-shift-control aircraft, and gyroplanes. The FAA 
bases the rigor of certification requirements and operational 
limitations on a safety continuum that assesses the exposure of the 
public to

[[Page 47651]]

risk for each aircraft and operation; as the risk increases due to 
increased operating privileges and aircraft capability, the 
requirements and corresponding rigor of requirements and procedures for 
certification increase.
    In establishing the 2004 final rule, the FAA intentionally 
established a rigor of certification for light-sport category aircraft 
between normal category aircraft and aircraft holding experimental 
certificates in view of intended operating privileges and aircraft 
capability. This preamble uses experimental amateur-built aircraft for 
the safety continuum discussions since they are similar to light-sport 
category aircraft in this proposal. Amateur-built aircraft are largely 
used for recreational purposes, are flown by sport pilots and pilots 
with higher grade certificates, and generally have the same flight 
envelope and occupancy limits. Amateur-built aircraft are below light-
sport category aircraft on the safety continuum because of their lower 
safety assurance for aircraft design and being subject to stringent 
operating limitations. Amateur-built aircraft have no regulatory design 
requirements for suitability of materials used, structural integrity, 
or instruments, equipment, and systems. This proposed rule would 
prescribe design requirements for light-sport category aircraft for 
these items. This proposed rule would also allow light-sport aircraft 
to conduct aerial work operations that have been authorized by the 
manufacturer for compensation or hire. Amateur-built aircraft are 
limited to non-commercial operations for the purpose of education and 
recreation.
    Since the 2004 rule, light-sport category aircraft have shown a 
lower accident rate than experimental amateur-built airplanes. The FAA 
considers that the successful safety record of light-sport category 
aircraft validates certification requirements established in the 2004 
final rule and provides support for expanding the scope of 
certification for light-sport category aircraft and operations. As a 
result, the FAA identified this proposed rule as an opportunity to 
expand the 2004 final rule to include a wider variety of aircraft, 
increase performance, and increase operating privileges to extend these 
safety benefits to more aircraft. The FAA intends for these expansions 
to increase safety by encouraging aircraft owners, who may be deciding 
between an experimental aircraft or a light-sport category aircraft, to 
choose aircraft higher on the safety continuum and, therefore, meet 
higher aircraft certification requirements.
    This proposed rule also addresses other aircraft that hold special 
airworthiness certificates. Specifically, the FAA proposes to codify 
additional special purpose operations for restricted category aircraft 
that the FAA has previously approved under discretion provided in Sec.  
21.25(b)(7). In addition, this rule would amend the duration, eligible 
purposes, and operating limitations for special airworthiness 
certificates issued for experimental purposes.
    The FAA has identified proposals to improve both the safety and 
functionality of light-sport category aircraft and light-sport category 
kit-built aircraft. This rule would amend aircraft, pilot, maintenance, 
and operational requirements to increase both the safety and 
performance of these aircraft while mitigating risk. The FAA recognizes 
that this is a balancing act--where the risk is increased due to 
greater capability in one area, mitigations may be required from the 
other areas.
    This proposal would establish performance-based requirements 
related to light-sport certificated aircraft. As a fundamental matter, 
the proposal would restructure how certification requirements for 
light-sport category aircraft are presented in the FAA's regulations. 
Currently, issuance of special airworthiness certificates under Sec.  
21.190 for light-sport category aircraft, sport pilot certificates 
under part 61, subpart J, and repairman (light-sport) certificates 
under part 65 are limited by a number of aircraft design limitations 
included in the definition of light-sport aircraft in Sec.  1.1. This 
proposal would remove that definition and, in its place, write 
performance-based standards for aircraft and airman certification into 
14 CFR parts 21, 61, and 65, where these requirements for other types 
of aircraft and airman certification reside. This would make the FAA's 
regulatory approach to light-sport category aircraft more consistent 
with its approach to other types of aircraft.
    Another important change proposed under this rule would eliminate 
the weight limits for light-sport category aircraft. To enable the 
design and manufacture of light-sport category aircraft that are safe 
to fly with increased capacity and ability, this proposal would apply 
new design and manufacturing requirements. This would allow growth and 
innovation within performance-based safety parameters. This proposal 
also expands aircraft that sport pilots can operate. Under this 
proposal, sport pilots could operate airplanes designed with up to four 
seats, even though they would remain limited to operating with only one 
passenger. Finally, the proposal would change the name of the repairman 
certificate (light-sport aircraft) to repairman certificate (light-
sport). This certificate would apply to existing and new types of 
aircraft certificated in the light-sport category, such as rotorcraft 
and powered-lift. Related provisions would update the requirements for 
maintenance.
    The FAA is also proposing regulations related to noise for light-
sport aircraft, expanding applicability of part 36 noise limits. To 
provide flexibility and reduce burdens of compliance with these noise 
limits, the FAA is proposing options for compliance: conventional noise 
testing per part 36 or means of compliance via FAA-approved, industry 
consensus standards. The FAA expects that any consensus standards would 
not be limited to physical measurements of noise taken during test 
flights. They might instead to be based on empirical data, analytical 
modeling, or generally accepted noise prediction methods if the 
underlying noise prediction methods are found to be robust.
    In addition to maintenance and manufacturing requirements, the FAA 
also proposes to expand the kinds of operations that can be performed 
by light-sport category aircraft. Specifically, this proposal would 
permit light-sport category aircraft to be used in certain aerial work 
operations for aircraft that meet the applicable consensus standard for 
that operation.
    Additionally, the FAA is proposing amendments to experimental 
aircraft regulations. The proposed regulations create new operating 
purposes for former military and kit-built aircraft and amend the 
operating purpose for market survey. The proposed regulations also 
include new operating limitations, an increased certificate duration, 
and new noise requirements. The FAA is further proposing amendments 
related to restricted category aircraft, including a codification of 
special operating purposes for restricted category aircraft. This NPRM 
also includes proposed changes to right of way and operations around 
airports in Class G airspace.

B. Summary of Costs and Benefits

    The proposed rule largely expands opportunities for light-sport 
category aircraft. These expansions may result in safety and 
recreational benefits; there may also be associated design and 
production costs. The FAA expects requirements to comply with noise 
standards would be minimal using industry consensus standards. The FAA 
also does not anticipate more than minimal incremental costs for other 
provisions of the proposed rule, such as

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training, and does not have data to estimate any cost savings, such as 
those that could result from operating certain light-sport category 
aircraft in aerial work for compensation.

II. Background

A. History

    In the 2004 final rule, the FAA reasoned that new rules for light-
sport category aircraft were necessary to address advancing sport and 
recreational aviation technology, the lack of regulations for existing 
aircraft, and several petitions for exemptions and rulemaking. The 2004 
final rule provided for the manufacture of safe and economical 
certificated aircraft beyond the weight limit permitted by part 103; 
established the sport pilot certificate; and allowed certificated 
pilots to operate light-sport category aircraft for sport and 
recreation, carry one passenger, and conduct flight training and towing 
in a safe manner. The resulting regulations also placed restrictions on 
light-sport category aircraft design and performance requirements 
including an aircraft weight limit of less than 1,320 pounds (1,430 
pounds for aircraft intended for operation on water). Light-sport 
aircraft include airplanes, gliders, balloons, powered parachutes, 
weight-shift-control aircraft, and gyroplanes.
    The FAA has granted multiple exemptions for light-sport aircraft 
based on safety considerations that include:
     Retractable landing gear to enable takeoffs and landings 
from land and water;
     Various weight increases, with the largest allowing up to 
1,850 pounds; and
     A VS1 stalling speed increase to 54 knots 
calibrated airspeed (CAS). Discussion of the specific grants of 
exemption follow in section II.B.1.
    The FAA also amended rules on two occasions for light-sport 
aircraft and airmen. In 2007, the FAA amended the definition of light-
sport aircraft to permit development of lighter-than-air light-sport 
aircraft and allow retractable landing gear for light-sport aircraft 
intended for operation on water. In 2010, the FAA also amended rules 
for persons holding a sport pilot certificate and flight instructors 
with a sport pilot rating to address airman certification and 
operational issues that arose since the 2004 final rule. Detailed 
discussion of these amendments is included in section II.B.2.
    In 2010, the FAA completed a Light-Sport Aircraft Manufacturers 
Assessment (LSAMA) Final Report, dated May 17, 2010 (the LSAMA Final 
Report), following its assessment of 14 light-sport category aircraft 
manufacturers to evaluate compliance with the 2004 final rule. On June 
28, 2012, the FAA published a notification in the Federal Register (77 
FR 38463) (the ``LSAMA Notification'') describing its concerns 
identified in the LSAMA Final Report. Specific concerns included:
     Most manufacturing facilities evaluated could not fully 
substantiate that the aircraft for which they had issued a statement of 
compliance did, in fact, meet the consensus standards identified in 
those documents.
     The accuracy of declarations made in a statement of 
compliance.
     That more FAA involvement is warranted than originally 
intended under the 2004 final rule.
    Considering these concerns, the FAA established an audit program 
under FAA Order 8130.36, Special Light-Sport Aircraft Audit Program, 
for conducting regular audits of light-sport category aircraft 
manufacturers and their associate facilities. Proposed safety 
enhancements under this NPRM for new training requirements for 
manufacturer's employees who are responsible for compliance findings 
and compliance statements are based on concerns described in the LSAMA 
Notification and are discussed in sections IV.D.17 and IV.D.19.
    The 2004 final rule was successful in encouraging innovation in 
light-sport aircraft. According to FAA Registry data as of January 
2023, over 200 models and 5,321 aircraft have been designed and 
manufactured under the 2004 final rule, distributed among the various 
classes of aircraft as follows:
     4,459 airplanes.
     456 powered parachutes.
     336 weight-shift controlled aircraft.
     70 gliders.
    In addition, FAA airman certification databases show that 
approximately 7,000 sport pilots, 1,000 sport pilot instructors, 1,500 
repairman (light-sport aircraft) with a maintenance rating, and 10,000 
repairman (light-sport aircraft) with an inspection rating are 
currently certificated under provisions of the 2004 final rule.
    The FAA views the safety record of light-sport category aircraft 
operations as validation of the original certification requirements and 
as support for expanding eligibility for aircraft certification, airmen 
certifications, and related operating privileges. From working with 
applicants for certification of aircraft, pilots, and repairman of 
light-sport aircraft since the 2004 final rule took effect, the FAA has 
identified many proposals for amending those rules to enhance safety, 
performance, and privileges for operating light-sport category 
aircraft. The FAA is also proposing amendments concerning certification 
and operations of other aircraft that hold special airworthiness 
certificates. Detailed discussion of the safety record of light-sport 
category aircraft and these proposals are included in section IV of 
this NPRM.

B. Related Actions

1. Exemptions to the 2004 Final Rule
    As previously stated, the FAA granted multiple exemptions to the 
2004 final rule based on safety considerations. Together, these actions 
permitted exempted aircraft to vary from the rule in the following 
ways:
     Retractable landing gear to enable takeoffs and landings 
from land and water.
     Various weight increases, with the largest allowed weight 
of up to 1,850 pounds.

Data, arguments, and findings that enabled the FAA to grant these 
exemptions are used as applicable to support proposals herein to codify 
these and similar provisions.
2. Amendments to the 2004 Final Rule
    On April 19, 2007, the FAA published the final rule ``Changes to 
the Definition of Certain Light-Sport Aircraft'' (72 FR 19661) to amend 
the definition of light-sport aircraft to permit development of 
lighter-than-air light-sport aircraft and allow retractable landing 
gear for light-sport aircraft intended for operation on water. To date, 
the FAA has issued no special airworthiness certificates for lighter-
than-air light-sport aircraft. This NPRM proposes to permit retractable 
landing gear for all operations to enhance safety more broadly within 
the light aircraft community by making light-sport category aircraft 
more attractive alternatives to experimental amateur-built aircraft.
    On February 1, 2010, the FAA published the final rule 
``Certification of Aircraft and Airmen for the Operation of Light-Sport 
Aircraft; Modifications to Rules for Sport Pilots and Flight 
Instructors with a Sport Pilot Rating'' (75 FR 5204; Correction 
published on March 30, 2010, 75 FR 15609) (hereinafter the 2010 final 
rule). The purpose of the 2010 final rule was to amend rules for sport 
pilots and flight instructors with a sport pilot rating to address 
airman certification and operational issues that arose since 
regulations for the certification of aircraft and airmen for the 
operation of light-sport aircraft were implemented in 2004.

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3. FAA-Industry Listening Session
    On December 12, 2022, the FAA hosted a listening session with 
representatives of the light-sport aircraft industry. A record of that 
meeting, including participants and their feedback, is included on the 
docket for this proposed rule, which is available at FAA-2023-1377. 
Importantly, that feedback replicated what the FAA has learned about 
the 2004 final rule as discussed previously in this NPRM.

III. Authority for This Rulemaking

    The FAA's authority to issue rules on aviation safety is found in 
title 49 of the United States Code (U.S.C.). Subtitle I, section 106 
describes the authority of the FAA Administrator. Subtitle VII, 
Aviation Programs, describes in more detail the scope of the agency's 
authority. This rulemaking is promulgated under the authority described 
in 49 U.S.C. 106(f) and (g), which establishes the authority of the 
Administrator to promulgate and revise regulations and rules related to 
aviation safety. This rulemaking is also promulgated under 49 U.S.C. 
44701(a)(2)(A) and (a)(5), which provides that the FAA Administrator 
shall promote safe flight of civil aircraft in air commerce by 
prescribing regulations and minimum standards: (1) in the interest of 
safety for inspecting, servicing, and overhauling aircraft, aircraft 
engines, propellers, and appliances, and (2) that the FAA finds 
necessary for safety in air commerce and national security; 49 U.S.C. 
44703, which provides the general authority of the Administrator to 
prescribe regulations for the issuance of airman certificates when the 
Administrator finds, after investigation, that an individual is 
qualified for, and physically able to perform the duties related to, 
the position authorized by the certificate; 49 U.S.C. 40103(b)(1) and 
(2), which directs the FAA to issue regulations: (1) To ensure the 
safety of aircraft and the efficient use of airspace; and (2) to govern 
the flight of aircraft for purposes of navigating, protecting and 
identifying aircraft, and protecting individuals and property on the 
ground; and 49 U.S.C. 44715, which provides the Administrator the 
authority to prescribe regulations to control and abate aircraft noise 
and sonic boom. These proposed regulations are within the scope of 
those authorities because they are proposing to amend rules for the 
manufacture, certification, operation, maintenance, and alteration of 
light-sport category aircraft, to amend rules related to restricted 
category aircraft and experimental airworthiness certification, and to 
amend rules related to sport pilot and repairman certification.
    Additionally, this rulemaking implements the Congressional mandate 
set forth in section 581 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (Pub. 
L. 115-254), which authorizes certain aircraft holding experimental 
certificates to conduct space support vehicle flights. Section 581 
amends 49 U.S.C. 44737 to allow the operator of an aircraft with a 
special airworthiness certification in the experimental category to 
operate the aircraft for the purpose of conducting a space support 
vehicle flight and conduct such flight under such certificate carrying 
persons or property for compensation or hire.

IV. Discussion of the Proposal

A. General

    The FAA is proposing to amend rules for the manufacture, 
certification, operation, maintenance, and alteration of light-sport 
category aircraft. The proposed changes would enhance the safety, 
performance, and operating privileges of light-sport category aircraft. 
This proposal would also expand the types and characteristics of 
aircraft that sport pilots may operate. The proposed changes would 
increase the suitability of light-sport category aircraft for flight 
training, limited aerial work, and personal travel. Additionally, the 
proposal would further enable the manufacture of safe and economical 
light-sport category aircraft. The FAA also proposes to update the list 
of approved operations for restricted category aircraft; amend the 
duration, eligible purposes, and operating limitations for special 
airworthiness certificates issued for experimental purposes; and add 
operating limitations applicable to experimental aircraft engaged in 
space support vehicle flights to codify a statutory provision.
1. The Evolution of Light-Sport Aircraft
    The FAA acknowledged in the 2004 final rule that ``there are areas 
where only time and experience will determine whether these regulatory 
provisions meet the FAA's expectations or require modification.'' In 
the approximately 20 years since the FAA published that rule, the FAA 
has increased its understanding of these aircraft. The 2004 final rule 
was successful in encouraging innovation in light-sport aircraft; over 
200 models and 5,300 aircraft have been designed and manufactured under 
the 2004 final rule. The FAA has also considered several requests for 
exemption from the light-sport aircraft rules, granting eleven of them. 
This proposal would amend the rules for these aircraft to improve 
safety and performance and increase the scope of operations that may be 
performed with light-sport category aircraft.
2. A Safety Continuum
    The FAA bases the rigor of certification requirements and 
operational limitations on a safety continuum that looks at the 
exposure of the public to risk for each aircraft and operation; as the 
risk increases due to increased operating privileges and aircraft 
capability, the requirements and corresponding rigor of requirements 
and procedures for aircraft and airman certification increase. In 
establishing the 2004 final rule, the FAA intentionally established a 
rigor of aircraft certification for light-sport category aircraft 
between normal category aircraft and aircraft holding experimental 
certificates in view of intended operating privileges and aircraft 
capability. Normal category airplanes can weigh up to 19,000 lbs. and 
carry 19 persons. Accordingly, their certification rigor is going to be 
greater than an aircraft that has two to four seats because an accident 
would result in greater fatalities. However, to mitigate this risk, the 
part 23 airplane must be designed and manufactured to more stringent 
airworthiness standards. By meeting the more stringent airworthiness 
standards, the FAA grants greater operating privileges. Therefore, 
since light-sport category aircraft subject fewer people to risk and 
have fewer operating privileges when compared to part 23 airplanes, the 
2004 final rule and this proposal includes less stringent certification 
standards.
    Based on the rigor of aircraft certification established for light-
sport category aircraft in the 2004 final rule, the FAA expected that 
light-sport category aircraft fatal accident rates would fall between 
experimental and normal category aircraft. To validate this expectation 
against fatal accident data, the FAA compared data for light-sport 
category airplanes and other aircraft categories or types that were 
most similar to light-sport category airplanes: experimental amateur-
built airplanes with single, reciprocating engines, and fixed landing 
gear; and small normal category airplanes with single, reciprocating 
engines, and fixed landing gear. The fatal accident rate data compiled 
since 2011 for these aircraft \1\

[[Page 47654]]

show that light-sport category aircraft fatal accident rates fall 
between experimental and normal category aircraft, validating that the 
rigor of certification requirements and procedures of the 2004 final 
rule falls, as intended, between experimental and normal category 
aircraft. This validation also supports proposals described in this 
NPRM for modest expansions of eligibility for certification of light-
sport category aircraft, performance limitations for sport pilots, 
eligibility for certification of repairman (light-sport), and 
corresponding operating privileges for additional but similar operating 
privileges and risks. As described in section IV.C, the FAA has also 
identified other opportunities to improve the safety of light-sport 
category aircraft and experimental light-sport category kit-built 
aircraft.
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    \1\ Light aircraft fatal accident trends are included on the 
docket at FAA-2023-1377. These trends are shown beginning in 2011 
because of limitations on available data and since ten-year trends 
seem sufficient for this proposal.
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    Additionally, the lower accident rate of light-sport category 
aircraft as compared to experimental amateur-built airplanes has led 
the FAA to examine opportunities for expanding the 2004 final rule to 
include a wider variety of aircraft, increase performance, and increase 
operating privileges. The FAA intends for these expansions to increase 
safety by encouraging manufacturers to design and construct, and 
prospective aircraft owners to choose, aircraft higher on the safety 
continuum and, therefore, meet higher aircraft certification 
requirements.
    The FAA used the safety continuum to analyze other aircraft as 
well; in addition to modifying the requirements for light-sport 
category aircraft and experimental light-sport category kit-built 
aircraft, this rule would also address the operation of other aircraft 
that hold special airworthiness certificates. Specifically, the FAA 
proposes to codify additional special purpose operations for restricted 
category aircraft that the FAA has previously approved under the 
discretion provided in part 21. In addition, this rule would amend the 
duration, eligible purposes, and operating limitations for special 
airworthiness certificates issued for experimental purposes, including 
an administrative change to add a new experimental purpose for former 
military aircraft, and codifying a statutory provision for space 
support vehicle flights. The FAA has referred to this combined set of 
proposals as the Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification 
(MOSAIC) since these proposals primarily concern the regulation of 
aircraft that operate under special airworthiness certificates.
3. Expanding Light-Sport Category Aircraft and Related Provisions for 
Airman, Maintenance, and Operations
a. Eliminating the Definition of Light-Sport Aircraft
    Currently, light-sport aircraft is defined in Sec.  1.1, General 
definitions. Uniquely, the definition affects the scope of 
certification for light-sport category aircraft, sport pilots, and 
repairman (light-sport aircraft). Section 21.190 applies this 
definition to limit the scope of aircraft that may be issued a special 
airworthiness certificate for light-sport category aircraft. Part 61 
uses this definition to specify which aircraft a sport pilot may 
operate. The FAA notes that, per part 61, a sport pilot may operate any 
aircraft that meets the definition of light-sport aircraft, including 
certain normal category, primary category, light-sport category, and 
experimental aircraft. This proposal would eliminate this definition of 
light-sport aircraft in Sec.  1.1 and would instead specify separate 
requirements for aircraft, pilot, and repairman certification in 14 CFR 
part 21, 61, or 65, respectively. Although the FAA considered retaining 
and expanding this definition, deleting the definition and establishing 
separate certification requirements in part 21, 61, or 65 would better 
align with the location of such requirements for other categories of 
aircraft and for other airmen.
b. Changes to Aircraft Certification Requirements for Light-Sport 
Category Aircraft
    The FAA has granted eleven exemptions to enable airworthiness 
certification of light-sport category aircraft with weights that exceed 
those in the definition of light-sport aircraft. These grants of 
exemption were based on FAA findings that relieving weight limits would 
enable significant safety enhancements not contemplated in the original 
regulations, reduce the likelihood of fatal accidents, and foster 
innovation in light-sport category aircraft. Consistent with the FAA's 
analysis of the safe operations accomplished under those exemptions, 
this proposal would eliminate the weight limits for light-sport 
category aircraft. As discussed in section IV.C.2, eliminating weight 
limits for light-sport category aircraft would provide manufacturers 
opportunities to:
     Incorporate additional safety-enhancing designs and 
equipment,
     Design airframes that are more rugged for the flight-
training environment,
     Increase fuel load and aircraft range,
     Allow for greater cabin size to enable greater occupant 
heights and weights,
     Improve aircraft handling in gusts, turbulence, and 
crosswinds, and
     Increase the suitability of light-sport category aircraft 
for other intended operating purposes, including recreation, personal 
travel, and certain aerial work.\2\
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    \2\ The FAA does not explicitly define aerial work; however, the 
FAA broadly interprets the term to mean work done from the air for 
compensation that does not involve the carriage of persons or 
property.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This proposal would apply new design and manufacturing requirements 
for light-sport category aircraft so that light-sport category aircraft 
are able to fly safely with increased capacity and ability. The FAA is 
further proposing to increase airplane stalling speed to enable 
increased aircraft weights to enable more robust airframes, 
installation of safety enhancing equipage, higher fuel capacity, and 
more seating capacity. The FAA proposes to eliminate limitations on 
classes of eligible aircraft, propellers, and landing gear; allow 
airplanes with up to 4 seats for increased utility and improved flight 
training opportunities; and increase the maximum airspeed for more 
practical personal travel. This proposal would require training for 
manufacturer employees who are responsible for safety findings and for 
signing a statement of compliance. This NPRM does not propose to amend 
requirements that limit manufacture of kits for light-sport category 
aircraft for make and model aircraft that were previously certificated 
as light-sport category aircraft. Accordingly, most of the proposals 
for expanding the eligibility for certification of light-sport category 
aircraft would carry over to light-sport category kit-built aircraft. 
This proposal would remove the requirement to display the mark ``Light-
Sport'' on light-sport category aircraft. These proposed changes are 
discussed in greater detail in section IV.D.20.
c. Changes to the Aircraft That Sport Pilots May Operate
    This proposal would also expand what aircraft sport pilots can 
operate. Under this proposal, sport pilots could operate heavier 
aircraft than currently allowed under the Sec.  1.1 definition and 
airplanes with up to four seats, even though they would remain limited 
to carrying only one passenger. This one passenger limitation would 
also apply to a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating conducting 
flight training in a four-seat airplane. Additionally, this proposal 
includes expansions to certain

[[Page 47655]]

proposed sport pilot privileges through training and endorsements for 
airplanes that hat have a controllable pitch propeller, for aircraft 
with a retractable landing gear, and to conduct night operations. This 
proposal would also make corresponding changes to regulations affecting 
the privileges and limitations of a flight instructor certificate with 
a sport pilot rating. These proposed changes are discussed in greater 
detail in section IV.E.
d. Changes to Requirements for Repairman (Light-Sport) Certificates
    This proposal would revise the name of the ``repairman certificate 
(light-sport aircraft)'' to ``repairman certificate (light-sport)'' and 
would allow for issuance of a repairman certificate (light-sport) for 
the new, proposed classes of aircraft that could be certificated in the 
light-sport category (i.e., helicopter and powered-lift). Additionally, 
the proposal would remove the hours-based training requirements for a 
light-sport repairman maintenance rating and instead require that 
applicants complete a training course, accepted by the FAA, that aligns 
with the Aviation Mechanic General, Airframe, and Powerplant Airman 
Certification Standards (Mechanic ACS). The training course would be 
required to include only those subject areas and knowledge, risk 
management, and skill elements of the Mechanic ACS that are appropriate 
to the category of aircraft the training course covers. The proposal 
would also codify existing policy for repairman certificate (light-
sport) training course providers to administer an examination, provide 
students with a certificate of completion, and require facilities, 
equipment, materials, and instructors that are appropriate to the 
training course content being taught. These proposed changes are 
discussed in greater detail in section IV.F.
e. Changes to Requirements for Maintenance of Light-Sport Category 
Aircraft
    This proposal would require all repairs performed on light-sport 
category aircraft to meet applicable consensus standards, allow minor 
alterations to be accepted under the provisions of 14 CFR part 43, and 
remove the restriction that the Administrator approve aircraft-towing 
devices installed on these aircraft. These proposed changes are 
discussed in greater detail in section IV.G.
f. Changes to Requirements for Operating Light-Sport Category Aircraft
    In addition to expanding eligibilities for issuance of special 
airworthiness certificates for light-sport category aircraft and 
experimental light-sport aircraft and aircraft that sport pilots may 
operate, the FAA proposes to expand the kinds of operations that can be 
performed by light-sport category aircraft. Specifically, this proposal 
would permit light-sport category aircraft to be used in certain aerial 
work operations for aircraft that meet the applicable FAA-accepted 
consensus standard for that operation. This proposal would also remove 
the requirement for owners/operators of light-sport category aircraft 
to comply with safety directives issued by the aircraft manufacturer; 
mandatory compliance with FAA Airworthiness Directives would remain 
unchanged. These proposed changes are discussed in greater detail in 
section IV.H.1.
4. Changes to Certain Experimental Certificates
a. Duration
    This proposal would increase the duration of certain experimental 
certificates from one to three years. These proposed changes are 
discussed in greater detail in section IV.I.1.
b. Changes for Former Military Aircraft
    This proposal would add operating former-military aircraft as an 
additional purpose for which experimental certificates may be issued. 
Operations of former-military aircraft are currently authorized under 
other experimental certificates. These proposed changes are discussed 
in greater detail in section IV.I.5.
c. Codifying the Authorization for Space Support Vehicles
    This proposal would codify the statutory language in 49 U.S.C. 
44740 permitting the operator of an aircraft with a special 
airworthiness certification in the experimental category to operate the 
aircraft for the purpose of conducting a space support vehicle flight 
while carrying persons or property for compensation or hire. These 
proposed changes are discussed in greater detail in section IV.H.3. 
Such operations would be limited to aircraft that takeoff and land at a 
single launch or reentry site that is operated by an entity licensed to 
operate the launch or reentry site under 51 U.S.C. chapter 509; are 
owned or operated by or on behalf of a launch or reentry vehicle 
operator licensed under 51 U.S.C. chapter 509; and is either a launch 
vehicle, reentry vehicle, or a component thereof. These operations 
would only be allowed to simulate space flight conditions in support of 
training for potential space flight participants, government 
astronauts, or crew; testing hardware to be used in space flight; or 
conducting research and development tasks, which require the unique 
capabilities of the aircraft conducting the flight.
5. Changes for Restricted Category Aircraft
    This proposal would enhance the requirements for the certification 
of former-military aircraft in the restricted category by requiring the 
aircraft to have a service history with the U.S. Armed Forces. Under 
the provision in Sec.  21.25(b)(7), the FAA has approved additional 
special purpose operations for which restricted category aircraft may 
be certificated. Currently, those additional purposes are only listed 
in FAA policy documents for type and airworthiness certification of 
these aircraft. This proposal would amend Sec.  21.25 to expand the 
list of special purpose operations for which restricted category 
aircraft may be certificated to include these additional purposes.
6. Changes for Noise
    This proposal would apply 14 CFR part 36 noise standards to light-
sport category aircraft and experimental light-sport category aircraft 
certificated after the effective date of the rule, or that are altered 
in a manner that changes the noise profile of light-sport category 
aircraft and certain experimental light-sport category aircraft. This 
proposal would require light-sport category aircraft and certain 
experimental light-sport category aircraft to demonstrate compliance to 
the part 36 noise limits using an FAA-approved consensus standard or a 
combination of current part 36 procedures that are appropriate for the 
aircraft seeking an airworthiness certificate for a light-sport 
category aircraft or an experimental light-sport category aircraft. The 
FAA anticipates the industry developing acceptable and appropriate 
consensus standards for noise that would provide simple, low-cost 
methods of compliance with part 36. For example, a modeling-based 
consensus standard would be expected to significantly reduce the cost 
of noise compliance. Not only would there not be a need to physically 
test every model (or aircraft) but the proposal would also allow 
manufacturers to use predictive analysis to guide and support aircraft 
design decisions in earlier phases, avoiding costly future redesign or 
modifications. The proposed noise requirements are discussed in greater 
detail in section V.K.

[[Page 47656]]

B. Revision of Definitions Applicable to the Certification and 
Operation of Light-Sport Category Aircraft

1. Revision of the Definition of Consensus Standard
    OMB Circular A-119 establishes policy for the Federal use and 
development of voluntary consensus standards and conformity assessment 
activities. Federal goals for using consensus standards include 
providing incentives and opportunities to establish standards that 
serve national needs, encouraging long-term growth for U.S. 
enterprises, and promoting efficiency and economic competition through 
harmonization of standards. Voluntary consensus standards are developed 
or adopted by consensus standards bodies with broad participation of 
interested stakeholders, including manufacturers and the FAA.
    Because of the general acceptance and use of consensus standards 
throughout the aviation community, this rule proposes a broader 
definition for consensus standards than that currently found in Sec.  
1.1. The current definition was adopted as part of the 2004 final rule. 
As such, the definition for consensus standards currently is only 
applicable for certificating light-sport aircraft. The proposed 
definition would apply to a wider variety of certification functions 
applicable under 14 CFR.
    The proposed definition would adopt a description of a consensus 
standard that better aligns with the provisions of OMB Circular A-119. 
The proposed rule would establish the characteristics that a consensus 
standard must have to meet the definition of a consensus standard. 
Accordingly, to be considered a consensus standard under this proposed 
rule, a consensus standard would need to have been adopted under 
procedures which provide an opportunity for input by persons interested 
and affected by the scope or provisions of the standard. These persons 
would also have had to reach substantial agreement on its adoption. 
Additionally, to be used as a means of compliance for aircraft design, 
operation, production, maintenance, or airworthiness, a consensus 
standard would have to be accepted by the FAA. For the purposes of this 
proposed definition, the FAA considers ``airworthiness'' to include 
noise and continued operational safety requirements.
    After a consensus standard has been adopted by a consensus 
standards body, the FAA would review the standard for acceptance. The 
FAA typically advises the public of the agency's acceptance of these 
consensus standards through a notice of acceptance which is published 
in the Federal Register. This review and acceptance process is not 
intended to restrict industry's ability to develop consensus standards, 
but rather to enable the FAA to advise the public when an industry-
developed consensus standard for aircraft design, operation, 
production, maintenance, or airworthiness complies with the proposed 
performance-based regulatory requirements.
    Currently, consensus standards for the airworthiness certification 
of light-sport category aircraft that have been developed by ASTM 
International (ASTM) and accepted for use by the FAA would meet the 
proposed definition.\3\ The current process for developing consensus 
standards by ASTM for the certification of light-sport category 
aircraft would be consistent with the provisions of the proposed 
definition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ For example, the FAA published a notice titled ``Consensus 
Standards, Light-Sport Aircraft, Notice No. NOA-21-01'' (87 FR 
10275; February 23, 2022) in which the FAA designated ASTM 
Designation F2245-20, ``Standard Specification for Design and 
Performance of a Light Sport Airplane'' (F2245-20) as a consensus 
standard that is available and acceptable for use. F2245-20 applies 
to aircraft design and, as described in ASTM's ``The Handbook for 
Standardization,'' has been developed with input by a broad array of 
interested stakeholders.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA notes that consensus standards have also been developed to 
comply with the performance-based airworthiness standards for the 
certification of airplanes found in amendment 64 of 14 CFR part 23. 
They serve as a means of compliance to the regulatory requirements 
contained in part 23 and have been accepted by the FAA.\4\ Consensus 
standards have also been used as a means of compliance for operation of 
small unmanned aircraft systems (small UAS) over people under part 107 
and remote identification of unmanned aircraft under part 89.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ See 71 FR 12771, 75 FR 58016, 79 FR 78553 concerning 
electric wiring systems before part 23, amendment 61. For part 23, 
amendment 64, see 87 FR 13911.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA anticipates an increased use of consensus standards to 
comply with new performance-based regulations and has also proposed 
their use as part of the special airworthiness certification process to 
comply with the noise requirements in part 36. Accordingly, the agency 
determined that it would be appropriate to broaden the current 
applicability of this definition to a potentially wider range of 
aircraft certification activities than light-sport category aircraft 
only.
    The revised definition would require that the consensus standards 
process include participants that are impacted by the consensus 
standards. For the development of these consensus standards, 
organizations and participants in the consensus standards development 
process could consist of, but not be limited to, aircraft 
manufacturers, pilots, maintainers, aviation associations, and 
government regulators. The FAA contends that the use of a consensus 
standards process to develop means of compliance to performance-based 
regulations should provide both the FAA and industry with a means to 
rapidly adapt to changing technology and better respond to market 
conditions while continuing to enable safe operations within the 
national airspace system.
    Alternatively, the FAA is considering removing the definition of 
consensus standard from Sec.  1.1. Consensus standard is a commonly 
accepted term used by industry and across \5\ the Federal Government 
and may not require a definition in Sec.  1.1 to be understood in the 
context of 14 CFR. Additionally, as stated previously, the current 
definition of consensus standard is limited to the context of light 
sport aircraft and does not recognize the breadth of using consensus 
standards in aviation today. The FAA requests comment on whether the 
FAA should remove the definition of consensus standard from Sec.  1.1 
altogether or revise the definition as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Such as pursuant to the National Technology Transfer and 
Advancement Act (NTTAA) of 1995, and OMB Circular A-119, Federal 
Participation in the Development and Use of Voluntary Consensus 
Standards and in Conformity Assessment Activities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Removal of Definition of Light-Sport Aircraft From 14 CFR 1.1
    Section 1.1 currently defines ``light-sport aircraft'' as an 
aircraft other than a helicopter or powered-lift that, since its 
original certification, has continued to meet several designated 
parameters (for example, aircraft weight, seating, stalling speed, 
maximum speed, engine type, propeller type, etc.). Uniquely, the 
definition affects the scope of certification for light-sport category 
aircraft, sport pilots, and repairman (light-sport aircraft). Section 
21.190 applies this definition to limit the scope of aircraft that may 
be issued a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport 
category. Part 61 uses this definition to specify which aircraft a 
sport pilot may operate. Because of the common definition, all aircraft 
certificated under Sec.  21.190 are light-sport aircraft and thus can 
be flown by sport pilots. However, a sport pilot is not limited to only 
Sec.  21.190 aircraft and may operate any aircraft that meets the 
definition of light-sport aircraft, including certain normal category,

[[Page 47657]]

primary category, light-sport category, and experimental aircraft.
    The FAA is proposing to remove the definition of light-sport 
aircraft from Sec.  1.1 because the regulatory definition contains 
substantive requirements. A regulatory definition should define a term 
used in a particular title, chapter, or part of the CFR. Accordingly, 
the substantive aircraft certification requirements for light-sport 
category aircraft would be relocated with modifications into proposed 
Sec.  21.190 and part 22, while requirements establishing the 
parameters for the aircraft in which a sport pilot may act as pilot in 
command (PIC) would be incorporated into part 61.
    The current Sec.  1.1 definition of light-sport aircraft was 
created to establish parameters for the airworthiness certification of 
light-sport category aircraft using consensus standards, as well as to 
identify aircraft that can be safely operated by pilots exercising the 
privileges of a sport pilot certificate. Currently, under Sec.  61.315, 
sport pilots are only permitted to operate aircraft that meet the 
definition of a light-sport aircraft as defined in Sec.  1.1. Replacing 
the Sec.  1.1 definition with separate certification requirements for 
aircraft, pilots, and repairman would allow more flexibility using the 
proposed certification procedures in Sec.  21.190 and intended 
operations. In other words, this proposed rule would decouple 
certification requirements for light-sport category aircraft 
certification and sport pilot certification. One effect of placing the 
proposed requirements in separate parts and the expansion of light-
sport category aircraft certification requirements is that an aircraft 
certificated in the light-sport category under Sec.  21.190 may exceed 
the parameters of an aircraft that a sport pilot may act as PIC of 
under the separate requirements in part 61.
    Persons exercising the privileges of a sport pilot certificate or a 
flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating would no longer 
be restricted to operating light-sport aircraft as defined in Sec.  
1.1. In this proposed rule, these airmen would be able to exercise the 
privileges of their certificate in any aircraft that does not exceed 
the aircraft performance limitations derived from the current Sec.  1.1 
definition and set forth in the proposed new Sec.  61.316. The FAA's 
proposal concerning airmen certification is discussed in section IV.E.

C. Expansion of Eligibility for Light-Sport Category Aircraft and Sport 
Pilots

1. Certification of Additional Aircraft Classes
    The current Sec.  1.1 definition of light-sport aircraft excludes 
helicopters and powered-lift from being considered as light-sport 
aircraft. The FAA proposes to allow the airworthiness certification of 
rotorcraft and powered-lift as light-sport category aircraft under 
Sec.  21.190, provided these aircraft are certificated in accordance 
with the proposed performance-based requirements in part 22 using an 
FAA-accepted consensus standard as a means of compliance. This proposed 
rule would allow any class of aircraft \6\ to be eligible for 
certification in the light-sport category, so long as the aircraft 
meets the proposed performance-based requirements of part 22 and the 
eligibility criteria in proposed Sec. Sec.  21.190 and 22.100. The FAA 
anticipates that industry would develop acceptable and appropriate 
consensus standards to comply with the performance-based requirements 
in part 22. The FAA contends that such action would maintain a level of 
safety appropriate to the certification of these aircraft while 
fostering innovation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ See 14 CFR 1.1, which defines class, for purposes of the 
certification of aircraft, as a broad grouping of aircraft having 
similar characteristic of propulsion, flight, or landing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Unmanned aircraft are precluded from certification as light-sport 
category aircraft. The FAA considered expanding the scope of the 
proposed eligibility requirements to evaluate the potential 
certification of unmanned aircraft; however, due to the novelty, 
technical complexity, and significant operational differences between 
unmanned and manned aircraft, the FAA chose not to address unmanned 
aircraft certification as a part of this rulemaking. Accordingly, as 
proposed in Sec.  21.190(a), this proposal does not apply to the 
certification of unmanned aircraft in the light-sport category.
    The FAA also chose not to consider powered lift privileges for 
sport pilots, given the complexity and ongoing development of those 
aircraft designs and associated pilot certification and operational 
rules that the FAA is considering. However, the FAA expects that future 
rulemaking may consider these aircraft and associated operations if 
they can fit within the constraints of sport pilot operations and 
aircraft certification requirements.
    As discussed later in the preamble, the FAA is also proposing to 
expand sport pilot privileges to include helicopter privileges.
2. Maximum Takeoff Weight
    Section 1.1 currently limits the maximum takeoff weight for light-
sport category aircraft to 1,320 lbs., or 1,430 lbs. for aircraft 
intended for operation on water. This proposal would eliminate the 
maximum takeoff weight limitations for light-sport category aircraft. 
Although this proposal removes the specific weight limits for light-
sport category aircraft, this proposed rule would indirectly limit 
aircraft weight via stalling speed limitations, as discussed in 
sections IV.C.2 and IV.C.4. As noted in those sections, the stalling 
speed limit would indirectly limit the weight at around 3,000 pounds. 
Although still limiting aircraft weight, the proposed VS1 
stalling speed would enable aircraft with heavier weights than the 
definition permits for light-sport aircraft. Enabling heavier weights 
would enable manufacturers to include safety-enhancing designs and 
equipment such as advanced stall resistant airframes, increased load 
factor resilience, improved passenger cabin crash safety mechanisms, 
ballistic safety parachutes, passenger airbags, stronger and more 
durable landing gear, and greater fuel capacity.
    From its work with manufacturers, flight schools, and individual 
aircraft owners since the 2004 final rule took effect, the FAA 
anticipates that allowing heavier aircraft would result in more robust 
airframe designs to meet the needs of aircraft owners. A ``robust 
airframe design'' is more reliable, resilient, and does not fail as 
easily under a given load as a less robust airframe would. In addition, 
an aircraft in motion with more mass requires more force to disrupt its 
current flight path. Accordingly, heavier aircraft tend to be more 
stable during turbulent or windy conditions and, in turn, reduce the 
workload on the pilot attempting to maintain control and a desired 
course. Specifically, lighter aircraft get jostled around more in 
turbulence, which causes the pilot to work harder to maintain aircraft 
control.
    The weight limitations in the definition of light-sport aircraft 
preclude many of these design and safety features and is representative 
of why the FAA has granted 11 exemptions to the weight limit for 
certain light-sport category aircraft with safety features installed. 
These exemptions allowed airworthiness certification of certain, 
heavier light-sport category aircraft to enable improved airframe 
designs and the installation of various safety enhancing devices.
    In summary, the current weight limitation precludes the design and

[[Page 47658]]

installation of many safety enhancements. Therefore, this NPRM proposes 
to remove weight as an eligibility requirement for certification of 
light-sport category aircraft and as a limitation on what aircraft 
sport pilots may fly. Sport pilots would be permitted to operate these 
heavier aircraft if the aircraft satisfy the performance limitations in 
the proposed Sec.  61.316 including the Vs1 limitation that 
will indirectly limit the weight to around 3,000 pounds. The FAA does 
not find that this increased weight would appreciably alter a sport 
pilot's ability to fly the aircraft, provided the aircraft satisfies 
the design and performance limitations proposed in Sec.  61.316.\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ See section IV.E of this preamble for a discussion of the 
design and performance limitations proposed in Sec.  61.316, which 
would limit the aircraft that a sport pilot could fly to an aircraft 
that requires skill comparable to the skill required to fly an LSA 
today.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Maximum VH Airspeed in Level Flight
    The Sec.  1.1 definition of light-sport aircraft limits light-sport 
aircraft to a VH of not more than 120 knots CAS under 
standard atmospheric conditions at sea level. A VH speed 
limit would not be retained for the airplanes or gliders in the 
proposed Sec.  61.316 performance and design limitations for aircraft 
that a sport pilot could operate. Although an airplane or glider's 
maximum airspeed is typically limited to approximately three to four 
times the aircraft's VS1 under ideal conditions, proposed 
Sec.  22.100(a)(4) would include a VH limit of 250 knots CAS 
for light-sport category aircraft to account for potential advances in 
technology and manufacturing practices that could enable higher speeds. 
Furthermore, after approximately 20 years of experience with the 
operation of light-sport category aircraft, the FAA has not noted any 
definitive data that links cruise speed as a contributing factor in 
accidents involving light-sport category aircraft. This experience 
informs the FAA's current rulemaking proposal, including its proposal 
to increase the airspeed limitation.
    Analysis of performance data for 117 type-certificated, light-sport 
category, and amateur-built airplanes with stalling speeds less than or 
equal to the proposed 54 knots CAS stalling speed limit shows a maximum 
speed of 220 knots CAS, with the majority below 190 knots CAS. Allowing 
a maximum speed of 250 knots CAS is intended to provide an upper limit 
appropriate for a category of aircraft intended for recreation, flight 
training, and limited aerial work while providing sufficient margin to 
avoid practical constraints of new airplane designs by this limit.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ Given that the vast majority of light-sport category 
aircraft operations would occur below 10,000 feet mean sea level 
(MSL), where part 91 limits airspeed below 250 knots indicated 
airspeed, the maximum 250 knot CAS limitation is appropriate for the 
light-sport category.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For pilot certification purposes, the FAA does not propose to 
retain or include a VH airspeed limitation in the proposed 
Sec.  61.316 aircraft performance limitations because the FAA 
determined that, the proposed maximum stalling speed VS1 of 
54 knots (as explained in section IV.C.4) for airplanes and the 
existing maximum stalling speed VS1 of 45 knots for gliders, 
will indirectly limit the cruise airspeeds \9\ for the aircraft that 
sport pilots may fly under the proposed performance limitations in part 
61. The FAA recognizes helicopter design and aerodynamic flight 
limitations inherently limit the VH speed. The existing 
fleet of two seat helicopters do not exceed 150 knots in cruise flight. 
Therefore, the FAA does not propose or need a prescriptive speed limit 
for two seat helicopters that a sport pilot can operate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ As previously stated, an airplane's maximum airspeed is 
generally limited to three to four times the aircrafts 
Vs1 under ideal conditions. If the maximum stalling speed 
is 54 knots, then the airplane's maximum airspeed would be limited 
to a maximum airspeed of 216 knots (54 multiplied by 4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2018, the FAA codified additional training and endorsement 
privileges for flight instructors with a sport pilot rating.\10\ This 
provision authorized these flight instructors to provide additional 
training and endorsements for sport pilot applicants who wish to 
conduct cross-country flights in light-sport airplanes with a 
VH greater than 87 knots CAS.\11\ These amendments reinforce 
that additional training and a subsequent flight instructor endorsement 
can properly qualify sport pilots to operate various aircraft safely in 
the national airspace system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Regulatory Relief: Aviation Training Devices; Pilot 
Certification, Training, and Pilot Schools; and Other Provisions, 83 
FR 30232 (June 27, 2018).
    \11\ 83 FR 30254-57.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the FAA notes that student pilots, who receive 
training and a validating flight instructor endorsement, can operate 
aircraft at speeds greater than 120 knots as pilot-in-command. The FAA 
contends that, since the implementation of the training and instructor 
endorsement requirements permitting sport pilots to operate airplanes 
up to the current VH speed limitation of 120 knots, 
instructor training and endorsements have been demonstrated to be a 
proven, effective method for validating that sport pilots can safely 
operate faster aircraft in the national airspace system, just as is 
allowed for student pilots with a lower grade of pilot certificate. 
This reflects the incongruities between the allowed operations for 
student pilots and sport pilots. For example, student pilots can 
operate aircraft at faster speeds than individuals that hold a sport 
pilot certificate, even though a sport pilot certificate is a higher 
grade of pilot certificate than a student pilot certificate. Thus, the 
FAA reasons that sport pilots can be permitted to operate faster 
aircraft safely in the national airspace system using instructor 
training and endorsements for validating pilot proficiency.
4. Maximum Stalling Speed (VS1)
    The light-sport aircraft definition in Sec.  1.1 limits the maximum 
VS1 for light-sport aircraft to 45 knots CAS at the 
aircraft's maximum certificated takeoff weight and most critical center 
of gravity. The proposal would retain the 45 knots CAS maximum 
VS1 for gliders and weight-shift-control aircraft. The FAA 
is proposing to increase the maximum VS1 to 54 knots CAS for 
airplanes. Regulatory provisions addressing VS1 would remain 
inapplicable to rotorcraft and lighter-than-air aircraft (e.g., 
balloons and airships), and would be removed for powered parachutes.
    The 45-knot limitation indirectly prohibits the use of heavier 
airplanes due to the correlation between stalling speed and aircraft 
weight. Because the FAA is seeking to accommodate greater airplane 
weights to enable more robust airframe designs and availability of 
safety enhancements, the FAA selected this proposed VS1 
speed limit at nine knots above the current limitation for light-sport 
aircraft. The FAA determined that an airplane with a maximum 
VS1 limitation of 54 knots would permit airplane designs up 
to approximately 3,000 pounds. As proposed in Sec. Sec.  22.100(a)(3) 
and 61.316(a), the new stalling speed limitation would apply to 
airplanes at the maximum certificated takeoff weight.
    In the absence of a specific weight limitation in the proposed 
rule, the new VS1 limit would provide flexibility for 
aircraft manufacturers to build more robust airframes and include 
desirable safety enhancements. This proposed change would expand 
aircraft that sport pilots may operate to include any existing aircraft 
that meets the sport pilot performance limitations as specified in 
proposed Sec.  61.316. For airplanes, the proposed VS1 limit 
is not more than 54 knots CAS for sport pilots.

[[Page 47659]]

    The FAA has monitored the accident history of light-sport category 
aircraft since 2004. As of 2021, there have been 984 accidents or 
incidents involving light-sport category aircraft, with approximately 
half of those accidents or incidents occurring during the landing 
phase. Of the 501 landing accidents, seven resulted in a fatality. The 
second highest number of accidents or incidents, 164, occurred during 
an emergency descent. The FAA chose a VS1 of 54 knots CAS to 
strike a balance between allowing heavier aircraft to accommodate 
increased safety features, while increasing the stalling speed no more 
than necessary to retain low speeds during approach and landing. While 
the FAA recognizes that low stalling speeds will reduce kinetic energy 
levels and serve to improve occupant survivability in the event of an 
aircraft accident, enabling the addition of safety enhancing designs 
commensurate with increased weight could also improve occupant 
survivability.
    The FAA has determined that retaining the current VS1 
restriction of 45 knots CAS for light-sport category airplanes would 
overly restrict the ability of aircraft manufacturers to produce 
heavier airplanes with additional safety features that this rule is 
intending to enable. A maximum VS1 of 54 knots CAS for 
airplanes would facilitate the production of heavier, more robust 
airplanes without unduly compromising the ability of these airplanes to 
be safely operated. Although the FAA considered increasing the proposed 
maximum stalling speed of airplanes above 54 knots CAS, the agency's 
review of current aircraft performance data showed that this proposal 
would be sufficient to produce four-seat airplanes.
    Although the FAA proposes to permit the certification of rotorcraft 
under the proposal, stall speed restrictions, such as a maximum 
VS1, are inapplicable for aircraft that depend principally 
for their support in flight by the lift generated by one or more 
rotors. Rotorcraft have the ability to hover or remain in place in the 
air with no horizontal movement. In the event of engine failure, they 
can autorotate in a controlled descent to the ground. Accordingly, 
rotorcraft are not subject to a maximum stall speed in this proposed 
rule.
    Stalling speed restrictions are also not being proposed for 
powered-lift due to their ability to operate in various flight mode 
configurations, including thrust-borne or hover, similar to a 
rotorcraft. The designs of lighter powered-lift typically do not have 
large wing surface areas and therefore have higher stalling speeds 
during wing-borne (airplane) flight mode. However, these aircraft also 
can transition to semi-thrust borne mode where the powerplant shares 
the responsibility of producing lift as airspeed transitions between 
enroute airspeeds and hover. Therefore, as discussed under proposed 
Sec.  22.115 and consistent with the airworthiness criteria from 
Federal Register notifications for the Joby Aero Inc., Model JAS4-1 and 
Archer Aviation Inc., Model M001 powered-lift, this NPRM proposes to 
require the determination of minimum safe speeds for various flight 
configurations for powered-lift rather than a maximum stalling 
speed.\12\
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    \12\ Airworthiness Criteria: Special Class Airworthiness 
Criteria for the Joby Aero, Inc. Model JAS4-1 Powered-Lift (87 FR 
67399; November 8, 2022), and Airworthiness Criteria: Special Class 
Airworthiness Criteria for the Archer Aviation Inc. Model M001 
Powered-Lift (87 FR 77749; December 20, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed, the proposed stalling speed would generally limit the 
weight of airplanes. However, similar proposed limits would not have 
the same effect for other classes of aircraft. The FAA recognizes that 
while restrictions on maximum seating capacity and limitations on 
aerial work may effectively limit a manufacturer's interest in building 
larger aircraft, the absence of any aerodynamic or other prescriptive 
design restriction would not otherwise limit the potential weight of 
these aircraft. The FAA specifically requests comments on appropriate 
parameters to limit the weight of light-sport category rotorcraft and 
powered-lift.
5. Maximum Seating Capacity
    The current Sec.  1.1 light-sport aircraft definition limits light-
sport aircraft to a maximum seating capacity of no more than two 
persons, including the pilot. This requirement from the 2004 rule 
provided for a low-risk design that would be appropriate for operation 
by a sport pilot. With the performance expansions proposed in this rule 
for the design of light-sport category aircraft and the intention to 
decouple these aircraft from sport pilot restrictions, there is no 
longer a need to restrict all light-sport category aircraft to two 
seats. This proposed rule, in Sec.  22.100, would keep the maximum 
seating capacity of not more than two persons, including the pilot, for 
all classes of light-sport aircraft except airplanes. This proposal 
would allow airplanes to have a maximum seating capacity of not more 
than four persons, including the pilot.
    When the 2004 final rule published, the FAA was focused on allowing 
a flight instructor in the aircraft to provide flight instruction and, 
eventually, allowing sport pilots to carry a single passenger.\13\ At 
that time, the FAA did not foresee an expanded market for light-sport 
category aircraft that could be operated by pilots with a higher grade 
of certificate who can exercise the privilege of carrying more 
passengers. For example, an individual with a private pilot certificate 
may operate an aircraft that has more than two seats and can carry more 
than one passenger. In this proposed rule, the performance limits of 
Sec.  61.316 would allow four-seat airplanes but maintain the 
restriction for sport pilots to carry one passenger, keeping the intent 
of the 2004 final rule restriction for sport pilots. For this proposal, 
the holder of a higher grade of pilot certificate at the private pilot 
level or above could operate a four-seat light-sport category airplane 
and carry up to three passengers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ See 69 FR 44820.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Allowing four seats for light-sport category airplanes would 
increase the utility of these aircraft for recreational and personal 
use. With the increased utility because of four-seat designs, light-
sport category airplane operations by pilots holding higher levels of 
certification would likely increase. The FAA anticipates an increase to 
the overall experience level of pilots that operate light-sport 
category airplanes, and this generally would have a positive safety 
benefit.
    The increased utility of light-sport category airplanes may also 
improve safety by providing aircraft owners with an attractive 
alternative to experimental amateur-built aircraft. In this proposed 
rule, all light-sport category aircraft would be built to FAA-accepted 
consensus standards that meet performance-based requirements in part 22 
for design, production, and airworthiness, unlike amateur-built 
aircraft, which do not have any similar regulatory requirements. As 
previously discussed, amateur-built aircraft are lower on the FAA's 
safety continuum than light-sport category aircraft.
    The four-seat design for light-sport category airplanes in this 
proposal would match the seating limit of primary category airplanes 
certificated under Sec.  21.24. Primary category rules and the 
proposals for light-sport category airplanes would result in these 
categories sharing similar weight and seating limitations for aircraft 
built for the purpose of personal use.
    Although 14 CFR does not impose a seating limitation on amateur-
built aircraft, nearly all such aircraft have four or fewer seats. Of 
the 27,486

[[Page 47660]]

amateur-built aircraft in the FAA Registry, only 131 have more than 
four seats.\14\ Accordingly, the light aircraft community has shown 
overwhelming support for recreational and personal use aircraft being 
designed with four or fewer seats.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ Data from FAA Registry dated December 1, 2022.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Increasing the allowed number of seats above four for light-sport 
category aircraft would require a significantly heavier aircraft, 
challenging aircraft designers to comply with the proposed stalling 
speed limit and adding increased complexity to the aircraft and 
powerplant. In establishing a prescriptive limit for the number of 
seats, four seats strikes a balance between risk and utility that is 
appropriate for a category of aircraft intended for recreation and 
personal use.
    Additionally, proposed Sec.  91.327(f) would limit the number of 
occupants in light-sport category aircraft to not exceed the aircraft's 
seating capacity.
    The proposed rule would retain the current maximum seating capacity 
of not more than two persons for other classes of light-sport aircraft, 
including, gyroplanes, gliders, weight-shift control aircraft, powered 
parachutes, balloons, and airships. These classes of light-sport 
category aircraft are operated strictly for recreation. With weight and 
balance challenges due to unusual seating configurations, additional 
passengers on these classes of aircraft would increase risk and not be 
appropriate for certification as light-sport category aircraft.
    Although this proposal would enable certification of new types of 
light-sport category aircraft such as rotorcraft and powered lift, this 
proposal would limit these aircraft to two seats. The FAA has little 
experience on the safety metrics associated with these classes of 
light-sport category aircraft, as such, the FAA finds that the maximum 
seating capacity of two is appropriate. The FAA may consider future 
rulemaking to increase the proposed two seat limitation for these 
classes of aircraft as experience increases and consensus standards are 
developed.
    Regarding pilot certification, the FAA is proposing to allow sport 
pilots to operate airplanes that have a maximum seating capacity of 
four persons under Sec.  61.316(c). However, sport pilots will continue 
to be limited to carrying only one passenger under Sec.  
61.315(c)(4).\15\ The FAA contends that the piloting skills necessary 
to operate a four-seat airplane do not differ from those skills 
required to operate a two-seat airplane if the airplane satisfies the 
sport pilot design and performance limitations listed in proposed Sec.  
61.316. The number of seats (two versus four) does not affect the skill 
necessary to control an airplane. The FAA proposes to increase the 
seating capacity for airplanes that sport pilots may operate because 
the revised maximum stalling speed, as previously described, would 
permit sport pilots to operate additional existing and future 
certificated single-engine production airplanes with four seats.\16\ 
Per the safety continuum concept, increasing the number of persons 
aboard should require an increased rigor of certification including a 
higher grade of pilot certificate. Allowing sport pilots to operate 
four-seat airplanes (even with only two persons aboard) would ease 
barriers in flight training for sport pilots given the availability of 
legacy, four-seat airplanes in flight schools. This proposed amendment 
is like that imposed on recreational pilots that can operate four-seat 
airplanes but can only carry one passenger,\17\ equating the risk 
associated with these operations to the appropriate level of pilot 
privileges, consistent with the FAA's safety continuum.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ ``You may not act as pilot in command of a light-sport 
aircraft . . . [w]hile carrying more than one passenger.'' See: 14 
CFR 61.315(c)(4).
    \16\ For example, this proposed amendment would permit sport 
pilots to operate existing certificated single-engine production 
aircraft.
    \17\ See 14 CFR 61.101(a)(1) and (e)(1)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA contends that the proposed maximum seating capacity 
requirements would provide appropriate utility for recreation, 
training, personal travel, and certain aerial work while maintaining an 
appropriate level of safety.
6. Engine and Motors (If Powered)
    The current Sec.  1.1 light-sport aircraft definition limits light-
sport aircraft to those with a single reciprocating engine if the 
aircraft is powered. This requirement from the 2004 rule provided for a 
simple engine design that would be appropriate for operation by a sport 
pilot. With the performance expansions proposed in this rule for the 
design of light-sport category aircraft and the intention to decouple 
from sport pilot limitations, there is no longer a need to restrict 
light-sport category aircraft to a single reciprocating engine. This 
proposed rule would omit the single reciprocating engine limitation as 
an eligibility requirement in Sec.  22.100. Accordingly, this proposed 
rule would allow light-sport category aircraft to be built with any 
number and type of engines or motors. The performance limitations for 
aircraft that a sport pilot may act as pilot in command of would not 
include the limitation on a single reciprocating engine if the aircraft 
is powered.
    Since this powerplant limitation was established in 2004, full 
authority digital engine control (FADEC) technology has evolved 
significantly. FADEC \18\ automates and simplifies the operation of a 
turbine powerplant. Today, many turbine-powered aircraft use FADEC 
automation to manage powerplant performance and simplify aircraft 
powerplant operations, reducing pilot workload. As a result, many 
turbine-powered aircraft are no longer directly associated with 
excessive speed or complexity. Advancements in simplified designs of 
turbine-engine technology have led to the use of small turbine engines 
in a variety of aircraft, including self-launching gliders. The FAA 
recognizes that because of automation, many modern turbine powerplants 
are now easier to operate than many existing piston-powered aircraft. 
Modern automated powerplants reduce the complexity previously 
associated with piloting aircraft that use powerplants other than non-
turbine engines.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ FADEC combines throttle, prop, and mixture controls into a 
single control. With a FADEC system, there is no direct pilot 
control over the engine or manual control mode. FADEC systems are 
autonomous, self-monitoring, self-operating, and redundant. These 
systems can decrease pilot workload and provide engine monitoring 
capability that can alert operators of certain mechanical problems.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA also reasons that removal of a specific engine requirement 
will encourage ongoing development, innovation, and increased 
efficiency of various types of powerplants for aircraft. The FAA seeks 
to encourage flexibility for aircraft manufacturers to include simple-
to-operate powerplants of any design that will provide benefits to 
include reduced cost, ease of operation, and reduced emissions--
especially for electric-powered aircraft. In summary, limiting the 
number and type of powerplants for light-sport category aircraft is no 
longer necessary and any risk associated with their use would be 
appropriately mitigated by aircraft and pilot certification processes.
7. Use of a Controllable Pitch Propeller
    The Sec.  1.1 definition of a light-sport aircraft currently 
requires a fixed or ground adjustable propeller if the aircraft is a 
powered aircraft other than a powered glider. The light-sport aircraft 
definition also requires that powered gliders have a fixed or 
feathering propeller system. These requirements from the 2004 rule 
provided for simple

[[Page 47661]]

designs that would be appropriate for a sport pilot to operate.
    With the performance expansions proposed in this rule for the 
design and certification of light-sport category aircraft, as well as 
the decoupling from sport pilot aircraft limitations tied to the light-
sport aircraft Sec.  1.1 definition, there would no longer be a need to 
restrict propeller designs for light-sport category aircraft. This 
proposed rule would omit propeller limitations from the light-sport 
category eligibility requirements in Sec.  22.100. Accordingly, this 
proposed rule would allow light-sport category aircraft to be built 
with any type of propeller design that meets an FAA-accepted consensus 
standard.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ ASTM standard F2506--Standard Specification for Design and 
Testing of Light Sport Aircraft Propellers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although the operation of controllable-pitch propellers and their 
associated systems can impose some additional workload on pilots, the 
FAA considers these propeller designs to be safe and reliable, as they 
have been used in general aviation aircraft for decades. While 
controllable-pitch propeller designs can increase workload because they 
require attention and adjustment by the pilot, the FAA considers the 
overall design of these systems to be relatively simple to operate and 
appropriate for inclusion in light-sport category aircraft.
    However, proposed Sec.  61.316, which would provide the performance 
and design limitations for aircraft that may be flown by sport pilots, 
would retain some propeller limitations and training requirements for 
sport pilots. Specifically, for powered aircraft other than powered 
gliders, proposed Sec.  61.316 would permit sport pilots to fly 
aircraft with a fixed or ground-adjustable propeller, but also allow 
those with an automated controllable-pitch propeller. Aircraft with an 
automated controllable-pitch propeller would enable pilots to take 
advantage of the improved performance associated with these aircraft 
without imposing additional workload. The current requirement for 
powered gliders would be relocated to proposed Sec.  61.316.
    Due to the significant increase in climb and cruise performance, 
the FAA is also proposing to permit sport pilots who receive additional 
training and an instructor endorsement to operate airplanes designed 
with controllable-pitch propellers that are not automated. The FAA 
contends that permitting the design and use of a controllable-pitch 
propeller on airplanes increases safety by taking advantage of the 
improved climb performance associated with that propeller system design 
to avoid and clear obstacles during the climb and departure phase of a 
flight.
    The FAA proposes two allowances to this requirement in the proposed 
Sec.  61.316(e). First, the FAA proposes that, for powered aircraft 
other than powered gliders, the airplane may also be equipped with an 
automated controllable-pitch propeller. These propellers are easy to 
use and increase airplane performance and efficiency. Specifically, 
allowing use of an automated controllable-pitch propeller, in addition 
to fixed or ground-adjustable propellers, increases safety because of 
increased climb and cruise performance associated with a controllable 
pitch propeller design.
    Second, under the proposed Sec.  61.331, sport pilots would be 
required to obtain additional flight training and a flight instructor 
endorsement validating sport pilot proficiency to operate an airplane 
with a controllable-pitch propeller that is not automated. The FAA 
contends that additional training and instructor endorsements would 
appropriately validate that sport pilots can safely operate airplanes 
with a manually operated controllable-pitch propeller.
8. Fixed-Pitch, Semi-Rigid, Teetering-Two Blade Rotor System (if a 
Gyroplane)
    The current Sec.  1.1 definition of light-sport aircraft requires 
gyroplanes to have fixed-pitch, semi-rigid, teetering two blade rotor 
systems. This proposal would omit this as an eligibility requirement in 
Sec.  22.100 to enable industry to develop new designs for gyroplane 
rotor systems. However, under proposed Sec.  61.316(a)(6), the FAA 
would continue to limit sport pilots to operate gyroplanes that have a 
fixed-pitch, semi-rigid, teetering-two blade rotor system.
9. Retractable Landing Gear
    Per the current light-sport aircraft definition in Sec.  1.1, a 
light-sport aircraft, except for an aircraft intended for operation on 
water or a glider, must have a fixed landing gear. The proposed rule 
would remove this limitation as an eligibility requirement in Sec.  
22.100. Accordingly, this rule would allow light-sport category 
aircraft to be designed with fixed or retractable landing gear, or with 
floats for aircraft intended for operation on water.
    In the 2004 rule, the requirement for fixed landing gear was 
intended to enable aircraft designs that would be simple to operate by 
persons exercising the privileges of a sport pilot certificate. With 
the performance expansions proposed in this rule for the design of 
light-sport category aircraft and the decoupling from sport pilot 
restrictions, there is no longer a need to restrict light-sport 
category aircraft to fixed landing gear. This rule would provide for 
more robust structures and greater weight allowances that would 
accommodate necessary enhancements needed for retractable landing gear.
    The FAA recognizes that additional training and instructor 
endorsements can validate that sport pilots can operate aircraft with 
retractable landing gear safely. The FAA is proposing to permit sport 
pilots to operate aircraft with a retractable landing gear by requiring 
additional training and obtaining a flight instructor endorsement 
validating proficiency, as discussed later in section IV.E. By 
proposing to establish separate airman and aircraft certification 
requirements, manufacturers would be provided with the ability to 
create a wider range of aircraft designs that may be operated by any 
appropriately rated pilot. Pilots could then pursue the appropriate 
level of pilot certification necessary to operate light-sport category 
aircraft and any other aircraft. This would enable greater flexibility 
for both aircraft manufacturers and pilots.

D. Certification of Light-Sport Category Aircraft

1. Compliance With Design, Production, and Airworthiness Requirements
    As a condition for eligibility for certification in the light-sport 
category, the proposal would require an aircraft to meet performance-
based aircraft design, production, and airworthiness requirements using 
a means of compliance consisting of consensus standards accepted by the 
FAA. The proposal would provide the regulatory authority to deny 
airworthiness certification for a light-sport category aircraft if any 
applicable requirements in Sec.  21.190(c) or part 22 have not been 
met. The proposed performance-based requirements are discussed further 
in section IV.D.
2. Establishment of Performance-Based Requirements
    This proposal would include performance-based requirements for the 
certification of aircraft in the light-sport category. The FAA would 
evaluate any proposed consensus standard against the regulatory 
requirement to determine whether the consensus standard would 
constitute an acceptable means of compliance. By proposing these 
performance-based requirements, the FAA would be providing clear 
direction to standards-setting organizations regarding the content of 
consensus

[[Page 47662]]

standards that would be proposed as a means of compliance to meet 
regulatory requirements. The FAA expects that this proposal should not 
only facilitate the more rapid development of these consensus 
standards, but also result in more comprehensive consensus standards 
that are better able to address the design, production, and 
airworthiness of aircraft intended for certification in the light-sport 
category.
    The design, production, and airworthiness requirements proposed in 
part 22 would represent the minimum requirements a consensus standard 
would be required to address to be an acceptable means of compliance 
for certification of light-sport category aircraft. The proposed 
requirements would enable the implementation of new technologies and 
encourage innovation. This proposed rule would allow manufacturers to 
incorporate new technologies in their aircraft due to the removal of a 
prescriptive weight limit that previously limited the installation of 
safety equipment. This proposed rule would also encourage innovation, 
such as aircraft designed with simplified flight controls discussed in 
proposed Sec.  22.180. The requirements proposed in this section would 
provide safety requirements appropriate for the light-sport category 
within the context of the FAA's safety continuum. A discussion of each 
proposed performance-based requirement follows.
3. Performance-Based Requirements for the Certification of Light-Sport 
Category Aircraft
a. General
    The proposed expansion of the classes of aircraft eligible for 
certification under the proposal and the increase in the size and 
performance of these aircraft requires the adoption and use of more 
detailed performance-based requirements. These new requirements would 
serve to guide consensus standards bodies in developing appropriate 
consensus standards that would be acceptable to the FAA for the 
expanded certification of aircraft in the light-sport category.
    Manufacturer compliance with the performance-based design, 
production, and airworthiness requirements proposed in this NPRM is 
necessary for the safety of the wide range of light-sport category 
aircraft to be certificated under this proposal. The FAA expects that 
compliance with these requirements would reduce the occurrence of 
design and production defects, resulting in aircraft that are safe for 
their intended operations.
    In accordance with their place in the safety continuum, light-sport 
category aircraft would be subject to a certification process more 
stringent than that applicable to experimental amateur-built aircraft, 
but less rigorous than that used for the certification of normal 
category aircraft. When comparing current certification requirements 
for light-sport category aircraft to the certification requirements 
applicable to other aircraft, amateur-built aircraft issued 
experimental airworthiness certificates are not required to the meet 
performance-based design, production, and airworthiness requirements 
that light-sport category aircraft would be required to meet. As 
experimental aircraft occupy a level on the safety continuum with a 
lesser demand for safety assurance than light-sport category aircraft, 
amateur-built aircraft are subject to more stringent operating 
limitations. In contrast, aircraft issued standard airworthiness 
certificates are required to meet airworthiness standards contained in 
part 23, 25, 27, 29, or 31 and must be produced pursuant to an FAA 
design and production approval. Accordingly, normal category aircraft 
are subject to fewer operating restrictions than light-sport category 
aircraft. As light-sport category aircraft would not be designed or 
manufactured pursuant to an FAA design or production approval, these 
aircraft would be subject to the eligibility requirements in proposed 
Sec.  22.100 and the more restrictive operating limitations in proposed 
Sec.  91.327.
    The FAA retains oversight authority of light-sport category 
aircraft manufacturers. Like certification rigor, the rigor of FAA 
oversight of light-sport category aircraft manufacturers would be 
consistent with the safety continuum. Policies and procedures for that 
oversight are included in FAA Order 8130.36.\20\ To support this 
proposed rule, the FAA would expand its oversight to verify successful 
accomplishment of training by the manufacturer's compliance staff per 
proposed Sec.  22.190, as well as the training and certification of 
manufacturer's staff who sign its statements of compliance in proposed 
Sec.  21.190(d)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ FAA Order 8130.36, Special Light Sport Aircraft Audit 
Program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA does not believe it would be appropriate to include the 
proposed performance-based design, production, and airworthiness 
requirements within current part 21 as that part is largely limited to 
prescribing certification procedures, not certification requirements. 
Accordingly, the FAA is proposing to include these requirements within 
subpart B of part 22. By placing these new design, production, and 
airworthiness requirements within separate sections of part 22, each 
functional requirement would be more readily discernable to users, be 
better able to be individually addressed, and result in the development 
of a clearer and more understandable manufacturer's statement of 
compliance.
    With certain exceptions, part 22 would apply to non-type 
certificated aircraft. As aircraft with experimental airworthiness 
certificates are not certificated using performance-based requirements, 
proposed part 22 would not be applicable to those aircraft. 
Additionally, the proposed part would not be applicable to aircraft 
operating under a special flight permit. Although those permits are 
issued to aircraft that are safe for flight, aircraft operating under a 
special flight permit do not have to meet applicable airworthiness 
requirements. Part 22 would also not be applicable to unmanned 
aircraft, as the proposed requirements would address the design, 
production, and airworthiness of aircraft used to carry passengers and 
would not be appropriate to address the design of an aircraft that 
could be remotely operated. Requirements for manned aircraft, for 
example, would need to address occupant protection and egress while 
proposed requirements for unmanned aircraft would need to address 
certain flight control system requirements that would be inapplicable 
to manned aircraft. The FAA notes, however, that requirements for non-
type certificated unmanned aircraft could be proposed at a later date.
    The FAA has accepted a variety of ASTM consensus standards for the 
certification of light-sport category aircraft. The FAA has found these 
consensus standards to be sufficient for the certification of aircraft 
that meet current eligibility requirements. The FAA has also reviewed 
currently accepted ASTM consensus standards and evaluated them against 
the proposed performance expansions and new aircraft designs that would 
be eligible for certification as light-sport category aircraft. 
Currently accepted consensus standards would not be sufficient for the 
certification of the wide range of aircraft with enhanced performance 
capabilities that could be certificated under this proposal. The FAA 
anticipates that industry would develop acceptable and appropriate 
consensus standards to comply with the proposed performance-based 
requirements in part 22. These proposed

[[Page 47663]]

performance-based requirements would serve as the underlying regulatory 
requirements for the development of new or revised consensus standards.
    The FAA currently uses performance-based requirements for the 
certification of other aircraft, most notably normal category airplanes 
certificated under the requirements of part 23. The FAA recognizes that 
the performance-based requirements it is proposing for certificating 
light-sport category aircraft are not of the same scope and detail as 
those standards. The FAA contends, however, that the greater 
specificity contained in the part 23 standards reflects the increased 
rigor of the type certification process and resultant need to develop 
more detailed consensus standards to comply with those more detailed 
requirements. The performance-based requirements proposed in this NPRM 
respond to the need to apply a set of broad-based requirements to a 
wider range of aircraft that would not be required to meet the more 
exacting design requirements of type certification. They also provide 
industry with the flexibility to develop consensus standards applicable 
to the certification of a wide range of dissimilar aircraft.
    Under the proposed rule, a consensus standard would have to meet 
the following performance-based requirements before the FAA would 
accept that standard as a means of compliance. A manufacturer would 
need to meet the appropriate FAA-accepted consensus standards to obtain 
an airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category.
b. Control and Maneuverability
    Proposed Sec.  22.105 would require aircraft to be consistently and 
predictably controllable and maneuverable through the normal use of 
primary flight controls at all loading conditions, during all phases of 
flight. Additionally, the aircraft would not have a tendency to 
inadvertently depart controlled flight or require exceptional piloting 
skill, alertness, or strength.
    The proposed rule is necessary because if the aircraft's design 
prevents the pilot from inadvertently departing controlled flight, 
instances of unintentional unusual attitudes, loss of control of the 
aircraft, or aircraft structural damage would be reduced. A requirement 
for control and maneuverability would assist with the consistency and 
predictability of an aircraft's maneuvering flight characteristics 
throughout the aircraft's entire flight envelope. The aircraft would 
not have a tendency to depart controlled flight, meaning that it should 
be inherently stable. Additionally, the FAA considers that this 
requirement would result in aircraft that operate in repeatable, smooth 
transitions between turns, climbs, descents, and level flight.
    Accordingly, flight controls would need to operate easily, 
smoothly, and positively enough to allow proper performance of their 
functions. Configuration changes, such as flap extension and 
retraction, or landing gear extension and retraction would also have to 
result in safe, controllable, and predictable handling characteristics. 
The proposed performance requirement would also enable stability, ease 
of flight, and consistent outcomes of control inputs for light-sport 
category aircraft throughout their center of gravity limits and flight 
envelope. The FAA considers that if an aircraft meets these parameters, 
exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or strength would not be 
required to operate the aircraft.
    The FAA has accepted consensus standards for current light-sport 
category aircraft that address the controllability and maneuverability 
of aircraft intended for certification as light-sport category 
aircraft.\21\ Although the controllability and maneuverability 
standards vary across the consensus standards for the different classes 
of light-sport category aircraft, the general provisions of these 
standards align closely with the elements of proposed Sec.  22.105. The 
consensus standards currently address controllability and 
maneuverability, applicable phases of flight, pilot strength and skill, 
and normal use of flight controls. Proposed Sec.  22.105 would meet the 
level of rigor the FAA considers appropriate for light-sport category 
aircraft and its place on the safety continuum between experimental 
aircraft and normal category airplanes. Proposed Sec.  22.105 would 
require light-sport category aircraft to be controllable and 
maneuverable with no adverse handling characteristics. In this context, 
no adverse handling characteristics would mean the aircraft would be 
consistently and predictably controllable and maneuverable and would 
not have a tendency to inadvertently depart controlled flight.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ ASTM F2245 Standard Specification for Design and 
Performance of a Light Sport Airplane; ASTM F2564 Standard 
Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Glider; 
ASTM F2317/F2317M Standard Specification for Design of Weight-Shift-
Control Aircraft, ASTM F2244 Standard Specification for Design and 
Performance Requirements for Powered Parachute Aircraft, and ASTM 
F2355 Standard Specification for Design and Performance Requirements 
for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA expects that some existing consensus standards would need 
to be updated to account for the proposed expansion of eligibility for 
aircraft to be certified as light-sport category aircraft. 
Additionally, those portions of currently accepted consensus standards 
addressing aircraft controllability and maneuverability would need to 
be updated to address the specific requirement that aircraft control 
and maneuverability be consistent and predictable.
    The proposed rule would facilitate the manufacture of simple 
designs that result in the stable, predictable, and controllable 
operation of the aircraft through the use of primary flight controls. 
Primary flight controls consist of ``traditional'' flight controls, 
such as an aircraft yoke, stick, control column, collective, throttle, 
or rudder pedals. Flight controls intended to improve aircraft 
performance characteristics or relieve excessive control loading, such 
as high lift devices, slats, flaps, flight spoilers, and aircraft trim 
systems, would not be considered primary flight controls. The proposed 
rule would also contain specific provisions for the certification of 
aircraft that may be designed and constructed without primary flight 
controls, but rather with ``simplified flight controls.'' Specific 
requirements for aircraft with simplified flight controls are addressed 
in proposed Sec.  22.180 in the preamble.
    The proposed rule would require that existing consensus standards 
be revised to account for the requirement that operation of the 
aircraft not require exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or 
strength. Aircraft meeting this performance requirement would be stable 
enough to be easily flown by pilots with a minimum of flight experience 
and would not have handling characteristics that would cause undue 
pilot fatigue or distraction. Accordingly, these aircraft would provide 
a more stable platform than other currently available non-type 
certificated aircraft, thereby aiding in preventing inadvertent loss of 
control accidents. Although some consensus standards specifically 
address the forces necessary to pilot the aircraft, not all existing 
consensus standards meet this requirement. The proposed rule would 
require that aircraft certificated in the light-sport category have 
aerodynamic and handling qualities that would not result in unstable 
flight characteristics or require exceptional pilot skill to keep the 
aircraft within its flight envelope.
    Additionally, the handling characteristics of these aircraft would 
make light-sport category aircraft a viable alternative for use in the 
flight training environment and provide both student pilots and flights 
schools with

[[Page 47664]]

a potentially lower cost, alternate fight training platform. Although 
the proposed rule would permit the use of technology to enhance the 
flying qualities of the aircraft, the technology should also not 
increase the pilot's workload to the detriment of the goal to have 
simple and easy to fly aircraft. The pilot should not be task-saturated 
in maintaining control of these aircraft.
    Proposed Sec.  22.105 would help prevent inadvertent unusual 
attitudes and loss of control accidents. Per National Transportation 
Safety Board (NTSB) accident statistics, the largest number of fatal 
accidents for general aviation aircraft result from inflight loss of 
control; the proposed standard would result in the development of 
consensus standards for light-sport category aircraft that would assist 
in mitigating this risk.
    Powered-lift or certain rotorcraft that could experience failures 
resulting in asymmetric thrust would need to be designed with safe, 
controllable, and predictable characteristics that permit a pilot with 
limited flight experience from becoming task-saturated while 
maintaining control of the aircraft. The aircraft could also be 
designed and constructed to include an automated system or provide for 
some combination of pilot action and automation that would enable the 
pilot to maintain effective aircraft control. The provisions of this 
proposed requirement would be consistent with proposed Sec.  22.145, 
which would require that any propulsion system thrust asymmetry be 
automatically compensated for, or be capable of being readily 
compensated for, with no adverse effect on the aircraft's handling 
qualities.
c. Structural Integrity
    Proposed Sec.  22.110 would require that the design and 
construction of the aircraft provide sufficient structural integrity to 
enable safe operations within the aircraft's flight envelope and 
intended lifecycle. It would also require that the aircraft be able to 
withstand all anticipated flight and ground loads when operated within 
its operational limits.
    The proposed performance requirements are necessary to ensure that 
light-sport category aircraft are designed and constructed to withstand 
any foreseeable flight and ground loads that may be experienced 
throughout the aircraft's flight envelope and intended lifecycle. 
Failure to establish and validate adequate strength, stiffness, and 
durability to accommodate anticipated loads encountered during flight 
or ground operations could result in structural failure of the 
aircraft.
    When comparing the proposed requirements for the certification of 
light-sport category aircraft to the certification of amateur-built 
aircraft, the FAA notes that amateur-built aircraft have no regulatory 
requirement to incorporate design features or be constructed to provide 
sufficient structural integrity for their intended operations. Amateur 
builders may experiment with different materials and construction 
techniques in the design and construction of their aircraft. In 
contrast, type-certificated aircraft must meet the extensive 
airworthiness standards for structures in parts 23, 25, 27, 29, and 31 
that address areas such as strength, durability, design envelope, 
loads, aeroelasticity, materials, protection, fabrication processes, 
and performance. The level of rigor proposed for the structural 
integrity of light-sport category aircraft would not be as extensive as 
that required for aircraft intended for type-certification yet would 
establish minimum requirements for structural integrity that are not 
applicable to the certification of amateur-built aircraft.
    FAA-accepted consensus standards currently used for the 
certification of light-sport category aircraft have provisions 
addressing structures that generally include provisions for items such 
as loads, factors of safety, strength and deformation, proof of 
structure, flight loads, design airspeeds, specialized structures, and 
emergency landing conditions.\22\ As a result of the expansion in the 
performance and capabilities of aircraft that would be certificated as 
light-sport category aircraft under the proposal, the proposed 
requirements would require consensus standards for light-sport category 
aircraft designs to address aircraft structural integrity under a wider 
range of environmental conditions and operational parameters. 
Additionally, the prevention of material and structural failures due to 
foreseeable causes of strength degradation and protection against 
deterioration or loss of structural strength due to any cause likely to 
occur throughout the aircraft's lifecycle would also need to be 
addressed by consensus standards organizations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ ASTM F2245, F2564, F2317/F2317M, F2244, and F2355.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule would require the aircraft to have the ability to 
withstand all anticipated flight and ground loads without detrimental 
permanent deformation or interference with the safe operation of the 
aircraft. The inclusion of a requirement to address structural 
integrity in light-sport category aircraft designs would improve the 
ability of these aircraft to be consistently dependable, structurally 
reliable, and fully capable of safely conducting intended operations 
throughout the aircraft's lifecycle. The proposed requirements would 
enable aircraft design and manufacturing processes used in construction 
to attain structural integrity of aircraft with the use of adequate 
material strength and properties that can accommodate anticipated loads 
when operated within specified flight envelopes.
d. Powered-Lift Aircraft: Minimum Safe Speed
    Proposed Sec.  22.115 would require manufacturers of powered-lift 
aircraft to establish the minimum safe speed for each flight condition 
encountered in normal operation, including applicable sources of lift 
and phases of flight, to maintain controlled safe flight. The minimum 
safe speed determination would be required to account for the most 
adverse conditions for each configuration.
    Because powered-lift aircraft would be newly eligible for 
certification as light-sport category aircraft, the FAA has proposed 
this specific requirement for powered-lift aircraft. The proposed rule 
is necessary for pilots of these aircraft to be aware of the specific 
minimum safe speeds at which their specific model of powered-lift 
aircraft can be operated in each of the aircraft's various 
configurations. Requiring these speeds to be determined would provide 
pilots with the essential knowledge to avoid operating these aircraft 
below minimum safe speeds, thereby reducing the potential for aircraft 
loss of control.
    The proposed requirement to determine minimum safe speeds for 
powered-lift aircraft addresses all modes of flight (wing-borne, 
thrust-borne, and semi-thrust borne) in which these aircraft may be 
operated and the various modes in which lift supporting the aircraft is 
produced. In the wing-borne flight mode, the wing produces the 
aircraft's lift. In thrust-borne flight, commonly called hover mode, 
the powerplant produces the aircraft's lift. In the semi-thrust borne 
mode, the aircraft is in a transition stage between thrust-borne and 
wing-borne modes of flight with both the wings and powerplant providing 
aircraft lift. Although most powered-lift aircraft are designed with 
the ability to automatically transition from high-speed wing-borne 
flight to slow-speed thrust-borne flight or hover, the proposed 
requirement would further the pilot's understanding of the handling 
qualities of the aircraft and facilitate

[[Page 47665]]

their ability to make a smooth change from one configuration to another 
without exceeding the limitations of the aircraft's flight envelope.
    The FAA does not consider the imposition of a limiting stalling 
speed or minimum steady flight speed such as VS1 to be 
practical for application to the design of powered-lift aircraft that 
would be eligible for certification as light-sport category aircraft. 
Many of the designs for these smaller powered-lift aircraft have wing 
sizes that do not provide significant lift in wing-borne flight. As a 
result of this small wing area and other design features, these 
aircraft may have stalling or minimum steady flight speeds that are 
much higher than comparably sized aircraft of other classes that rely 
primarily on wings to produce lift. Accordingly, the FAA considers the 
use of a maximum stalling speed as a limitation for these aircraft to 
be unnecessary.
    As powered-lift aircraft can be operated in a variety of flight 
configurations, the FAA considers the determination of a minimum safe 
flight speed for each flight condition to be essential. Similar 
requirements for the determination of minimum flight speeds have also 
been proposed in two Federal Register notices of proposed airworthiness 
criteria for powered-lift aircraft designs currently involved in the 
type-certification process.\23\ The more extensive requirements set 
forth in the airworthiness criteria for these powered-lift aircraft 
designs currently undergoing type-certification would not be required 
since aircraft subject to this proposal would be certificated as light-
sport category aircraft and subject to the operating limitations 
contained in proposed Sec.  91.327.
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    \23\ Airworthiness Criteria: Special Class Airworthiness 
Criteria for the Joby Aero, Inc. Model JAS4-1 Powered-Lift (87 FR 
67399; November 8, 2022), and Airworthiness Criteria: Special Class 
Airworthiness Criteria for the Archer Aviation Inc. Model M001 
Powered-Lift (87 FR 77749; December 20, 2022).
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    The proposed requirement is necessary so that the aircraft has 
controllable minimum safe speed flight characteristics in all flight 
conditions with a clear and distinctive minimum safe speed warning that 
provides sufficient margin to prevent inadvertent deceleration below 
minimum safe speed. Production acceptance flight testing would verify 
that the minimum safe speeds account for the most adverse conditions, 
such as operating at maximum gross weight, in the determination of the 
minimum safe speeds for each flight condition.
4. Special Requirements for Light-Sport Category Aircraft Used for 
Aerial Work Operations
    Proposed Sec.  22.120 would require that if an aircraft is 
designated by the manufacturer as suitable for the performance of any 
aerial work operation, the design and construction of the aircraft must 
provide sufficient structural integrity to enable safe operation of the 
aircraft during the performance of that operation and ensure that the 
aircraft is able to withstand foreseeable flight and ground loads.\24\
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    \24\ The FAA does not define construction or manufacture in 
Sec.  1.1. The terms are used interchangeably in this section and 
mean the same.
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    The FAA broadly interprets the term aerial work to mean work done 
from the air for compensation that does not involve the carriage of 
persons or property.\25\ Aerial work could include operations such as 
those performed in support of agriculture or construction activities, 
aerial photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and 
rescue, and aerial advertisement. Patrolling of powerlines or railroad 
tracks, for example is a task that could be readily accomplished by a 
light-sport category aircraft that meets the proposed requirements. 
However, patrolling over long distances and at low altitudes can put 
increased stresses on aircraft structures due to the greater prevalence 
of turbulence at low altitude. The proposal would require manufacturers 
to design and construct aircraft to be able to withstand potentially 
greater stresses when engaged in designated aerial work operations than 
would potentially be experienced during recreational flights.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ FAA Order 8900.1, Volume 2, Chapter 2, Section 2, Paragraph 
2-127C Aerial Work Operations. While 14 CFR does not define ``aerial 
work,'' the FAA has consistently interpreted the term to mean work 
done from the air where: the aircraft must depart and arrive at the 
same point; no property of another may be carried on the aircraft; 
and only persons essential to the operation may be carried on board. 
See Legal Interpretation to Jeffrey Hill, from Rebecca B. 
MacPherson, Assistant Chief Counsel for Regulations, (March 10, 
2011). See 14 CFR 119.1(e)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This proposed performance requirement is necessary so that aircraft 
designated to conduct aerial work operations are designed and 
constructed to withstand foreseeable flight and ground loads that may 
be experienced during those operations. Failure to establish and 
validate adequate material strength and design properties to 
accommodate a designated aerial work operation could cause structural 
failure resulting in loss of aircraft control.
    The proposed requirement would only apply to those light-sport 
category aircraft designated by a manufacturer to conduct specific 
aerial work operations. In accordance with the principles of the FAA's 
safety continuum, the proposed requirement is intended to apply a level 
of certification rigor appropriate to provide for the airworthiness of 
light-sport category aircraft during the conduct of these designated 
operations.
    Amateur-built aircraft issued experimental airworthiness 
certificates have no regulatory requirement to incorporate design 
features necessary to provide sufficient structural integrity of the 
aircraft to enable safe aerial work operations. These aircraft are 
built solely for the purpose of education or recreation and are issued 
operating limitations which limit their use to education or recreation. 
Accordingly, aircraft issued these operating limitations are prohibited 
from aerial work operations by Sec.  91.9, which prohibits the 
operation of a civil aircraft contrary to its operating limitations. In 
contrast, type-certificated aircraft meeting the airworthiness 
standards for structures in part 23, 25, 27, 29, or 31 may be used to 
conduct aerial work operations since these aircraft are issued standard 
airworthiness certificate and are not restricted by operating 
limitations that restrict their use to recreation or education or by 
regulatory provisions limiting their ability to carry persons or 
property for compensation or hire as set forth in Sec.  91.319(a)(2).
    Light-sport category aircraft are currently precluded by Sec.  
91.327 from conducting operations for compensation or hire, except to 
tow a glider or an unpowered ultralight vehicle or to conduct flight 
training. As the proposal would enable aerial work operations, the 
proposal would revise Sec.  91.327 to permit the conduct of any aerial 
work operation specified in the aircraft's pilot operating handbook or 
operating limitations, as applicable, and specified in the 
manufacturer's statement of compliance for that aircraft.
    The aircraft's design and construction would need to be sufficient 
to protect against deterioration or loss of strength and prevent 
structural failures due to foreseeable causes of strength degradation 
that would be likely to occur throughout the aircraft's flight envelope 
during aerial work operations. Additionally, the aircraft would need to 
be able to withstand all anticipated flight and ground loads during 
these operations without incurring detrimental permanent deformation or 
jeopardizing the safe operation of the aircraft. Failure to adhere to 
proper design and manufacturing processes in the development and 
production of parts or using materials not suitable or

[[Page 47666]]

lacking durability for in-service environmental conditions in aerial 
work operations could result in loss of aircraft performance or 
critical functionality, thereby resulting in loss of aircraft control. 
Accordingly, these concerns would be appropriately addressed in the 
aircraft's design and manufacture under this proposal.
5. Environmental Conditions
    Proposed Sec.  22.125 would require the aircraft to have design 
characteristics to safely accommodate all environmental conditions 
likely to be encountered during its intended operations.
    The proposed requirement is necessary to enable aircraft to be 
properly designed and constructed to conduct safe ground and flight 
operations in the specific operating environments for which the 
aircraft is designated to operate in. Manufacturers would need to 
account for weather extremes encountered within the United States and 
the designed maximum altitude of the aircraft to comply with this 
requirement. Aircraft systems and structures may not function as 
intended if all operating conditions are not accounted for in an 
aircraft's design. Improperly functioning systems or structures may 
lead to loss of aircraft control and an aircraft accident or incident.
    There are no regulatory requirements for amateur-built aircraft to 
be designed with characteristics necessary to safely accommodate 
environmental conditions. If an amateur-built aircraft has been 
designed for flight at night or instrument meteorological conditions 
(IMC) as specified in its operating manual, the aircraft would be 
issued an operating limitation under the regulatory authority of Sec.  
91.319(i) specifying that it must meet the instrument and equipment 
requirements of Sec.  91.205.
    In contrast, aircraft manufactured in accordance with the 
airworthiness standards set forth in part 23, 25, 27, or 29 are subject 
to specific design and installation requirements for systems and 
equipment. Installed systems and equipment must perform their intended 
function throughout the operating and environmental limits for which 
the aircraft is certificated. Based on the performance level of the 
aircraft, other environmental airworthiness requirements are required 
to be met such as for flight in icing conditions, cockpit and external 
lighting for night operations, and flight in turbulent or gusty wind 
conditions. Additionally, balloons manufactured in accordance with the 
airworthiness requirements of part 31 must be suitably protected, as 
set forth in Sec.  31.39, against deterioration or loss of strength in 
service due to weathering, corrosion, or other causes.
    Proposed Sec.  22.105 would meet the level of rigor the FAA 
considers appropriate for light-sport category aircraft and its place 
on the safety continuum between amateur-built aircraft and normal 
category aircraft. Currently accepted consensus standards for light-
sport category aircraft generally do not address design characteristics 
to accommodate environmental conditions. This is largely the result of 
these aircraft being limited to operating in day, visual meteorological 
conditions (VMC). The single major exception can be found in ASTM 
standard F2245, ``Standard Specification for Design and Performance of 
a Light Sport Airplane,'' for light-sport category airplanes, which 
provides for the installation of internal and external lights for the 
conduct of night operations in VMC.
    As a result of the expansion in the performance and capabilities of 
aircraft that would be certificated as light-sport category aircraft 
under the proposal, the FAA would require light-sport category aircraft 
designs, structures, and systems to account for the effects of any 
environmental conditions expected to be encountered while in operation. 
Examples of environmental conditions that should be accommodated in the 
aircraft design include heat, cold, precipitation, sunlight, darkness, 
gusty winds, and turbulence. In this proposal, performance expansions 
would enable light-sport category aircraft to be equipped with engines 
and systems capable of flight under instrument flight rules (IFR) in 
IMC. Additionally, state-of-the-art avionics systems could be installed 
in these aircraft which would require aircraft designs to provide for 
the necessary heating and cooling of this electronic equipment. 
Aircraft designs that fail to accommodate extreme temperature limits of 
systems may lead to operations outside the environmental limits of 
critical components, which could adversely affect control of the 
aircraft.
    Aircraft designs must also protect occupants from experiencing 
inappropriate environmental conditions within the aircraft that could 
significantly affect their well-being or adversely affect pilot 
performance. While the effects of heat and cold are well known, designs 
should also consider other factors such as reducing the effects of 
windshield glare that could impair pilot vision both inside and outside 
the aircraft.
    The recommended operating instructions and limitations to safely 
accommodate all environmental conditions and abnormal procedures likely 
to be encountered in the aircraft's intended operations, such as gusty 
winds, contaminated runways, turbulence, icing conditions, or excessive 
temperatures, would be required to be specified in the pilot's 
operating handbook, as proposed in Sec.  21.190(c)(2)(i) of this 
proposal. These requirements are proposed for the safe operation of the 
aircraft within the environmental parameters for which it is designed 
to operate.
6. Suitability and Durability of Materials
    Proposed Sec.  22.130 would require that the suitability and 
durability of materials used for products and articles account for 
likely environmental conditions expected in service, the failure of 
which could prevent continued safe flight and landing.\26\
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    \26\ As defined in part 21, product means an aircraft, aircraft 
engine, or propeller. Article means a material, part, component, 
process, or appliance. Appliance is defined in Sec.  1.1 and means 
any instrument, mechanism, equipment, part, apparatus, appurtenance, 
or accessory, including communications equipment, that is used or 
intended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in 
flight, is installed in or attached to the aircraft, and is not part 
of an airframe, engine, or propeller.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Materials used for aircraft components and structures would need to 
meet the rigors of all operations within the aircraft's flight envelope 
for the life of the aircraft, or for the specified life limit of the 
product or article in which the material is used. Pursuant to proposed 
Sec.  22.130, aircraft would be designed and manufactured with 
materials that permit its structure and components to withstand those 
stresses likely to be encountered within the aircraft's flight 
envelope. Such stresses could include high load factors resulting from 
gusts or temperature and humidity extremes. Compliance with material 
suitability and durability requirements is especially important for 
critical structures and components whose failure could prevent 
continued safe flight and landing.
    Manufacturer design data defines the configuration of each product 
or article, its design features, and any materials and processes used 
in its manufacture. In the selection of materials used for the 
aircraft's manufacture, manufacturers would have to account for the 
full range of conditions likely to be encountered within aircraft's 
design flight envelope for compliance with the proposed Sec.  22.130. 
Design data would include a determination of the suitability and 
durability of materials used for the production of each product or 
article for the full range of the aircraft's authorized operations. 
Additionally, materials

[[Page 47667]]

selected for the manufacture of the aircraft's structure and components 
would need to be sufficient to protect those items against 
deterioration or loss of strength due to any condition likely to be 
encountered in the aircraft's expected operational environment.
    Amateur-built aircraft issued experimental airworthiness 
certificates have no regulatory requirement to address the suitability 
and durability of materials to account for the environmental conditions 
expected to be encountered within the aircraft's operational flight 
envelope. In contrast, type-certificated aircraft must comply with 
material suitability and durability requirements specified in the 
airworthiness standards of parts 23, 25, 27, 29, and 31. In accordance 
with the principles set forth in the FAA's safety continuum, the 
proposed requirements have been designed to meet the level of rigor the 
agency considers appropriate to address the suitability and durability 
of materials used in the manufacture of aircraft intended for 
certification as light-sport category aircraft.
    Currently accepted consensus standards for all classes of light-
sport category aircraft include a design and construction performance 
requirement, which generally states that materials shall be suitable 
and durable for the intended use.\27\ Those consensus standards specify 
that design values for strength must be chosen so that no structural 
part is understrength because of either material variations or load 
concentration. Consensus standards for all classes of aircraft eligible 
for certification as light-sport category aircraft also include 
protection of the aircraft's structure.\28\ These consensus standards 
generally address the protection of the structure against weathering, 
corrosion, and wear, as well as provisions for suitable ventilation and 
drainage. As the suitability and durability of materials used for 
products and articles would be required to account for likely 
environmental conditions expected in service, the FAA expects that 
revisions to these consensus standards would need to be made to account 
for the significant increase in the performance, capabilities, and 
classes of aircraft that could be certificated under the proposal. 
Accordingly, revised consensus standards would need to address aircraft 
with significantly larger flight envelopes. This would result in 
materials being used in the aircraft possessing the suitability and 
durability to permit the safe operation of the aircraft throughout the 
wider range of environmental conditions likely to be encountered.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ ASTM 2245, F2564, F2317/F2317M, F2244, and F2355.
    \28\ ASTM F2245, F2564, F2317/F2317M, F2244, and F2355.
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7. Instruments and Equipment
    Proposed Sec.  22.135 would require that the aircraft have all 
instruments and equipment necessary for safe flight, including those 
instruments necessary for systems control and management. It would also 
require that the aircraft include all instruments and equipment 
required for the kinds of operations for which it is authorized. All 
instruments, equipment, and systems would be required to perform their 
intended functions under all operating conditions specified in the 
pilot's operating handbook. The proposal would also require that a 
failure or malfunction of a system or component that is likely to occur 
would not cause loss of control of the aircraft. All systems and 
components would be required to be considered separately and in 
relation to each other.
    Aircraft certificated as light-sport category aircraft are 
currently required to use a consensus standard for all required 
equipment, pursuant to the definition of consensus standard in Sec.  
1.1. This proposal would remove reference to equipment from the 
definition of consensus standard and place that requirement in Sec.  
22.135. The proposed equipment requirements are necessary so that 
light-sport category aircraft would have installed equipment that 
enables the pilot to accomplish tasks such as monitoring, managing, 
controlling, or responding to the aircraft and its systems under all 
operating conditions.
    For amateur-built aircraft issued experimental airworthiness 
certificates, no regulatory requirement exists for the aircraft's 
installed instruments and equipment to meet specific design 
requirements. However, amateur-built aircraft must comply with 
regulatory instrument and equipment requirements for operations in 
certain environmental conditions and airspace as specified in their 
operating limitations or as required by the applicable operating rules. 
For example, amateur-built aircraft designed and equipped for flight at 
night or under IFR may be issued an operating limitation stating that 
the aircraft must comply with the applicable instrument and equipment 
requirements of Sec.  91.205. Operating in certain airspace requires 
that the aircraft meet the transponder equipage requirements specified 
in Sec.  91.215 and the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast 
(ADS-B) Out requirements specified in Sec.  91.225.
    Type-certificated aircraft must meet the instrument and equipment 
airworthiness standards in parts 23, 25, 27, 29, and 31 for the types 
of operations for which certification is requested. Type-certificated 
aircraft must also comply with the instrument and equipment 
requirements in Sec. Sec.  91.205, 91.215, and 91.225 for operations at 
night, in IMC, or certain airspace, as applicable.
    The level of rigor specified for the design of the instrumentation 
and equipment installed in light-sport category aircraft would not be 
as extensive as that required for aircraft intended for type-
certification, yet more extensive than that specified for amateur-built 
aircraft. Proposed Sec.  22.135 would account for the fact that 
necessary instrumentation and equipage for light-sport category 
aircraft will vary by the class of aircraft and type of operation. 
Specifically, Sec.  22.135, as proposed, states that aircraft must 
include all instruments and equipment required for the kinds of 
operations for which it is authorized. Minimum equipment generally 
includes flight and navigation instruments, powerplant instruments, and 
other miscellaneous equipment necessary for the operation of the 
aircraft's systems. Miscellaneous equipment is usually specific to the 
class of aircraft. Such equipment associated with the aircraft's 
electrical system, for example, could include master switches, wiring, 
and vented battery containers.
    The FAA expects that light-sport category aircraft possessing 
significantly more capabilities than current designs would need to be 
appropriately equipped in accordance with these increased operational 
capabilities. Aircraft would be able to conduct IFR flight in IMC and 
be more likely to be exposed to adverse weather conditions and 
operations at night. The FAA does note, however, that flight in IMC 
would have to be authorized by the manufacturer in the pilot's 
operating handbook and the aircraft would be subject to an operating 
limitation requiring the aircraft to be equipped to meet the equipment 
and instrumentation requirements in Sec.  91.205. Additionally, light-
sport category aircraft would also be more prone to fly in airspace 
requiring transponders and ADS-B equipment as aircraft designers may be 
more willing to install this equipment. This equipment enhances safety 
of the national airspace system by making an aircraft visible to air 
traffic control and to other appropriately equipped aircraft,

[[Page 47668]]

promoting the separation of aircraft, and decreasing the risk of mid-
air collision.
    All classes of light-sport category aircraft would need to be 
properly equipped for operations they are authorized to conduct. For 
example, if an aircraft is authorized to operate at night, the 
requirement to have all instruments and equipment necessary for safe 
flight would necessitate the aircraft be equipped with internal cockpit 
lighting that would provide the pilot with unrestricted visibility of 
all required instruments. It would also be required to have external 
lighting to make the aircraft visible to both operators of other 
aircraft and to personnel on the ground while operating on or within 
the vicinity of the airfield.
    The FAA encourages aircraft designers to incorporate new instrument 
and equipment technology into their aircraft designs. The proposed rule 
is intended to address both the functionality of instruments and 
equipment, as well as their interface with the other instruments and 
equipment installed in the aircraft. The FAA particularly encourages 
the installation of advanced electronic avionics systems that can be 
used by pilots to meet the aeronautical experience requirements in a 
technologically advanced aircraft as specified in Sec.  61.129. As 
aircraft designers would no longer be bound by the parameters contained 
in the current definition of light-sport aircraft, designers would be 
better able to include safety-enhancing equipment in their designs, 
such as angle-of-attack indicators, envelope-protection equipment, and 
moving-map displays which could assist the pilot in avoiding hazardous 
conditions and enhance situational awareness. Accordingly, this 
proposal would facilitate the design and production of technologically 
advanced aircraft with instruments and equipment that could be used to 
support both safe and more cost-effective flight training.
    The proposed requirement would also require that the equipment, 
instruments, and systems function properly under all operating 
conditions and that the failure or malfunction of a single equipment 
item or an instrument, or the failure of a system would not cause loss 
of aircraft control. Manufacturers could comply with this requirement 
by identifying critical single-point failure items or systems and build 
in redundancy to provide alternatives or back-up options. A specific 
example of how this requirement could be met would be the installation 
of a back-up attitude indicator, using a power source other than that 
used for the primary attitude indicator, in an aircraft that is 
authorized to fly in IMC. Attitude indicators are the primary 
instrument pilots use to maintain proper aircraft attitude and bank 
angles when ground references are no longer visible. A secondary 
attitude indicator would prevent a loss of control situation in the 
event the primary attitude indicator or its power system failed while 
the aircraft was flying in IMC or without visual reference to the 
ground.
    The FAA anticipates that compliance with the proposed requirements 
would require analysis of the aircraft's instruments and equipment to 
consider each separately and in relation to each other as failures 
resulting from equipment incompatibility may result in an accident. 
Manufacturers could use various methods to comply with this requirement 
such as the installation of back-up systems or through testing 
techniques. The integrity of the aircraft design, equipage, and 
systems, and the quality of aircraft manufacturing processes is 
essential for safe flight.
8. Accessibility of Controls and Displays
    Proposed Sec.  22.140 would require that the aircraft be designed 
and constructed so that the pilot can reach all controls and displays 
in a manner that provides for smooth and positive operation of the 
aircraft.
    This proposed performance requirement is necessary to enable 
ergonomic and human factors designs in light-sport category aircraft 
that result in these aircraft being simple to operate. A flightdeck or 
pilot station not designed to account for ergonomic and human factors 
may result in controls and displays located in locations that do not 
allow for their efficient and timely operation by the pilot. Aircraft 
designs that do not provide the pilot with the ability to effectively 
activate, operate, or otherwise interface with the aircraft's controls 
and display information could significantly affect the pilot's ability 
to safely operate the aircraft resulting in loss of control. The 
proposal would support ergonomic designs where the activation or 
operation of a control, switch, or display would not unduly distract a 
pilot from maintaining proper control of the aircraft. The FAA 
encourages aircraft designers to use the flexibility of this proposal 
to prioritize the placement of controls and displays based on their 
criticality to maintaining safe ground and flight operations.
    Amateur-built aircraft issued experimental airworthiness 
certificates have no regulatory requirement to incorporate design and 
construction features where the pilot must reach all controls and 
displays in a manner that provides for smooth and positive operation of 
the aircraft. Type-certificated, normal category airplanes must comply 
with the airworthiness standards found in subpart G of part 23 that 
specify flightcrew interface requirements with installed instruments 
and equipment. Type-certificated, normal category rotorcraft must 
comply with part 27 airworthiness standards that require cockpit 
controls be located to provide convenient operation and to prevent 
confusion and inadvertent operation.
    The level of rigor for the accessibility of controls and displays 
in light-sport category aircraft would not be as extensive as the Sec.  
25.777 cockpit control requirements for type-certificated aircraft. 
Although Sec.  25.777 requires that each cockpit control be located to 
provide convenient operation and to prevent confusion and inadvertent 
operation, it contains further requirements for the turning direction 
and effectivity of controls, prevention of interference from structures 
and pilot clothing, specific locations for the controls of lifting 
devices (e.g., flaps) and landing gear, and shapes and color contrast 
of control knobs. The extent of requirements in Sec.  25.777 far exceed 
the simpler requirement for light-sport category aircraft that its 
controls and displays be reached by the pilot without disrupting smooth 
and positive operation of the aircraft.
    The proposal, consistent with the FAA's safety continuum, would 
establish requirements for the accessibility of controls and displays 
in light-sport category aircraft that are not necessary for amateur-
built aircraft. Amateur-built aircraft have no regulatory requirements 
for the pilot to reach all controls and displays so builders can design 
their own instrument panel and locate controls and displays wherever 
they prefer. Because light-sport category aircraft have fewer 
operational restrictions and may conduct aerial work, the certification 
rigor for light-sport category aircraft would be greater. Accordingly, 
light-sport category aircraft would have to have controls and displays 
where the pilot can reach in a manner that provides for smooth and 
positive operation of the aircraft. This requirement would help prevent 
distractions and loss of control accidents. Manufacturers would be able 
to comply with these requirements through FAA-accepted consensus 
standards.
    For light-sport category airplanes, powered parachutes, and 
lighter-than-air aircraft (balloons and airships) certificated under 
current rules, ASTM

[[Page 47669]]

standards F2245, for light-sport airplanes, F2244, ``Standard 
Specification for Design and Performance Requirements for Powered 
Parachute Aircraft,'' and F2355, ``Standard Specification for Design 
and Performance Requirements for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport 
Aircraft,'' state that for the pilot compartment, accessibility and the 
ability to reach all controls for smooth and positive operation shall 
be provided. For weight-shift-control aircraft and gliders, ASTM 
standards F2317/F2317M, ``Standard Specification for Design of Weight-
Shift-Control Aircraft,'' and F2564, ``Standard Specification for 
Design and Performance of a Light Sport Glider,'' state that there must 
be a control or means accessible to the pilot while wearing a seat belt 
by which the pilot can effectively shut off the flow of fuel.
    As the proposal would expand the scope of aircraft that may be 
certificated as light-sport category aircraft, revised consensus 
standards submitted to the FAA for acceptance would need to address the 
pilot's ability to reach all controls and displays in a manner that 
provides for smooth and positive operation in a much wider range of 
aircraft. Activation or manipulation of aircraft controls and displays 
could not require a level of attention significant enough to cause the 
pilot to shift focus, create a distraction, or otherwise interfere with 
the operation of the aircraft. Such loss of attention or focus could 
result in an incident or accident.
    To comply with the provisions of the proposed rule, a manufacturer 
would design and install controls and displays that would permit the 
pilot to readily monitor and perform defined tasks associated with the 
intended functions of systems and equipment. These provisions would 
reduce the potential for pilot error and minimize the risk of resulting 
hazards. Accordingly, the proposed requirement would serve to prevent 
inadvertent unusual attitudes and loss of control accidents due to poor 
ergonomics and cockpit design. The proposed requirement would also have 
the benefit of reducing pilot workload and fatigue since controls and 
displays would be reached in a manner that provides for smooth and 
positive operation of the aircraft. These design features would further 
the conduct of safe operations by minimizing pilot distraction when a 
control or display is operated.
9. Propulsion System
    Proposed Sec.  22.145 would establish requirements for light-sport 
category aircraft propulsion systems. Propulsion systems would be 
required to have controls that are intuitive, simple, and not confusing 
and be designed so that the failure of any product or article would not 
prevent continued safe flight and landing or, if continued safe flight 
and landing cannot be ensured, the hazard would be minimized. 
Additionally, propulsion systems would not be permitted to exceed safe 
operating limits under normal operating conditions and would be 
required to have the necessary reliability, durability, and endurance 
for safe flight without failure, malfunction, excessive wear, or other 
anomalies.
    Under this proposed requirement, light-sport category aircraft 
would be equipped with propulsion systems that do not require excessive 
pilot skill or training to operate. The proposal would enhance safety 
in the event of any failure of the propulsion system such that safe 
control of the aircraft could be readily maintained by the pilot, 
aircraft automation, or their combined action. The ability to maintain 
safe control of the aircraft in the event of a partial or complete 
failure of the propulsion system would significantly assist in reducing 
the probability of an accident or loss of aircraft control.
    The FAA considers that continued safe flight and landing means an 
aircraft is capable of continued controlled flight and landing, 
possibly using emergency procedures, without requiring exceptional 
pilot skill or strength. For aircraft designed with simplified flight 
controls, this may be accomplished through automation. Upon landing, 
some aircraft damage may occur because of a failure condition.
    The proposed requirements, while intended to result in the 
airworthiness of light-sport category aircraft, have also been 
specifically designed to meet the level of rigor the agency considers 
appropriate for the certification of these aircraft in accordance with 
the FAA's safety continuum concept. When comparing the proposed 
requirements for the certification of light-sport category aircraft to 
the certification requirements of amateur-built aircraft, the FAA notes 
that amateur-built aircraft have no regulatory requirements applicable 
to the design or functionality of their propulsion systems. Amateur 
builders may experiment with a wide range of propulsion system designs 
and may incorporate a variety of design features for the control, 
operation, reliability, durability, or endurance of their propulsion 
systems into their aircraft. Comparatively, light-sport category 
aircraft propulsion systems would be required to meet the Sec.  22.145 
requirements because they could conduct aerial work and have fewer 
operational restrictions than amateur-built aircraft. Therefore, light-
sport category aircraft would require a higher level of certification 
rigor for the propulsion system. The requirements for the design of the 
propulsion system would allow for easy, reliable, and consistent 
operations. These qualities would allow for safe operations and 
minimize hazards associated with engine failures. Compliance to the 
requirements in Sec.  22.145 would be with FAA-accepted consensus 
standards.
    In contrast, type-certificated aircraft must comply with the 
airworthiness standards for propulsion system in parts 23, 25, 27, and 
29. Type-certificated engines installed in these aircraft must comply 
with the airworthiness standards for engines found in part 33, and the 
fuel venting and exhaust emission requirements found in part 34, if 
applicable. If propellers are installed on type-certificated aircraft, 
then the airworthiness standards of part 35 must also be complied with. 
The level of rigor of the standards proposed for the propulsion systems 
of light-sport category aircraft would not be as extensive as that 
required for aircraft intended for type-certification yet would provide 
basic certification requirements currently inapplicable to amateur-
built aircraft.
    For light-sport category aircraft, specialized consensus standards 
for propellers and reciprocating spark and compression ignition engines 
exist in current FAA-accepted ASTM consensus standards.\29\ These 
standards address data, designs, testing and manufacturing of these 
products. ASTM Standard 2245 for light-sport category airplanes 
specifies that powerplant installations must be shown to have 
satisfactory endurance without failure, malfunction, excessive wear, or 
other anomalies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ ASTM standard F2339, ``Practice for Design and Manufacture 
of Reciprocating Spark Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft;'' 
ASTM standard F2538, ``Practice for Design and Manufacture of 
Reciprocating Compression Ignition Engines for Light Sport 
Aircraft;'' ASTM standard F2840, ``Practice for Design and 
Manufacture of Electric Propulsion Units for Light Sport Aircraft;'' 
and ASTM standard F2506, ``Specification for Design and Testing of 
Light Sport Aircraft Propellers.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the FAA notes that ASTM Standard F2840, ``Standard 
Practice for Design and Manufacture of Electric Propulsion Units for 
Light Sport Aircraft,'' provides a basis for the development of 
electric propulsion units for electric-powered aircraft that currently 
cannot be certificated as light-sport category aircraft. While this 
proposal would allow for the use of electric propulsion in light-sport 
category aircraft, this standard would need to be evaluated and revised 
to

[[Page 47670]]

account for electric propulsion units that could be installed on 
additional classes of aircraft and those aircraft with increased 
performance capabilities that would be permitted to be certificated 
under the proposal.
    The proposed propulsion system requirements would permit aircraft 
designs to be certificated that enable the application of power to be 
accomplished through simple, intuitive, and non-confusing means. Moving 
a bi-directional lever forward to increase speed and backward to reduce 
speed in level flight, similar to the instinctive use of a legacy power 
control (throttle), is one way to achieve this. This control, as well 
as all other propulsion system controls, should be ergonomically 
located so that movement is achieved without considerable effort for 
the pilot throughout the aircraft's flight envelope in all flight 
conditions. While the FAA encourages the automation of propulsion 
system controls, the continued use of non-confusing legacy propulsion 
system controls, such as the blue lever for propeller control and red 
lever for mixture control, would still meet the proposed requirements 
and assist in maintaining standardization throughout the light-sport 
category fleet.
    The proposal would also require that the propulsion system be 
designed so that the failure of any product or article does not prevent 
continued safe flight and landing or, if continued safe flight and 
landing cannot be ensured, the hazard has been minimized. The results 
of this proposed requirement would not permit a partial or complete 
loss of power to adversely affect the handling qualities of an 
aircraft. For single-engine aircraft, this requirement would ensure the 
aircraft is controllable after the loss of engine power so that an 
engine-out descent and landing could be readily accomplished. For 
multi-engine or multi-motor aircraft, the proposal would enable any 
power asymmetry to be compensated automatically by the aircraft or by 
the pilot with no resulting adverse effect on the aircraft's handling 
qualities. Power asymmetry on a multi-engine or multi-motor aircraft, 
if not handled properly, can result in loss of control. Propulsion 
system failures could be addressed by actions such as the aircraft 
establishing a controlled descent to a landing surface, diverting to an 
alternate location, or returning to the initial point of departure.
    The FAA encourages a hazard assessment, similar to that required by 
Sec.  23.2410 for the certification of normal category airplanes, be 
conducted. This assessment would address the likely failure of any 
product or article so that it would not prevent continued safe flight 
and landing or, if continued safe flight and landing cannot be ensured, 
the hazard has been minimized. For example, if manufacturers install 
propellers on twin engine airplanes that can be feathered in the event 
of an inflight engine shutdown, this would help to minimize the hazard 
of drag. In this instance, decreased drag would benefit aircraft 
performance by increasing range and decreasing flight asymmetry.
    The proposal would require that the propulsion system be designed 
to preclude operation outside safe operating limits under normal 
operating conditions and that the system be consistently dependable for 
all intended operations. Accordingly, the propulsion system would be 
required to be designed with safety features to prevent the occurrence 
of operations such as the operation of propellers or rotors outside 
design RPM limits.
    The propulsion system would also be required to have the necessary 
reliability, durability, and endurance for safe flight without failure, 
malfunction, excessive wear, or other anomalies. Defects, such as 
cracks or leaks that could result in the loss or malfunction of an 
engine, propeller, or rotor system, would be mitigated under this 
proposal. These proposed requirements for durability and endurance 
address the safety of system designs and construction methods, as well 
as the use of materials suited for the operational life of the 
propulsion system. The proposal would permit light-sport category 
aircraft designs to address these requirements using conventional, 
simple propulsion system designs or advanced technologies.
10. Fuel Systems
    Proposed Sec.  22.150 would establish requirements for aircraft 
fuel systems. Fuel systems would be required to provide a means to 
safely remove or isolate the fuel stored in the system from the 
aircraft and be designed to retain fuel under all likely operating 
conditions.
    The FAA is proposing this performance requirement because aviation 
fuel removal or isolation is necessary in the event fuel contamination 
is known or suspected. Fuel would include both liquid aviation fuel 
(e.g., avgas) and electrical energy, whether stored in batteries, 
produced by electric motors, or produced by other power generation 
devices. Removal or isolation of aviation fuel under such circumstances 
would prevent damage to the aircraft's engine and fuel system 
components used to transport fuel from the aircraft's fuel storage tank 
or other storage means to the aircraft's propulsion system. The 
inability to isolate or remove contaminated aviation fuel from the 
aircraft's fuel system could lead to engine failure and an emergency 
landing. Additionally, the ability to remove or drain aviation fuel 
from fuel tanks may be necessary for aircraft maintenance or repairs.
    For aircraft with electrical energy stored in batteries or produced 
by electric motors or other power generation devices, having the 
ability to remove or isolate electrical current in an aircraft may help 
prevent damage to electrical components or systems in the event of an 
electrical malfunction. Electrical components must be able to be 
isolated or removed from the electrical system to prevent overheating 
and subsequent fire which could result in significant structural damage 
or loss of aircraft control.
    In this proposal, fuel systems would be required to be designed and 
constructed to retain fuel under all likely operating conditions, such 
as during all authorized maneuvers, turbulence encounters, and aircraft 
accelerations and decelerations and an emergency descent and landing. 
The FAA considers that this requirement would be necessary for the safe 
and continuous operation of the aircraft's propulsion system. The 
proposed requirement for the aircraft to retain fuel under all likely 
operating conditions is necessary for a variety of purposes. For 
example, these purposes could include preventing fuel from being a 
source of ignition or feeding an existing fire, maintaining the 
aircraft's center of gravity within prescribed limits, providing 
structural support, preventing loss of aircraft range and endurance, 
preventing corrosion and equipment damage, and preventing toxic fumes 
from entering occupied compartments.
    The proposed fuel retention requirement would also apply to the 
storage of electrical energy. Failure to secure or retain a battery or 
other electrical components powering the aircraft could result in 
emergency situations that could lead to structural damage or the loss 
of aircraft control. Examples include electrical or electrical-sourced 
fires, corrosion that results in structural damage, loss of essential 
electrical equipment such as avionics equipment providing altitude, 
heading, and attitude reference information, or toxic fumes entering 
occupied compartments.
    The level of rigor of the proposed requirements for the removal, 
isolation, and retention of fuel for light-sport category aircraft 
would not be as extensive as that required for aircraft

[[Page 47671]]

intended for type-certification. Type-certificated aircraft are 
required to comply with extensive airworthiness standards in parts 23, 
25, 27, and 29 for the removal, isolation, and retention of fuel.
    However, the FAA is proposing requirements for light-sport category 
aircraft that, in accordance with the safety continuum, would not be 
imposed on amateur-built aircraft. Amateur-built aircraft fuel system 
design is not regulated which allows amateur-builders to experiment 
with how they retain and distribute fuel from their fuel tanks to their 
engine, or for electric powered aircraft, from their electric power 
source to a motor. Amateur-builders may install fuel isolation and 
shut-off valves, filters, pumps, drains, and fuel lines as they deem 
necessary for the normal and emergency operation of their aircraft. 
However, because light-sport category aircraft operate with fewer 
restrictions than amateur-built aircraft, this rule would require 
light-sport category aircraft fuel systems to provide a means to safely 
remove or isolate the fuel stored in the system from the aircraft and 
be designed to retain fuel under all likely operating conditions. These 
requirements would provide for fuel removal or isolation of 
contaminated fuel, irregular electrical current, or malfunctioning 
equipment, which may enable continued operation of an engine or motor. 
Light-sport category aircraft fuel systems would also have to retain 
fuel throughout the system which would allow for the mitigation of 
hazards and safe operations. Compliance with the requirements in Sec.  
22.150 would be accomplished through FAA-accepted consensus standards.
    For light-sport category aircraft, the current fuel removal, 
isolation, and retention provisions specified in the applicable 
consensus standards vary based on the class of aircraft. For instance, 
current FAA accepted consensus standards for light-sport category 
airplanes, gliders, and weight-shift-control aircraft, specify that 
these aircraft have at least one drain or other available method to 
allow safe drainage of fuel from tanks.\30\ Consensus standards for all 
light-sport category aircraft except balloons and powered parachutes 
specify that the aircraft have a control to shut-off fuel as a means of 
isolation.\31\ For light-sport category airplanes, gliders, and weight-
shift-control aircraft, the standards specify that the battery 
installation must withstand all applicable inertia loads.\32\ Consensus 
standards for light-sport category airplanes, gliders, powered 
parachutes, airships, and weight-shift control aircraft specify that 
their fuel tanks be able to withstand all applicable inertia loads or 
prescribed load factors.\33\ The FAA anticipates that industry would 
develop acceptable and appropriate consensus standards for all classes 
of light-sport category aircraft to comply with the proposed 
requirement for the removal, isolation, and retention of fuel.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ ASTM F2245, F2564, and F2317/F2317M.
    \31\ ASTM F2245, F2564, and F2317/F2317M.
    \32\ ASTM F2245, F2564, and F2317/F2317M.
    \33\ ASTM F2245, F2564, F2317/F2317M, F2244, and F2355.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. Fire Protection
    Proposed Sec.  22.155 would require that the hazards of fuel or 
electrical fires following a survivable emergency landing be minimized 
by incorporating design features to sustain static and dynamic 
deceleration loads without structural damage to fuel or electrical 
system components or their attachments that could leak fuel to an 
ignition source or allow electrical power to become an ignition source.
    Fuel and electrical system components need to maintain their 
connectivity and structural integrity to prevent leakage, fumes, and 
electrical wiring from igniting a flammable source in the event of a 
survivable emergency landing. Proposed Sec.  22.155 is necessary to 
minimize the risk of additional injuries due to fire and create 
sufficient time for aircraft occupants to safely escape an aircraft 
immediately after an accident or incident.
    Amateur-built aircraft issued experimental airworthiness 
certificates have no regulatory requirement to incorporate design 
features to sustain static and dynamic deceleration loads without 
structural damage to fuel or electrical system components or their 
attachments. The ability of an amateur-built aircraft to minimize the 
hazards of fuel or electrical fires is largely dependent upon the 
manufacturer's design, although amateur builders can assist by using 
recommended methods, techniques, and practices when installing fuel and 
electrical components and attachments. Light-sport category aircraft, 
however, may be more complex and could engage in work for compensation 
or hire; therefore, the FAA is proposing a heightened requirement that 
fire sources be minimized. Requiring fire sources be minimized 
following an impact is consistent with the location of light-sport 
category aircraft on the safety continuum. Therefore, this proposed 
rule would direct this through the requirements of Sec.  22.155. 
Compliance with these requirements would be accomplished through FAA-
accepted consensus standards.
    Type-certificated aircraft have airworthiness standards in parts 
23, 25, 27, 29, and 31 where fuel tanks, fuel lines, electrical wires, 
and electrical devices must be designed, constructed, and installed, as 
far as practicable, to be crash resistant. Type-certificated aircraft 
must retain fuel to minimize hazards to the occupants during any 
survivable emergency landing. There are multiple ways for manufacturers 
to minimize the ignition of fluids and vapors. Retention methods to 
minimize the probability of ignition of the fluids and vapors include, 
but are not limited to, stopping the flow of fluids, shutting down 
equipment, fireproof containment, or the use of extinguishing agents. 
Type-certificated aircraft also undergo drop testing to demonstrate 
their ability to withstand deceleration loads without structural damage 
to fuel system components or their attachments.
    The FAA considers that drop testing and the more prescriptive 
elements of the fire safety rules applicable to type-certificated 
aircraft would not be preferable because of the lower risk and 
certification rigor, and fewer operating privileges of light-sport 
category aircraft. Since light-sport category aircraft subject fewer 
people to risk per flight, and have fewer operating privileges when 
compared to part 23 airplanes, this rule would not impose the 
prescriptive elements of the fire safety rules for type-certificated 
aircraft subject to part 23, 25, 27, 29, or 31. Although the FAA does 
not consider it currently necessary to require light-sport category 
aircraft to undergo drop testing, these aircraft would likely undergo 
either drop testing or some alternate testing procedure to comply with 
the fire protection requirements in this proposed rule.
    For light-sport category aircraft, the current fuel retention 
methods in the FAA-accepted consensus standards vary based on the class 
of aircraft. For instance, during emergency landing scenarios for 
light-sport category airplanes, powered parachutes, and gliders, the 
aircraft design must be strong enough to protect occupants from fuel 
concentrated above or behind their seating location.\34\ Light-sport 
category airplanes and gliders may mitigate the risks of fires with the 
use of heat shielding, electrical isolation, or

[[Page 47672]]

ventilation.\35\ Likewise, light-sport category airplanes, gliders, and 
weight-shift-control aircraft designs protect fuel lines by using fire 
resistant lines or a fire-resistant covering on the lines.\36\ For 
these three aircraft classes, battery installations must be able to 
withstand all applicable inertia loads. All light-sport category 
aircraft except balloons and powered parachutes have a control to shut-
off fuel as a means of isolation under the current FAA-accepted 
consensus standards.\37\ Finally, for light-sport category gliders, the 
FAA-accepted consensus standards specify that fuel leaking from any 
system lines or fittings must not either directly hit hot surfaces or 
equipment causing a fire risk, or directly contact occupants.\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ ASTM F2245, F2564, and F2244.
    \35\ ASTM F2245 and F2564.
    \36\ ASTM F2245, F2564, and F2317/F2317M.
    \37\ ASTM F2245, F2564, F2317/F2317M, and F2355.
    \38\ ASTM F2564.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result of the expansion in the performance and capabilities of 
aircraft that would be certificated as light-sport category aircraft 
under the proposal, the FAA anticipates that industry would develop 
acceptable and appropriate consensus standards for all classes of 
light-sport category aircraft to comply with the proposed requirements 
of Sec.  22.155. The design features must be capable of preventing the 
ignition of fuel or allowing electrical power to become an ignition 
source for a fire. The integrity of the fuel or electrical systems and 
their storage elements, to include structures, tanks, lines, pumps, 
valves, wirings, and electrical components must be accounted for in 
this proposed requirement. The design must be capable of stopping or 
isolating fuel, electrical power, and associated fumes to prevent 
ignition and spread of fire.
12. Visibility
    Proposed Sec.  22.160 would require that the aircraft be designed 
and constructed so that the pilot has sufficient visibility of 
controls, instruments, equipment, and placards. Additionally, the 
proposal would require that the aircraft provide the pilot with 
sufficient vision outside the aircraft necessary to conduct safe 
aircraft operations.
    Poorly designed pilot compartments and aircraft designs that fail 
to optimize the pilot's ability to see controls, instruments, and 
equipment could lead to inadvertent unusual attitudes, stalls, or loss 
of control of the aircraft. Likewise, structures that block the pilot's 
ability to see their surroundings, both inside and outside the 
aircraft, can be a hazard for the pilot and other personnel on the 
ground and in the air. Pilots need to be able to visually clear areas 
around their aircraft during aircraft start-up and while conducting 
ground movements, just as they need to visually assess that the 
airspace in which they operate is clear of aircraft and other hazards 
when operating in visual meteorological conditions. Additionally, 
restrictions on the ability of pilots to see other controls, or on the 
ability of both the pilot and other occupants to see required aircraft 
placards, could affect the safety of the flight, as aircraft warnings 
and operational limits might not be heeded and the pilot's ability to 
respond to adverse flight conditions could also be significantly 
impaired.
    The proposed requirement for the pilot to have sufficient 
visibility of controls, instruments, equipment, and placards within the 
aircraft and of the aircraft's exterior environment would meet the 
level of rigor the FAA considers appropriate for light-sport category 
aircraft and its place on the safety continuum between amateur-built 
aircraft and normal category aircraft. For amateur-built aircraft, 
there are no specific regulatory requirements addressing visibility of 
controls, instruments, and equipment. As stated earlier, amateur 
builders may design their own instrument panels and locate controls, 
instruments, and equipment wherever they prefer. Because light-sport 
category aircraft could be used for aerial work, have fewer operational 
restrictions, and require a higher level of certification rigor, the 
FAA is proposing the requirements in Sec.  22.160. These requirements 
would include interior and exterior visibility requirements to 
eliminate hazards that could lead to loss of control or loss of the 
aircraft due to collision with aircraft, wildlife, or structures in the 
air or on the ground. The requirement would also allow system warning 
and caution lights and annunciators to be easily seen by the pilot for 
a timely response to an abnormal indication or emergency. Manufacturers 
would comply with the Sec.  22.160 requirements by using an FAA-
accepted consensus standard.
    However, normal category aircraft must comply with even more 
stringent airworthiness standards in part 23, 25, 27, or 29 for the 
pilot compartment view. In parts 25, 27, and 29, these standards 
require the pilot compartment view to provide a sufficiently extensive, 
clear, and undistorted view for safe operation that is free of glare 
and reflection that could interfere with the pilot's view. For 
airplanes certificated in accordance with part 23 requirements, the 
pilot compartment, its equipment, and its arrangement, to include pilot 
view, must allow the pilot to readily perform their duties and aircraft 
maneuvers.
    Proposed Sec.  22.160 imposes a more stringent requirement than the 
currently accepted consensus standards. Current consensus standards in 
ASTM Standard F2245 for light-sport airplanes, ASTM Standard F2244 for 
powered parachutes, and ASTM Standard F2355 for lighter-than-air light-
sport aircraft state that the pilot compartment needs to provide 
appropriate visibility of instruments, placards, and the area outside 
the aircraft. The consensus standards in ASTM Standard F2564 for a 
light-sport glider state that the cockpit view must be designed so that 
the pilot's vision is sufficiently extensive, clear, and undistorted 
for safe operation and that rain shall not unduly impair the pilot's 
view. For weight-shift control aircraft, there are no consensus 
standards for the pilot compartment's internal and external views due 
to the open-air design of these aircraft. The FAA anticipates that 
industry would develop acceptable and appropriate consensus standards 
for applicable classes of light-sport category aircraft to comply with 
the proposed requirements of Sec.  22.160.
    The proposed rule would require the pilot to be able to easily see 
all aircraft controls and instruments necessary to safely operate the 
aircraft and its equipment and systems under all conditions and would 
be applicable to all aircraft that would be eligible for certification 
as light-sport category aircraft under the proposal. Pilots and other 
occupants of all classes of light-sport category aircraft must be able 
to readily see warning placards that would aid in identifying hazards, 
prevent damage to the aircraft, and provide other relevant safety 
critical information.
    The aircraft must provide pilots with sufficient visibility to 
readily identify other aircraft or potential hazards such as structures 
and icing conditions and aid the pilot in complying with other 
regulatory requirements including Sec.  91.113, ``Right-of-way rules: 
Except water operations,'' and Sec.  91.155, ``Basic VFR weather 
minimums,'' while in flight. For example, aircraft that are not 
designed to enable the pilot to visually detect ice accumulations on 
the aircraft could result in a stall and loss of control. Improper 
placement of structural supports could also result in an accident or 
incident if the pilot's visibility is blocked or impeded. A pilot 
should not have to make unnecessary or unusual head movements inflight 
to clear for traffic and other hazards as this could lead to spatial 
disorientation and unusual attitudes. Additionally, the

[[Page 47673]]

pilot compartment must also provide the pilot with sufficient 
visibility to safely conduct ground operations by enabling the aircraft 
to remain clear of other aircraft, structures, vehicles, and ground 
personnel while simultaneously providing adequate visibility for the 
pilot to read applicable airfield signs and markings. Sufficient 
visibility is necessary to prevent situations such as runway incursions 
where an aircraft enters a runway without clearance or authorization.
    Additionally, the design of the aircraft should provide the pilot 
with sufficient forward, aft, and side visibility to allow the pilot to 
avoid hazards both in the air and on the ground. The proposed 
requirements would enable the placement of items essential to safe 
aircraft operations to be visible to the pilot, provide for the 
avoidance of obstacles, and allow compliance with regulatory 
requirements while in flight and conducting ground operations.
13. Emergency Evacuation
    Proposed Sec.  22.165 would require that aircraft be designed and 
constructed so that all occupants can rapidly conduct an emergency 
evacuation. The aircraft's design would be required to account for all 
conditions likely to occur following an emergency landing, excluding 
ditching for aircraft not intended for operation on water.
    The proposed requirement for emergency evacuation is necessary 
because aircraft designs that do not consider the ability of the pilot 
and passengers to rapidly evacuate the aircraft during an emergency can 
significantly increase the likelihood of serious risk of injuries or 
fatalities if exiting the aircraft is impeded by a poor design. The 
proposed requirement would reduce injuries and save lives by requiring 
aircraft design and construction to account for, and accordingly 
facilitate, rapid aircraft egress.
    The proposed requirement for emergency evacuation would be 
appropriately scoped for the position of light-sport category aircraft 
on the FAA's safety continuum. For amateur-built aircraft, there are no 
specific regulatory requirements for emergency egress, whereas for 
type-certificated aircraft, parts 23, 25, 27, and 29 contain 
requirements for emergency evacuation. For example, for the type 
certification of normal category rotorcraft under part 27, there are 
requirements in Sec. Sec.  27.805 and 27.807 for the location and size 
of emergency exits for the flight crew as well as provisions for the 
exits to be unobstructed when an emergency landing occurs on water. 
Requirements for the cabin emergency exits include items such as 
location, number available, type, operation, and marking.
    For aircraft certificated as light-sport category aircraft, 
emergency evacuation standards are currently included in certain 
consensus standards and vary according to the design of the aircraft. 
For some classes of light-sport category aircraft, such as weight-shift 
control aircraft and powered parachutes, emergency evacuation standards 
do not exist since the pilot and passenger are not situated in a fully 
enclosed compartment. For light-sport airplanes, ASTM Standard F2245 
contains a standard for emergency evacuation that states the pilot 
compartment shall provide the ability to conduct an emergency escape. 
For light-sport gliders, ASTM Standard F2564 provides standards for 
emergency exit that state the cockpit must be designed so that 
unimpeded and rapid escape in emergency situations is possible, and, on 
closed canopies, the opening system must be designed for simple and 
easy operation. The opening system must function rapidly and be 
designed so that it can be operated by each occupant strapped in his 
seat and from outside the cockpit.
    Proposed Sec.  22.165 could be complied with by having multiple 
escape exits (doors, windows, hatches) or easily accessible mechanisms 
both inside and outside the aircraft to open escape exits (which should 
be marked for easy identification and use in compliance with proposed 
Sec.  22.170). Multiple escape doors or hatches could also be used to 
enable egress in situations where the aircraft may not be upright. 
Aircraft intended for operation on water would be required to address 
emergency water landings. Although the FAA would encourage consensus 
standards to address ditching, the FAA would not require ditching to be 
addressed in the certification of light-sport category aircraft as 
imposing such a requirement would be a more extensive requirement than 
that currently imposed for smaller type-certificated aircraft. For 
example, Sec.  23.2315 specifically excludes a consideration of 
ditching for level 1, level 2, and single engine level 3 airplanes.
    The ability to rapidly conduct an emergency evacuation is directly 
related to the crashworthiness of an aircraft. Accordingly, the FAA is 
not proposing to directly link or limit crashworthiness and associated 
emergency evacuation requirements to aircraft stalling speed or another 
fixed airspeed. Instead, the proposal would permit applicants to take 
varied approaches to address aircraft crashworthiness. For example, the 
FAA encourages the incorporation of advanced technology, such as 
ballistic recovery systems, and innovations from other industries, such 
as the automotive industry, to provide increased airframe occupant 
protection.
    The FAA encourages consensus standards bodies to strive for the 
highest level of occupant crash protection feasible. Comprehensive 
consensus standards could facilitate the evaluation of the entirety of 
a crashworthiness system, namely, the interaction of all 
crashworthiness features, rather than requiring an evaluation of 
discrete, individual parameters for occupant safety. An aircraft's 
ability to protect occupants and facilitate an emergency exit can be 
better understood by evaluating the aircraft as a complete system. The 
understanding gained from a systems evaluation can be used to develop 
and implement new technologies and methods to enable more rapid and 
safer aircraft emergency evacuations with fewer occupant injuries. Such 
an evaluation could include analysis of important survivability factors 
identified by the NTSB, including occupant restraints, survivable 
volume, energy absorbing seats, and seat retention. Consideration given 
to these crashworthiness requirements may not necessarily prevent 
accidents, but should improve occupant safety, which would lead to 
decreased occupant injuries in the event of a crash and increase 
survivability of accidents.
    The FAA is proposing few specific crashworthiness requirements 
within part 22. The proposed performance requirement for emergency 
evacuation and other proposed airworthiness requirements would allow 
for the use of many varied technologies and methods for occupant safety 
in the event of an emergency landing or other situations where rapid 
aircraft egress is required. The proposed requirement would promote 
innovation and encourage the introduction of new occupant protection 
technologies such as those that have been introduced by the automotive 
industry. The FAA encourages consensus standards bodies to develop 
consensus standards that will promote the introduction and rapid 
integration of these and other solutions into light-sport category 
aircraft designs.
14. Placards and Markings
    Proposed Sec.  22.170 would require that the aircraft display all 
placards and instrument markings necessary for safe operation and 
occupant warning. Markings or graphics would be required to clearly 
indicate the function of each

[[Page 47674]]

control, other than primary flight controls.
    Placards provide warnings and identify hazards to crewmembers, 
occupants, aircraft maintenance and servicing personnel, and first 
responders. Instrument markings provide safe operating parameters for 
aircraft equipment and systems. Moreover, compliance with placards and 
markings is currently required by Sec.  91.9. Not conducting aircraft 
operations in accordance with installed placards and markings could 
lead to equipment or system failures that could negatively impact other 
systems, leading to an emergency that could put both the aircraft and 
occupants at significant risk.
    The FAA contends that the proposed requirement for aircraft 
certificated as light-sport category aircraft to display all placards 
and instrument markings necessary for safe operation and occupant 
warning would establish a clear performance-based requirement that is 
in accord with the position of these aircraft within the FAA's safety 
continuum. For most experimental aircraft, there are no specific 
regulatory requirements for placards and instrument markings. However, 
some have operating limitations requiring display of placards. Type-
certificated aircraft, which occupy the opposite end of the FAA's 
safety continuum, are subject to a variety of detailed placard and 
instrument marking requirements that are contained in the airworthiness 
standards found in parts 23, 25, 27, 29, and 31. Placards provide 
information for the safe operation of the aircraft while instrument 
markings indicate operating parameters as determined by the 
airworthiness standards.
    For aircraft currently certificated as light-sport category 
aircraft, placarding and instrument markings are addressed in FAA-
accepted consensus standards for each class of aircraft. Because of the 
various classes of light-sport category aircraft, the placarding and 
instrument marking consensus standards vary according to the complexity 
of the aircraft. Some of those standards apply generally, while others 
address specific situations that may apply only to more complex 
aircraft, such as placards for unusual design, operating, or handling 
characteristics, authorized operations, and passenger warnings. ASTM 
Standard F2245 contains standards for instrument markings on the 
aircraft's airspeed indicator.
    The proposed placarding and instrument marking requirement would be 
applicable to all classes of aircraft that could be certificated as 
light-sport category aircraft under this proposal. Proposed Sec.  
22.170 is necessary so that the pilot and other aircraft occupants can 
clearly see any placards or instrument markings that provide necessary 
warnings for their safety or for the safe operation of equipment or 
systems. Markings or graphics provide a clear indication of the 
function of the marked control to the pilot and aircraft occupants. The 
FAA notes that primary flight controls would not be required to be 
specifically marked, as their function should be intuitive to operation 
of the aircraft and readily ascertainable by the pilot.
    Markings and graphics indicating the function of each control 
prevent confusion and inadvertent operation of equipment and systems by 
the pilot or other occupants. Improper or confusing placards, often due 
to poor wording, poor contrast, or poor location, can also prevent the 
timely actuation of systems or equipment necessary for safe flight or 
emergency evacuation, while inadvertent operation of equipment and 
systems can result in an unsafe aircraft attitude or flight condition 
leading to an emergency.
    Accordingly, the proposed marking and placarding requirement is 
designed to provide appropriate warnings to help prevent errors that 
could lead to a loss of control or a serious accident or injury. The 
proposal would ensure that these potentially hazardous situations are 
properly accounted for and addressed. The FAA also notes that, for 
aircraft with simplified flight controls, an FAA-accepted consensus 
standard would be required to address the placarding of an aircraft 
certificated in the light-sport category with simplified flight 
controls as proposed in Sec.  22.180.
15. Noise
    Proposed Sec.  22.175 would require that aircraft meet the 
applicable noise standards of part 36 of this chapter. The proposed 
noise requirements are discussed in section IV.K.
16. Aircraft Having Simplified Flight Controls
    Proposed Sec.  22.180 would permit an aircraft that meets certain 
criteria to be designated by the manufacturer as having simplified 
flight controls. For an aircraft to be designated as having simplified 
flight controls, it would be required to meet three criteria. First, 
the pilot could only control the flight path of the aircraft or 
intervene in its operation without direct manipulation of individual 
aircraft control surfaces or adjustment of the available power. Second, 
the aircraft would be required to be designed to prevent loss of 
control, regardless of pilot input. Finally, the aircraft would need to 
have a means to enable the pilot to discontinue the flight quickly and 
safely. This feature would also have to be designed to prevent 
inadvertent activation.
    Proposed Sec.  22.180 for aircraft designed with simplified flight 
controls would only apply to those aircraft specifically designated by 
the manufacturer in its statement of compliance as having simplified 
flight controls.
    The FAA recognizes that rapid advances are occurring in aircraft 
automation and flight control technology. Aircraft are being designed 
and constructed with pilot interfaces and flight controls that no 
longer resemble those found in traditional aircraft cockpits. These 
aircraft have highly automated systems for controlling the flight path, 
speed, and configuration of the aircraft while simultaneously providing 
protection from aerodynamic hazards such as asymmetric thrust and 
excessive structural loading. These aircraft also have cockpits or 
pilot compartments where primary flight controls such as sticks, 
control columns, throttles, and rudder pedals may have been replaced by 
simpler non-traditional methods of aircraft control such as 
touchscreens, switches, or other displays with push-button controls. A 
joystick controller that directly manipulates individual aircraft 
control surfaces would not qualify an aircraft as being designed with 
simplified flight controls. However, a joystick controller that is used 
to select flight commands or move a cursor on a display would be 
appropriate for a simplified flight control design.
    Proposed Sec.  22.180 would facilitate the development of these 
highly automated aircraft by providing a certification path that would 
enable light-sport category aircraft to be specifically designated as 
having simplified flight controls. As discussed later in this proposal 
for Sec.  61.31, these aircraft would be permitted to be operated by 
certificated pilots who may not have received the flight training or 
possess the aeronautical experience necessary to operate more 
traditional forms of aircraft, but nonetheless meet the specific 
requirements proposed for the operation of these highly automated 
aircraft.
    For aircraft having simplified flight controls, the aircraft design 
would be required to inherently prevent loss of control regardless of 
pilot input. The FAA considers that a design inherently prevents loss 
of control if the design includes built-in features such as automation 
which prevent the pilot

[[Page 47675]]

from inputting a flight command that would be hazardous to the aircraft 
or its occupants. Additionally, the aircraft design would need to 
include features so that the aircraft could only be operated within its 
designated flight envelope and within its prescribed operational 
limitations. These parameters would be preprogrammed and would include 
boundaries such as airspeed, altitude, vertical speeds, and lateral 
displacements. For aircraft equipped with multiple engines or rotor 
systems, the aircraft would need to be able to safely respond, using 
the aircraft's automation, to asymmetric power situations due to loss 
of engine power. If used in the design, automation would have to 
prevent loss of control of the aircraft under all circumstances, even 
to the point of overriding erroneous or hazardous pilot inputs or only 
permitting the input of certain commands in specific flight conditions.
    The aircraft design would, however, be required to include a means 
to permit the pilot to discontinue or suspend the flight quickly and 
safely and prevent inadvertent activation of this feature. A pilot 
could choose to discontinue or suspend a flight for a variety of 
reasons such as unexpected weather conditions, physiological needs, a 
system malfunction, or the presence of other hazards such as a flock of 
birds or an aircraft near, or intersecting, the route of flight. 
Discontinuing or suspending a flight could include options such as an 
immediate landing, a return flight to the aircraft's point of 
departure, a diversion to an alternate landing site, a course change, 
or initiation of a low altitude orbit or in-place hover until any 
hazards have passed. The aircraft design must include a means to 
prevent inadvertent or accidental activation of the control mechanism 
for the discontinuance or suspension of flight. This would prevent the 
aircraft from entering an unplanned or hazardous flight trajectory.
17. Quality Assurance System
    Proposed Sec.  22.185 would require aircraft to have been designed, 
produced, and tested under a documented quality assurance system to 
ensure each product and article conforms to its design and is in a 
condition for safe operation.
    The 2004 final rule specifically recognized the necessity for 
aircraft certificated as light-sport category aircraft to be 
manufactured in accordance with a quality assurance system. The current 
definition of consensus standards in Sec.  1.1 states that consensus 
standards used for the certification of light-sport aircraft may 
include ``manufacturer quality assurance systems.'' Proposed Sec.  
22.185 would establish a clear regulatory requirement so that the 
aircraft is manufactured in accordance with documented processes and 
manufactured under a documented quality assurance system.
    Establishing and documenting a quality assurance system is critical 
to assuring that aircraft and aircraft kits meet applicable design, 
production, and airworthiness requirements and are manufactured and 
tested in accordance with identified consensus standards. Meeting the 
proposed quality assurance requirements using applicable FAA-accepted 
consensus standards would reduce the use of obsolete design drawings or 
procedures, improper materials or manufacturing techniques, and 
inadequate testing procedures that could jeopardize the safe operation 
of an aircraft. A quality assurance system would allow manufacturer or 
third-party auditors to verify that a manufacturer is producing 
aircraft in accordance with its established procedures and is 
continuing to produce safe aircraft.
    Under the safety continuum, primary category kit-built aircraft 
intended for certification as experimental aircraft are the only 
experimental aircraft that have a regulatory requirement to be produced 
under a quality assurance system. Those aircraft are based on type-
certificated designs and are required by Sec.  21.191(h) to be 
manufactured by the holder of a production certificate for that kit. 
Production certificate holders must establish and maintain a quality 
assurance system as specified in Sec.  21.137.
    Persons currently seeking certification of experimental aircraft 
built from kits that were designed in accordance with the requirements 
applicable to aircraft certificated as light-sport category aircraft 
must be able to provide the information required by Sec.  21.193(e). 
These aircraft are certificated under the provisions of Sec.  
21.191(i)(2) and the information provided will reference consensus 
standards addressing the manufacturer's quality assurance system. 
Additionally, aircraft built from those kits must have been assembled 
in accordance with manufacturer's assembly instructions that meet an 
applicable consensus standard. These aircraft are built under a quality 
assurance system as specified in ASTM Standard F2972, ``Standard 
Specification for Light Sport Aircraft Manufacturer's Quality Assurance 
System.''
    A manufacturer of a type-certificated aircraft must establish and 
describe in writing a quality system that includes the 15 elements 
specified in Sec.  21.137, obtain FAA approval of its quality manual 
under Sec.  21.138, and show compliance with quality system 
requirements to the satisfaction of the FAA as part of applying for and 
obtaining a production certificate. For light-sport category aircraft, 
ASTM Standard F2972 currently addresses quality assurance systems for 
light-sport category aircraft. The FAA anticipates that industry would 
develop acceptable and appropriate consensus standards for light-sport 
category aircraft to comply with the proposed requirement in Sec.  
22.185
    The FAA would rely on a manufacturer's statement of compliance as 
evidence of compliance to the requirements of Sec.  22.185 for a 
production quality assurance system. The FAA retains its ability to 
inspect the manufacturer's facility and quality system.
18. Finding of Compliance by Trained Compliance Staff
    Proposed Sec.  22.190 would require the aircraft to have been found 
compliant with the provisions of the applicable consensus standards by 
individuals who have been trained on determining compliance with those 
consensus standards.
    Determining compliance with consensus standards is essential in 
enabling the airworthiness of an aircraft intended for certification as 
light-sport category aircraft. Accordingly, the FAA considers inclusion 
of a requirement that the aircraft be found compliant by individuals 
who have been appropriately trained in making those determinations to 
be of critical importance.
    The FAA notes that experimental aircraft are generally not required 
to meet specific design or production requirements. Accordingly, there 
is no current requirement for the training of individuals who assess 
the suitability of the design or production of those aircraft for their 
intended operations.
    Manufacturers of aircraft produced in accordance with the 
airworthiness standards set forth in part 23, 25, 27, 29, or 31, 
however, are required to show compliance with each requirement 
following a highly detailed and comprehensive certification plan. 
Assurance of compliance is attained via extensive FAA engagement with 
the manufacturer in which the manufacturer shows, and the FAA finds, 
compliance with applicable airworthiness standards. A type certificate 
is not issued for an aircraft design until the FAA finds compliance 
with all applicable airworthiness

[[Page 47676]]

standards through a rigorous type-certification process involving 
extensive FAA involvement and oversight. Serial production of these 
aircraft is accomplished in accordance with the requirements for 
production certificate holders specified in subpart G of part 21. That 
subpart includes specific requirements for the certificate holder's 
organization and quality system.
    Given the FAA's reliance on the manufacturer's statement of 
compliance as the primary evidence of compliance with applicable 
requirements, the FAA considers it critical that individuals making 
these compliance findings would be trained in finding compliance to the 
broad array of applicable FAA-accepted consensus standards. This would 
require, for example, engineers, pilots, and maintenance experts who 
make compliance findings for manufacturers to receive training on the 
specific provisions of the applicable consensus standards and training 
on determining compliance to those standards.
    The proposed requirement would implement a recommendation from the 
previously mentioned LSAMA Final Report. The LSAMA Final Report noted 
that a significant number of aircraft manufacturers could not fully 
demonstrate their ability to meet certain consensus standards. As a 
result, the report recommended that industry develop training so that 
manufacturers fully understand FAA regulatory requirements and policies 
applicable to the certification of light-sport category aircraft and 
the means necessary to meet applicable requirements. In view of the 
criticality of this need and the FAA's significant reliance on the 
manufacturer's statement of compliance, the FAA is proposing this 
requirement so that all individuals with responsibility for making 
compliance findings are trained to understand how to make complete and 
correct findings of compliance.
19. Ground and Flight Testing
    Proposed Sec.  22.195 would require that an aircraft intended for 
certification as a light-sport category aircraft has been ground and 
flight tested under documented production acceptance test procedures. 
This testing would be required to validate aircraft performance data; 
ensure the aircraft has no hazardous operating characteristics or 
design features; ensure the aircraft is in a condition for safe 
operation; and ensure the aircraft can safely conduct any aerial work 
operation designated by the manufacturer. The manufacturer will ensure 
each aircraft can safely conduct any aerial work operation by 
conducting flight testing of the that aerial work operation. If 
successful, the manufacturer would be able to provide a statement of 
compliance to the FAA-accepted consensus standards that would be the 
means of compliance for this proposed requirement.
    Ground and flight testing of an aircraft is critical when 
establishing airworthiness. Accordingly, the FAA considers inclusion of 
a ground and flight-testing requirement especially important for the 
certification of light-sport category aircraft.
    Aircraft with certain experimental airworthiness certificates, such 
as those issued for air racing, operating amateur-built aircraft, 
operating primary kit-built aircraft, and operating light-sport 
aircraft have flight testing requirements imposed by their operating 
limitations, yet no specific ground testing requirements. For these 
experimental aircraft, the flight testing is typically conducted for a 
set time (e.g., 40 hours) to show compliance with Sec.  91.319(b). The 
FAA notes that amateur-built aircraft may instead use an FAA-sourced 
task-based flight test plan as a substitute for the flight hour 
requirement. Aircraft issued experimental airworthiness certificates 
for the purpose of research and development or showing compliance with 
regulations must also undergo flight testing to determine the 
suitability of the design for the issuance of a design or airworthiness 
approval, as applicable.
    All aircraft manufactured in accordance with the airworthiness 
standards set forth in part 23, 25, 27, 29, or 31 are subject to ground 
and flight-testing requirements as part of the type-certification 
process. The flight testing of aircraft intended for type certification 
is much more rigorous than that of other aircraft, as the flight 
testing is conducted for the aircraft to show compliance to the 
airworthiness standards used in the development of the aircraft's 
design. Regulatory flight-testing requirements for type-certificated 
aircraft are specified in Sec.  21.35. A highly detailed and 
comprehensive test plan is used to conduct ground and flight testing in 
the development of a type-certificated aircraft.
    The level of rigor for the ground and flight testing of light-sport 
category aircraft would not be as extensive as that required for 
aircraft intended for type certification, yet more extensive than that 
specified for experimental aircraft. Ground and flight testing of 
light-sport category aircraft would not require that the aircraft only 
be flown for a specified number of hours, as is done for certain 
experimental aircraft. It would also not require the flight testing 
necessary to achieve a showing of compliance with extensive 
airworthiness requirements, as is required for aircraft being flown as 
part of a type-certification program. It would, however, require an 
evaluation of the aircraft to ensure that it meets the requirements 
specified in Sec.  22.195.
    Current flight and ground testing of light-sport category aircraft 
centers on verifying that the initial production aircraft meets certain 
operational performance requirements that have been specified by the 
manufacturer in the pilot's operating handbook (POH). ASTM Standard 
F3035, ``Standard Practice for Production Acceptance in the Manufacture 
of a Fixed Wing Light Sport Aircraft,'' contains standards for ground 
and flight testing fixed-wing aircraft. ASTM standard F3035 addresses 
several requirements in proposed Sec.  22.195 such as validating 
aircraft performance data, ensuring the aircraft has no hazardous 
operating characteristics, and ensuring the aircraft is in a condition 
for safe operation. The FAA notes that FAA-accepted production 
acceptance testing consensus standards exist for all classes of light-
sport category aircraft.\39\ Since this proposal would expand the 
classes of aircraft that could be certificated as light-sport category 
aircraft and include a provision to allow aerial work as designated by 
the manufacturer, the FAA anticipates that industry would develop 
acceptable and appropriate consensus standards to comply with the 
performance-based requirements in Sec.  22.195.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ ASTM F2356, Standard Specification for Production 
Acceptance Testing System for Lighter-Than-Air Light Sport Aircraft;
    ASTM F2242, Standard Specification for Production Acceptance 
Testing System for Powered Parachute Aircraft; and ASTM F2447, 
Standard Practice for Production Acceptance Test Procedures for 
Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Manufacturer ground and flight testing of each aircraft intended 
for certification as light-sport category aircraft would be necessary 
to verify the aircraft meet the proposed regulatory requirements. Such 
testing would validate expected aircraft performance data (e.g., 
airspeeds, fuel flow, fuel burn rate, range, endurance, load factors 
(g-limits), engine-out (if applicable), etc.) and validate that the 
design and material used in the construction of the aircraft provides 
sufficient strength and durability for the conduct of all authorized 
operations. Ground and flight testing using production acceptance test 
procedures also would verify that each aircraft does not have any 
unforeseen hazardous flight

[[Page 47677]]

characteristics and that the aircraft was properly constructed. This 
testing ensures that the aircraft's structure is of sufficient strength 
for its intended operations and that aircraft controls are not binding, 
rubbing, or showing unexpected wear. Aircraft designed with simplified 
flight controls must be ground and flight tested to validate compliance 
with the requirements of Sec.  22.180. Aircraft that have not undergone 
adequate environmental testing in a ground and flight test program may 
experience unpredicted behaviors or malfunctions caused by 
environmental factors, which may lead to an aircraft accident or 
incident. Production acceptance test procedures allows a buyer to 
receive a complete aircraft that conforms to the manufacturer's design 
data and provides the manufacturer with an opportunity to detect and 
fix any missing, broken, misaligned, or improperly installed components 
or systems.
    The FAA also notes that if the aircraft has been authorized for the 
performance of specific aerial work operations by the manufacturer, 
production acceptance test procedures would verify that the aircraft 
has been designed and constructed to validate that the aircraft can be 
used to safely conduct those designated aerial work operations. Ground 
and flight testing of the aircraft would be required to ensure that 
those aerial work operations could be safely conducted. The FAA notes 
that if the manufacturer's statement of compliance indicated that an 
aircraft was authorized to conduct aerial work that included patrolling 
operations, for example, the aircraft could be used for the patrolling 
of any structure or area such as pipelines, transmission lines, 
harbors, railroad tracks, farmland, forests, etc. Specific testing of 
the aircraft's ability to safely patrol these structures or areas would 
accordingly be required. As some patrolling using visual observation 
occurs at low altitudes, a manufacturer would be required to conduct 
patrolling flight testing at low altitude to verify the aircraft can 
safely conduct that aerial work operation. The FAA anticipates that 
industry will develop appropriate consensus standards to document 
specific ground and flight testing used to validate aerial work 
operations in the manufacturer's quality assurance records for each 
aircraft.
    The FAA notes that some aerial work operations may place additional 
stresses and loads on an aircraft if operated outside normal flight 
profiles. Flight testing would validate any specific limitations 
necessary to conduct those designated aerial work operations. 
Additionally, it would confirm that other applicable requirements can 
still be met during the conduct of those operations, such as validating 
that the pilot has proper visibility from the flight compartment. The 
proposed requirement would validate that the aircraft has been 
demonstrated to be capable of safely performing those aerial work 
operations specifically designated in the manufacturer's statement of 
compliance.
20. Revision of Documentation Submission Requirements for the Issuance 
of Special Airworthiness Certificates in the Light-Sport Category
    Proposed Sec.  21.190(c) would revise the list of documents that an 
applicant would be required to provide to the FAA at the time of 
application for an airworthiness certificate for a light-sport category 
aircraft. In addition to the currently required manufacturer's 
statement of compliance, the proposal would require submission of a 
pilot's operating handbook, currently referred to as the aircraft's 
operating instructions. The proposed rule would require that additional 
information be contained in that document. The pilot's operating 
handbook would be required to include recommended operating 
instructions and limitations, a flight training supplement, a listing 
of any authorized aerial work operations, and a statement regarding 
compliance with part 36 requirements. Additionally, the current 
requirement that an applicant submit maintenance and inspection 
procedures would be revised to require the submission of a maintenance 
and inspection program. Similar to the existing airworthiness 
certification processes for light-sport category aircraft, the FAA 
would not approve or accept any of the documents submitted. The 
approach is aligned with the FAA's safety continuum where aircraft 
higher on the safety continuum have greater privileges but also go 
through more rigorous certification processes and have greater FAA 
oversight.
    The proposal would provide applicants with clarification regarding 
the contents of the pilot's operating handbook by specifying that it 
include operating instructions and limitations to safely accommodate 
all environmental conditions and abnormal procedures likely to be 
encountered during the aircraft's intended operations. The operating 
instructions should address normal, abnormal, and emergency operating 
procedures as well as operations under all foreseeable environmental 
conditions. Examples of material that should be included in these 
instructions and limitations include guidance for operations in, or the 
avoidance of, certain weather phenomenon such as freezing 
precipitation, moderate or severe turbulence, takeoff or landing 
crosswinds, and hot and cold weather conditions.
    By specifying in the proposal that the flight training supplement 
enable safe operation of the aircraft within the intended flight 
envelope under all foreseeable conditions, the FAA would codify its 
expectation that the flight training supplement provide enhanced 
guidance to pilots regarding those methods and procedures necessary to 
safely operate the aircraft within its intended flight envelope under 
all foreseeable conditions. The flight training supplement should also 
provide aircraft operators with appropriate information to understand 
the operation of the aircraft and its systems.
    Additionally, the pilot's operating handbook would be required to 
contain a listing of any aerial work operations for which the 
manufacturer designated the aircraft as capable of performing. This 
requirement would enable information regarding those designated aerial 
work operations to be readily available to the pilot. In accordance 
with the proposal, the manufacturer would be required to provide any 
aircraft instructions and limitations that effect the safe conduct of 
any manufacturer-designated aerial work operations. Instructions and 
limitations that apply to all operations would not need to be repeated 
for aerial work operations.
    The pilot's operating handbook would also be required to include a 
statement that the aircraft has demonstrated compliance with part 36 to 
include the tested noise levels and a statement regarding the 
acceptability of those noise levels for aircraft operations. Per 
proposed per Sec.  21.190(c)(2)(iv), the statement would assert that, 
``No determination has been made by the Federal Aviation Administration 
that the noise levels of this aircraft are or should be acceptable or 
unacceptable for operation in any location.'' This statement would 
provide operators with awareness that they are solely responsible for 
compliance with any operational noise abatement procedures and 
requirements for the locations where the aircraft is operated. An 
explanation of noise testing requirements and their applicability to 
aircraft certificated as light-sport category aircraft is contained 
section IV.K.
    Currently, an applicant must provide the FAA with the aircraft's 
maintenance and inspection procedures as part of the

[[Page 47678]]

process for an airworthiness certificate for a light-sport category 
aircraft. This proposal would require the applicant to instead provide 
a maintenance and inspection program. Maintenance and inspection 
procedures detail the steps involved in performing a maintenance task, 
such as changing a tire, or performing an inspection, such as an annual 
inspection. A maintenance and inspection program is more comprehensive. 
It contains maintenance tasks as well as instructions and procedures 
for the conduct of inspections, tests, and checks that includes the 
airframe, engine, propeller, rotor, and appliances. It also includes a 
schedule for performing the inspections that must be accomplished under 
the inspection program expressed in time in service, calendar time, 
number of system operations, or any combination thereof, as well as 
qualifications of the person responsible for the inspections.
    Proposed Sec.  21.190(c)(4) would require an applicant for a 
special airworthiness certificate under this section to provide the FAA 
with evidence that its aircraft has demonstrated compliance with the 
applicable requirements of part 36. Such evidence may include a 
statement from the manufacturer concerning compliance with part 36, the 
means of compliance used, and the resultant noise levels. Section IV.K 
provides a detailed discussion of proposed noise requirements for 
aircraft that do not conform to a type certificate.
a. Enhancements to the Manufacturer's Statement of Compliance
    Proposed Sec.  21.190(d) would revise the contents of the 
manufacturer's statement of compliance required to be submitted by an 
applicant for the issuance of an airworthiness certificate under this 
section. In addition to the requirements currently specified in Sec.  
21.190(c), the manufacturer's statement of compliance would be required 
to include additional declarations by the aircraft's manufacturer which 
would be used to better assist the FAA in determining the airworthiness 
of the aircraft.
    The FAA considers the manufacturer's statement of compliance to be 
a critical element in the certification of light-sport category 
aircraft as it provides a definitive statement by the aircraft's 
manufacturer that an aircraft complies with the applicable performance-
based regulatory standards using applicable consensus standards as a 
means of compliance. It also would provide assurance that the 
manufacturer would undertake certain specific actions to support the 
continuing airworthiness of the aircraft.
    Because of the significant expansion in the types and performance 
of aircraft that would be permitted to be certificated as light-sport 
category aircraft, the FAA contends that the manufacturer's statement 
of compliance would take on an even greater level of importance in 
supporting the certification of light-sport category aircraft. 
Accordingly, the proposal would make significant enhancements to the 
statement of compliance to further strengthen its effect by requiring 
the manufacturer to provide greater detail regarding the aircraft and 
the processes and procedures used in its design and production. Those 
proposed changes are discussed in the paragraphs that follow. The 
proposed enhancements to the manufacturer's statement of compliance 
would serve to improve the validity and reliability of the statement. 
The proposed requirements would serve to further implement the 
recommendations made in the previously discussed LSAMA Final Report.
    The FAA notes that light-sport category aircraft are not produced 
pursuant to an FAA type or production certificate. The information and 
data typically provided for type-certificated aircraft is not provided 
to the FAA during the certification process for light-sport category 
aircraft. Accordingly, the manufacturer's statement of compliance and 
inspection of the aircraft assist the FAA in assessing compliance to 
applicable performance requirements and determining airworthiness of 
the aircraft.
    The proposed requirements of Sec.  21.191(d)(1) for training of 
individuals with responsibility for making compliance statements would 
adopt a recommendation from the LSAMA Final Report. The LSAMA Final 
Report noted that the statement of compliance for certain aircraft may 
have been made that did not meet applicable consensus standards. As a 
result, the report recommended that industry develop training to enable 
manufacturers to fully understand FAA regulatory requirements and 
policies applicable to the certification of light-sport category 
aircraft and the means necessary to meet applicable requirements. In 
view of the criticality of this need and the FAA's primary reliance on 
the manufacturer's statement of compliance (SOC), the FAA is proposing 
this requirement to help assure that all individuals with 
responsibility for making compliance statements are trained and 
certified to understand how to make complete and correct statements.
    Proposed Sec.  21.190(d)(3) would require a statement as to whether 
the aircraft meets the design and performance requirements specified in 
proposed Sec.  61.316 for the aircraft that a sport pilot would be 
permitted to operate. This proposal would significantly expand the 
types of aircraft that could be certificated as light-sport category 
aircraft beyond those aircraft that a sport pilot would be permitted to 
operate under proposed Sec.  61.316. Accordingly, the proposed 
requirement would provide persons exercising sport pilot privileges 
with a readily available means to determine whether a particular 
aircraft certificated as light-sport category aircraft qualifies for 
operation by a sport pilot.
    Additionally, since the proposal would permit the manufacturer to 
designate those types of aerial work that may be conducted using the 
aircraft, the statement of compliance would be required by proposed 
Sec.  21.190(d)(4) to specify any aerial work operations which the 
manufacturer has designated as being able to be safely conducted using 
the aircraft. Inclusion of this information in the statement of 
compliance provides the owner with a readily available source to 
determine which aerial work operations are authorized to be conducted 
in the aircraft. The list of aerial work operations that may be safely 
conducted using the aircraft should match those listed in the POH. 
Proposed Sec.  21.190(d)(4) would also assist in validating that the 
appropriate ground and flight testing of the aircraft has been 
conducted in accordance with proposed Sec.  22.195(d) to determine that 
the aircraft can safely conduct those authorized aerial work operations 
in accordance with the instructions and limitations provided.
    Proposed Sec.  21.190(d)(5) would require the statement of 
compliance to indicate whether the aircraft meets the requirements for 
aircraft having simplified flight controls (see preamble for proposed 
Sec.  22.180). This proposal would permit manufacturers to designate 
aircraft certificated as light-sport category aircraft as having 
simplified flight controls if the applicable requirements are met. The 
proposed requirement would provide pilots with a readily available 
means to determine whether a particular aircraft can be operated by a 
pilot authorized to exercise privileges in an aircraft having such 
controls.
    Proposed Sec.  21.190(d)(6) would retain the current requirement 
that the statement of compliance specify the consensus standards used 
by the manufacturer; however, it would include a reference to proposed 
subpart B of part 22, which would contain the

[[Page 47679]]

applicable design, production, and airworthiness requirements for which 
the consensus standards would serve as a means of compliance.
    A manufacturer would need to identify each consensus standard used 
for the certification of the aircraft on FAA Form 8130-15, Light-Sport 
Aircraft Statement of Compliance. The FAA notes that consensus 
standards organizations typically publish a first issue or specific 
revision to a consensus standard before acceptance by the FAA. A 
consensus standard must be accepted by the FAA before it may be used 
for the certification of a light-sport category aircraft. Additionally, 
only those FAA-accepted consensus standards effective on the aircraft's 
date of manufacture are acceptable for use in its original 
airworthiness certification.
    Current Sec.  21.190(c)(4) requires the manufacturer to make 
available to any interested person the following documents that meet 
the identified consensus standard: the aircraft's operating 
instructions, the aircraft's maintenance and inspection procedures, and 
the aircraft's flight training supplement. Proposed Sec.  21.190(d)(8) 
would require that the statement of compliance include a statement that 
the manufacturer will make available to any interested person the 
documents specified in Sec.  21.190(c) which consist of those documents 
required to be provided to the FAA for certification of the aircraft. 
In addition to the currently required documents, this proposal would 
require the manufacturers statement of compliance, a listing of any 
aerial work operations, and a statement that the aircraft has 
demonstrated compliance with noise requirements in part 36.
    By proposing to revise the scope of documents that would be 
provided to the FAA, the proposal would also make a wider range of 
documents available to interested persons. The FAA contends that 
broadening the scope of information required to be made available would 
better assist current and prospective owners, operators, and 
maintenance personnel in safely operating and maintaining the aircraft. 
Additionally, it would be particularly beneficial to prospective 
purchasers of these aircraft by enhancing their understanding of the 
aircraft's operation, limitations, and maintenance and inspection 
procedures before purchase.
    Proposed Sec.  21.190(d)(10) would revise the requirements found in 
current Sec.  21.190(c)(5), which requires a statement that the 
manufacturer will monitor and correct safety-of-flight issues through 
the issuance of safety directives and a continued airworthiness system 
that meets the identified consensus standard. The proposed Sec.  
21.190(d)(9) would specifically require the statement of compliance to 
include a statement that the manufacturer will support the aircraft by 
implementing and maintaining a documented continued operational safety 
program that monitors and resolves in-service safety of flight issues, 
includes provisions for the issuance of safety directives, and includes 
a process for notifying the FAA and all owners before discontinuance of 
its continued operational safety program or any transfer to another 
responsible party for that continued operational safety program.
    The FAA considers the implementation of strong continued 
operational safety programs by aircraft manufacturers essential to 
maintaining the safety of light-sport category aircraft. The proposed 
revisions to the statement of compliance per proposed Sec.  
21.190(d)(9) would serve to demonstrate the commitment of manufacturers 
to establish and maintain a comprehensive continued operational safety 
programs for their products. Well-documented continued operational 
safety programs would permit manufacturers to effectively monitor and 
resolve in-service safety of flight issues. When such issues arise, 
manufacturers may take appropriate action to resolve those issues. Such 
action could include, but not be limited to, the issuance of safety 
directives to address unsafe conditions for their products. As 
discussed later in this preamble, the FAA anticipates that 
manufacturers would still issue safety directives when necessary to 
resolve a safety of flight condition per Sec.  21.190(d)(9).\40\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ ASTM F3198, ``Standard Specification for Light Sport 
Aircraft Manufacturer's Continued Operational Safety (COS) 
Program,'' directs the aircraft manufacturer to issue safety 
directives to correct safety of flight conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Proposed Sec.  21.190(d)(9)(iii) would require a manufacturer to 
promptly notify owners of aircraft it manufactured of any safety issues 
so that safety-critical information can be rapidly disseminated. The 
proposal would require the statement of compliance to include a 
statement from the manufacturer that its continued operational safety 
program would include a process for notifying the FAA and all owners of 
all safety of flight issues associated with the aircraft. Notification 
to both the FAA and owners would increase awareness of potential safety 
issues and better enable the FAA to carry out its oversight 
responsibilities, including the issuance of airworthiness directives, 
of this emerging segment of the aviation industry. The proposal would 
facilitate increased communication of safety of flight issues to the 
community, and better enable subsequent owners and operators to become 
aware of, and take appropriate corrective actions to address, safety of 
flight issues.
    Similarly, this proposal would require a manufacturer to provide 
notice, in advance, to the FAA and all aircraft owners of continued 
operational safety program service provider changes or discontinuance. 
Such changes could result from a merger, purchase, an agreement to 
allow a third-party to manage the program, or the discontinuance of 
manufacturing operations. Advanced notification of these changes would 
provide notice to the FAA and to the owners and operators of affected 
models. In the event of program cessation, this advanced notification 
would alert the FAA to the increased chance for potential unsafe 
conditions on the affected aircraft and the need to take prompt action 
to mitigate risks should the need arise. The FAA seeks comment 
regarding whether manufacturers who are discontinuing their continued 
operational safety program due to discontinuance of manufacturing 
operations should be required to send the design information regarding 
the affected aircraft to the FAA prior to discontinuing their continued 
operational safety program, so that the FAA can better issue 
airworthiness directives if an unsafe condition is discovered later.
    Under proposed Sec.  21.190(d)(10), the statement of compliance 
would continue to require a statement from the manufacturer that it 
will monitor and correct safety of flight issues with one important 
difference. The proposal would require the manufacturer to monitor and 
correct safety of flight issues through safety directives and a 
continued operational safety program that meets the specified consensus 
standard. This would replace the current requirement that the 
manufacturer monitor and correct through a continued airworthiness 
system. This proposed revision of ``continued airworthiness system'' to 
``continued operational safety program'' is intended to better align 
regulatory terminology with the terminology used in existing FAA-
accepted consensus standards. Continued operational safety programs 
established and maintained by manufacturers are designed to provide 
support throughout the service lives of their products. The program 
would

[[Page 47680]]

include, but not be limited to, processes and procedures to monitor the 
airworthiness of the fleet and prevent the occurrence of safety of 
flight issues, and the management and use of feedback processes to 
improve a product's design and production.
    Current Sec.  21.190(c)(6) requires a statement that, at the 
request of the FAA, the manufacturer will provide unrestricted access 
to its facilities. The FAA might require access to conduct oversight, 
audit compliance with applicable standards, take those actions 
necessary to verify unsafe conditions have been properly addressed, or 
respond to an aircraft accident or incident. Proposed Sec.  
21.190(d)(11) would revise this requirement to include a statement by 
the manufacturer that it will provide unrestricted access to all data 
necessary to determine compliance with the provisions of this section 
and other applicable requirements. By only specifying that a 
manufacturer will provide the FAA with access to its facilities, the 
current rule does not provide assurance that the FAA will be able to 
obtain access to the technical data. The proposal recognizes that 
obtaining access to only a manufacturer's facility may not be 
sufficient for the FAA to carry out its regulatory responsibilities and 
that access to data may be necessary to conduct oversight.
    Proposed Sec.  21.190(d)(12) would require the manufacturer's 
statement of compliance to include a statement that the manufacturer 
has established and maintains a quality assurance system that meets the 
requirements of Sec.  22.185. The specific requirements that a quality 
assurance system must meet and the need for aircraft certificated as 
light-sport category aircraft to be produced under a production quality 
assurance system are discussed in the section IV.D.16 of this proposed 
rule addressing proposed Sec.  22.185. By proposing that the 
manufacturer's statement of compliance contain a statement that the 
manufacturer has established and maintains such a system, the proposal 
further emphasizes the specific importance that the FAA attaches to 
producing light-sport category aircraft under a quality assurance 
system. Establishing and documenting a quality assurance system is 
critical in assuring that aircraft and aircraft kits meet applicable 
design, production, and airworthiness requirements and are manufactured 
and tested in accordance with identified consensus standards.
b. Creation of an Amended Statement of Compliance
    A light-sport category aircraft certificated before the effective 
date of this proposed rule would be able to continue to operate under 
the provisions of its airworthiness certificate. However, these 
aircraft would not be able to take advantage of the expanded 
capabilities in this proposed rule, to include conducting aerial work. 
Proposed Sec.  21.190(e) would contain special provisions for aircraft 
certificated as light-sport category aircraft before the effective date 
of the final rule that would enable these aircraft to conduct aerial 
work operations. The proposed Sec.  21.190(e) would permit the owner of 
an aircraft issued an airworthiness certificate in the light-sport 
category before the effective date of the final rule to submit an 
amended manufacturer's statement of compliance which would permit the 
conduct of certain aerial work operations designated by the 
manufacturer on the amended statement of compliance.
    To show the aircraft is eligible for an amended statement of 
compliance, the statement would need to identify the aircraft by make, 
model, serial number, and date of manufacture. The statement would also 
be required to be made by the original aircraft manufacturer, as the 
original manufacturer is the source of the design and compliance data 
used to make the original statement and determine whether the 
aircraft's design and construction can withstand the expected or known 
loads associated with the designated aerial work operation. Unlike 
type-certificated aircraft designs, the FAA does not engage in showing 
and finding activities using the aircraft manufacturer's design and 
compliance data for light-sport category aircraft and therefore cannot 
make any determinations on the appropriateness of specific aerial work 
operations, even those that may be benign in nature. If a manufacturer 
is unwilling or unable to submit an amended statement of compliance or 
provide the data to a third party, the aircraft will not be authorized 
to conduct aerial work operations. For an amended statement of 
compliance, the original manufacturer would be responsible for creating 
the document and listing those authorized aerial work operations.
    A light-sport category aircraft certificated before the effective 
date of this rule would not have to meet the proposed part 22 
requirements to obtain an amended statement of compliance. Instead, the 
statement would need to reference and reaffirm the statements made in 
the original manufacturer's statement of compliance and specify the 
particular consensus standards used to determine compliance. In doing 
so, the manufacturer would be reaffirming that the aircraft 
configuration still conforms to the manufacturer's design data and 
still complies with the original consensus standards, unless the 
aircraft was modified by the manufacturer or under the manufacturer's 
authorization. ASTM Standard F2972 requires the manufacturer to keep a 
permanent record of the documentation used to show compliance of each 
approved aircraft configuration produced to all applicable consensus 
standards and regulatory requirements in effect at the time of 
manufacture. The manufacturer would also be reaffirming that any safety 
of flight issues identified through the issuance of safety directives 
or a continued airworthiness system have been corrected by the 
manufacturer or in accordance with a manufacturer approved procedure. 
To make these reaffirmations, the aircraft and its maintenance records 
would need to be reviewed by the manufacturer so that it could 
determine that the aircraft continues to meet the consensus standards 
referenced in the original statement of compliance. The FAA notes that 
such action may be cost prohibitive: however, without the 
manufacturer's involvement in this process, any validation that the 
aircraft continues to meet the standards identified in the original 
manufacturer's statement of compliance would effectively not be 
possible. Validation could not occur without the manufacturer's data 
since the data supports compliance with the applicable consensus 
standards.
    Additionally, the statement of compliance would be required to 
state that the design and construction of the aircraft provides 
sufficient structural integrity to enable safe operation of the 
aircraft during the performance of the specified aerial work operations 
and that the aircraft is able to withstand any foreseeable flight and 
ground loads. The manufacturer could accomplish this task while 
simultaneously evaluating the aircraft to reaffirm compliance with the 
manufacturer's original statement of compliance. The FAA notes that to 
comply with this provision, manufacturers would use consensus standards 
for performing aerial work. The proposal would require the amended 
statement of compliance to identify the consensus standards the 
aircraft complies with. The FAA anticipates that industry members will

[[Page 47681]]

begin developing those standards after this proposal is published.
    The proposal would also require that the amended statement of 
compliance be accompanied by revisions to the aircraft's operating 
instructions to indicate those aerial work operations that may be 
safely conducted. It would also require applicable revisions be made to 
the aircraft's maintenance and inspection program and flight training 
supplement necessary to accomplish any aerial work operations. These 
revisions could include, for example, any necessary maintenance tasks 
or inspections in preparation for, or because of, aerial work 
operations. If an aerial work operation could be accomplished using 
standard operational procedures, the aircraft's operating instructions 
should state this for each aerial work operation for which use of those 
procedures is appropriate.
21. Removal of Light-Sport Marking Requirements
    Proposed revisions to part 45 would eliminate the requirement in 
Sec.  45.23(b) to mark light-sport category aircraft with ``light-
sport.'' This rule would not require owners to remove existing marks. 
However, aircraft owners would be allowed to remove the marks any time 
after the effective date of the final rule.
    The FAA originally imposed the ``light-sport'' marking requirement 
in the 2004 final rule to clearly identify aircraft certificated in the 
light-sport category. As the proposal would significantly expand the 
parameters of those aircraft that could be certificated in the light-
sport category, the proposal would eliminate the ``light-sport'' 
marking requirement. Previously, all aircraft certificated in the 
light-sport category could be operated by sport pilots and the marking 
readily identified those aircraft. As certain aircraft certificated in 
the light-sport category under the proposal may no longer meet the 
proposed eligibility requirements for operations by persons exercising 
sport pilot privileges, retaining the ``light-sport'' marking 
requirement would no longer serve the purpose of identifying those 
light-sport category aircraft that persons exercising sport pilot 
privileges could operate. As such, the FAA is concerned that retaining 
the ``light-sport'' marking requirement would be a source of confusion 
for persons exercising sport pilot privileges. As with other aircraft, 
a person exercising sport pilot privileges would need to evaluate an 
aircraft to determine whether the aircraft meets the parameters of 
those aircraft they are authorized to operate. In addition, information 
related to the aircraft certification category is included on the 
airworthiness certificate for each aircraft and is required per Sec.  
91.203(b) to be displayed at the cabin or cockpit entrance so that it 
is legible to passengers or crew.

E. Sport Pilot Certification and Privileges

    Part 61 of title 14 prescribes the requirements for pilot and 
flight instructor certificates and ratings.\41\ Pursuant to part 61, 
the FAA issues six grades of pilot certificates: student, sport, 
recreational, private, commercial, and airline transport pilot 
(ATP).\42\ These grades of pilot certificates require increasing levels 
of pilot experience, testing, and associated privileges. Additionally, 
the FAA issues flight instructor certificates under subpart H of part 
61 and flight instructor certificates with a sport pilot rating under 
subpart K of part 61.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ 14 CFR 61.1(a)(1).
    \42\ 14 CFR 61.5(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The sport pilot certificate differs from higher grades of pilot 
certificates because the FAA does not issue category and class ratings 
on a sport pilot certificate. Upon the successful completion of the 
practical test for a sport pilot certificate, the FAA issues the 
applicant a sport pilot certificate without any category and class 
ratings and provides the pilot with a logbook endorsement for the 
category and class of aircraft for which the pilot is authorized to act 
as PIC (i.e., the category and class of aircraft in which the practical 
test was conducted).\43\ To obtain privileges to operate an additional 
category or class of light-sport aircraft, the sport pilot must receive 
training and an endorsement from an authorized instructor for the 
additional privilege, pass a proficiency check from an authorized 
instructor (other than the instructor who trained them), and receive a 
logbook endorsement from the instructor who conducted the proficiency 
check.\44\ The logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who 
conducted the proficiency check certifies that the sport pilot is 
authorized for the additional category and class light-sport aircraft 
privilege.\45\An airmen application, known as FAA Form 8710-11, is also 
submitted to the FAA to document the addition of that new 
privilege.\46\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ 14 CFR 61.317.
    \44\ 14 CFR 61.321.
    \45\ 14 CFR 61.321(d).
    \46\ FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating 
Application Supplemental Information and Instructions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating under 
subpart K differs from the flight instructor certificate issued under 
subpart H because it has limited privileges compared to a subpart H 
flight instructor. For example, a flight instructor with a sport pilot 
rating may only provide training and endorsements that qualify 
applicants for sport pilot certificates and privileges.\47\ A flight 
instructor qualified under subpart H may provide training and 
endorsements to persons seeking a higher-grade of pilot certificate 
such as a recreational, private, or commercial pilot certificate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ 14 CFR 61.413, 61.415.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, a sport pilot may only operate an aircraft that meets 
the definition of light-sport aircraft in Sec.  1.1. As previously 
discussed, the FAA is proposing to remove the definition of light-sport 
aircraft from Sec.  1.1 and relocate the substantive requirements, with 
modifications, to Sec.  21.190. As a result, the FAA is proposing to 
establish a new regulation, in Sec.  61.316, that would prescribe 
performance and design limitations for the aircraft sport pilots can 
operate. Additionally, the FAA is proposing amendments that would 
modernize the sport pilot and sport pilot instructor regulations. These 
amendments would expand the types of aircraft a sport pilot may 
operate, expand sport pilot operational privileges, revise some testing 
requirements, and permit the use of FAA-qualified aviation training 
devices (ATD) and flight simulation training devices (FSTD) for sport 
pilot training credit. Additionally, the FAA proposes training and 
instructor endorsement requirements for persons seeking to operate 
aircraft with simplified flight control designations to ensure the safe 
operation of these new aircraft. These proposals are discussed in 
greater detail in the following subsections.
1. Sport Pilot Seating Limitation
    Currently, by definition in Sec.  1.1, a light-sport aircraft has a 
maximum seating capacity of no more than two persons, including the 
pilot. Thus, sport pilots are limited to operating aircraft with two 
seats. Sport pilots are also limited under Sec.  61.315(c)(4) to 
carrying one passenger. The FAA is proposing to increase the maximum 
seat capacity for airplanes that a sport pilot can operate to four 
seats but would retain the operational limitation for sport pilots that 
limits them to carrying a single passenger.
    In considering whether to expand this two-seat limitation, the FAA 
reviewed the privileges and limitations that apply to recreational 
pilots, which are

[[Page 47682]]

contained in Sec.  61.101, because a recreational pilot certificate is 
the next higher grade of pilot certificate and has very similar 
operating limitations to sport pilots. Currently, Sec.  61.101(e)(1)(i) 
contains a general limitation that prohibits a recreational pilot from 
acting as PIC of an aircraft that is certificated for more than four 
occupants. The FAA adopted this requirement in 1989.\48\ In the final 
rule that adopted the four-seat limitation for recreational pilots, the 
FAA determined that limiting recreational pilots to two-seat aircraft 
was unnecessarily restrictive notwithstanding that a recreational 
pilot, like a sport pilot, is limited to carrying a single 
passenger.\49\ The FAA explained that the two-seat limitation was based 
on the premise that a recreational pilot certificate is intended for 
recreational purposes rather than transportation.\50\ However, there 
are many basic aircraft with seating capacities of four seats and these 
general aviation aircraft are often used for student training or 
recreational flying.\51\ At the time of the 1989 final rule, the FAA 
received overwhelming support for the four-seat occupancy limitation 
for recreational pilots.\52\ Since then the NTSB has only recorded 49 
accidents with a recreational pilot acting as PIC and only six of those 
accidents involved a fatality over a 30-year period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ Certification of Recreational Pilots and Annual Flight 
Review Requirements for Recreational Pilots and Non-Instrument-Rated 
Private Pilots with Fewer than 400 Flight Hours, Final Rule, 54 FR 
13028 (Mar. 29, 1989).
    \49\ 14 CFR 61.101(a)(1).
    \50\ Id.
    \51\ The FAA also recognizes that primary category aircraft 
certificated under Sec.  21.24(a)(1) have a maximum seating capacity 
of not more than four persons, including the pilot. These aircraft 
are also purposed for personal use and recreation and use for flight 
training. The aircraft certification regulations and the associated 
operating limitations for primary category aircraft are similar but 
more restrictive (i.e., have higher standards) than the Sec.  21.190 
consensus standards certification process for light-sport aircraft.
    \52\ As stated in the 1989 final rule, approximately 100 
commenters supported the proposal to expand occupancy limitations 
from two-seats to four-seats. 54 FR 13031.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, like recreational pilot certificates, the two-seat 
limitation for sport pilots is consistent with the premise that a sport 
pilot certificate is used for recreational purposes and not for 
carrying persons or property for compensation or hire. However, 
airplanes with seating capacities of four seats are often used for 
flight training and recreational flying while carrying only one 
passenger.
    The FAA contends that the skill necessary to operate two seat 
airplanes versus four seat airplanes does not appreciably differ due to 
the similarity in design, weight and operational capabilities. Also, to 
determine whether expanding the two-seat limitation to four seats would 
adversely affect the safety of sport pilot operations, the FAA 
evaluated the training and testing requirements for recreational pilot 
certificates and compared those with the requirements for sport pilot 
certificates. In this comparison, the FAA determined that sport pilots 
are largely trained and tested to the same standards as recreational 
pilots.\53\ Specifically, based on the Practical Test Standards (PTS) 
for sport pilots and for recreational pilots, the FAA finds that the 
knowledge and skills that a sport pilot must demonstrate on a practical 
test are virtually identical to the knowledge and skills that a 
recreational pilot must demonstrate on a practical test. Considering 
these testing similarities and that recreational pilots have been 
safely operating four-seat airplanes with only one passenger since 
1989, the FAA finds that permitting sport pilots to operate airplanes 
with four seats would not adversely affect safety. Furthermore, based 
on an evaluation of the tasks a person must demonstrate to obtain a 
sport pilot certificate and the similar aircraft characteristics of a 
two-seat airplane and a four-seat airplane (e.g., design, weight, and 
operational capabilities), the FAA finds that the minimum pilot skills 
that are currently required for sport pilots to operate an airplane 
with two seats are commensurate with the skills required to operate a 
four-seat airplane.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ See Sport Pilot PTS for Airplane, Gyroplane, Glider, and 
Flight Instructor (FAA-S-8081-29 with Change 3) and Recreational 
Pilot PTS for Airplane, Rotorcraft/Helicopter, and Rotorcraft/
Gyroplane (FAA-S-8081-3A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA recognizes that there may be airplanes that meet all 
elements of proposed light-sport category aircraft certification (e.g., 
those characteristics set forth by proposed Sec.  22.100, except 
proposed paragraph (a)(2)) that have a maximum seating capacity of more 
than four seats. In this proposal, the FAA declines to expand sport 
pilot privileges as applicable to those airplanes with more than four 
seats. First, the FAA notes that part 61 provides different grades of 
pilot certificate. With each higher grade of pilot certificate comes 
expanded privileges. Considering this regulatory framework and the 
privileges provided to recreational pilots and private pilots, the FAA 
finds that it would be inappropriate to permit a sport pilot to operate 
an airplane with more than four seats. Doing so would provide a sport 
pilot with a greater operational privilege than a recreational pilot, 
which is a higher grade of pilot certificate than the sport pilot 
certificate. In other words, doing so would permit a sport pilot to be 
afforded a privilege that is reserved for a private pilot certificate 
holder without requiring the sport pilot to receive the additional 
training and experience that a private pilot applicant must receive and 
without requiring the sport pilot to be tested to same standards as a 
private pilot applicant.
    The FAA expects that, without a maximum seating capacity set forth 
in the proposed regulation, the other proposed aircraft limitations in 
Sec.  61.316 would indirectly prevent aircraft that sport pilots may 
fly from having more than four seats. The FAA recognizes; however, that 
it might be possible that some airplanes to have more than four seats 
and still meet the proposed aircraft limitations. As a general matter, 
airplanes with more than four seats become larger and more complex and 
require increasing pilot skills to operate safely. The FAA finds that 
permitting sport pilots to operate an airplane with more than four 
seats would introduce an unacceptable increase in risk to operations in 
the national airspace system (NAS). An airplane with 5, 6, or 7 seats 
would have a longer fuselage, a significant increase in weight, and 
need for a more powerful powerplant compared to a two- or four-seat 
airplane. As a result, the control pressures to operate the airplane 
would be greater and increase workload on the pilot. Additionally, the 
larger powerplants would create significantly more torque and affect 
directional control of the airplane. For example, increased torque 
would impose increased demand on the pilot to maintain directional 
control during the takeoff and climb. Upon evaluating the 
characteristics of larger airplanes that have more than four seats, the 
FAA finds that those larger airplanes have significantly different 
handling characteristics than an airplane with just two- or four-seats. 
Those different handling characteristics require more demanding 
operational skills than those skills required to operate a two- or 
four-seat airplane. The FAA finds that the skills required to safely 
operate an airplane that has more than four seats require a higher 
grade of pilot certificate that includes additional experience, 
training, and testing that is greater than what a sport pilot is 
required to accomplish. For these reasons, the FAA is proposing a four-
seat limitation for the airplanes that a sport pilot seeks to operate. 
Accordingly, the FAA is proposing a limitation in Sec.  61.316(c) that 
would permit sport pilots to operate

[[Page 47683]]

airplanes with a maximum seating capacity of four persons. However, the 
FAA proposes to retain the current operational limitation for sport 
pilots to carry no more than one passenger in any aircraft that a sport 
pilot can operate. The FAA finds that this limitation is consistent 
with sport pilot operations today and with the use of the FAA's safety 
continuum, which the FAA uses to assess risk.
2. Directional Control and Controlled Descent of Powered Aircraft
    Currently, the light-sport aircraft definition does not expressly 
require an aircraft to have the capability to maintain directional 
control and a controlled descent in the event of a powerplant failure. 
The omission of this requirement in the regulations does not present a 
safety concern at this time because this control requirement is 
inherent in airplane manufacture and design and the light-sport 
aircraft definition excludes helicopters and powered-lift. For example, 
airplanes have the ability to maintain directional control and a 
controlled descent in the event of a partial or total powerplant 
failure. Given the aerodynamics, a pilot can normally glide the 
airplane to a safe landing if the powerplant stops functioning.
    As discussed in section IV.E.8 of this preamble, the FAA is 
proposing to permit sport pilots to operate certain kinds of 
helicopters. However, the ability to maintain directional control and a 
controlled descent in the event of a powerplant failure is not inherent 
in all new helicopter designs (specifically multicopters). Some new 
helicopters may not possess the ability to autorotate to a safe landing 
in the event of a powerplant failure.
    To fit the construct of the FAA safety continuum, as well as the 
expectation for the use of new aircraft that can be safely operated by 
sport pilots, the FAA has determined that any aircraft (except balloons 
and airships) that a sport pilot operates must have the capability to 
establish a controlled descent and directional control in the event of 
a partial or complete power plant failure. Therefore, the FAA proposes 
in Sec.  61.316(h) that a person with a sport pilot certificate may 
only act as PIC for those powered aircraft (which could include 
multicopters) whereby the loss of partial power would not adversely 
affect the directional control of the aircraft. Specifically, Sec.  
61.316 describes the sport pilot aircraft performance limitations and 
would require in proposed paragraph (h) that powered aircraft must 
provide the pilot an ability to maintain directional control and 
controlled descent in the event of a powerplant failure. As proposed, 
if the aircraft does not possess these capabilities (excluding balloons 
and airships), a sport pilot would not be able to act as PIC of the 
aircraft. This requirement would ensure that any aircraft a sport pilot 
operates is simple to control in the event of a powerplant failure, 
consistent with the aircraft that sport pilots are currently permitted 
to operate. Therefore, while the FAA proposes to expand the types of 
aircraft that sport pilots may operate, the FAA intends to permit sport 
pilots to operate only those aircraft that would require skills 
commensurate with the skills of a sport pilot today.
    Notably, despite the implicit inclusion of this feature for 
airplanes, the FAA is not proposing to limit this requirement to 
helicopters. The FAA reasons that manufacturers may contemplate future 
airplane or other aircraft designs that do not include an inherent 
aerodynamic ability for the pilot to maintain directional control and a 
controlled descent in the event of a powerplant failure. The FAA 
proposes to impose this requirement for all powered aircraft that a 
sport pilot may seek to operate as PIC so advancements in airplane 
technology would include this feature. This requirement would 
appropriately mitigate the risk to persons both on board the aircraft 
and on the ground that may be impacted by a powerplant failure 
emergency.
3. Sport Pilot Operational Privileges
    Section 61.315 currently specifies the privileges and limitations 
of a sport pilot certificate. Currently, under Sec.  61.315(c)(5), 
sport pilots are prohibited from conducting night operations. Also, the 
Sec.  1.1 light-sport aircraft definition currently prohibits sport 
pilots from operating aircraft equipped with retractable landing gear 
(except for amphibious aircraft and gliders) and aircraft with a 
controllable pitch propeller. However, the FAA contends that, with the 
completion of additional training and obtaining a flight instructor 
qualifying endorsement, sport pilots can safely conduct these types of 
flight operations. Therefore, the FAA is proposing to add an exception 
to Sec.  61.315(c)(5) that would permit a sport pilot to conduct night 
operations if the sport pilot meets certain training, endorsement, and 
experience requirements, which the FAA is proposing in new Sec.  
61.329. These provisions are discussed in greater detail in the next 
section. Likewise, the FAA is proposing to add a new provision, in 
Sec.  61.315(c)(20), that would prohibit sport pilots from acting as 
PIC of an airplane with a retractable landing gear or a controllable 
pitch propeller unless a sport pilot meets the training and endorsement 
requirements proposed in Sec.  61.331.
    Specifically, the FAA currently uses additional training and 
instructor endorsements to enable certain flight operations, including 
the operation of complex, high altitude, and tailwheel airplanes.\54\ 
These instructor endorsements are used today and are a proven method to 
validate pilot proficiency and qualifications. The following sections 
discuss these proposals in greater detail.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ See Sec.  61.31(e), (f), (g), and (i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Night Operations
    As previously discussed, sport pilots are currently prohibited from 
conducting night operations. Section 1.1 defines ``night'' as the time 
between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning 
civil twilight, as published in the Air Almanac, converted to local 
time. In support of the proposal to permit sport pilots to conduct 
night operations, the FAA acknowledges that many states in the U.S. 
have reduced daylight hours during the winter months. During those days 
with reduced daylight, sport pilots may be under pressure to complete a 
flight even after sunset due to weather or delays from unexpected 
events. A sport pilot who conducts an operation at night, as defined in 
Sec.  1.1, is in non-compliance with the current prohibition in Sec.  
61.315(c)(5). The FAA emphasizes that non-compliance with the FAA's 
regulations is unacceptable and subject to compliance or enforcement 
action. The FAA recognizes, however, that the reduced daylight hours in 
many northern states may result in sport pilots experiencing pressure 
to conduct flights before night. Due to unforeseen circumstances, these 
flights may become marginally non-compliant as they near the end of 
evening civil twilight. Because a sport pilot is not currently required 
to receive training for operating at night, any sport pilot operations 
that occur after the end of evening civil twilight create a safety 
risk. To mitigate that risk, the FAA proposes to permit sport pilots to 
qualify to operate at night by meeting certain training and experience 
requirements and by obtaining an endorsement from an authorized 
instructor. The FAA finds that, with this added training, the window of 
time during which sport pilots may conduct operations would be expanded 
thereby promoting better aeronautical decision-making by reducing the 
pressure on sport pilots to

[[Page 47684]]

conduct flights within a certain period of time.
    Specifically, to validate that sport pilots possess the necessary 
skill to safely navigate at night, the FAA proposes the following risk-
mitigation training requirements in new Sec.  61.329. Under proposed 
Sec.  61.329(a) a sport pilot must receive at least three hours of 
flight training at night from an authorized instructor and receive a 
logbook endorsement certifying that they are proficient in the 
operation of the aircraft at night. In addition, proposed Sec.  
61.329(b) requires that the sport pilot conduct at least one cross-
country night flight, with a landing at an airport of at least 25 
nautical miles from the departure airport, except for powered 
parachutes. Proposed Sec.  61.329(c) would require the sport pilot to 
accomplish at least ten takeoffs and landings at night with an 
authorized instructor. Proposed Sec.  61.329(d) would also set forth 
certain medical requirements: the PIC must either hold a medical 
certificate issued under part 67, subpart D, Third-Class Airman Medical 
Certificate, or meet the requirements of Sec.  61.23(c)(3) as long as 
the person holds a valid U.S. driver's license. Additionally, the 
operation would be required to be conducted consistent with Sec.  
61.113(i). If there is any conflict between Sec.  61.113(i) and 
proposed Sec.  61.315(d)(4), then proposed Sec.  61.315(d)(4) would 
take precedence.
    A sport pilot may receive the night training and endorsement 
specified in Sec.  61.329 from a person who holds either a flight 
instructor certificate issued under subpart H of part 61 or a flight 
instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating. However, before a 
flight instructor with a sport pilot rating may provide the night 
training and endorsement to a sport pilot seeking night privileges, the 
flight instructor must first receive the training and endorsement 
themselves. The FAA is, therefore, proposing to amend Sec.  61.415, 
which prescribes the limits of a flight instructor certificate with a 
sport pilot rating, by adding new paragraph (n) to state that a flight 
instructor with a sport pilot rating may not provide training in an 
aircraft at night unless they have completed the night training and 
endorsement requirements specified in proposed Sec.  61.329. The FAA 
notes that, upon publication of the final rule, there would be no sport 
pilot instructors who satisfy the new night training and endorsement 
requirements of Sec.  61.329. Thus, as an initial matter, sport pilot 
instructors would receive the night training and endorsement from a 
subpart H flight instructor.
    The FAA notes that the requirements in proposed Sec.  61.329 
largely mirror those required of private pilots who conduct operations 
at night as set forth by Sec.  61.109, as well as current sport pilot 
experience requirements under Sec.  61.313. The FAA recognizes that 
these training requirements are appropriate for private pilots to 
obtain the knowledge and skills necessary to conduct night operations 
safely and reasons that a sport pilot should conduct the same night 
training requirements before acting as PIC at night. After this 
training has been completed, the sport pilot would receive the 
endorsement from the authorized instructor, at which point they would 
be able to conduct night operations.
    Currently, Sec.  61.315(c)(5) explicitly restricts a sport pilot 
from acting as PIC at night. Therefore, as previously stated, the FAA 
proposes to amend Sec.  61.315(c)(5) by adding an exception for sport 
pilots who seek privileges to operate an aircraft at night. Amended 
Sec.  61.315(c)(5) would restrict night operations, except as provided 
in proposed Sec.  61.329, which would contain the night operation 
training, experience and endorsement requirements. The FAA notes that a 
sport pilot seeking to act as PIC of an aircraft carrying a passenger 
at night would be required to satisfy the recent flight experience 
requirements in current Sec.  61.57(b).\55\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \55\ Section 61.57(b)(1) states that, except as provided in 
Sec.  61.57(e), no person may act as PIC of an aircraft carrying 
passengers during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and 
ending 1 hour before sunrise, unless within the preceding 90 days 
that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a 
full stop during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 
1 hour before sunrise, and (i) that person acted as sole manipulator 
of the flight controls, and (ii) the required takeoffs and landings 
were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type 
(if a type rating is required).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Airplanes With a Controllable Pitch Propeller or Aircraft With a 
Retractable Landing Gear
    The FAA proposes to allow sport pilots to operate an airplane with 
a controllable pitch propeller or an aircraft equipped with retractable 
landing gear. The FAA contends that, similar to obtaining the 
privileges to conduct night operations, additional training and flight 
instructor endorsements would adequately qualify sport pilots to 
operate these aircraft safely. Assumptions made in the 2004 final rule 
suggesting that allowing a retractable landing gear would add 
unnecessary complexity and would not provide a safety benefit 
conflicted with other allowable privileges.\56\ Subsequent amendments 
were made to the light-sport aircraft definition to permit retractable 
landing gear for amphibious light-sport airplanes and gliders.\57\ The 
FAA contends that additional training and endorsements would allow 
sport pilots to operate airplanes with a controllable pitch propeller 
or aircraft with retractable landing gear even when not intended for 
water operations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ See e.g., 69 FR 44800 (``The FAA reiterates its original 
position that for aircraft other than gliders, retractable landing 
gear is inconsistent with the simplicity of the light-sport 
aircraft, and the training requirements for the sport pilot.'').
    \57\ 72 FR 19661.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, there is a population of sport pilot certificate holders 
who have never been permitted to operate an airplane with a 
controllable pitch propeller or an aircraft with retractable landing 
gear. The FAA finds that permitting these sport pilots to operate 
aircraft with these new capabilities without first receiving training 
would introduce an unacceptable safety risk to the NAS. To mitigate 
this risk, the FAA proposes to require the sport pilot to receive 
training and an endorsement from an authorized instructor validating 
proficiency. The FAA finds that requiring training in the operation of 
an airplane with a controllable pitch propeller or an aircraft with 
retractable landing gear would allow the sport pilot to become 
proficient with the use of these specific designs and capabilities 
before acting as PIC in the aircraft. Additionally, requiring the sport 
pilot to receive an endorsement from an authorized instructor 
certifying that the sport pilot is proficient in the operation of the 
aircraft that contains either a controllable pitch propeller or 
retractable landing gear would provide assurance that the pilot has 
acquired the skills necessary to operate those aircraft safely.
    To enable sport pilots to operate airplanes with a controllable 
pitch propeller or aircraft with a retractable landing gear safely, the 
FAA finds it necessary to propose several new provisions. First, the 
FAA is proposing to amend current Sec.  61.315, which contains the 
operational limitations of a sport pilot certificate, by adding new 
paragraph (c)(20). Proposed Sec.  61.315(c)(20) would prohibit a sport 
pilot from operating an airplane with a controllable pitch propeller or 
an aircraft with retractable landing gear unless the sport pilot meets 
the requirements specified in proposed Sec.  61.331. The FAA proposes 
to place the aforementioned training and endorsement requirements in 
new Sec.  61.331. Additionally, because

[[Page 47685]]

controllable pitch propellers and retractable landing gear are design 
characteristics of an aircraft and the FAA would permit sport pilots to 
operate aircraft with those characteristics only if certain conditions 
are met, the FAA finds it necessary to carry those characteristics over 
to newly proposed Sec.  61.316. Specifically, the FAA proposes in Sec.  
61.316(b) to permit a sport pilot to act as PIC of an aircraft that, 
since its original certification, has retractable landing gear or a 
controllable pitch propeller if the sport pilot meets the training and 
endorsement requirements specified in proposed Sec.  61.331.
    With respect to the training and endorsement requirements in 
proposed Sec.  61.331, the FAA recognizes that a controllable pitch 
propeller and retractable landing gear are features of a complex 
airplane. Section 61.1 defines complex airplane to mean an airplane 
that has retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch 
propeller. Notably, however, airplanes may contain only one of these 
three features (e.g., only a controllable pitch propeller or only 
retractable landing gear). For the reasons explained above, the FAA 
finds it necessary to require sport pilots to receive training and an 
endorsement from an authorized instructor for the operation of an 
airplane that has only one of these features. It is possible, however, 
for a sport pilot to receive training and an endorsement from an 
authorized instructor in a complex airplane pursuant to Sec.  61.31(e). 
In this event, the FAA finds that the endorsement certifying that the 
pilot is proficient in the operation of a complex airplane should also 
count towards the endorsement that is proposed in Sec.  61.331 for an 
airplane that has only a controllable pitch propeller or an aircraft 
that has only retractable landing gear. Therefore, the FAA proposes 
rule language in Sec.  61.331(a)(1) and (b)(1) to ensure that a sport 
pilot who has received the endorsement required under Sec.  61.31(e) 
would not be required to receive a duplicative endorsement under 
proposed Sec.  61.331.
    The FAA notes that it is not proposing a minimum number of hours of 
training, similar to the lack of mandated training hours required in 
Sec.  61.31(e) for the operation of a complex airplane.\58\ Rather, the 
authorized instructor is tasked with determining the appropriate amount 
of training required, to culminate in the authorized instructor 
attesting to proficiency with an endorsement. The FAA has permitted 
training and instructor endorsements for all other grades of pilot 
certificate for these same privileges, including student pilots, and 
contends that this is also appropriate for sport pilots.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ Section 61.1 defines complex airplanes. Section 61.31(e) 
specifies the training and endorsement requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, consistent with the FAA's proposed amendment to 
current Sec.  61.415 to address the night training and endorsement for 
sport pilot instructors, the FAA finds it necessary to amend Sec.  
61.415 by adding proposed (l), which would require a sport pilot 
instructor to receive training and an endorsement in an airplane with a 
controllable pitch propeller or an aircraft with retractable landing 
gear, as appropriate, before providing flight training to a sport pilot 
in an aircraft with one of those features.
6. Model-Specific Endorsement for Aircraft Certificated With a 
Simplified Flight Controls Designation (Sec. Sec.  61.9, 61.31, 61.415, 
and 61.429)
    As discussed in section IV.E.6 of this preamble, the FAA is 
proposing to establish a simplified flight controls designation in 
proposed Sec.  22.180. Aircraft with a simplified flight controls 
design and designation would not have traditional flight controls 
available to the pilot. Currently, the FAA does not have a regulatory 
mechanism to require flight training and an instructor endorsement to 
validate proficiency for pilots seeking to operate aircraft 
certificated with a simplified flight controls designation.
    The FAA recognizes that simplified flight control designs will vary 
from one aircraft to another (i.e., model to model). As such, piloting 
would not involve the commonality of experience that exists in aircraft 
with traditional flight controls.\59\ Therefore, it is important that a 
pilot be qualified and validate competency for each simplified flight 
control make and model \60\ of aircraft to validate competency in that 
unique design.\61\ Furthermore, aircraft with simplified flight control 
designations may be operated by pilots other than sport pilots, 
resulting in the same safety concerns for pilots with higher grades of 
pilot certificates. Therefore, any qualification requirements to 
address the simplified flight control systems must apply broadly to 
persons who hold pilot certificates issued under part 61. Thus, the FAA 
proposes this qualification for simplified flight controls be attained 
by a training and endorsement and, in some cases, a practical test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ Unlike aircraft with simplified flight controls 
designation, there is commonality with traditional flight control 
systems. For example, airplanes have a control yoke, rudder pedals, 
trim, and a throttle. Helicopters have a cyclic, collective, 
throttle and anti-torque pedals.
    \60\ The FAA proposes to use the terms ``make and model'' in 
Sec.  61.31(l) consistent with the manner in which they are used 
throughout part 61. Therefore, as a general matter, ``make'' refers 
to the manufacturer of the aircraft (e.g., Cessna, Piper, Cirrus, 
etc.). ``Model'' refers to the specific aircraft model (e.g., C152, 
C172, PA28-112, SR20, etc.).
    \61\ This is similar to the current requirement for student 
pilots to receive a model-specific endorsement under Sec.  61.87(n) 
before conducting PIC operations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This section describes the requirements for pilots to act as PIC of 
an aircraft with a simplified flight controls designation. Section 
IV.E.7 further describes scenarios pertaining to practical tests where 
(1) a person seeks a pilot certificate in an aircraft with simplified 
flight controls, (2) a person has a pilot certificate with a simplified 
flight controls model-specific limitation and seeks to operate another 
model of aircraft category and class with a simplified flight controls 
designation, and (3) a person has a pilot certificate not limited to 
simplified flight controls (i.e., the person can act as PIC of an 
aircraft with traditional flight controls) but seeks to obtain 
privileges to act as PIC of a make and model with a simplified flight 
controls designation.
    Due to the differing characteristics, as previously discussed, the 
FAA finds that additional training specific to the particular make and 
model of aircraft with a simplified flight controls designation is 
necessary to ensure a pilot is sufficiently proficient in the operation 
of that aircraft. Therefore, the FAA proposes to amend Sec.  61.31 by 
adding new paragraph (l) to contain the qualification requirements for 
persons seeking to act as PIC of any aircraft with a simplified flight 
control designation. Specifically, proposed Sec.  61.31(l)(1) would 
require pilots seeking to act as PIC of aircraft certificated with a 
simplified flight controls designation to obtain model-specific 
training in that aircraft from an authorized instructor. Additionally, 
proposed Sec.  61.31(l)(2) would require the pilot to receive a logbook 
endorsement from an authorized instructor who has found the pilot 
proficient in the safe operation of that model-specific aircraft and 
the associated simplified flight control system. The FAA's proposal 
would permit any certificated pilot, regardless of certificate level, 
who holds the appropriate category and class to operate a simplified 
flight control-designated aircraft only after receiving the model-
specific training and endorsement from an authorized flight instructor 
specific to the safe operation of each simplified flight control 
designated aircraft.

[[Page 47686]]

    The authorized instructor in proposed Sec.  61.31(l) may be a 
subpart H instructor or a sport pilot instructor. Before an instructor 
may provide flight training in an aircraft with a simplified flight 
controls designation, the instructor would be required to first receive 
the model-specific training and the accompanying endorsement to 
validate that the instructor is proficient in the safe operation of the 
aircraft. Because this would be a limitation in the sport pilot 
instructor logbook until the sport pilot instructor meets certain 
conditions, the FAA is proposing to amend current Sec.  61.415 by 
adding new paragraph (m). Proposed Sec.  61.415(m) would expressly 
limit the sport pilot instructor from providing training in an aircraft 
with simplified flight controls design and designation unless the sport 
pilot has received the model-specific training and endorsement required 
under proposed Sec.  61.31(l). Additionally, the FAA is proposing an 
amendment to current Sec.  61.429, which contains the requirements for 
a subpart H instructor seeking to exercise the privileges of a flight 
instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating. Specifically, the FAA 
is proposing to add new paragraph (d) to current Sec.  61.429 to state 
that a subpart H instructor seeking to exercise the privileges of their 
flight instructor certificate in a model-specific aircraft that has a 
simplified flight controls designation must meet the training and 
endorsement requirements specified in proposed Sec.  61.31(l) before 
providing any flight training in the aircraft.
    Initially, there would be no flight instructors who are qualified 
to provide flight training in an aircraft that has a simplified flight 
controls designation because the training and endorsement requirements 
in proposed Sec.  61.31(l) are new. Thus, no one has yet received the 
training or endorsement necessary to act as PIC. The FAA is proposing 
to add new paragraph (m) to current Sec.  61.195 to address this issue. 
The FAA intends for proposed Sec.  61.195(m) to provide the initial 
cadre of flight instructors with an alternative to the training and 
endorsement requirements in proposed Sec.  61.31(l) to enable industry 
to build the initial cadre of flight instructors who could provide the 
training and endorsement for aircraft with simplified flight control 
designations.
    Specifically, proposed Sec.  61.195(m) would permit instructor 
pilots that work with the manufacturer of aircraft with the simplified 
flight controls designation to provide training and endorsements to the 
initial cadre of authorized instructors and pilot examiners. This 
proposed provision would allow for the initial operation of aircraft 
with the simplified flight controls designation during and after the 
aircraft certification process for these new aircraft. An instructor 
pilot at the manufacturer for the aircraft would be one of the only 
individuals with significant experience operating the model-specific 
aircraft with simplified flight controls. Additionally, the instructor 
pilots are generally tasked with developing and validating training for 
the aircraft for the manufacturer. The FAA finds that the duties of an 
instructor pilot establish intricate knowledge of the aircraft's 
systems and components. The FAA has determined that it would be 
beneficial to leverage the experience these instructor pilots have to 
create the initial cadre of authorized instructors who may provide 
training under proposed Sec.  61.31(l).
    To mitigate any safety risk that may result from allowing an 
instructor pilot to provide training in a model-specific aircraft, the 
FAA has decided to narrowly confine the training population to include 
only subpart H instructors. Thus, the FAA is proposing the provisions 
as a limitation to the flight instructor certificate pursuant to Sec.  
61.195 and not to sport pilot instructors. Because an instructor pilot 
would have significant experience in the model-specific aircraft and 
the training population would be narrowly confined, the FAA finds that 
proposed Sec.  61.195(m) would not adversely affect safety.
    In developing this proposal, the FAA recognized that any 
aeronautical experience obtained in an aircraft with a simplified 
flight controls designation would not be equal to the aeronautical 
experience obtained piloting aircraft with traditional flight controls. 
However, because aircraft with simplified flight controls designation 
would fall within the same category and class of aircraft as aircraft 
with traditional flight controls, pilots could seek to build flight 
time for higher certificates and ratings in much more simplistic 
aircraft. The FAA finds that aeronautical experience in aircraft with 
simplified flight controls designations would diminish the aeronautical 
experience in aircraft with traditional flight controls that is 
necessary to reinforce piloting skills in traditionally equipped 
aircraft. With that understanding, the FAA is proposing that any pilot 
time acquired while operating an airplane or helicopter with a 
simplified flight controls design and designation may not be used to 
satisfy certain pilot-in-command flight time requirements for a higher-
grade certificate. Those pilot time experience limitations can be found 
in newly proposed Sec.  61.9. For example, under proposed Sec.  
61.9(b), a person seeking a commercial pilot certificate with a 
rotorcraft category helicopter class rating may not use pilot time 
acquired in a helicopter with simplified flight control designation to 
meet the PIC flight time experience requirement in Sec.  
61.129(c)(2)(i), which requires 35 hours of PIC flight time in a 
helicopter. PIC experience in a helicopter with a simplified flight 
controls does not provide the same skills and experience a commercial 
pilot needs to conduct commercial operations in a helicopter with 
traditional flight controls that include unique skills like the conduct 
of an autorotation. Once a pilot obtains a helicopter class rating on 
their commercial pilot certificate, that pilot has commercial pilot 
privileges in many legacy helicopters as a general matter. It is 
therefore important for an applicant seeking a helicopter class rating 
on a commercial pilot certificate to continue to obtain the class-
specific PIC flight time in a helicopter that has traditional flight 
controls.
7. Conducting Practical Tests in an Aircraft Certificated With a 
Simplified Flight Controls Designation (Sec.  61.45)
    Section 61.43 provides the general procedures for conducting a 
practical test. The completion of a practical test for a certificate or 
rating consists of performing the tasks specified in the areas of 
operation applicable to the airman certificate or rating sought. These 
tasks and maneuvers are contained in the ACS or the PTS, as 
appropriate. Current production aircraft, as well as those that obtain 
a simplified flight control designation in the future, may not be able 
to accomplish all the tasks required during the conduct of a practical 
test. For example, these aircraft may be unable to perform an 
aerodynamic stall or steep turns during a practical test, which are 
typically tested as an area of operation in the practical test. To 
account for these operational limitations, current Sec.  61.45(b)(2) 
permits an applicant to use an aircraft with operating characteristics 
that preclude the applicant from performing all of the tasks required 
for the practical test; however, the applicant's pilot certificate is 
issued with an appropriate limitation.
    The FAA recognizes that those aircraft having simplified flight 
controls may not be able to perform all of the tasks required by the 
ACS or PTS, as applicable. Applicants would be able to use the 
provision of Sec.  61.45(b)(2) to complete the practical test in such 
an aircraft; however, they would receive a limitation on their 
certificate specific to

[[Page 47687]]

the make and model of aircraft with simplified flight controls that 
they tested in. Because the current rule language in Sec.  61.45(b)(2) 
already provides for the issuance of a limitation in this instance, the 
FAA finds it unnecessary to propose an amendment to the provision. The 
FAA would, however, develop guidance to explain that, in the event an 
applicant uses an aircraft with simplified flight controls designation 
that is not capable of performing all the required tasks for a 
practical test, the aircraft limitation would be issued pursuant to 
Sec.  61.45(b)(2). The limitation would likely be a model-specific 
limitation to effectively identify the aircraft the test was 
accomplished in and limit the pilot from operating another aircraft 
that may be able to perform tasks and maneuvers that the pilot was not 
trained or tested on.
    Further, because simplified flight control characteristics may vary 
among aircraft due to rapid advances in aircraft automation and flight 
control technology, the FAA believes that additional safeguards are 
necessary for those practical tests taken in aircraft with simplified 
flight controls. Specifically, the FAA proposes new paragraph (g), 
which would set forth the requirements for an applicant taking a 
practical test for an initial pilot certificate, rating, or privilege 
in an aircraft with a simplified flight control designation. First, the 
examiner would have to agree to conduct the test in proposed Sec.  
61.45(g)(1). Additionally, the FAA proposes in Sec.  61.45(g)(2) that 
the examiner also hold the appropriate category and class rating or 
privilege, the appropriate simplified flight controls training and 
model-specific endorsement, and an FAA authorization to conduct the 
test. It is important that the examiner is familiar with the make and 
model of the simplified flight control-designated aircraft before 
issuing a practical test to conduct the test safely and is familiar 
with the standards that an applicant must meet so as to demonstrate 
competency. The FAA finds that examiners must become familiar with the 
make and model through the training and endorsement requirements 
themselves before conducting a practical test in the same aircraft. 
Proposed Sec.  61.45(g)(3) would require the examiner to have the 
ability to assume control of the aircraft at any time to enable the 
safe conduct of the test, should the applicant perform poorly during 
the test and possibly put the aircraft in an unsafe flight condition.
    Pilot applicants that successfully complete a practical test in one 
of these aircraft would then be issued a pilot certificate with a 
model-specific limitation \62\ per Sec.  61.45(b)(2) and proposed Sec.  
61.45(g)(4). Pursuant to Sec.  61.45(g)(4), the model-specific 
limitation would be issued subject to the requirements of proposed 
Sec.  61.45(h), which would explicitly limit a pilot who receives a 
category and class rating or privilege with a simplified flight 
controls limitation to operation of only that make and model of 
aircraft. Proposed Sec.  61.45(h) would also detail the requirements 
under which a pilot could operate a different aircraft. First, if the 
pilot seeks to operate another make and model of aircraft with a 
simplified flight controls designation in the same category and class, 
then the person would be required to only receive training and an 
endorsement in accordance with proposed Sec.  61.31(l). The person 
would not be required to take another practical test because the 
similarities between classes of aircraft are such that a training and 
endorsement would be sufficient to address operational differences with 
the simplified flight controls designs. However, should the pilot seek 
to operate a different category and class of aircraft with a simplified 
flight controls designation, the person would be required to 
successfully complete a practical test for that category and class of 
aircraft under proposed Sec.  61.45(h)(2). This proposal is no 
different to the current status quo whereby a person holds a 
certificate with a category and class rating and seeks to operate an 
aircraft in a different category and class rating. Additionally, should 
a pilot who holds category and class ratings and is limited to acting 
as PIC of aircraft with simplified flight controls (i.e., has taken a 
practical test for those category and class ratings in only an aircraft 
with simplified flight controls) seek to act as PIC of an aircraft 
without a simplified flight controls designation, the person would also 
be required to successfully complete a practical test for that category 
and class of aircraft with traditional flight controls under proposed 
Sec.  61.45(h)(2).\63\ A practical test would be required to address 
the more significant operational differences between, first, different 
categories and classes of aircraft and, second, aircraft with a 
simplified flight controls designation and those with traditional 
flight controls.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ Model-specific refers to the make and model of light-sport 
category aircraft that the applicant uses to test to receive a sport 
pilot certificate.
    \63\ Because sport pilots are limited already to acting as PIC 
of rotorcraft-helicopters with simplified flight controls, a sport 
pilot seeking to act as PIC of another make and model of rotorcraft-
helicopter with simplified flight controls would need only complete 
the training and endorsement in proposed Sec.  61.31(l). By 
contrast, a sport pilot who holds airplane-single engine ratings 
limited to a make and model of airplane with simplified flight 
controls would be required to take a practical test if seeking to 
operate a single engine airplane with traditional flight controls. 
Likewise, a private pilot who took the private pilot practical test 
for single engine airplane ratings in a Sec.  21.190 airplane with a 
simplified flight controls designation would be required to complete 
another practical test in an aircraft with traditional flight 
controls.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For instructional purposes, the following table presents a sampling 
of scenarios pertaining to when a pilot is authorized or is seeking to 
operate an aircraft with simplified flight controls and the proposed 
requirements.

                      Table 1--Airman Certification Simplified Flight Controls Requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                Then you must complete--
           If you hold a--              And you are seeking--                              Regulatory reference
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sport Pilot Certificate with           To operate another       The training and         Proposed Sec.
 Rotorcraft-Helicopter Simplified       model of rotorcraft-     endorsement required     61.45(h)(1).
 Flight Controls Privilege with Model   helicopter with          by proposed Sec.
 Specific Limitation.                   simplified flight        61.31(l).
                                        controls.
Sport Pilot Certificate with           A private pilot          The requirements to      Part 61, subpart E,
 Rotorcraft-Helicopter Simplified       certificate with         receive a private        subject to proposed
 Flight Controls Privilege with Model   rotorcraft-helicopter    pilot certificate, to    Sec.   61.9.
 Specific Limitation.                   rating (regardless of    include a practical
                                        a simplified flight      test.
                                        controls designation).

[[Page 47688]]

 
Private Pilot Certificate with a       To operate another       The training and         Proposed Sec.
 Rotorcraft Category and Helicopter     model of rotorcraft-     endorsement required     61.45(h)(1).
 Class Rating, Simplified Flight        helicopter with          by proposed Sec.
 Controls Model Specific Limitation.    simplified flight        61.31(l).
                                        controls.
Private Pilot Certificate with a       To operate a Rotorcraft- A practical test.......  Proposed Sec.
 Rotorcraft Category and Helicopter     Helicopter without                                61.45(h)(2).
 Class Rating, Simplified Flight        Simplified Flight
 Controls Limitation.                   Controls.
Private Pilot Certificate with a       To operate an airplane   The requirements to add  Proposed Sec.
 Rotorcraft Category and Helicopter     with simplified flight   another category and     61.45(2) & part 61,
 Class Rating, Simplified Flight        controls.                class rating on a        subpart E.
 Controls Limitation.                                            private pilot
                                                                 certificate, to
                                                                 include a practical
                                                                 test.
Private Pilot Certificate with a       To operate a Rotorcraft  The training and         Proposed Sec.
 Rotorcraft Category and Helicopter     Helicopter with          endorsement required     61.31(l).
 Class Rating (no simplified flight     Simplified Flight        by proposed Sec.
 controls model limitation).            Controls.                61.31(l).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. New Rotorcraft-Helicopter Privilege for Sport Pilots and Sport Pilot 
Instructors
    Sport pilots and flight instructors with a sport pilot rating are 
currently unable to obtain a rotorcraft-helicopter (also referred in to 
in this preamble simply as helicopter) privilege because helicopters 
are excluded from the definition of light-sport aircraft.\64\ The FAA 
did not include helicopters within the light-sport aircraft definition 
in 2004 because of helicopters' complexity in design, maintenance, 
manufacture, and operation.\65\ At the time, the FAA did not anticipate 
that manufacturers would design simple-to-operate, low-performance 
helicopters that fit within the scope of the privileges afforded to the 
holder of a sport pilot certificate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ See Sec.  1.1, Light-sport aircraft.
    \65\ 69 FR 44869, 44793 (July 27, 2004).
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    The FAA recognizes that manufacturers now have access to new 
technology enabling simple-to-fly helicopter designs not envisioned in 
2004. For example, manufacturers have developed multicopters \66\ with 
flight controls that would satisfy the simplified flight controls 
criteria during the aircraft certification process, as previously 
discussed. Aircraft with simplified flight controls may lack a typical 
helicopter cyclic or collective control and instead could use a 
joystick or steering wheel and push button controls (subject to certain 
requirements) \67\ or a touchscreen interface that greatly reduce the 
piloting skills necessary to fly the aircraft. As discussed more fully 
in the discussion of proposed Sec.  22.180, the aircraft certification 
process would establish the criteria for the simplified flight controls 
designation, which would include standards for the pilot interface, the 
loss of control prevention, and the ability for the pilot to safely 
discontinue flight.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \66\ A multicopter is a rotorcraft that can have more than one 
rotor providing lift. Although multicopters are helicopters by 
definition, multicopters differ from the conventional helicopter 
models originally considered during the 2004 rulemaking because the 
takeoff and landing are intended to be automated and not require 
extensive pilot training and skill.
    \67\ For example, as previously discussed, a joystick controller 
that is used to select flight commands or move a cursor on a display 
could qualify as a simplified flight control design.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA proposes to amend part 61, subpart J, to allow sport pilots 
to operate certain simple-to-fly helicopters. Specifically, the FAA 
proposes to permit sport pilots to operate new helicopters certificated 
under the proposed Sec.  21.190 that include the simplified flight 
control designation. First, the FAA is proposing a limitation in Sec.  
61.316(a)(9) that would limit the kinds of helicopters that sport 
pilots may operate to those helicopters that have been certificated 
with a simplified flight controls design and designation. To facilitate 
integration of new simplified flight control helicopter operations 
under this subpart, the FAA also proposes amendments to Sec. Sec.  
61.311 and 61.313, which are discussed below. The FAA's current 
proposal aligns with the original intent of the 2004 final rule 
promulgating the sport pilot certificate and light-sport aircraft 
definition, which was to allow sport pilots to operate simple-to-fly 
aircraft.
    To facilitate helicopter operations for sport pilots, the FAA 
proposes in Sec.  61.311 to include ``helicopter'' in the list of 
aircraft to which flight proficiency requirements apply and to add 
helicopter-specific areas of operation and tasks that would apply to 
sport pilot certificate applicants seeking a rotorcraft-helicopter 
privilege. These areas of operation are key to attaining competency in 
the operation of helicopters and are not otherwise covered by existing 
areas of operation. Sport pilots seeking a helicopter simplified flight 
controls privilege will still need to accomplish the other areas of 
operation listed in current Sec.  61.311, as appropriate. Therefore, 
the FAA would require that a sport pilot applicant log ground and 
flight training from an authorized instructor on heliport operations in 
proposed Sec.  61.311(c) and hovering maneuvers in proposed Sec.  
61.311(d) in addition to the existing areas of operation and tasks 
applicable to helicopters (e.g., takeoffs, landings, performance 
maneuvers). While these proposed areas of operation and their 
applicable tasks would be applicable specifically to helicopters, 
conversely, the FAA recognizes that there are areas of operation that 
are inherently inapplicable to helicopters: specifically, ground 
reference maneuvers, slow flight, and stalls. Therefore, the FAA 
proposes to except helicopters from these areas of operation in the 
flight proficiency requirements of Sec.  61.311.\68\ As discussed in 
the following section, because the practical test for a sport pilot 
certificate for a rotorcraft-helicopter rating would include these 
areas of operation, training should involve proficiency for the tasks 
listed under the applicable areas of operation in the regulation, which 
are reflected in the Sport Pilot Helicopter ACS (see section IV.E.9).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ The FAA notes that the paragraph designations of the areas 
of operation in Sec.  61.311 would change based on the addition of 
helicopter-specific areas of operation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because of the unique operations and tasks associated with 
helicopter

[[Page 47689]]

operations in the national airspace system, applicants must obtain 
certain and specialized training and experience, as with any person 
seeking a certificate, rating, or privilege. These unique operating 
characteristics include the ability to hover over specific locations, 
operate in confined spaces and land in unique locations such as sloped 
terrain, buildings, or other man-made structures. As a result, the FAA 
contends that helicopter operations impose an unacceptable risk to the 
general public and other aircraft operating in the national airspace 
system unless an applicant accomplishes these minimum helicopter flight 
experience and training requirements.
    First, with the proposed addition of flight simulation training 
device and aviation training device credit paragraphs in Sec.  61.313, 
as discussed in section IV.E.11 of this preamble, the FAA proposes to 
renumber Sec.  61.313. Specifically, current Sec.  61.313(a) through 
(h) would become Sec.  61.313(a)(1) through (8). As subsequently 
discussed, the FAA proposes to establish the aeronautical experience 
requirements for the newly proposed rotorcraft-helicopter privileges, 
which would be Sec.  61.313(a)(9). As proposed, an applicant for a 
sport pilot certificate who seeks to obtain a helicopter rating would 
be required to log at least 30 hours of helicopter flight time, 15 
hours of flight training, and 5 hours of solo flight. The FAA proposes 
these minimum experience requirements because the minimum recreational 
pilot grade of pilot certificate seeking a helicopter rating requires 
comparable minimum experience requirements.
    The FAA contends that the minimum experience requirements for a 
recreational pilot to obtain a helicopter rating would also be 
appropriate for a sport pilot certificate because the operational 
limitations for sport pilots are virtually identical to those for 
recreational pilots. For example, both sport pilots and recreational 
pilots are limited to carrying only one passenger, operations below 
10,000 feet MSL, a minimum of 3 miles of visibility, prohibition to 
operate in class A/B/C/D airspace, and a prohibition for night 
operations. One substantive difference is that recreational pilot 
applicants are required to obtain 10 more total hours of experience. 
Another difference is that recreational pilots have more restrictive 
cross-country operational limitations. However, because helicopters 
have unique operating capabilities and limitations and additional risks 
to mitigate including those associated low altitude operations, the FAA 
contends that the minimum training and experience requirements for 
recreational pilots seeking an initial helicopter rating is also 
appropriate for sport pilot applicants.
    Proposed Sec.  61.313(a)(9) would also require applicants to 
complete at least:
     two hours of flight training enroute to an airport more 
than 25 nautical miles from where the applicant normally trains;
     three takeoffs and landings at the airport located more 
than 25 nautical miles from where the applicant normally trains;
     three hours of solo flying in the aircraft for the rating 
sought on the applicable areas listed in Sec.  61.98; and
     three hours of flight training with an authorized 
instructor on the areas specified in Sec.  61.311 in preparation for 
the practical test within the preceding two calendar months from the 
month of the test.
    For the reasons explained in the preceding paragraphs, the FAA 
proposes these aeronautical experience requirements for sport pilots 
seeking to add rotorcraft-helicopter privileges because of the unique 
operational capability of helicopters and the experience requirements 
listed for a recreational pilot with almost identical operating 
privileges.
    In addition to proposing to allow sport pilots to hold privileges 
for helicopters, the FAA is likewise proposing to allow sport pilot 
instructors to obtain or add helicopter privileges to their instructor 
privileges. Upon reviewing the current flight proficiency requirements 
in Sec.  61.409 and the current aeronautical experience requirements in 
Sec.  61.411, the FAA finds that a sport pilot instructor seeking a 
helicopter privilege should meet similar flight proficiency and 
experience requirements as a sport pilot instructor seeking an airplane 
category single-engine class privilege. As explained in section 
IV.E.10, a person seeking to add a helicopter privilege to a sport 
pilot instructor certificate would be required to successfully complete 
a knowledge and practical test, consistent with the FAA's proposal to 
require a person seeking a sport pilot instructor certificate with an 
airplane single-engine class privilege to complete a knowledge and 
practical test.
    Under proposed Sec.  61.409, flight instructors would be required 
to log ground and flight training on the areas of operation that apply 
to other categories of aircraft, as appropriate, and on the newly 
proposed areas of operation that are applicable only to helicopters. 
Specifically, the FAA proposes to add areas of operation that would 
require a person seeking a sport pilot instructor certificate with a 
helicopter privilege to receive training on heliport operations and 
hovering maneuvers. The FAA notes that these two additional areas of 
operation are consistent with the areas of operation that the FAA 
proposes to add to the areas of operation in the flight proficiency 
requirements of Sec.  61.311 for a person seeking a sport pilot 
certificate with a helicopter privilege. Finally, the FAA also proposes 
to add a ``special operations'' area of operation for helicopters. The 
base tasks under ``special operations'' are contained with the Sport 
Pilot Helicopter ACS under the area of operation labeled ``takeoffs, 
landings, and go-arounds''; therefore, there is no discrepancy between 
the foundational flight proficiency expectations from a sport pilot to 
a sport pilot flight instructor pertaining to these special operation 
tasks. Rather, the FAA is simply aligning the formatting and 
organization of the Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Helicopter ACS (as it 
pertains to special operations) with that of the Flight Instructor 
Helicopter ACS.
    While these proposed areas of operation and their applicable tasks 
would be applicable specifically to helicopters, conversely, the FAA 
recognizes that there are areas of operation that are inherently 
inapplicable to helicopters: specifically, ground reference maneuvers, 
slow flight, and stalls. Therefore, the FAA proposes to except 
helicopters from these areas of operation in the flight proficiency 
requirements of Sec.  61.409.\69\ As discussed in the following 
section, because the practical test for a sport pilot certificate for a 
rotorcraft-helicopter rating would include these areas of operation, 
training should involve proficiency for the tasks listed under the 
applicable areas of operation in the regulation, which are reflected in 
the Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Helicopter ACS (see section IV.E.9).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ The FAA notes that the paragraph designations of the areas 
of operation in Sec.  61.409 would change based on the addition of 
helicopter-specific areas of operation. Additionally, during the 
pendency of this rulemaking, the FAA noted a technical omission in 
the area of operation ``soaring techniques.'' Specifically, soaring 
techniques are only applicable to gliders, yet this specificity is 
not present in the regulatory text. Therefore, the FAA proposes to 
add applicability language indicating this area of operation is only 
for gliders.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the FAA proposes to add new aeronautical experience 
requirements to current Sec.  61.411 for applicants seeking a sport 
pilot instructor certificate with a helicopter privilege. The FAA has 
determined that the aeronautical experience required for instructional 
privileges in a helicopter

[[Page 47690]]

should mirror the aeronautical experience required for instructional 
privileges in an airplane. Specifically, proposed Sec.  61.411(h)(1) 
would require an applicant for a flight instructor certificate with a 
sport pilot rating seeking a rotorcraft-helicopter privilege to 
complete at least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot. Under proposed 
Sec.  61.411(h), this flight time must include at least:
     100 hours of flight time as PIC in powered aircraft;
     50 hours of flight time in a rotorcraft-helicopter;
     25 hours of cross-country flight time;
     10 hours of cross-country flight time in a rotorcraft-
helicopter; and
     15 hours of flight time as PIC in a helicopter.
    The FAA reasons that helicopter experience requirements for a sport 
pilot instructor should be consistent with the airplane experience 
requirements for a sport pilot instructor for the following reasons. 
Helicopters and airplanes are the predominant aircraft that operate in 
the NAS. With the helicopter privilege being a new privilege to be 
added to the sport pilot instructor certificate, the FAA finds it 
reasonable to take a conservative approach and mirror the aeronautical 
experience requirements that apply to a sport pilot instructor seeking 
an airplane single-engine privilege. Those aeronautical experience 
requirements in Sec.  61.411 that apply to a person seeking 
instructional privileges in a single-engine airplane have been deemed a 
reasonable level of minimum aeronautical experience since 2004. The FAA 
does not find any reason to adopt lesser experience requirements for a 
helicopter privilege at this time given that both airplanes and 
helicopters have broad access to the NAS, extensive operational 
capabilities, and are likely the greatest volume of privileges sought 
by flight instructors.
    The FAA recognizes that, initially, there would be no sport pilot 
instructors who are qualified to provide training for a sport pilot 
helicopter privilege. To provide flight training to a sport pilot 
seeking a helicopter privilege, the sport pilot instructor must first 
obtain the helicopter privilege on their sport pilot certificate before 
being eligible to obtain the necessary privileges on their sport pilot 
instructor certificate. In addition, because sport pilots would be 
limited to operating helicopters with simplified flight control 
designations, a sport pilot instructor would also be required to obtain 
the training and endorsement for aircraft with a simplified flight 
controls designation required by proposed Sec.  61.31(l).
    To address the initial lack of qualified sport pilot instructors, 
the FAA is proposing to rely on subpart H instructors who already hold 
rotorcraft category helicopter class ratings on their flight instructor 
certificates. As discussed in the previous section, the FAA is 
proposing an amendment to Sec.  61.195(m) that would enable these 
subpart H flight instructors to receive training and an endorsement at 
a manufacturer for helicopters with simplified flight controls. Upon 
obtaining the training and endorsement from an instructor pilot at the 
manufacturer, the subpart H instructor would be qualified to provide 
flight training to a sport pilot instructor or a sport pilot who seeks 
to obtain a helicopter privilege and the Sec.  61.31(l) training and 
endorsement. This initial reliance on subpart H flight instructors 
would establish the initial groups of sport pilots and sport pilot 
instructors with helicopter privileges.
    In summary, the FAA seeks to facilitate the operation of certain 
simple to fly helicopter (i.e., those with simplified flight controls 
design and designation) for sport pilots and sport pilot flight 
instructors. The FAA's proposed amendments to Sec. Sec.  61.311, 
61.313, 61.409, and 61.411 would validate that sport pilots seeking to 
operate simplified flight control rotorcraft-helicopters and flight 
instructors who instruct in these aircraft are sufficiently trained and 
tested. As a result, the FAA's proposals balance the demand to enable 
these helicopter operations while maintaining a rigorous level of 
training and checking to enable safe operations in the NAS. Sport 
pilots or flight instructors with a sport pilot rating will not be 
permitted to operate helicopters without the simplified flight controls 
design and designation.
9. Sport Pilot and Sport Pilot Flight Instructor for Rotorcraft-
Helicopter; Incorporation by Reference
    Currently, the required tasks, criteria, and standards for 
successful completion of a practical test are outlined for sport pilots 
in three published PTS.\70\ However, because helicopters cannot be 
certificated under the current Sec.  21.190 and a rotorcraft-helicopter 
privilege is not available to sport pilots because by definition a 
helicopter cannot be a light-sport aircraft, a PTS does not currently 
exist for sport pilots seeking a rotorcraft category, helicopter class 
privilege.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ Sport Pilot and Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Rating 
Practical Test Standards for Airplane Category, Rotorcraft Category, 
and Glider Category; Sport Pilot and Sport Pilot Flight Instructor 
Rating Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Category; Sport 
Pilot and Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Rating Practical Test 
Standards for Powered Parachute Category and Weight-Shift-Control 
Category.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In collaboration with the aviation industry and the FAA's routine 
review processes, the FAA previously identified the need for a new, 
systematic approach to testing that would (1) provide clearer 
standards, (2) consolidate redundant tasks, and (3) connect the 
standards for knowledge, risk management, and skills to the knowledge 
and practical tests. Therefore, the FAA began to establish the ACSs in 
2011 to enhance the testing standard for the knowledge and practical 
tests. The goal in creating the ACS was to drive a systematic approach 
to the airman certification process, including knowledge test question 
development and the conduct of the practical test. In cooperation with 
the ACS Working Group, established through the Aviation Rulemaking 
Advisory Committee (ARAC),\71\ the FAA integrated ``aeronautical 
knowledge'' and ``risk management'' elements into the existing areas of 
operations and tasks set forth in the PTS. Therefore, the ACS is a 
comprehensive presentation integrating the standards for what an 
applicant must know, consider, and do to demonstrate proficiency to 
pass the tests required for issuance of the applicable airman 
certificate or rating.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ The ARAC is a body established under the Federal Advisory 
Committee Act. 5 U.S.C. app. 2. The ARAC ACS Working Group is 
comprised of the FAA, advocacy groups, instructor groups, training 
providers, academic institutions, and labor organizations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because the FAA is actively converting all PTSs to ACSs in 
collaboration with the ACS Working Group, the FAA does not find it 
appropriate to draft a Sport Pilot PTS for Rotorcraft-Helicopter, as 
the other Sport Pilot testing standards are situated. Rather, the FAA 
has drafted two new ACSs for helicopters with simplified flight 
controls: (1) Sport Pilot for Helicopter--Simplified Flight Controls 
ACS, FAA-S-ACS-26 (Sport Pilot Helicopter ACS) and (2) Sport Flight 
Instructor for Helicopter--Simplified Flight Controls ACS (Sport Flight 
Instructor Helicopter ACS). Each ACS establishes the aeronautical 
knowledge, risk management, and flight proficiency standards for sport 
pilot practical tests and flight instructor proficiency checks for 
light-sport category aircraft in the rotorcraft-helicopter class for 
sport pilots and for sport pilots with a flight instructor rating. The 
Sport Pilot Helicopter ACS contains the following areas of operation: 
preflight preparation;

[[Page 47691]]

preflight procedures; airport and heliport operations; hovering 
maneuvers; takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; performance maneuvers; 
navigation; emergency operations; and post-flight procedures. 
Similarly, the Sport Flight Instructor for Helicopter contains the 
following areas of operation: fundamentals of instructing; technical 
subject areas; preflight preparation; preflight lesson on a maneuver to 
be performed in flight; preflight procedures; airport and heliport 
operations; hovering maneuvers; takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; 
fundamentals of flight; performance maneuvers; emergency operations; 
special operations; and postflight procedures.
    Similar to the current practical test and PTS/ACS framework for 
sport pilots, the FAA proposes to incorporate the two ACSs into the 
regulations to delineate what an applicant must demonstrate on a 
practical test to attain privileges for a sport pilot certificate with 
a rotorcraft-helicopter privilege or flight instructor certificate with 
sport pilot rating and rotorcraft-helicopter privilege. First, the FAA 
proposes to revise Sec.  61.307, which sets forth the required tests an 
applicant must take to obtain a sport pilot certificate. Specifically, 
proposed new Sec.  61.307(b)(1) would precisely reflect the standards 
that a person must successfully demonstrate on a practical test for a 
sport pilot certificate with rotorcraft-helicopter privilege: those 
knowledge, risk management, and skill elements for each area of 
operation on the Sport Pilot Helicopter ACS. Proposed new Sec.  
61.307(b)(2) provides the required incorporation by reference language, 
including how the Sport Pilot Helicopter ACS is made readily available 
to the public. Similarly, the FAA proposes to revise Sec.  61.405, 
which sets forth the required tests an applicant must obtain to obtain 
a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating. Proposed new 
Sec.  61.405(b)(3) would precisely reflect the standards that a person 
must successfully demonstrate on a practical test for a flight 
instructor certificate with a sport pilot certificate rotorcraft-
helicopter privilege (i.e., those knowledge, risk management, and skill 
elements for each area of operation on the Sport Flight Instructor 
Helicopter ACS). Proposed new Sec.  61.405(b)(4) provides the required 
incorporation by reference language and how the Sport Flight Instructor 
Helicopter ACS is made available to the public.
    Incorporation by reference is a mechanism that allows Federal 
agencies to comply with the requirements of the Administrative 
Procedure Act (APA) to publish rules in the Federal Register and the 
CFR by referring to material published elsewhere.\72\ Material that is 
incorporated by reference has the same legal status as if it were 
published in full in the Federal Register. In accordance with 5 U.S.C. 
552(a) and 1 CFR part 51,\73\ the FAA makes the Sport Pilot ACS for 
Rotorcraft-Helicopter reasonably available to interested parties by 
providing free online public access to view on the FAA Training and 
Testing website at faa.gov/training_testing. The ACS is available for 
download, free of charge, at the provided web address. The FAA will 
continue to provide the ACS to interested parties in this manner. In 
addition to the free online material on the FAA's website, printable 
versions are available from the FAA. Additionally, all ACSs proposed to 
be incorporated by reference are contained in the docket for this NPRM 
for inspection.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ 5 U.S.C. 552(a), which states, ``except to the extent that 
a person has actual or timely notice of the terms thereof, a person 
may not in any manner be required to resort to, or be adversely 
affected by, a matter required to be published in the Federal 
Register and not so published. For the purpose of this paragraph, 
matter reasonably available to the class of persons affected thereby 
is deemed published in the Federal Register when incorporated by 
reference therein with the approval of the Director of the Federal 
Register.''
    \73\ 5 U.S.C. 552(a) requires that matter incorporated by 
reference be ``reasonably available'' as a condition of its 
eligibility. Further, 1 CFR 51.5(a)(2) requires that agencies 
seeking to incorporate material by reference discuss in the preamble 
of the proposed rule the ways that the material it proposes to 
incorporate by reference is reasonably available to interested 
parties and how interested parties can obtain the material.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA recognizes that on December 12, 2022, the FAA published the 
Airman Certification Standards and Practical Test Standards for Airmen; 
Incorporation by Reference (ACS IBR) NPRM.\74\ As it pertains to this 
NPRM, the ACS IBR NPRM proposed to revise certain part 61 regulations 
to incorporate the three aforementioned PTSs into the requirements for 
sport pilots (see footnote 70). The FAA will reconcile this proposal 
with the ACS IBR final rule as appropriate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ 87 FR 75955.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. Require Sport Pilots and Flight Instructors With a Sport Pilot 
Rating Seeking To Add an Airplane or Helicopter Privilege To Accomplish 
a Knowledge and Practical Test
    Currently, to obtain a sport pilot certificate or a flight 
instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating, a person must pass a 
practical test with an examiner in the category and class of aircraft 
for the initial privileges for that certificate.\75\ Once a person 
possesses a sport pilot certificate or flight instructor certificate 
with a sport pilot rating and wishes to add privileges to their 
certificate, the person must pass a proficiency check with an 
authorized instructor rather than a practical test with an 
examiner.\76\ This proficiency check requirement currently applies to a 
person seeking to add an airplane single engine privilege to their 
certificate. Specifically, under the current framework of Sec.  61.321, 
a person seeking to obtain privileges to operate an additional category 
or class of aircraft must (1) receive a logbook endorsement validating 
they received training on certain aeronautical knowledge and flight 
proficiency requirements; (2) complete a proficiency check; and (3) 
receive an endorsement certifying they are proficient in the applicable 
areas of operation and aeronautical knowledge areas; and (4) complete 
an application. Similarly, under the current framework of Sec.  61.419, 
a certificated flight instructor with a sport pilot rating seeking to 
provide training in an additional category or class of aircraft must 
meet the same qualifying conditions (i.e., training, endorsements, and 
a proficiency check).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ 14 CFR 61.307, 61.405.
    \76\ 14 CFR 61.321, 61.419.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given the proposed expansion of certificated light-sport category 
aircraft that a sport pilot may operate and the addition of rotorcraft-
helicopters as light-sport category aircraft, the FAA contends that a 
proficiency check with an authorized instructor is no longer a 
sufficient method of evaluation or validation when qualifying a sport 
pilot or flight instructor with a sport pilot rating to operate or 
provide training in an airplane or helicopter in the national airspace 
system. Therefore, the FAA is proposing to amend Sec. Sec.  61.321 and 
61.419 to require sport pilots and flight instructors with a sport 
pilot rating seeking to add an airplane or helicopter privilege to 
their existing sport pilot certificate or flight instructor 
certificate, to accomplish a knowledge test and practical test under 
Sec. Sec.  61.307 and 61.405, respectively.
    With the expansion of the aircraft models, weight, and speed that a 
sport pilot may operate under proposed Sec.  61.316, performance and 
design limitations and the proposed addition of a rotorcraft-helicopter 
privilege, the FAA contends that a knowledge and practical test is 
necessary to appropriately validate that a sport pilot can conduct 
these airplane and helicopter operations safely. The rigor of an FAA 
knowledge and practical test

[[Page 47692]]

using FAA-approved certification standards is significantly greater 
than that of a proficiency check conducted by a flight instructor. FAA 
examiners are trained and qualified annually to validate that the 
conduct of a practical test meets specific standards and criteria 
during the evaluation of an applicant. The FAA believes that the use of 
the airmen certification standards qualifying a pilot for a 
certificate, rating, or privilege will appropriately mitigate the risk 
associated with the expansion of flight operations by sport pilots in 
the NAS. In other words, the aircraft may now vary and perform in such 
an extensive way such that a proficiency check can no longer adequately 
validate that a pilot can proficiently operate a light-sport category 
airplane single engine or rotorcraft-helicopter safely in the national 
airspace system.
    Therefore, the proposed knowledge and practical test requirement 
would validate competency by replacing the regulatory requirements in 
Sec. Sec.  61.321 and 61.419 that currently permit the conduct of a 
proficiency check to obtain a new airplane or helicopter privilege for 
sport pilots and other pilots who hold a higher grade of certificate 
who want to add that category and class privilege at the sport pilot 
level.\77\ Specifically, proposed Sec.  61.321(e) would require a 
person who seeks to add an airplane single-engine land or sea or 
rotorcraft-helicopter land or sea privilege to their pilot certificate 
to accomplish a knowledge and practical test for that category 
privilege, as specified in Sec.  61.309. Similarly, proposed Sec.  
61.419(e) would require a person who seeks to add an airplane single 
engine land or sea or rotorcraft-helicopter land or sea privilege to 
their sport pilot flight instructor certificate to accomplish a 
knowledge and practical test for that category privilege, as specified 
in Sec.  61.405. Because these regulations require compliance with 
Sec. Sec.  61.307 and 61.419, the practical tests would be aligned to 
the Sport Pilot Helicopter ACS as proposed in Sec. Sec.  61.307(b)(1) 
and 61.405(b)(3), as applicable, for a rotorcraft-helicopter privilege. 
As previously noted, the ACS IBR rulemaking would address the material 
on practical tests for an airplane single engine privilege in the 
light-sport category, and the FAA will reconcile the proposals as the 
respective rulemakings progress. The FAA notes that it is retaining 
Sec. Sec.  61.321(a) and (c) and 61.419(a) and (c); therefore, these 
pilots must complete the required training and obtain an authorized 
instructor recommendation before evaluation by an examiner authorized 
by the FAA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ The FAA notes that the provision would apply if a pilot 
held a higher grade certificate as well. For example, if a pilot 
held a commercial pilot certificate with rotorcraft category and 
helicopter class ratings and sought to operate a light sprot 
category airplane single engine land, the pilot would be required to 
take the practical test under this proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. Aviation Training Device or Flight Simulation Training Device 
Credit, Removal of Certain Light-Sport Aircraft References, and Other 
Amendments
    The FAA proposes two additional amendments to support modernization 
of the sport pilot regulations. Currently, the FAA does not permit the 
use of FSTDs or ATDs to meet sport pilot experience requirements for a 
certificate or rating. First, the FAA proposes to permit sport pilot 
applicants to use a qualified FSTD or a FAA-approved ATD (basic or 
advanced) to meet some of the experience requirements for a sport pilot 
certificate through the proposed Sec.  61.313(b). Specifically, the FAA 
would permit sport pilots to use up to 2.5 hours of training credit in 
an FSTD and ATD representing the appropriate category and class of 
aircraft to meet the experience requirements of part 61. The FAA notes 
that the time in an FSTD or an ATD may be combined to meet the 2.5 
hours of training, but the proposed regulation does not permit 2.5 
hours in each device independently to count towards the experience 
requirements.\78\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ For example, a person may complete 1 hour of training in an 
FSTD and 1.5 hours in an ATD to meet the 2.5 hours comprehensively. 
However, a person may not count 2.5 hours in an FSTD and 2.5 hours 
in an ATD.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FSTD and ATD credit allowance proposal is consistent with the 
FAA's long-standing regulations throughout part 61 that allow 
simulation credit under certain circumstances. Furthermore, for those 
part 61 flight schools or those flight school operators who possess a 
part 141 air agency certificate, this proposal provides training device 
credit for pilots pursuing an initial pilot certificate or rating. In 
support, the FAA reasons that permitting the use of FAA evaluated, 
qualified, and approved FSTDs and ATDs allows students to conduct 
procedural tasks of various maneuvers in advance of doing those same 
tasks in an aircraft, thereby reducing the risk of making mistakes 
during the flight portion of the training and when practicing emergency 
procedures. Allowing pilot time credit in an FSTD and ATD reduces risk 
for those students or pilots in training, who then will accomplish 
those same tasks or maneuvers in an aircraft. Moreover, conducting 
training in FSTDs and ATDs reduces cost, teaches safe operational 
procedures in advance of flight operations, permits practicing 
emergency procedures without undue risk, and ultimately reduces risk 
during pilot training.
    Second, the FAA proposes conforming amendments to remove reference 
to light-sport aircraft in Sec. Sec.  61.45, 61.313, and 61.325. The 
removal of the reference to light-sport aircraft in subpart J is 
consistent with the FAA's proposal to remove the definition for these 
aircraft in Sec.  1.1. Where appropriate, the FAA proposes that the 
reference to light-sport aircraft will be replaced with a reference to 
newly proposed Sec.  61.316, which sets forth the performance 
limitations for the aircraft a sport pilot may operate. As explained in 
section IV.B.2 of this preamble, this change in terminology is 
accompanied by broadening some of the limitations that currently exist 
in the definition of light-sport aircraft in Sec.  1.1.
    Section 61.3 speaks to pilot certificates, ratings, and 
authorizations that are required to operate aircraft in the United 
States. Currently, the privileges provided in Sec.  61.313 are not 
codified in Sec.  61.3. The FAA also proposes a conforming amendment to 
Sec.  61.3 that adds a new paragraph requiring that a sport pilot 
exercising the privileges listed in Sec.  61.313 receives a qualifying 
logbook endorsement for the appropriate category and class privilege, 
as applicable. This clarification to Sec.  61.3 is required because 
sport pilots do not obtain a rating issued on a sport pilot 
certificate, but instead they receive an endorsement in their logbook 
facilitating the appropriate category and class ``privilege,'' as 
referenced in Sec.  61.317.
    Finally, during this rulemaking, the FAA noted that Sec.  61.305 is 
improperly formatted, as it sets forth a paragraph (a) but no 
corresponding paragraph (b). Therefore, the FAA is proposing to 
redesignate existing paragraph (a) as introductory text, existing 
paragraph (a)(1) as new paragraph (a), and existing paragraph (a)(2) as 
new paragraph (b). There are no substantive changes proposed for this 
section; these are only formatting corrections.

F. Repairman (Light-Sport) Certificates

    Part 65 provides the requirements for certification of airmen other 
than flight crewmembers, including certification of a repairman (light-
sport aircraft) in subpart E. In addition to meeting the general 
eligibility requirements (e.g., age, language) set forth by Sec.  
65.107(a)(1), an applicant for a repairman certificate (light-sport 
aircraft) must complete

[[Page 47693]]

specified training requirements.\79\ These specific training 
requirements are first dependent on whether an applicant seeks an 
inspection rating or a maintenance rating (or a combination 
thereof).\80\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ As discussed in the 2004 final rule, the FAA established 
training requirements for a repairman (light-sport aircraft) 
certificate because owners of these aircraft cannot show that the 
owner manufactured the major portion of the aircraft, unlike a 
builder of an experimental amateur-built aircraft, and therefore 
cannot show that the owner would have the skill necessary to inspect 
and maintain the light-sport aircraft. 69 FR 44848.
    \80\ A person must meet the eligibility requirements set forth 
by Sec.  65.107(a)(1) for a repairman certificate (light sport 
aircraft) before the person is eligible for an inspection rating or 
maintenance rating pursuant to Sec.  65.107(a)(2)(i) and (3)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For an inspection rating, a person must complete a 16-hour training 
course acceptable to the FAA on inspecting the particular class of 
experimental light-sport aircraft for which the person intends to 
exercise the privileges of this rating. For a maintenance rating, 
instructional hours are dependent on the class of aircraft on which the 
repairman intends to exercise the privileges of the certificate and 
rating. The specific hours for each class of aircraft are the minimum 
required to demonstrate a person is sufficiently knowledgeable about 
the class of aircraft they perform work on. For example, a repairman 
certificate (light-sport aircraft) with a maintenance rating and 
airplane class privileges requires 120 hours of instruction in a 
training course pursuant to Sec.  65.107(a)(3)(ii)(A), whereas a 
maintenance rating with weight-shift control aircraft class privileges 
requires 104 hours of instruction pursuant to Sec.  
65.107(A)(3)(ii)(B).\81\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ Section 65.107(a)(3)(ii) also provides training course 
instruction hour requirements for powered parachute class 
privileges, lighter than air class privileges, and glider class 
privileges.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The holder of a repairman certificate (light-sport aircraft) with 
an inspection rating is limited to performing the annual condition 
inspection on an aircraft that is owned by the holder, that has been 
issued an experimental certificate for operating light-sport aircraft 
under Sec.  21.191 and that is in the same class of aircraft for which 
the holder has completed training. The holder of a repairman 
certificate (light-sport aircraft) with a maintenance rating is limited 
to performing or inspecting maintenance on, and approving for return to 
service, aircraft issued a special airworthiness certificate in the 
light-sport category under Sec.  21.190, performing the annual 
condition inspection on aircraft that have an experimental certificate 
for operating light-sport aircraft under Sec.  21.191 and that is in 
the same class of aircraft for which the holder has completed training.
    The repairman certificate identifies the rating (i.e., inspection 
or maintenance) held and the appropriate privileges/limitations of each 
rating by class, which are set forth by Sec.  65.107(b) through (d), as 
applicable. For example, if the applicant meets the eligibility 
requirements and has completed the applicable training for conducting 
maintenance on the glider class of light-sport aircraft, the repairman 
certificate would list ``Maintenance--glider'' in the privileges and 
limitations section of the airman certificate. Therefore, that person 
could only exercise the privileges and limitations set forth by Sec.  
65.107(c) and (d) on the glider class of aircraft.
    Further, under Sec.  65.107(d), a certificated repairman (light-
sport aircraft) with a maintenance rating is not permitted to approve 
for return to service an aircraft (or any part thereof) unless that 
person has previously performed the work concerned satisfactorily. If 
the person has not previously performed such work, then the person may 
show the ability to do the work by performing it to the satisfaction of 
the FAA or under direct supervision of certain persons.\82\ These 
requirements (i.e., class specific privileges/limitations and 
performance history) provide for a repairman who is sufficiently 
experienced and knowledgeable on the aircraft and the specific work 
being performed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ These persons include an appropriately rated mechanic, or a 
certificated repairman, who has previous experience in the 
operations concerned, as provided in Sec.  65.107(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Revisions to Terminology (``Light-Sport Aircraft'' and ``Class'')
    The FAA is proposing several amendments to terminology to maintain 
clarity with the subsequently discussed substantive proposals. 
Currently, the term ``light-sport aircraft'' is defined in Sec.  1.1; 
however, because the FAA is proposing to remove the definition of 
``light-sport aircraft'' from Sec.  1.1, as discussed in section 
IV.B.2, the FAA proposes to remove the term throughout subpart D of 
part 65.
    First, the FAA proposes to change the certificate title from 
``repairman certificate (light-sport aircraft)'' to ``repairman 
certificate (light-sport).'' Because future aircraft certificated in 
the light-sport category will not necessarily conform to the current 
definition of light-sport aircraft, the FAA seeks to reduce confusion 
as to the designation of current light-sport aircraft versus future 
aircraft with a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport 
category. Specifically, these repairman certificates would simply be 
issued as a repairman certificate (light-sport) after the 
implementation of a final rule.
    The FAA notes that, should this proposal be adopted, repairman 
certificates issued before an effective date specified in the final 
rule would be valid without additional training or reissuance to 
account for the broader scope of light-sport category aircraft 
characteristics. Preserving the privileges of repairman certificates 
issued before the effective date of the final rule, despite the 
expansion of aircraft upon which the holder of the certificate may 
perform work, would not result in a reduction in safety for several 
reasons. The repairman certificate extends privileges only for the 
category \83\ of aircraft that a person has received training and 
testing on, regardless of time of issuance. Additionally, the 
limitations found in current Sec.  65.107(d) are retained in this 
proposal.\84\ Thus, a certificated light-sport repairman with a 
maintenance rating is, and would continue to be, restricted from 
approving for return to service any aircraft or part thereof unless the 
repairman previously performed the work satisfactorily, shows the 
ability to do the work by performing it to the satisfaction of the FAA 
or performs the work under direct supervision of certain defined 
persons. The FAA is not proposing changes to existing privileges or 
limitations of either rating. The FAA finds the existing requirements, 
as discussed, adequately address the expansion of aircraft that could 
be inspected or maintained under the current repairman certificate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ The term ``category'' in this instance is used in the 
context of airman certification as defined in Sec.  1.1. As 
subsequently discussed, the FAA is proposing to replace the term 
``class'' as used in Sec.  65.107 with ``category.''
    \84\ As subsequently discussed, current Sec.  65.107(d) would 
relocate to new Sec.  65.109(c) under this proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the FAA proposes to remove the term ``light-sport 
aircraft'' to indicate the category of aircraft a repairman is 
certificated to work on and, instead, refer only to ``aircraft'' in 
these instances. Rather, the regulations would directly cross-reference 
the appropriate aircraft as provided in part 21 that a repairman 
(light-sport) could inspect and maintain. For example, proposed Sec.  
65.109(a) (which would be a new section as part of a reorganization, as 
subsequently discussed) would provide the privileges of a repairman 
certificate (light-sport) with an

[[Page 47694]]

inspection rating and would set forth the type of aircraft a holder may 
perform the annual condition inspection on in proposed Sec.  
65.109(a)(2).
    Third, the FAA proposes to replace references to ``class'' of 
aircraft with ``category'' of aircraft in the proposed amendments to 
Sec. Sec.  65.107 and 65.109.\85\ Section 1.1 sets forth definitions 
for category and class. Both terms are defined, first, as used with 
respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of 
airmen and, second, as used with respect to the certification of 
aircraft. Under Sec.  65.107, the references to ``class'' are used in 
the context of classes of aircraft certification, not airmen 
certification. For example, Sec.  65.107(a)(3)(ii) sets forth the 
training course hours of instruction required for airplanes, weight-
shift control aircraft, powered parachutes, lighter than air aircraft, 
and gliders, which are labeled as classes. These aircraft are, in fact, 
classes under the definition provided in Sec.  1.1 for class as used 
with respect to aircraft certification.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ As subsequently discussed, the FAA proposes to bifurcate 
Sec.  65.107 into two sections; therefore, proposed Sec.  65.109 is 
a new section, but contains largely the same information as set 
forth in current Sec.  65.107(b) through (d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA has determined using the term ``category'' in the context 
of airman certification as defined in Sec.  1.1,\86\ is more 
appropriate because Sec.  65.107 specifically prescribes repairman 
certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations (i.e., airman 
certification \87\). Therefore, the FAA is proposing to replace the 
term ``class'' in Sec.  65.107 with ``category'' as follows:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ Section 1.1 defines category, as used with respect to the 
certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, as a 
broad classification of aircraft. Examples include: airplane; 
rotorcraft; glider; and lighter-than-air.
    \87\ The FAA notes that part 65 designation of category and 
class aligns with the aircraft category and classes as specified in 
Sec.  61.5(b)(1).

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               . . . is replaced with
  The term ``class'' as used in current:       ``category'' as used in
                                                      proposed:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   65.107(a)(2)(ii)...................  Sec.   65.107(c).
Sec.   65.107(a)(3)(ii)...................  Sec.   65.107(d).
Sec.   65.107(b)(3).......................  Sec.   65.109(a)(3).
Sec.   65.107(c)(3).......................  Sec.   65.109(b)(3).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the existing regulations in Sec.  65.107(a)(2)(ii) 
and (a)(3)(ii) include the term ``particular'' as a modifier to 
``class.'' The FAA has received numerous inquiries seeking 
clarification as to what is meant by ``particular'' in these instances. 
Given the FAA's proposal to replace the term class with the term 
category, the FAA finds the modifier of ``particular'' as superfluous, 
as there is no distinction between a ``particular category'' and a 
category. Accordingly, the FAA proposes to remove the term 
``particular'' from this section.
    Finally, where existing Sec.  65.107(c)(1) \88\ uses the term 
``approve and return to service'' in the context of repairman 
certificate privileges, the FAA is proposing to revise to ``approve for 
return to service.'' Because an aircraft is not in service until it is 
flown or operated, the holder of a repairman or mechanic certificate 
cannot ``return'' the aircraft to service under the privileges of that 
certificate as flying an aircraft is not a privilege bestowed by any 
regulation in part 65. The FAA acknowledged the problem with the 
phrasing and its inconsistency with the language in the part 43 
maintenance regulations in a legal interpretation,\89\ where the FAA 
stated that the wording of the phrase could be improved by removing the 
word ``and'' and replacing it with ``for.'' Accordingly, the FAA is 
proposing to revise the language in Sec. Sec.  65.81(a), 65.85(a) and 
(b), and 65.87(a) and (b), and proposed Sec.  65.109(b) (currently 
housed in Sec.  65.107(c)(1); the relocation of this regulation is 
subsequently explained) to more accurately capture the intended 
privileges of the certificate. Additionally, the FAA proposes to revise 
certain gender references within those regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \88\ As subsequently discussed, current Sec.  65.107(c) would 
relocate to new Sec.  65.109(b) under this proposal.
    \89\ Legal Interpretation to Wayne A. Forshey (July 9, 2010).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Light-Sport Repairman Training Courses
    As previously discussed, a person must meet certain eligibility 
requirements set forth by Sec.  65.107 to obtain a repairman (light-
sport aircraft) certificate. Specifically, Sec.  65.107 sets forth a 
table establishing the general applicability requirements, as well as 
the specific requirements to obtain an inspection rating and a 
maintenance rating. After two decades of implementation and receiving 
stakeholder feedback, the FAA recognizes that the section is difficult 
to navigate. Therefore, the FAA proposes to reorganize the table into 
paragraphs, which the FAA believes will improve readability and 
understanding of the requirements.
    Specifically, proposed Sec.  65.107 would set forth only the 
eligibility and training course requirements, while new proposed Sec.  
65.109 would set forth the privileges and limitations. Within Sec.  
65.107, proposed paragraph (a) would provide the ratings that may be 
issued on a repairman certificate (light-sport); \90\ proposed 
paragraph (b) would set forth the general requirements for a repairman 
certificate (light-sport); proposed paragraph (c) would set forth the 
training course requirement for an inspection rating; proposed 
paragraph (d) would set forth the training course requirement for a 
maintenance rating, and proposed paragraph (e) would set forth certain 
parameters that training course providers are expected to meet. Within 
new Sec.  65.109, proposed paragraph (a) would set forth the privileges 
and limitations of an inspection rating, proposed paragraph (b) would 
set forth the privileges and limitations of a maintenance rating, and 
proposed paragraph (c) would set forth additional limitations for 
repairman certificate (light-sport). Table 2 is provided for clarity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \90\ This paragraph is new to explicitly state the ratings that 
the FAA may issue on a repairman (light-sport) certificate. Current 
Sec.  65.107 only implies that the FAA may issue these ratings.

                                 Table 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Contains the       Reorganized in
       Current regulation:         requirements for:       proposed:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   65.107(a)(2) and (3).....  Ratings............   Sec.   65.107(a)
N/A.............................  General eligibility          \91\ Sec.
                                   requirements,               65.107(b)
                                   including a
                                   requirement for a
                                   test.
Sec.   65.107(a)(2).............  Inspection rating     Sec.   65.107(c)
                                   training
                                   requirements.
Sec.   65.107(a)(3).............  Maintenance rating    Sec.   65.107(d)
                                   training
                                   requirements.
new.............................  Training course       Sec.   65.107(e)
                                   providers.
Sec.   65.107(b)................  Inspection rating     Sec.   65.109(a)
                                   privileges and
                                   limitations.

[[Page 47695]]

 
Sec.   65.107(c)................  Maintenance rating    Sec.   65.109(b)
                                   privileges and
                                   limitations.
Sec.   65.107(d)................  Additional            Sec.   65.109(c)
                                   limitations for
                                   repairman (light-
                                   sport) certificate
                                   holders.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Training Course Content for Maintenance Rating & Incorporation by 
Reference (1 CFR Part 51)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ The FAA notes a minor change in the proposed regulatory 
text pertaining to the eligibility requirement to read, speak, 
write, and understand English for a repairman certificate (light-
sport). Currently, Sec.  65.107(a)(1)(ii) states that if a person is 
prevented from reading, speaking, writing, or understanding English 
due to a medical reason, the FAA may place a limitation on the 
repairman certificate, as necessary, to ensure safe performance of 
the actions authorized by the certificate and rating. However, in 
practice, the FAA issues an exemption to the repairman applicant in 
conjunction with the application (on FAA Form 8610-3) and temporary 
airman certificate (FAA Form 8060-4). The temporary certificate (and 
subsequent permanent certificate) would then list the conditions and 
limitations from the requirement to read, speak, write, and/or 
understand English (as applicable) as granted under the part 11 
exemption. This practice is in alignment with the treatment of all 
other persons certificated under part 65 who have an identified 
obstacle to meeting the English requirements. Therefore, the FAA is 
removing the limitation direction as superfluous in proposed Sec.  
65.107(b)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed, current Sec.  65.107 sets out the training 
requirements for a repairman certificate (light-sport aircraft) for 
maintenance and inspection ratings. Currently, the requirements set 
forth training course instruction hours for these ratings (i.e., a 16-
hour training course under Sec.  65.107(a)(2) for an inspection rating 
and/or varied hours of instruction under Sec.  65.107(a)(3) for a 
maintenance rating, which as noted depend on the aircraft class for the 
privileges sought). In the 2004 final rule, the FAA declined to align 
the curriculum content for a repairman certificate (light-sport 
aircraft) with a maintenance rating with the training and curriculum 
subjects for maintenance in part 147 (aviation maintenance technician 
schools), which were located in then-appendices B, C, and D, because 
many of the technical subjects set forth at that time were not relevant 
to light-sport aircraft.\92\ Therefore, the FAA implemented varied 
training hour requirements dependent on the class of aircraft after 
finding that differing training hours were required to address distinct 
knowledge elements between classes.\93\ The FAA no longer believes this 
is the best approach for maintenance training courses for repairman 
(light-sport) and proposes the revisions described in this section, 
which would require repairman to have the appropriate knowledge and 
skills to maintain light-sport category aircraft and subsequently 
demonstrate the requisite skill to determine whether the aircraft is in 
a condition for safe operations. The FAA does not propose changes, 
however, to the inspection training course requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ 69 FR 44849.
    \93\ Id. Distinct knowledge elements between classes could 
include part 39 and part 43 requirements; type-certificated engines, 
floats, and composite structures; and two- and four-cycle engines 
and electrical systems.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Since the 2004 final rule, the FAA has published the Aviation 
Mechanic General, Airframe, and Powerplant ACS (Mechanic ACS). The 
Mechanic ACS is required as the training curriculum for aviation 
maintenance technician schools certificated under part 147 \94\ and as 
the testing standard (as of the implementation date of August 1, 2023) 
for all mechanic certificates issued under part 65.\95\ An ACS is a 
comprehensive presentation that integrates standards for what an 
applicant must know, consider, and do to demonstrate proficiency to 
pass the tests required for the issuance of a certificate or rating. 
The Mechanic ACS includes high-level subjects (e.g., Fundamentals of 
Electricity and Electronics, Flight Controls, Engine Inspection), which 
are broken down into components that include knowledge, risk 
management, and skill elements relevant to that subject.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \94\ 14 CFR 147.17.
    \95\ 14 CFR 65.75(a) and 65.79(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Notwithstanding that a repairman is limited in the scope of their 
privileges to performing maintenance and inspection on light-sport 
category aircraft, former light-sport category aircraft and light-sport 
kit-built aircraft, as well as being limited to the aircraft category 
on which they have received the requisite training, a repairman 
nevertheless performs the same type of work as a mechanic. As such, it 
is reasonable to expect a repairman to demonstrate similar knowledge 
and skills as mechanics (limited in scope applicable to the aircraft 
category they will work on). The FAA proposes that the Mechanic ACS 
would most efficiently and effectively set forth the important 
knowledge and skill elements that should be included in a training 
course for a maintenance rating on a repairman certificate (light-
sport). In other words, using the Mechanic ACS as a standard for 
repairman training, but limited in scope as appropriate to the category 
of aircraft for which the repairman intends to exercise the privileges 
of the certificate, provides a flexible and performance-based standard 
for repairman training.
    For these reasons, the FAA is proposing to replace the currently 
specified aircraft class and training hour requirements for a 
maintenance rating with a performance-based standard for repairman 
(light-sport) training that will support existing and future categories 
of aircraft. As such, the FAA is proposing to require training courses 
to, at a minimum, include the knowledge, risk management, and skill 
elements for each subject contained in the Mechanic ACS, as appropriate 
to the category of aircraft being taught. Additionally, the FAA is 
removing the hours requirement for a maintenance rating training course 
in each category of aircraft. Similar to the training curriculum for 
part 147 certificated aviation maintenance technician schools, the 
Mechanic ACS provides a comprehensive set of standards such that allows 
a training course provider to offer a training timeline that is best 
suited to that particular training course and that category of 
aircraft, while requiring that the applicant receives training on all 
important subject areas to maintain safety.\96\ Therefore, proposed 
Sec.  65.107(d) requires a person seeking a maintenance rating to 
complete a training course accepted by the Administrator that includes 
the knowledge, risk management, and skill elements for each subject 
contained in the Mechanic ACS appropriate to the category of aircraft 
for which the person intends to exercise the privileges of the

[[Page 47696]]

rating (in addition to meeting the general eligibility requirements in 
proposed Sec.  65.107(a), which are largely unchanged from the current 
requirements of Sec.  65.107(a)(1)).\97\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \96\ The FAA believes the hours of training maintenance rating 
course providers are required to design their courses to under the 
existing regulations would be similar to the hours training course 
providers would include in new/revised courses meeting the proposal 
because those courses should already be teaching students the 
required information on how to maintain their class of aircraft. 
However, the level of detail offered by each course provider could 
add or remove hours from the course.
    \97\ The changes to Sec.  65.107(a) are described in section 
V.F.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2022, the Mechanic ACS was incorporated by reference \98\ into 
part 65 as the testing standard for issuance of a mechanic certificate 
under part 65, subpart D.\99\ As a result of the proposal to use the 
Mechanic ACS as a standard under proposed Sec.  65.107(d), the FAA 
proposes to amend Sec.  65.23(a)(2) to add Sec.  65.107 in the 
referenced regulations for which the incorporation by reference of the 
Mechanic ACS applies. In accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 
51,\100\ the FAA makes the Mechanic ACS reasonably available to 
interested parties by providing free online public access to view on 
the FAA ACS website at: faa.gov/training_testing/testing/acs. 
Additionally, the Mechanic ACS is available for download, free of 
charge, at the provided web address.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \98\ Incorporation by reference is a mechanism that allows 
Federal agencies to comply with the requirements of the 
Administrative Procedure Act (APA) to publish rules in the Federal 
Register and the Code of Federal Regulations by referring to 
material published elsewhere. Material that is incorporated by 
reference has the same legal status as if it were published in full 
in the Federal Register. Because 5 U.S.C. 552(a) requires the 
Director of the Federal Register to approve material to be 
incorporated by reference, incorporation by reference is governed by 
the Office of the Federal Register and as promulgated in its 
regulations: 1 CFR part 51. Specifically, 1 CFR part 51 provides 
certain requirements that a regulatory incorporation by reference 
must contain.
    \99\ Aviation Maintenance Technician Schools, Interim Final 
Rule, 87 FR 31391 (May 24, 2022).
    \100\ Section 552(a) of title 5, United States Code, requires 
that matter incorporated by reference be ``reasonably available'' as 
a condition of its eligibility. Further, 1 CFR 51.5(b)(2) requires 
that agencies seeking to incorporate material by reference discuss 
in the preamble of the final rule, the ways that the material it 
incorporates by reference are reasonably available to interested 
parties, and how interested parties can obtain the material.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA notes that it is not proposing any revisions to the current 
training course content for an inspection rating. Applicants for a 
repairman certificate (light-sport) with an inspection rating must 
complete a 16-hour training course acceptable to the FAA on inspecting 
the particular class of aircraft for which the applicant intends to 
exercise the privileges of the inspection rating pursuant to current 
Sec.  65.107(a)(2)(ii), which is proposed Sec.  65.107(c) in the 
reorganization. As discussed in the original implementation of the 
inspection rating training course, the 16-hour course is designed to 
train an individual owner with no background in aviation maintenance or 
inspection to perform a satisfactory annual condition inspection on 
their experimental light-sport aircraft and, based on that inspection, 
make a determination if that aircraft is safe to fly. Given this 
limited scope of privileges of the inspection rating (i.e., annual 
condition inspections only) compared to the broad scope of privileges 
of a maintenance rating (i.e., all inspections and maintenance), the 
FAA is not proposing any changes to this requirement relative to 
training course content.
    As a result of the proposed change to training course standards for 
the maintenance rating, existing course providers would need to review 
their existing training courses to determine if those courses include 
the appropriate knowledge, risk management, and skill elements from the 
Mechanic ACS. If revision is necessary, the course provider would have 
to submit the revised course to the FAA for acceptance. To allow for a 
transition period between the current and proposed training standards, 
the FAA would delay the compliance requirement for having a training 
course containing the knowledge, risk management, and skill elements of 
the Mechanic ACS. The FAA will allow for a 6-month compliance 
timeframe, as evidenced in proposed Sec.  65.107(d)(1). During that 
time period, both an hours-based training course (developed under 
current regulations) or an ACS-based training course (developed under 
the proposed regulations) may be accepted by the FAA for issuance of 
the maintenance rating on a repairman certificate (light-sport). 
However, an applicant for a repairman certificate (light-sport) with a 
maintenance rating who seeks privileges for one of the new categories 
of aircraft (i.e., rotorcraft or powered-lift), would only be eligible 
for the certificate if the training was an ACS-based training course, 
since hours-based training courses developed under current regulations 
do not address these aircraft categories.
    The FAA notes that the agency will continue its current practice of 
accepting these training courses, providing an acceptance letter to the 
course provider, and maintaining a web-based computer database record 
on all accepted training providers available to both industry and FAA 
personnel.\101\ However, the FAA currently issues course acceptance 
with a 24-month expiration. Current practice mandates that the FAA will 
notify a training course provider 60 days before the end of the 
acceptance period, at which time the training provider must reapply for 
continuing authority to provide the training. Because these training 
courses will now be aligned with the ACS, the FAA does not see a need 
to limit the course acceptance timeframe for light-sport repairman 
inspection or maintenance rating training courses to reexamine a 
training course provider's training course content. Therefore, a 
training course that is found acceptable to the FAA will no longer 
require a 24-month re-application process and will continue to be 
acceptable, until such time as it is found to be not acceptable (see 
section IV.F.5 for further discussion on acceptability).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \101\ FAA Order 8000.84B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Training Course Exams
    In 2004, the NTSB commented on the FAA's proposal pertaining to the 
training required of repairman (light-sport aircraft) applicants and 
suggested that the FAA implement a testing requirement.\102\ Currently, 
training providers issue a written exam to students, successful 
completion of which is measured at 80%. However, neither the 
examination nor the 80% passing standard are codified within the 
regulation. In alignment with the NTSB, the FAA continues to believe 
that a test is an important step within the airman certification 
process; specifically, the written exam serves as a benchmark to 
determine if an applicant possesses the appropriate knowledge to obtain 
the privileges of a repairman certificate. In other words, the FAA 
finds that a written test establishes the requisite level of safety 
required of a certificated repairman today. As such, the FAA is 
proposing to add a requirement in proposed Sec.  65.107(b), which is 
the new section for the general eligibility requirements, to require an 
applicant for an inspection or maintenance rating to pass a written 
exam administered by the training course provider that covers the 
content of the training course. Rather than memorializing an 80% pass 
rate as dictated by FAA policy, the minimum passing grade requirement 
(70 percent) that applies to all part 65 tests in Sec.  65.17(b) would 
apply to Sec.  65.107(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \102\ 69 FR 44848. As discussed in the 2004 final rule, the FAA 
stated that a training course should contain a written test that the 
applicant should pass with a minimum score of 80%.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Basis for Training Course Acceptance
    Pursuant to Sec.  65.107(a)(2)(ii) and (a)(3)(iii), a training 
course must be acceptable to the FAA. When the FAA implemented these 
training courses, the 2004 final rule indicated that the FAA would look 
at five areas in the determination of acceptability. These

[[Page 47697]]

areas included: passing grade, adherence to training guidance in FAA 
advisory material, the provider's training course outline, and the 
final written test. Additionally, the FAA referenced the appendices, 
curriculum subjects, and level 3 training standard, as defined in part 
147 at that time.\103\ The FAA developed guidance materials that direct 
a prospective training course provider to submit specified information 
such as information regarding the provider, the course outline, a 
description of training aids used in the course, handbooks, sample 
certificates of completion, course tests, a description of the 
instructors qualifications, a schedule of where and when training will 
be provided, and a description of the facilities if the course is 
provided at a fixed location. However, these desired components are not 
situated in the regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \103\ 69 FR 44849.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA believes it is crucial to set minimum standards for 
training course providers to provide quality training for those persons 
seeking a repairman certificate (light-sport) with associated ratings. 
FAA Advisory Circular 65-32A provides guidance to stakeholders on the 
acceptability of a training course, among other topics related to the 
certification of repairman (light-sport aircraft). The FAA proposes to 
codify provisions in AC 65-32A to add a requirement in new Sec.  
65.107(e) that requires the training course provider to deliver the 
course (1) using facilities, equipment, and materials appropriate to 
the training course content being taught and (2) by instructors who are 
appropriately qualified to teach the course content. The FAA interprets 
``appropriate'' facilities, equipment, and materials to mean those 
elements are sufficiently suited to instruct in the curriculum the 
training course offered.\104\ Similarly, the FAA interprets 
``appropriately qualified'' to mean an instructor is demonstrably 
qualified to teach the course content. This demonstration may include 
educational credentials, certifications, or practical experience that 
aligns with the subject matter that the instructor teaches.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \104\ To illustrate, if the training course includes a skill 
requirement that an applicant must perform on a specific piece of 
equipment (as listed in the Mechanic ACS), the course provider must 
have that piece of equipment (e.g., where the course requires a 
student to be able to perform a skill requirement to service a 
battery, the course provider must have an aircraft battery in a 
condition that will allow a student to demonstrate the appropriate 
servicing requirements to be considered to have equipment 
appropriate to the training course content being sought).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For either an inspection or maintenance rating, the training course 
which must be completed to obtain a repairman certificate (light-sport) 
must be found acceptable to the FAA, including evaluation of these 
elements. Because the FAA uses these training courses as the basis for 
issuance of a repairman certificate, the FAA has determined each course 
must be reviewed and accepted by the FAA to facilitate issuance of 
repairman certificates by individual aviation safety inspectors. AC 65-
32A provides information on how to submit training course materials to 
the FAA for acceptance. The FAA maintains a list of accepted courses 
that it makes available to the public. FAA personnel who issue 
repairman certificates use this this list to verify an applicant for a 
repairman certificate (light-sport aircraft) has attended a training 
course found acceptable to the FAA.
    Additionally, while one eligibility element for a repairman 
certificate (light-sport) is that a person complete a training course, 
the current regulatory text lacks the explicit steps between completing 
the training and receiving the certificate. Therefore, the FAA proposes 
two clarifying amendments. First, proposed Sec.  65.107(c) and (d), 
which set forth the eligibility requirements, would require an 
applicant to successfully complete a training program and demonstrate 
completion of the training program. This demonstration is most 
logically done through a certificate of completion issued by the 
training provider.\105\ Therefore, the FAA proposes to require in Sec.  
61.107(e) that training course providers issue each student a 
certificate of completion after the student has completed the training 
and passed the test. This documentation will ensure that an applicant 
has the means to demonstrate to the FAA that they have met the 
requirements for the certificate or rating. The training provider would 
be required to issue a certificate of completion that includes, at 
least, the name of the training provider, the FAA course acceptance 
number, the rating applicable to the training course (i.e., inspection 
rating or maintenance rating), the category of aircraft the training 
was based on, and the date of completion of the training.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \105\ The FAA notes that the regulatory text would not limit 
acceptable demonstration of completion to only a certificate of 
completion. While the FAA prefers an applicant to present a 
certificate of completion to demonstrate completion of the training 
program, the FAA intends to permit flexibility by accepting other 
documentary evidence without having to seek an exemption (e.g., in a 
case where a person has lost their certificate).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On November 28, 2017, the FAA published Notice N8900.444, ``Meaning 
of the Terms `Acceptable to' and `Accepted by' for Use by Aviation 
Safety Inspectors,'' to explain how each of the terms are used, which 
has since been incorporated into FAA Order 8900.1.\106\ Where the term 
``accepted by the FAA'' is used, it means the item at issue must be 
submitted to the FAA for review and acceptance before use. Where the 
term ``acceptable to the FAA'' is used, it means the item is not 
normally privy to the FAA's active review and acceptance before its 
use, although the FAA will exercise its oversight responsibilities. 
While the current regulation requires the training course to be 
``acceptable to'' the FAA, the FAA finds that in practice these 
training courses are instead ``accepted by'' the FAA through the 
previously discussed process. As such, the FAA proposes to change the 
term ``acceptable to'' to ``accepted by'' in proposed Sec.  65.107(c) 
for inspection rating training courses and Sec.  65.107(d) for 
maintenance rating training courses. The FAA notes that should a 
training course change, it would no longer be considered to be accepted 
by the FAA and, therefore, the training course provider would be 
required to resubmit the training course for acceptance by the FAA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \106\ FAA Order 8900.1, Volume 3, Chapter 1, Section 1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Repairman Certificate (Light-Sport) for Rotorcraft
    Under current regulations the FAA may issue a repairman certificate 
(light-sport aircraft) with an inspection rating for aircraft in the 
gyroplane class; however, the FAA does not currently issue a 
maintenance rating applicable to gyroplanes. In the 2004 final rule, 
gyroplanes were included in the light-sport aircraft definition to 
permit a sport pilot to fly the small gyroplanes that were then 
available on the market. At the time, the FAA did not intend to 
certificate gyroplanes under Sec.  21.190.\107\ Because the primary 
purpose of the maintenance rating is to perform maintenance on aircraft 
certificated in accordance with Sec.  21.190, the FAA concluded it 
would be unnecessary to issue a maintenance rating with gyroplane 
privileges. As a result, there are no gyroplane training course 
instruction hours requirements in Sec.  65.107(a)(3)(ii). In effect, 
this means that, currently, it is not possible to attain a maintenance 
rating with gyroplane class privileges on a repairman certificate 
(light-sport aircraft). The FAA currently only issues the inspection 
rating with a gyroplane privilege/limitation, specific to aircraft

[[Page 47698]]

owned by the applicant/holder of the repairman (light-sport aircraft) 
certificate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \107\ 69 FR 44799.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposals in this rulemaking to expand aircraft certificated 
under Sec.  21.190 to rotorcraft and powered-lift would facilitate the 
possibility to obtain a light-sport repairman certificate in the 
rotorcraft category and powered-lift category, which are not currently 
available pursuant to the existing definition of light-sport aircraft 
in Sec.  1.1. Under this proposal, the new rotorcraft category 
encompasses both gyroplanes and helicopters. Because the FAA proposes 
to expand the aircraft certification parameters for a light-sport 
category aircraft, the FAA recognizes that both the gyroplane and 
helicopter would be able to enter the light-sport market in greater 
numbers,\108\ and there would be a corresponding demand for the ability 
to safely maintain and inspect these aircraft. Therefore, the FAA 
proposes to permit the issuance of maintenance ratings to the 
rotorcraft category (i.e., gyroplane and helicopter classes).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \108\ Refer to preamble section IV.C. for discussion on the 
expansion of eligibility requirements (proposed Sec.  22.100) 
providing for the certification of additional classes of aircraft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA has determined that a rotorcraft category training course 
is sufficient, rather than establishing mutually exclusive helicopter 
and gyroplane courses. From a maintenance perspective, there is not a 
substantial difference in systems on gyroplanes and helicopters. For 
example, both gyroplanes and helicopters utilize an aircraft engine and 
main rotor system which, from a maintenance perspective, are of similar 
design and operation. Although there are other differences in operation 
and in design, such as use of a tail rotor or propeller, the FAA 
believes these differences can be covered in a single training course 
that includes both types of aircraft. Additionally, because these 
training courses require FAA acceptance, the FAA would verify in its 
review process that the training includes the class-specific 
differences within the rotorcraft category. Therefore, all persons 
seeking repairman certificates (light-sport) with a maintenance rating 
for rotorcraft category privileges (i.e., gyroplane or helicopter) 
would be trained on both classes within the category.
    Additionally, given the proposed change, as subsequently discussed, 
to differentiate between categories of light-sport category aircraft, 
the FAA proposes to permit the issuance of inspection ratings to the 
rotorcraft category (i.e., gyroplane, which could already be issued, 
and helicopter). The FAA has determined existing holders of a gyroplane 
inspection rating would already have the knowledge and skills for 
performing the annual condition inspection on aircraft in the 
rotorcraft category due to the aforementioned similarities and limited 
scope of privileges with the inspection rating. The FAA notes that 
current holders of a repairman certificate (light-sport aircraft) with 
an inspection rating with gyroplane class privileges would not need to 
be reissued a certificate. However, if the airman requested either a 
replacement certificate, or additional aircraft category privileges for 
the same certificate, the FAA would amend the ``gyroplane'' class 
privilege to a ``rotorcraft'' category privilege at the time the 
permanent certificate is issued.
7. Inspection Ratings Privileges and Limitations
    Existing Sec.  65.107(b)(2) establishes the privileges for 
repairman certificates (light-sport aircraft) with an inspection 
rating. Specifically, under Sec.  65.107(b)(2), a person may perform 
the annual condition inspection if the aircraft has been issued an 
experimental certificate under Sec.  21.191(i), with certain 
conditions.\109\ Should this proposal be adopted as a final rule, the 
FAA finds that the language in Sec.  65.107(b)(2) could result in a 
situation where an individual was issued a repairman certificate 
(light-sport aircraft) with an inspection rating specific for a former 
light-sport category aircraft (experimental purpose under proposed 
Sec.  21.191(i)), and the aircraft could later be re-certificated as a 
light-sport category aircraft (special airworthiness certificate under 
Sec.  21.190). In this scenario, if the aircraft was later re-
certificated in accordance with Sec.  21.190, that repairman's 
certificate, which states the aircraft N-number and serial number could 
allow the repairman to continue to conduct the annual condition 
inspection on that aircraft. The FAA did not intend to allow for 
repairman with an inspection rating to conduct an annual condition 
inspection on aircraft certificated under Sec.  21.190.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \109\ The aircraft must also be owned by the holder and must be 
in the same class of light-sport aircraft for which the holder 
completed the requisite training.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Therefore, the FAA proposes to remove the phrase ``been issued'' to 
clarify that to perform the annual condition inspection on an aircraft 
it must currently have an experimental certificate for the certain 
operating purposes, as set forth in Sec.  65.109(a)(2) (pursuant to the 
proposed reorganization of Sec. Sec.  65.107 and 65.109, as previously 
discussed). This change would require that to exercise the privileges 
of the repairman certificate (light-sport) inspection rating, the 
aircraft must have the appropriate experimental certificate.
8. Duration of Repairman Certificates
    Section 65.15 prescribes the duration of effectivity of 
certificates issued under part 65. Specifically, pursuant to Sec.  
65.15(a), a certificate or rating under part 65 is effective until 
surrendered, suspended, or revoked, but excludes repairman certificates 
from these duration parameters. Section 65.15(b) provides the duration 
for repairman certificates, which includes those issued in accordance 
with Sec. Sec.  65.101, 65.104, and 65.107. Those certificates are 
effective, unless sooner surrendered, suspended, or revoked, until the 
holder is relieved from the duties for which the holder was employed 
and certificated.
    Employment is a requirement specific to repairman certificates 
issued in accordance with Sec.  65.101. Specifically, Sec.  65.101(a) 
requires an applicant be employed for a specific job, and Sec.  
65.103(a) limits a repairman to conducting work only in connection with 
duties for the certificate holder by whom the repairman was employed 
and recommended. Different durations apply to certificates issued under 
Sec.  65.104, repairman certificates (experimental aircraft builder), 
and under Sec.  65.107, repairman certificates (light-sport aircraft). 
Section 65.101(b) excepts those certificates from the general 
eligibility requirements of Sec.  65.101, which includes the employment 
requirement. In other words, there is no employment requirement for 
those certificates. Therefore, Sec.  65.15(b) cannot be applied with 
respect to the aforementioned repairman certificates because 
eligibility, privileges, and limitations of these two types of 
repairman certificate do not have any association with an employer.
    The FAA proposes to revise Sec.  65.15(a) and (b) to distinguish 
the effective period of repairman certificates issued under Sec.  
65.101 from that of certificates issued under Sec. Sec.  65.104 and 
65.107. Specifically, proposed Sec.  65.15(a) would except only those 
repairman certificates issued in accordance with Sec.  65.101 from the 
stated duration. In other words, repairman certificates issued in 
accordance with Sec. Sec.  65.104 and 65.107 would be effective until 
the certificate is surrendered, suspended, or revoked. Additionally, 
Sec.  65.15(b) would specify the duration of repairman certificates

[[Page 47699]]

issued in accordance with Sec.  65.101 to be the effective until the 
repairman is relieved from the duties for which the repairman was 
employed and certificated (unless the certificate is sooner 
surrendered, suspended, or revoked).
    The FAA also proposes to remove the reference to March 31, 2013, in 
Sec.  65.15. That date referenced a compliance date that has since 
passed and, as such, is no longer necessary. In July 2003, the FAA 
discontinued issuing paper airman certificates and began issuing 
counterfeit-resistant plastic permanent airman certificates. In 2008, 
the FAA issued a final rule that restricted airmen other than flight 
crewmembers (regulated under 14 CFR part 65) from exercising the 
privileges of a paper certificate five years from the effective date of 
the final rule.\110\ After the five-year period (i.e., March 31, 2013), 
only an FAA-issued plastic airmen certificate could be used to exercise 
these privileges. Since March 31, 2013, has passed, the FAA is removing 
this grace period from the regulations as superfluous. Therefore, 
except for temporary certificates issued under Sec.  65.13, the holder 
of a paper certificate issued under part 65 may not exercise the 
privileges of that certificate. Removing the March 31, 2013, date from 
the regulation simplifies the regulation and removes a date that no 
longer has significance; in other words, this is a non-substantive 
revision in nature with no practical repercussions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \110\ Drug Enforcement Assistance, Final Rule, 73 FR 10662, 
(Feb. 28, 2008).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Repairman Certificate: Privileges and Limitations
    Section 65.103 provides the privileges and limitations for a 
repairman certificate issued under Sec.  65.101. Currently, Sec.  
65.103(c) excepts holders of a repairman certificate (light-sport 
aircraft) from this requirement while that repairman is performing work 
under that certificate. Section 65.103(a) provides certificate 
privileges appropriate to the job for which the repairman was employed 
and certificated, limiting that repairman to duties only in connection 
with the certificate holder who employed and recommended the repairman. 
Section 65.103(b) further limits the repairman to only performing or 
supervising duties for which the repairman understands the current 
instructions of the certificate holder by whom the repairman is 
employed. This language indicates that paragraphs (a) and (b) are only 
applicable to repairman certificates issued in accordance with Sec.  
65.101, which is the only repairman certificate type that has 
requirements relating to employment.\111\ However, the FAA notes that 
Sec.  65.103 also does not apply to a repairman certificate issued in 
accordance with Sec.  65.104 (experimental aircraft builder repairman). 
Accordingly, the FAA is proposing to amend Sec.  65.103(c) to state 
that Sec.  65.103 does not apply to the holder of a repairman 
certificate issued in accordance with either Sec.  65.104 (experimental 
aircraft builder) or Sec.  65.107 (light-sport).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \111\ See Sec.  65.101(a)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Maintenance

    Currently, light-sport aircraft are subject to the maintenance 
requirements of Sec.  91.327. This rule would revise the maintenance 
requirements for light-sport category aircraft in Sec.  91.327 
regarding safety directives and major and minor repairs and 
alterations, as described in the subsequently discussed proposals. 
Additionally, the FAA is proposing conforming changes to Sec. Sec.  
91.417, 65.85, and 65.87.
1. Safety Directives
    Section 91.327(b)(4) states no person may operate an aircraft that 
has a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category 
unless the owner or operator complies with each safety directive 
applicable to the aircraft that corrects an existing safety-of-flight 
condition. The FAA considers that a separate regulatory requirement to 
comply with safety directives issued by the aircraft manufacturer is 
unnecessary, therefore the FAA proposes to remove this requirement. The 
FAA expects that manufacturers would still issue safety directives when 
necessary to correct a safety-of-flight condition because the 
applicable FAA-accepted consensus standards would continue to direct 
the aircraft manufacturer to issue safety directives to correct safety-
of-flight conditions. Additionally, Sec.  91.7 prohibits any person 
from operating a civil aircraft unless it is in an airworthy 
condition.\112\ The FAA considers that where a manufacturer has issued 
a safety directive to correct a safety-of-flight condition, the 
condition would need to be corrected before the aircraft could be 
considered in airworthy condition. Similarly, if there is a safety-of-
flight condition that has not been corrected, the aircraft cannot pass 
its annual condition inspection required by Sec.  91.327(b)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \112\ For example, see F3198-18--Standard Specification for 
Light Sport Aircraft Manufacturer's Continued Operational Safety 
(COS) Program and F2483-18e1 Standard Practice for Maintenance and 
the Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light Sport Aircraft and 
F2483-18e1--Standard Practice for Maintenance and the Development of 
Maintenance Manuals for Light Sport Aircraft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because this proposal removes Sec.  91.327(b)(4) requiring 
compliance with safety directives, the FAA is proposing to remove the 
corresponding record keeping requirement for safety directives in Sec.  
91.417(a)(2)(v). Current Sec.  91.417 specifies the records that must 
be kept by each registered owner or operator of an aircraft. 
Specifically, Sec.  91.417(a)(2)(v) requires that records contain the 
current status of applicable safety directives, including, for each, 
the method of compliance, the safety directive number and revision 
date. If the safety directive involves recurring action, the record 
must also state the time and date when the next action is required. The 
safety directive record keeping requirement in Sec.  91.417(a)(2)(v) 
exists because Sec.  91.327(b)(4) currently requires owners and 
operators to comply with safety directives. Therefore, the FAA proposes 
to remove the record-keeping requirement to maintain records of safety 
directives. The FAA considers that a regulatory requirement under Sec.  
91.417 to document safety directives is unnecessary because maintenance 
performed on aircraft under Sec.  43.9 or Sec.  43.11 would still have 
record-keeping requirements.
2. Minor Repairs and Minor Alterations
    Section 91.327(b)(5) currently requires that each alteration 
accomplished after the aircraft's date of manufacture meets the 
applicable and current consensus standard and has been authorized by 
either the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA.\113\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \113\ 69 FR 44854. As discussed in the 2004 final rule, the FAA 
stated, for the purpose of Sec.  91.327, ``a person acceptable to 
the FAA'' includes: (1) the manufacturer that issued the statement 
of compliance, (2) any person who has assumed, and is properly 
exercising, the original manufacturer's responsibility for carrying 
out the continued airworthiness procedures described in the 
consensus standard, (3) The holder of an FAA-approved technical 
standard order (TSO) authorization, parts manufacturer approval 
(PMA), type certificate (TC), or supplemental type certificate (STC) 
for a product or part installed on the aircraft, and (4) Any person 
authorized by the manufacturer to produce modification or 
replacement parts in accordance with the applicable consensus 
standard addressing ``qualification of third-party modification or 
replacement parts.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA has determined that the language in Sec.  91.327(b)(5) does 
not allow for a certificated repairman (light-sport), an appropriately-
rated mechanic, or an appropriately-rated part 145 certificated repair 
station to perform

[[Page 47700]]

minor alterations as otherwise permitted in Sec.  91.327(b)(1) without 
the authorization of the manufacturer or person acceptable to the FAA. 
Certificated persons who are already authorized under Sec.  
91.327(b)(1) and part 43 to perform minor alterations, may be prevented 
from doing so because of the language in Sec.  91.327(b)(5).
    The FAA proposes to revise Sec.  91.327(b)(5) to require that minor 
repairs and minor alterations meet the applicable design and 
performance requirements, and allow the persons listed in Sec.  
91.327(b)(1) to perform minor repairs and minor alterations without 
obtaining authorization from the manufacturer or a person acceptable to 
the FAA.
    This proposed change is consistent with part 43 governing minor 
repairs or minor alterations. For example, 14 CFR part 43 prescribes 
rules governing the maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, 
and alterations performed on aircraft and is applicable to any light-
sport category aircraft. Under this proposal, minor repairs and minor 
alterations would not require specific authorization of the 
manufacturer or other person acceptable to the FAA, but rather must 
meet the performance requirements of part 43, including Sec.  43.13. 
Additionally, since minor repairs and minor alterations must already be 
performed in accordance with the Sec.  91.327(b)(1) requirement to use 
maintenance and inspection procedures developed by the aircraft 
manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA, the FAA considers it 
unnecessary to require additional authorization before minor repairs or 
minor alterations can be performed. Finally, this proposal provides 
some relief to aircraft owners and operators because they would not 
have to receive authorization from the aircraft manufacturer, or 
another person acceptable to the FAA to perform a minor repair or minor 
alteration.
    The proposed Sec.  91.327(b)(5) would also require that each minor 
repair and minor alteration meet the applicable consensus standards 
specified in the statement of compliance submitted to the FAA for the 
aircraft. Part 43 prescribes performance rules for these aircraft. 
Specifically, Sec.  43.13(b) requires work to be performed in such a 
manner and use materials of such a quality, that the condition of the 
aircraft, airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance worked on 
will be at least equal to its original or properly altered condition 
(regarding aerodynamic function, structural strength, resistance to 
vibration and deterioration, and other qualities affecting 
airworthiness). Requiring the aircraft meet the applicable and current 
consensus standards listed on the aircraft's statement of compliance 
after either a minor repair or a minor alteration would be consistent 
with Sec.  43.13(b). Finally, the FAA proposes that Sec.  91.327(b)(5) 
would no longer contain language concerning alterations being 
``accomplished after the aircraft's date of manufacture.'' By 
definition, an aircraft could only be operated after it has been 
manufactured. As such, including the phrase ``accomplished after the 
aircraft's date of manufacture'' is not necessary and could 
unintentionally cause confusion.
    The FAA notes that this rule also proposes two changes to Sec.  
43.13. First, the FAA proposes to eliminate the use of gender-specific 
terminology that exists in Sec.  43.13(a). Second, the FAA proposes to 
remove the paragraph heading that exists in current Sec.  43.13(c) to 
ensure consistency with Sec.  43.13(a) and (b), which do not use 
headings. The FAA also proposes minor editorial changes to Sec.  
43.13(c). These proposed changes would not alter the substantive 
requirements that are contained in Sec.  43.13.
3. Major Repairs and Major Alterations
    Section 91.327(b)(6) currently requires that each major alteration 
to an aircraft product produced under a consensus standard is 
authorized, performed and inspected in accordance with maintenance and 
inspection procedures developed by the manufacturer or a person 
acceptable to the FAA. The FAA is proposing to revise this section by 
adding the term ``major repair,'' removing the statement ``to an 
aircraft produced under a consensus standard,'' and adding language to 
clarify that the required authorization to perform a major repair or 
major alteration must be provided by the manufacturer or a person 
acceptable to the FAA.
    The proposed Sec.  91.327(b)(6) text will require that each major 
repair or major alteration is authorized by the manufacturer or a 
person acceptable to the FAA. It will retain the existing requirement 
that each major alteration be performed and inspected in accordance 
with maintenance and inspection procedures developed by the 
manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA. The proposal will add 
that same requirement to major repairs. The following discussion 
explains these changes in more detail.
    First, Sec.  91.327(b)(6) establishes requirements for major 
alterations but is silent on major repairs. The FAA is proposing to add 
``major repairs'' to this provision to require major repairs also be 
authorized by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA. The 
proposed rule would also require that major repairs be performed and 
inspected in accordance with maintenance and inspection procedures 
developed by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA. The 
proposal is consistent with how major repairs are applied to type-
certificated aircraft with one difference. Although a major repair on a 
type-certificated aircraft must be done in accordance with technical 
data approved by the Administrator (Sec.  65.95(a)(1)), such 
Administrator approved data does not exist for a light-sport category 
aircraft and so a major repair on a light-sport category aircraft built 
to a consensus standard that meets the requirements of part 22 should 
be done only after authorization from the manufacturer. Therefore, the 
proposal requires the major repair must be authorized by the 
manufacturer and performed and inspected in accordance with maintenance 
and inspection procedures developed by the manufacturer, or a person 
acceptable to the FAA. Additionally, related provisions in part 65, 
specifically Sec. Sec.  65.85 and 65.87, reference both major 
alterations and major repairs.
    Second, the FAA proposes to remove the language ``to any aircraft 
produced under a consensus standard'' from Sec.  91.327(b)(6) as 
unnecessary. Section 91.327 applies to the operating requirements of 
aircraft that have a special airworthiness certificate in the light-
sport category. Separately, pursuant to proposed Sec.  21.190(d)(6) 
manufacturers must state that these aircraft are built to a consensus 
standard. Therefore, reading Sec.  91.327(b)(6) and the proposed Sec.  
21.190 together, it is clear that aircraft in the light-sport category 
must be built to a consensus standard. As a result, the language 
referencing consensus standards is unnecessary because all aircraft 
subject to Sec.  91.327(b)(6) would have to be produced under a 
consensus standard. Therefore, the FAA proposes to remove this language 
from Sec.  91.327(b)(6).
    Third, regarding the manufacturer authorizing major alterations, 
the FAA finds that current language could be clearer. Read strictly, 
the current Sec.  91.327(b)(6) requires that each major alteration to 
an aircraft is authorized in accordance with maintenance and inspection 
procedures developed by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the 
FAA. However, such a reading points to authorizations being in 
accordance with maintenance and

[[Page 47701]]

inspection procedures. A major repair or major alteration must be 
authorized by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA 
because the aircraft is built to a consensus standard that meets the 
requirements of part 22. The manufacturer is best suited to determine 
if the aircraft will continue to meet the means of compliance with the 
consensus standard following a major repair or major alteration. 
Additionally, a major repair or major alteration must be performed and 
inspected in accordance with maintenance and inspection procedures 
developed by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA.
4. Changes to Certificated Mechanic Privileges
    Currently, Sec.  65.85(b) allows a certificated mechanic with an 
airframe rating to approve for return to service an airframe (or 
related part or appliance) of an aircraft with a special airworthiness 
certificate in the light-sport category, after a major repair or major 
alteration, provided the work done was performed in accordance with 
instructions developed by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to 
the FAA.\114\ Similarly, under Sec.  65.87(b), the same privileges 
apply to a certificated mechanic with a powerplant rating for return to 
service a powerplant or propeller (or related part or appliance).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \114\ 69 FR 44847. This rule change gives the airframe or 
powerplant-rated mechanic the same privilege to perform and inspect 
major repairs and major alterations on special light-sport aircraft 
that this rule grants a repairman (light-sport aircraft) with a 
maintenance rating.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under proposed Sec.  91.327(b)(6), no person may operate an 
aircraft that has a special airworthiness certificate in the light-
sport category unless each major repair or major alteration is 
authorized by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA and is 
performed and inspected in accordance with maintenance and inspection 
procedures developed by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the 
FAA. Sections 65.85(b) and 65.87(b) currently do not align with the 
proposed Sec.  91.327(b)(6) in a way that would require that a mechanic 
does not approve an airframe or powerplant for return to service with 
an unauthorized major repair or alteration. Performing the major repair 
or major alteration in accordance with instructions developed by the 
manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA may not sufficiently 
verify the aircraft or engine meet the proposed Sec.  91.327(b)(6) 
requirement. Therefore, the FAA is proposing to add language to 
Sec. Sec.  65.85(b) and 65.87(b) that requires, in addition to the 
existing requirement regarding instructions, the mechanic determine the 
major repair or major alteration is authorized by the manufacturer or a 
person acceptable to the FAA.\115\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \115\ See section V.F.1 for additional changes, technical in 
nature, proposed to Sec. Sec.  65.85 and 65.87.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

H. Operations

1. Aircraft Holding a Special Airworthiness Certificate in the Light-
Sport Category
    In general, Sec.  91.327 does not currently allow a person to 
operate an aircraft with a special airworthiness certificate in the 
light-sport category for compensation or hire. However, Sec.  91.327(a) 
does include two exceptions to this general prohibition against 
operations for compensation and hire: conducting flight training and 
towing a glider or an unpowered ultralight vehicle in accordance with 
Sec.  91.309 are both permissible.
    The FAA has received several petitions for exemptions and numerous 
industry requests related to increased opportunities for using light-
sport category aircraft for compensation or hire.\116\ These requests 
demonstrate significant public interest in expanding the use of light-
sport category aircraft for compensation or hire.\117\ Industry groups 
argue that light-sport category aircraft for certain aerial work for 
compensation and hire would be in the interest of public safety. For 
example, industry groups state that some of the public safety interests 
involve the safety of people and structures on the ground due to light-
sport category aircraft being generally quieter, slower, and more agile 
than aircraft with standard airworthiness certificates. The FAA has 
considered industry requests, as well as the use of FAA-accepted 
consensus standards that can provide an appropriate level of safety, 
and the FAA agrees that limited expansion of the use of light-sport 
category aircraft for compensation and hire is in the public interest.
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    \116\ See Exemption granted to Operation Migration from 14 CFR 
61.113(a), 91.319(e), and 91.327(a), April 30, 2014, Exemption No. 
10984, Docket No. FAA-2013-1075, available online at https://www.regulations.gov/document/FAA-2013-1075-0004.
    \117\ Dan Johnson & Roy Beisswenger. Modernizing Rules for Sport 
Pilots and Light Sport Aircraft:1.0 Aerial Work for Light-sport 
Aircraft, (June 2018), Retrieved from LAMA Report Modernizing 
LSA.pdf.
    Dan Pimentel, ``Will MOSAIC Allow LSAs To Do More: The industry 
has lobbied the FAA to allow light sport aircraft to perform more 
aerial work tasks,'' Flying Magazine, (May 20, 2022), https://www.flyingmag.com/will-mosaic-allow-lsas-to-do-more/.
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    As previously stated, the FAA does not explicitly define aerial 
work. The FAA broadly interprets the term to mean work done from the 
air for compensation that does not involve the carriage of persons or 
property.\118\ The FAA proposes to add a new paragraph in Sec.  91.327 
to allow for operation of light-sport category aircraft for aerial work 
for compensation or hire. The proposed amendment will allow light-sport 
category aircraft to conduct limited aerial work operations. 
Additionally, the proposed changes to the rule would not waive or 
provide exception from any of the provisions required by 14 CFR part 
119 or any other rule requiring an air operator certificate. To be 
allowed to operate under the proposed amendment, light-sport category 
aircraft would be required to meet applicable requirements under Sec.  
21.190 concerning aerial work.
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    \118\ See supra note 25 and accompanying text.
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    The FAA proposes amending Sec.  21.190 to address aerial work 
operations, which would be designated by the manufacturer in the 
consensus standards accepted by the Administrator for airworthiness 
certification of light-sport category aircraft. The FAA proposes the 
addition of Sec.  21.190(c)(3), which requires the manufacturer to 
include a list in the pilot's operating handbook of any aerial work 
operations that may be safely conducted using the aircraft. The 
proposed Sec.  21.190(c)(3) requires the aforementioned list to also be 
included in the manufacturer's statement of compliance. The proposed 
amendments applicable to light-sport category aircraft will result in 
aircraft that must meet consensus standards for aerial work operations. 
When a light-sport category aircraft meets an FAA-accepted consensus 
standard, including one specific to aerial work, a light-sport category 
aircraft should provide an equivalent level of safety in comparison to 
aircraft that undergo the type-certification processes that are 
currently allowed to conduct aerial work. As such, this proposed change 
will allow aerial work to be conducted in parallel with the proposed 
changes applicable to airworthiness certification of Sec.  21.190 
aircraft.
    The FAA recognizes that this is an ever-evolving field and seeks to 
not inhibit future innovation. As such, the proposed approach would not 
prescribe types of aerial work but would rather provide a path for a 
proven risk-based assessment of current and future aerial tasks. The 
agency does not propose relaxation of any of the existing regulatory 
safeguards that relate to aerial work operations, such as the minimum 
safe altitude, minimum safe distance,

[[Page 47702]]

and minimum safe speed restrictions in part 91 and restrictions 
surrounding dispensing of chemicals in part 137. If an operator seeks 
to conduct aerial work operations that exceed existing rules, operators 
must obtain regulatory relief in the form of a Certificate of Waiver, 
Letter of Authorization, or an exemption.
    The FAA anticipates that the proposed expansion of aerial work, 
along with the proposed amendments applicable to light-sport category 
aircraft, could lead to an increased interest in aerial work that 
involves carrying higher numbers of occupants. The FAA is proposing the 
addition of Sec.  91.327(f)(1) and (2) to address these concerns. The 
proposed language states that no person may operate an airplane 
certificated as a light-sport category aircraft when carrying more than 
four occupants, including the pilot. Additionally, the proposed 
language states that no person may operate a light-sport category 
aircraft other than an airplane when carrying more than two occupants, 
including the pilot. The FAA does not have sufficient data for 
expanding the number of persons onboard an aircraft other than an 
airplane. The proposed addition of Sec.  91.327(f)(1) and (2) does not 
change the restriction on certificated sport pilots not carrying more 
than two persons, including the pilot. Pilots with higher grades of 
certification will be able to operate light-sport category aircraft 
with the higher number of occupants allowed under the proposed Sec.  
91.327(f)(1) and (2).
    The current definition of light-sport aircraft in 14 CFR 1.1 limits 
the seating capacity to no more than two persons, including the pilot. 
The proposed rules would expand this to a four-person occupancy limit 
for airplanes certificated as light-sport category aircraft and a two-
person occupancy for light-sport category aircraft other than 
airplanes. The proposed rules are expected to lead to larger light-
sport category aircraft. The larger size, along with the proposed 
expansion of aerial work, could result in situations where there are 
occupants who do not require a seat. The FAA has decided that a 
measured approach that limits the number of occupants on an aircraft is 
safest in the near term, as it will prevent situations where operators 
attempt to carry as many passengers that will physically fit in the 
aircraft. In light of the safety continuum, as discussed in section 
IV.C.5, the FAA has proposed a limit of four-person occupancy for 
light-sport category airplanes and two-person occupancy for light-sport 
category aircraft other than airplanes because that is consistent with 
the maximum seating capacity in proposed Sec.  22.100(a)(1) and (2). 
This is not a prohibition of persons being carried who are not in 
seats, but rather a limitation on the total number of occupants, 
including both those who are in seats and those who are otherwise 
restrained.
2. Aircraft Holding Experimental Airworthiness Certificates
    Section 91.319(c) currently authorizes the Administrator to issue 
special operating limitations for particular aircraft holding 
experimental airworthiness certificates to conduct takeoffs and 
landings over densely populated areas or in congested airways. The 
terms and conditions specified in the authorization must be in the 
interest of safety in air commerce. The regulation only applies to 
takeoffs and landings; it does not currently authorize operating 
limitations to cover other flight segments. The current regulation 
presents difficulties for operators, as they can obtain special 
operating limitations for takeoff and landing, but not for any 
operations between takeoff and landing. Due to urban sprawl, it has 
become increasingly difficult for operators to avoid operating over 
densely populated areas.
    To address inconsistencies and possible operator difficulties in 
the continuation of all flight segments, the FAA proposes to amend 
Sec.  91.319(c) to allow the Administrator to grant operating 
limitations to certain aircraft with experimental certificates to 
conduct operations over densely populated areas or in congested 
airways, including, but not limited to, takeoffs and landings. This 
proposed amendment will allow the Administrator to issue special 
operating limitations that allow all phases of flight and expands the 
types of operations over densely populated areas or in congested 
airways.\119\ The FAA anticipates such operating limitations will only 
be issued in certain circumstances, as described in subsequent 
paragraphs. The general prohibition against experimental aircraft 
operating over densely populated areas or in congested airways will 
continue to apply under the proposed amendment to all aircraft that do 
not hold these special authorized operating limitations. When issuing 
such operating limitations, the FAA will consider several factors 
(discussed in subsequent paragraphs), including whether the aircraft in 
question is one of proven design and has records for continued 
operational safety.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \119\ 49 U.S.C. 44701 et seq.
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    With consideration of the continual safety trend of aircraft 
holding experimental certificates, there are several reasons why an 
operator may seek special operating limitations for their aircraft to 
conduct operations over densely populated areas or in congested 
airways, including, but not limited to, takeoffs and landings. One 
example involves operators conducting flights and other operations to 
show compliance with airworthiness regulations under Sec.  21.191(b). 
An operator may need to takeoff, land, and operate over densely 
populated areas or in congested airways to show compliance for the 
issuance of type and supplemental type certificates and to show 
compliance with the function and reliability requirements of the 
airworthiness regulations. Other examples of when operators may seek 
these operating limitations over densely populated areas or in 
congested airways is to conduct market surveys, sales demonstrations, 
or customer crew training for U.S. manufacturers of aircraft or 
engines. Lastly, operators conducting research and development of new 
equipment installations, operating techniques, or aircraft uses may 
seek special operating limitations to conduct those operations over 
densely populated areas or in congested airways.
    The Administrator will consider many factors when determining which 
aircraft, certificated under Sec.  21.191, may be issued the operating 
limitations to operate over a densely populated area or in congested 
airways. The Administrator may grant operating limitations to certain 
aircraft with experimental certificates that demonstrate significant 
safety attributes and records for continued operational safety, which 
enable them to operate over densely populated areas. Even though there 
is a broad variety of experimental aircraft with differing levels of 
safety and risk, the process of issuing experimental aircraft 
airworthiness certificates is an established process for all 
experimental aircraft. Not all aircraft that hold experimental 
certificates are true ``experiments,'' as that term is commonly 
understood. While the term ``experimental'' is used to describe these 
aircraft, that does not automatically mean they lack evidence of 
continued operational safety or a strong safety record. A significant 
number of aircraft hold experimental airworthiness certificates and, 
while some of these aircraft lack sufficient evidence of safety to be 
issued the proposed operating

[[Page 47703]]

limitations, many aircraft holding experimental certificates have 
consistently demonstrated safe operational records. For instance, there 
are large manufacturing companies performing market survey operations, 
in accordance with FAA certification processes and significant 
operating oversight.
    The FAA recognizes that some aircraft holding experimental 
airworthiness certificates pose overly significant risk to the general 
public and will not consider extending the proposed operating 
limitations to those aircraft. At a minimum, the FAA expects that all 
aircraft who are issued the proposed operating limitations, including 
any attached appliances, will conform to airworthiness requirements and 
any applicable airworthiness directives. Additionally, the FAA 
anticipates that the proposed operating limitations would not be issued 
to experimental aircraft that have had alterations or appliances that 
have not been adequately tested by the original manufacturer. In order 
to determine whether an aircraft with alterations or appliances would 
be able to obtain this operating limitation, the FAA would consider all 
facts presented by the operator, as well as procedures described in FAA 
guidance, including FAA Order 8130.2. This is similar to the process 
used for issuing operating limitations currently. Such procedures would 
be developed following this rulemaking and would be made available for 
public comment prior to adoption.
    Some amateur and kit-built aircraft may be able to obtain the 
proposed operating limitations to operate over densely populated areas 
or in congested airways, although the FAA currently has no intention of 
considering original or plans-built designs for issuance of these 
operating limitations. Depending upon the type of kit and the 
aircraft's similarity to its kit model, the FAA may consider granting 
these operating limitations to certain kit-built aircraft because of 
the high level of consistency among kit-built aircraft.
    There are specific aircraft features that the FAA may consider 
before issuing operating limitations to operate over densely populated 
areas or in congested airways. First, the FAA is concerned about the 
increased risk that results from an aircraft that has a single point of 
failure. When an experimental aircraft has a single point of failure, 
such as the loss of a single hydraulic in an aircraft that uses that 
system for flight controls, flight will become unrecoverable. Such 
aircraft will not be eligible for the proposed operating limitations, 
as they have a higher risk to persons and property on the ground. 
Having redundant systems increases safety for persons and property on 
the ground. Second, the FAA is concerned about the increased risk from 
allowing aircraft with ejection seats or detachable external stores to 
operate over densely populated areas. If an aircraft is equipped with 
an ejection seat, deployment of that seat over a densely populated area 
would significantly increase risk to persons on the ground. Similarly, 
if a detachable external store fails and detaches from the aircraft 
while operating over densely populated areas, there would be 
significant risk to persons on the ground. The aforementioned examples 
are some attributes that would cause the FAA to consider not issuing 
the proposed operating limitations, but the examples are not an 
exhaustive list.
    Beyond the aircraft conforming to original airworthiness 
requirements and having adequately tested alterations and appliances, 
the FAA may also consider actions taken by the operator to decrease 
risk. For example, the FAA views an aircraft that has completed a 
structured, task-based phase I testing process as potentially posing a 
lower risk over densely populated areas and in congested areas. 
Therefore, these aircraft could be recipients of the proposed operating 
limitations. Phase I flight testing is the initial flight-testing 
period for a newly assembled aircraft. All experimental aircraft 
seeking an airworthiness certificate must complete initial flight 
testing. Structured ``task-based'' testing provides the operator and 
the agency with consistent and reliable data for these aircraft. 
Several methods of phase I testing are available. One method is to 
develop and execute a ``task-based'' phase I flight test plan to obtain 
an airworthiness certificate. Completing a successful task-based phase 
I flight test plan process results in a document specific to the 
aircraft, as compared to an aircraft that has not completed a 
structured phase I flight test plan process and has only completed the 
minimum required flight time option and maintenance record entry. 
Additionally, the completion of a task-based phase I flight test plan 
is one action the operator can take that may decrease risk to persons 
and property on the ground during operations over densely populated 
areas.\120\ The FAA anticipates that aircraft granted the proposed 
operating limitations may be subject to additional requirements, such 
as increased maintenance requirements, in order to establish an 
equivalent level of safety.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \120\ See FAA Order 8130.2J, Airworthiness Certification of 
Aircraft, Appendix D, Table D-1, Operating Limitations (July 21, 
2017).
     See FAA Advisory Circular 90-89C, Amateur-Built Aircraft and 
Ultralight Flight Testing Handbook. (February 14, 2023).
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3. Space Support Vehicles
    This rule would implement language in Section 581 of the FAA 
Reauthorization Act of 2018 (the Act), which authorizes certain 
aircraft holding experimental certificates to conduct space support 
vehicle flights. The Act provides definitions for ``space support 
vehicle'' and ``space support vehicle flight.'' The Act also adopted 49 
U.S.C. 44737, which provides the rules for space support vehicle 
flights. To maintain consistency with the congressional language, the 
FAA proposes to adopt the same language used in section 44737. The FAA 
is also proposing regulatory amendments necessary to integrate the 
statutory language into 14 CFR.
    As defined in the Act, a space support vehicle is an aircraft that 
is a launch vehicle, a reentry vehicle, or a component of a launch or 
reentry vehicle. As stated in the statute, only aircraft holding 
experimental certificates that are also a launch vehicle, a reentry 
vehicle, or a component of a launch or reentry vehicle can be 
considered space support vehicles. Under this proposed rule, the 
definitions from the statute will be added to 14 CFR part 1 to 
facilitate implementation of that law. The FAA does not intend to 
create a new experimental purpose for space support vehicles to operate 
under in this rule. Instead, space support vehicles would conduct space 
support vehicle flights under an existing Sec.  21.191 experimental 
purpose, such as research and development or crew training. 
Additionally, the Act requires that space support vehicles must be 
owned by or operated on behalf of a licensed launch or reentry vehicle 
operator.
    Space support vehicle flights are distinct from licensed launch or 
reentry operations. Per the Act, an operator may conduct space support 
vehicle flights only to simulate space flight conditions in support of 
training for potential space flight participants, government 
astronauts, or crew; the testing of hardware to be used in space 
flight; or research and development tasks, which require the unique 
capabilities of the aircraft conducting the flight. Additionally, the 
aircraft conducting the space support vehicle flight is required to 
take off and land at a single site that is licensed for operation under 
51 U.S.C. chapter 509.

[[Page 47704]]

    Per the Act, the operator of an aircraft may conduct space support 
vehicle flights under an experimental airworthiness certificate 
carrying persons or property for compensation or hire. These flights 
may include carriage of persons or property for compensation or hire 
without obtaining an exemption to operating rules or a certificate to 
conduct air carrier or commercial operations. In contrast, operators 
seeking to conduct such activities for other experimental purposes must 
obtain an exemption to operating rules or a certificate to conduct air 
carrier or commercial operations.
    The FAA proposes to amend Sec.  91.319 in two ways in order to 
integrate space support vehicle flights into the operations regulations 
for aircraft holding experimental certificates. First, to implement the 
statutory authorization for space support vehicles, the FAA proposes 
the addition of Sec.  91.319(k). This proposed addition will allow the 
operator of an aircraft with an experimental airworthiness certificate 
to operate the aircraft for the purpose of conducting a space support 
vehicle flight. Second, the FAA proposes to amend Sec.  91.319(a) to 
reflect the addition of paragraph (k).
    To implement the statutory mandate in the Act, the FAA also 
proposes the addition of a new section addressing operating limitations 
for space support vehicle flights. This proposed new section, Sec.  
91.331, provides general operating requirements applicable to aircraft 
holding experimental certificates that will conduct space support 
vehicle flights. Section 91.331 would establish the same operating 
requirements as provided in the Act, which includes the requirements 
related to where takeoff and landing are to occur; who can conduct the 
operation; which vehicle can be used; and the purposes for which the 
vehicles can be used for. There will be only one change, as section 
44740(b)(1)(A) refers to ``a single site that is operated by an entity 
licensed for operation under chapter 509 of title 51.'' Since the only 
sites licensed by the FAA under title 51 of the United States Code are 
launch and reentry sites, proposed Sec.  91.331(a)(2)(1) would instead 
refer to ``a single launch or reentry site that is operated by an 
entity licensed to operate the launch or reentry site under 51 U.S.C. 
chapter 509.''
    Upon receipt of a request for an operating limitation to conduct a 
space support vehicle flight, the FAA would consider whether the 
requirements of proposed Sec.  91.331 are met. While it would be 
relatively easy to determine if certain elements of proposed Sec.  
91.331 are met (such as whether the location of takeoff and landing is 
a qualifying launch or reentry site), others would require a more 
intensive, fact-specific approach. For example, if the operator wants 
to conduct space support vehicle flights for the purpose of research 
and development tasks, the FAA will analyze the specific facts 
proffered by the operator to determine whether the research and 
development tasks require the unique capabilities of the aircraft 
conducting the flight, as required by the proposed Sec.  91.331. If the 
operator wants to conduct a space support vehicle flight for the 
purpose of training potential space flight participants, government 
astronauts, or crew, the operator would need to demonstrate that such 
persons have taken sufficient steps towards becoming space flight 
participants, government astronauts, or crew. The FAA would develop 
guidance to assist operators in developing their space support vehicle 
flight proposals, such as guidance related to what constitutes a unique 
capability of the aircraft and what documentation should be provided to 
support the status of a space flight participant, government astronaut, 
or crew. The FAA also proposes to amend Sec.  119.1(e) by adding a new 
paragraph, paragraph (e)(12), to allow for the operation of such 
aircraft for the purpose of conducting a space support vehicle flight 
under the requirements of the proposed Sec.  91.331. The proposed 
addition of Sec.  119.1(e)(12) would add language to exclude space 
support vehicle flights from the requirements of part 119 relating to 
air carrier certificates. The addition of Sec.  119.1(e)(12) is 
necessary in order to implement section 581 of the Act in the 
regulations.
4. Right-of-Way Rules
    Section 91.113 provides the right-of-way rules for operations other 
than those conducted on water. The right-of-way rules instruct pilots 
on how they must respond to other aircraft they encounter and are based 
on the category of aircraft or the operational scenario. Pilots must be 
vigilant to see and avoid other aircraft; and as always, aircraft in 
distress have the right-of-way over all other air traffic. The current 
regulation outlines specific categories of aircraft that a balloon, a 
glider, or an airship have right-of-way over when converging at 
approximately the same altitude (except head-on, or nearly so). By 
explicitly naming specific categories of aircraft, the current Sec.  
91.113(d)(2) and (3) do not provide information for how operators of 
other categories of aircraft not listed in Sec.  91.113 are expected to 
comply with the intent of the rule. This may lead to confusion, 
especially for those operators of aircraft that are not explicitly 
included in the current Sec.  91.113.
    The FAA proposes to amend Sec.  91.113(d)(2) and (3) to update the 
language by replacing the lists of aircraft in paragraphs (d)(2) and 
(3) with the broader term ``powered aircraft.'' These proposed 
amendments remove specific categories to include other powered aircraft 
not included in the existing rule, as the current rule is too narrow. 
The new language uses the term ``powered aircraft'' to include those 
categories. These amendments clarify the language in Sec.  91.113(d) 
where aircraft are categorized for the purpose of describing which 
aircraft has the right-of-way when approaching another aircraft on a 
converging course. Right-of-way rules maintain the privilege of less 
maneuverable aircraft to safely proceed with priority over more 
maneuverable aircraft in the NAS. The proposed Sec.  91.113(d)(2) 
continues to give gliders right-of-way over powered aircraft. 
Additionally, the proposed Sec.  91.113(d)(3) continues to give 
airships right-of-way over all other powered aircraft, except for those 
powered aircraft that are towing or refueling another aircraft. 
Balloons will continue to have the right-of-way over any other aircraft 
category.
    Finally, for consistency and clarity, the proposed language updates 
the previous language of the paragraph describing engine-driven 
aircraft to ``powered aircraft.'' The FAA chooses the term ``powered 
aircraft'' instead of ``engine driven'' to better convey the inclusion 
of aircraft that may have non-traditional forms of propulsion, 
including electric propulsion.
5. Operations at Airports in Class G Airspace
    Section 91.126 provides requirements for operations on or in the 
vicinity of an airport in Class G airspace, including the direction of 
turns when approaching the airport, flap settings, and communications 
with air traffic control towers. Currently, Sec.  91.126(b) requires 
that, when approaching to land at an airport without an operating 
control tower in Class G airspace, each pilot of a helicopter or a 
powered parachute must avoid the flow of fixed-wing aircraft. This 
requirement only addresses helicopters and powered parachutes. It does 
not currently consider other types of aircraft that may require access 
to these airports. Since its adoption, the current regulation has 
become inadequate in this regard, as it only addresses specific 
aircraft and does

[[Page 47705]]

not consider emerging aircraft technologies, such as powered-lift.
    To address all other aircraft under these requirements, the FAA 
proposes to amend Sec.  91.126(b)(1) to state that each pilot of a 
powered fixed-wing aircraft and powered-lift aircraft operating in 
wing-borne flight mode must make all turns of that aircraft to the left 
unless the airport displays approved light signals or visual markings 
indicating that turns should be made to the right, in which case the 
pilot must make all turns to the right. The FAA is also proposing to 
amend Sec.  91.126(b)(2) to require that each pilot of any other 
aircraft must avoid the flow of the types of aircraft listed in 
proposed Sec.  91.126(b)(1), specifically powered fixed-wing aircraft 
and powered-lift aircraft operating in wing-borne flight mode. The term 
``any other aircraft'' in proposed Sec.  91.126(b)(2) would include, 
but would not be limited to, weight-shift aircraft, helicopters, and 
powered parachutes. When powered-lift aircraft are operating in wing-
borne flight mode, they have similar flight characteristics as fixed-
wing aircraft. As such, the proposed language explicitly treats 
powered-lift aircraft operating in wing-borne flight mode as fixed-wing 
aircraft. However, powered-lift aircraft operating in vertical-lift 
flight mode are not equivalent to fixed-wing aircraft and will 
therefore not be treated the same. The purpose of this proposed 
amendment is to address all aircraft that could be involved in 
operations on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class G airspace.
    The proposed change would improve aircraft separation in the 
interest of safety by considering operational needs, aircraft 
configurations, and speeds to enhance avoidance of dissimilar aircraft. 
While there are many kinds of aircraft that are now grouped together 
under the proposed rule, those aircraft have similar flight and 
maneuvering characteristics and therefore should be kept separate from 
powered fixed-wing aircraft. Currently, non-powered, non-fixed-wing 
aircraft (other than powered parachutes and helicopters, which are kept 
separate under the current rule) are expected to operate in the same 
traffic pattern as powered fixed-wing aircraft. By separating powered 
fixed-wing aircraft from all other aircraft, this proposal intends to 
reduce risk to all aircraft by limiting all non-powered, non-fixed-wing 
aircraft from operating in the same traffic pattern as powered fixed-
wing aircraft.
6. Towing
    Section 91.309(a)(2) currently prohibits civil aircraft from towing 
a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle unless it is equipped with a 
tow-hitch of a kind, and installed in a manner, which is approved by 
the Administrator. When the FAA issued the 2004 final rule, the FAA 
stated in the preamble that towing operations by light-sport aircraft 
would be allowed. However, the 2004 final rule failed to actually amend 
the regulation to address such operations. The FAA is proposing to 
amend Sec.  91.309(a)(2) to clarify the addition of light-sport 
category aircraft for towing operations and remedy the oversight in the 
2004 final rule.
    The proposed language creates three paragraphs, each addressing a 
separate combination of the category of airworthiness certificate 
issued to an aircraft and whether that aircraft was issued a type 
certificate. Additionally, each paragraph of the proposed regulations 
addresses the certification requirements of the tow-hitch, as a 
product/article to be installed on an aircraft, as well as the manner 
of installation of the tow-hitch. The FAA uses the terms ``approved by 
the Administrator,'' ``authorized by the Administrator,'' and 
``acceptable to the Administrator'' in the following paragraphs. Table 
3 summarizes the differences among the terms used in Sec.  
91.309(a)(2).

                Table 3--Sec.   91.309(a)(2) Terminology
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Where Sec.   91.309(a)(2) uses . .
                 .                        The Proposal means . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Approved by the Administrator       Part/article approval may be done
 (i.e., FAA-approved).               during the type-certification
                                     process under part 21, subpart B,
                                     the Supplemental Type Certificate
                                     (STC) process under part 21,
                                     subpart E, or the Parts Manufacture
                                     Approval (PMA) process under part
                                     21, subpart K.
                                    Installation approval may be done
                                     during the type-certification
                                     process under part 21, subpart B,
                                     the Supplemental Type Certificate
                                     (STC) process under part 21,
                                     subpart E, or the FAA's field
                                     approval process.
Authorized by the Administrator...  While there may be other methods of
                                     authorization, the FAA can
                                     authorize the installation of the
                                     tow-hitch in the operating
                                     limitations issued to the aircraft
                                     or using the FAA's field approval
                                     process.
Acceptable to the FAA.............  This term means the tow-hitch or
                                     installation is not necessarily
                                     privy to the FAA's review before
                                     its installation or use.
                                    FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 43.13-2B,
                                     Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and
                                     Practices--Aircraft Alterations
                                     contains acceptable methods for tow-
                                     hitch installations in Chapter 8.
                                     Consensus standards and
                                     manufacturers' maintenance manuals
                                     are also acceptable to the FAA.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, for those aircraft that hold a standard airworthiness 
certificate, the proposed language requires that the tow-hitch is 
approved by the Administrator. Additionally, the tow-hitch is required 
to be installed in a manner approved by the Administrator. The proposed 
language maintains the current requirement for aircraft holding 
standard airworthiness certificates.
    Second, for those type-certificated aircraft that hold a special 
airworthiness certificate, and for which the aircraft has been 
previously issued a type certificate,\121\ the proposed language would 
require the tow-hitch be of a kind that is approved or otherwise 
authorized by the Administrator. Although these aircraft may have been 
issued a special airworthiness certificate, the fact that the aircraft 
was issued a type certificate means that the aircraft must continue to 
meet its type design after an alteration to install a tow-hitch. A tow-
hitch installation for an aircraft issued a type certificate may be 
done after the installation is FAA approved. This is the same 
requirement that is currently imposed on aircraft with a standard 
airworthiness certificate engaged in towing gliders or unpowered 
ultralight vehicles. However, because these aircraft hold a special 
airworthiness

[[Page 47706]]

certificate and are issued associated operating limitations, the FAA is 
proposing an alternative to the tow-hitch and/or the installations 
having FAA approval. Under the proposal, these aircraft may have a tow-
hitch and/or installation that is authorized by the Administrator using 
some other manner, such as in the operating limitations issued to the 
aircraft.\122\ In these instances, the FAA will verify that there will 
be an equivalent level of safety when the Administrator authorizes a 
tow-hitch or installation method.
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    \121\ For example, this could include aircraft in the limited, 
primary, restricted, or provisional category, or aircraft issued an 
experimental certificate for a purpose under Sec.  21.191(a) through 
(f), when that aircraft has been previously issued a type 
certificate.
    \122\ For example, if a person were using an aircraft that had 
been issued a TC to test a tow-hitch design, the aircraft could be 
issued an experimental certificate for the purpose of showing 
compliance with the regulations. The FAA would authorize the 
installation of the tow-hitch in the operating limitations issued to 
the aircraft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, for those aircraft that hold a special airworthiness 
certificate, for which the aircraft has not been previously issued a 
type certificate, the proposed language would allow for a tow-hitch of 
a kind that is FAA approved. As an alternative to installing an FAA-
approved tow-hitch, the tow-hitch may instead be one that is acceptable 
to the FAA. However, regardless of whether the tow-hitch is approved by 
or acceptable to the FAA, the tow-hitch must be installed in a manner 
acceptable to the FAA. As noted in the 2004 final rule, there is 
historical precedent for towing operations by light-sport aircraft. The 
FAA has determined that such operations can be conducted safely when 
using a tow-hitch approved by the Administrator, so long as the tow-
hitch is installed in a manner acceptable to the Administrator. The 
proposed language allows the option to install a tow-hitch that does 
not have FAA approval because the aircraft itself was never subject to 
an FAA approval process, as were those aircraft that were issued a type 
certificate. Table 4 provides clarity of the proposed tow-hitch and 
tow-hitch installation requirements in Sec.  91.309(a)(2).

  Table 4--Sec.   91.309(a)(2) Tow-Hitch and Installation Requirements
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Aircraft in proposed Sec.          Tow-hitch       Tow-hitch manner
          91.309(a)(2)               certification      of installation
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) Aircraft holds a standard     FAA-approved......  Approved by the
 airworthiness certificate.                            Administrator.
(ii) Aircraft holds a special     FAA-approved or     FAA-approved; or
 airworthiness certificate; and    Otherwise           Otherwise
 The aircraft design was issued    Authorized by the   Authorized by the
 a type certificate.               Administrator.      Administrator.
(iii) Aircraft holds a special    FAA-approved; or    Acceptable to the
 airworthiness certificate; and    Acceptable to the   FAA.
 The aircraft design was not       FAA.
 issued a type certificate.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Section 91.409 Clarifying Amendment
    Section 91.409 provides inspection requirements for aircraft 
operation. The language under Sec.  91.409(c)(1) provides operational 
inspection exceptions for specific aircraft airworthiness certificates 
under Sec.  91.409. The FAA proposes to amend Sec.  91.409(c)(1) by 
removing the first ``or'' and adding the words ``airworthiness 
certificate'' following the word ``light-sport'' within the list of 
special airworthiness certificates. The proposed Sec.  91.409(c)(1) 
states that an aircraft that carries a special flight permit, a current 
experimental certificate, a light-sport airworthiness certificate, or 
provisional airworthiness certificate. This amendment would provide 
better clarity, readability, and understanding for the operator for 
proper use of the exception.

I. Experimental Airworthiness Certificates

1. Duration of Light-Sport Category Airworthiness Certificates
    Currently, Sec.  21.181(a)(3) states that a special airworthiness 
certificate in the light-sport category will remain effective as long 
as the aircraft meets the definition of a light-sport aircraft and the 
aircraft conforms to its original configuration, except for those 
alterations performed in accordance with an applicable consensus 
standard and authorized by the aircraft's manufacturer or a person 
acceptable to the FAA. Additionally, the aircraft must not have any 
unsafe condition and not be likely to develop an unsafe condition. It 
also must be registered in the United States.
    Under proposed Sec.  21.181(a)(3)(i), an aircraft issued an 
airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category would have to 
meet the eligibility criteria specified in proposed Sec.  21.190(b) for 
its airworthiness certificate to remain effective. The specific 
eligibility requirements would reflect the expanded scope and 
performance of aircraft that could be certificated in the light-sport 
category and are discussed in detail in sections IV.C. and IV.D. of 
this preamble.
    Aircraft issued airworthiness certificates in the light-sport 
category before the effective date of the final rule may not be able to 
meet the requirements in proposed Sec.  21.190(b), as these aircraft 
would have been designed and produced before the enactment of the 
proposed requirements. Accordingly, proposed Sec.  21.181(a)(3)(iv) 
would allow these aircraft to maintain their special airworthiness 
certificates. The duration of airworthiness certificates issued for 
these aircraft would remain unaffected provided the aircraft still meet 
the parameters of the definition of light-sport aircraft found in 
current Sec.  1.1 and the other applicable requirements discussed in 
this section. The parameters that these aircraft would be required to 
meet would be specifically listed in the proposed paragraphs 
(a)(3)(iv)(A) through (M) and are identical to those contained in the 
current definition of light-sport aircraft found in Sec.  1.1. They 
would be specifically listed in the proposed regulation since the 
current definition of light-sport aircraft containing those parameters 
would be removed from Sec.  1.1.
    Proposed Sec.  21.181(a)(3)(ii) would revise the current 
requirement specifying that for an airworthiness certificate in the 
light-sport category to be effective the aircraft must conform to its 
original configuration, except for those alterations performed in 
accordance with an applicable consensus standard and authorized by the 
aircraft's manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA. This 
requirement would be revised to specify the aircraft must conform to 
its original or properly altered configuration. The proposed revision 
would conform the provisions of proposed Sec.  21.181(a)(3)(ii) to 
another proposal in this NPRM which would revise Sec.  91.327 to no 
longer require that the performance of minor alterations be authorized 
by the manufacturer or a

[[Page 47707]]

person acceptable to the FAA. Accordingly, minor repairs and minor 
alterations performed in accordance with acceptable methods, techniques 
and practices that meet the provisions of the applicable consensus 
standards and part 43 would result in an aircraft that would conform to 
a properly altered configuration. Any minor repair or minor alteration 
not performed in accordance with applicable consensus standards would 
result in the aircraft not conforming to a properly altered condition.
    The proposal would also retain current provision in Sec.  
21.181(a)(3)(iii) specifying that for the airworthiness certificates of 
aircraft certificated in the light-sport category to remain effective 
the aircraft must have no unsafe condition and not be likely to develop 
an unsafe condition. The current requirement in Sec.  21.181(a)(3)(iv) 
that these aircraft be registered in the United States for their 
airworthiness certificates to remain effective would also continue to 
remain applicable; however, since that requirement applies to all 
aircraft issued airworthiness certificates, the FAA proposes that the 
requirement is better placed in Sec.  21.181(a), where it would be 
applicable to all airworthiness certificates.
2. Issue of Experimental Airworthiness Certificates
    In this proposed rule, the regulatory wording of Sec.  21.191 would 
be revised from ``Experimental certificates are issued for the 
following purposes:'' to ``Experimental airworthiness certificates are 
issued for the following experimental purposes.'' ``Experimental 
certificates'' would be changed to ``Experimental airworthiness 
certificates'' to clarify that experimental certificates are 
airworthiness certificates and that they are issued for the 
experimental purposes listed in Sec.  21.191. The term ``purposes'' 
would be revised to ``experimental purposes'' to clarify that the 
purposes in Sec.  21.191 are experimental. These changes are also being 
proposed to align with a change in Sec.  21.175, which proposes to 
clarify that special airworthiness certificates are issued for aircraft 
operating for an experimental purpose.
    This rule proposes to retain Sec.  21.191(a) through (h), revise 
Sec.  21.191(i), and add Sec.  21.191(j) and (k).
3. Operating Former Light-Sport Category Aircraft
    Currently Sec.  21.191(i), Operating light-sport aircraft, consists 
of three sections. Each section was created for a particular type of 
aircraft. The first section, identified in Sec.  21.191(i)(1), applies 
to aircraft that have not been issued a U.S. or foreign airworthiness 
certificate and do not meet the provisions of 14 CFR 103.1. These 
aircraft are commonly referred to as ``fat ultralights.'' As provided 
in Sec.  21.191(i)(1), an experimental certificate will not be issued 
under this paragraph for these aircraft after January 31, 2008. As 
such, the FAA is proposing to delete this requirement. The second 
section, identified in Sec.  21.191(i)(2), applies to light-sport 
aircraft that have been assembled from a kit in accordance with 
manufacturer's assembly instructions that meet an applicable consensus 
standard. The FAA is proposing to move this requirement to Sec.  
21.191(j) as discussed in section IV.I.3. The third section, identified 
in Sec.  21.191(i)(3), applies to aircraft previously issued an 
airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category. This last 
section would be retained in Sec.  21.191(i).
    This rule proposes to revise the heading of Sec.  21.191(i) from 
``Operating light-sport aircraft'' to ``Operating former light-sport 
category aircraft.'' This section would contain the same experimental 
purpose as the current Sec.  21.191(i)(3), which includes aircraft that 
have previously been issued a special airworthiness certificate in the 
light-sport category under Sec.  21.190. Aside from the relocation from 
Sec.  21.191(i)(3) to Sec.  21.191(i) and the revision of the heading, 
this proposal would not further materially change this section.
    This rule would eliminate Sec.  21.191(i)(1) that allows for 
airworthiness certification of ``fat ultralights.'' These aircraft have 
not been issued a U.S. or foreign airworthiness certificate and do not 
meet the provisions of 14 CFR 103.1. These aircraft were provided a 
small timeframe in which they could be issued an airworthiness 
certificate under this experimental purpose and that timeframe closed 
on January 31, 2008, pursuant to Sec.  21.191(i)(1). As such, this 
paragraph would be eliminated from this revised rule since these 
aircraft can no longer be issued an airworthiness certificate under 
this section.
4. Operating Light-Sport Category Kit-Built Aircraft
    This rule would create a new experimental purpose, ``Operating 
light-sport category kit-built aircraft'' in Sec.  21.191(j), 
specifically for light-sport category kit-built aircraft that are 
currently being certificated under Sec.  21.191(i)(2). Aircraft 
certificated under this experimental purpose would continue to include 
those that have been certificated under Sec.  21.190 and assembled from 
an aircraft kit in accordance with the manufacturer's assembly 
instructions that meet an applicable consensus standard.
    The items the applicant must provide to apply for an experimental 
airworthiness certificate for a light-sport category kit-built aircraft 
currently exist in Sec.  21.193(e). This rule would relocate these 
application items for light-sport category kit-built aircraft from 
Sec.  21.193(e) to Sec.  21.191(j) with minor changes. Section 
21.193(e)(1) requires evidence that an aircraft of the same make and 
model was manufactured and assembled by the aircraft kit manufacturer 
and issued a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport 
category. This proposed rule, in Sec.  21.191(j)(1), would clarify that 
the issuance of a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport 
category would occur under Sec.  21.190.
    Section 21.193(e)(2) requires the applicant to provide a copy of 
the aircraft's operating instructions and Sec.  21.193(e)(5) requires 
the applicant to provide a copy of the aircraft's flight training 
supplement. These requirements would be relocated to Sec.  21.191(j)(2) 
in this rule and would change ``the aircraft's operating instructions'' 
and ``the aircraft's flight training supplement'' to ``the pilot's 
operating handbook that includes a flight training supplement,'' to 
standardize with terminology proposed for use throughout Sec.  21.190 
and part 22 of this proposal.
    Section 21.193(e)(3) requires the applicant to provide a copy of 
the aircraft's maintenance and inspection procedures. This requirement 
would be moved to Sec.  21.191(j)(3) in this rule.
    Section 21.193(e)(4) requires the applicant to provide the 
manufacturer's statement of compliance for the aircraft kit used in the 
aircraft assembly that meets Sec.  21.190(c), except that instead of 
meeting Sec.  21.190(c)(7), the statement must identify assembly 
instructions for the aircraft that meet an applicable consensus 
standard. This proposed rule would move this requirement to Sec.  
21.191(j)(4) and clarify that the aircraft kit must comply with the 
applicable requirements of Sec.  21.190 and part 22 in effect at the 
time the aircraft kit was manufactured, except the statement of 
compliance need not indicate compliance with Sec.  22.100 for flight 
and ground testing in accordance with a production acceptance test 
procedure. This change is necessary because this rule would contain the 
applicable requirements throughout Sec.  21.190 that an applicant would 
have to comply with in addition to the manufacturer's

[[Page 47708]]

statement of compliance. Additionally, design, production, and 
airworthiness requirements that must be complied with would be in part 
22 of this proposed rule.
    Finally, current Sec.  21.193(e)(6) requires an applicant for an 
aircraft kit manufactured outside the United States to show evidence 
that the aircraft kit was manufactured in a country with which the 
United States has a Bilateral Airworthiness Agreement concerning 
airplanes or a Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement with associated 
Implementation Procedures for Airworthiness concerning airplanes, or an 
equivalent airworthiness agreement. This requirement would remain 
unchanged in the proposed rule and relocated to Sec.  21.191(j)(5).

   Table 5--Proposed Changes to Sec.   21.191(i) Operating Light-Sport
                                Aircraft
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         Current purpose:                     Proposed purpose:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   21.191(i)(1) (``fat-         Removed from Sec.   21.191;
 ultralights'').                     timeframe closed on January 31,
                                     2008.
Sec.   21.191(i)(2) (light-sport    Sec.   21.191(j) Operating light-
 kit).                               sport category kit-built aircraft;
                                     would include provisions from
                                     current Sec.   21.193(e).
Sec.   21.191(i)(3) (former Sec.    Sec.   21.191(i) Operating former
 21.190).                            light-sport category aircraft.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Operating Former Military Aircraft
    This rule would create a new experimental purpose for former 
military aircraft to be added as Sec.  21.191(k). To be eligible for an 
experimental airworthiness certificate under the proposed rule, 
aircraft would have to be manufactured, purchased, or modified under 
contract by the U.S. Armed Forces or a foreign military. This proposed 
requirement would establish the military history of the aircraft as a 
prerequisite for eligibility under this section. The aircraft would 
have to have been a military aircraft before the FAA would consider the 
aircraft a former military aircraft. Under the proposed rule, unmanned 
aircraft (UA) would be excluded from eligibility for an airworthiness 
certificate under this purpose.
    This additional purpose is necessary to allow for flights conducted 
by these aircraft between their public aircraft operations performed on 
behalf of the Department of Defense (DOD). Since fiscal year 2015, the 
DOD components have increased the use of air support contracts, 
including contracting for more flying hours and expanding the number of 
training locations, to address training requirements. DOD components 
awarded almost $8.4 billion for air support contracts in fiscal years 
2015 through 2021.\123\ These contracts provide non-military aircraft 
and personnel to replicate the role of combat aircraft for various 
training activities. DOD has used contracts to meet training needs, 
address shortages in available military aircraft and crew members, and 
manage costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \123\ Government Accountability Office, Report to the Committee 
on Armed Services of the United States House of Representatives 
(Dec. 2021), https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-104475.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many of these DOD operations involve contract air support 
operations that use civilian contractor aircraft and personnel. Some 
examples of contract air support operations are ordinance delivery, 
target towing, aerial refueling, and aggressor training, in which 
military pilots are provided with simulated adversaries to replicate 
combat activities. Although contract air support aircraft have been 
issued experimental airworthiness certificates for the purpose of 
exhibition and crew training, there currently is no experimental 
purpose available that adequately addresses the DOD's needs with regard 
to contract air support. Although the operations conducted under the 
contract with DOD may be conducted as public aircraft operations, any 
operations the aircraft may perform that do not meet the statutory 
requirements for public aircraft operations would be a civil aircraft 
operation subject to FAA airworthiness requirements.
    Existing airworthiness requirements for experimental aircraft such 
as exhibition and crew training also may not include the mitigations 
appropriate to the operation of these aircraft. To date, former-
military aircraft seeking to conduct contract air support operations 
typically have sought experimental airworthiness certificates for the 
purposes of exhibition and crew training which the FAA has issued 
accompanied by specific operating limitations developed for each 
purpose in accordance with Sec.  91.319(i) and FAA Order 8130.2.\124\ 
As the DOD has increased its use of contract air support operations 
over time, the FAA has become aware that issuing experimental 
airworthiness certificates under the current available purposes may 
result in a misalignment of the issued experimental purpose and the 
operations being conducted. The proposed experimental purpose will 
align the civil operations to be conducted and the purpose for which 
these certificates are sought.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \124\ FAA Order 8130.2J, Airworthiness Certification of Aircraft 
(July 21, 2017).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To better allow these aircraft to operate as civil aircraft, the 
FAA proposes to establish a new experimental purpose for former 
military aircraft that would allow for three types of civil operation. 
First, aircraft with this purpose would be able to fly the aircraft to 
a base where repairs, alterations, or maintenance would be performed. 
Aircraft often need to be taken to specific locations to have requisite 
repairs, alterations, and maintenance, whether scheduled or 
unscheduled. Second, aircraft with this purpose would be able to fly 
the aircraft to a point of storage. When not being used for contract 
air support operations, these aircraft are typically not housed on 
military property and need to be kept in storage facilities that meet 
certain security, size, and environmental requirements. As such, 
allowing for flight between the contract air support operations and 
where the aircraft are housed is necessary. Third, aircraft with this 
purpose would be able to be repositioned for use under contract with 
the DOD. Contract air support operations occur at various DOD 
installations and within special use airspace, with the same aircraft 
often being used for contract air support operations at different 
locations. As the flight between the two locations would not be 
considered a public aircraft operation, this purpose will cover the 
relocation flight necessary for the aircraft to fulfill contractual 
requirements. These purposes are also aligned with the types of 
operations generally allowed under a special flight permit. Unlike a 
special flight permit, however, this rule would allow these aircraft to 
seek an experimental airworthiness certificate rather than get specific 
permission for each such operation. The proposed experimental purpose 
would enable the DOD to use contract air services more effectively and 
enable the FAA to oversee the civil use of these aircraft more 
efficiently. Such civil air support operations are

[[Page 47709]]

critical to the defense readiness of the United States. The three 
authorizations proposed by the FAA provide a pathway for the DOD 
contractors to conduct limited civil operations.
6. Application for Special Airworthiness Certificates Issued for 
Experimental Purposes
    With the documentation requirements for light-sport category kit-
built aircraft proposed for relocation from Sec.  21.193(e) to Sec.  
21.191(j), the remaining requirements in Sec.  21.193(a) through (d) 
are those necessary for the application for an airworthiness 
certificate for an experimental purpose. In accordance with these 
proposed revisions, the heading of this section would be changed from 
``Experimental certificates: general'' to ``Application for special 
airworthiness certificates issued for experimental purposes.''
    Section 21.193(a) requires a statement, in a form and manner 
prescribed by the FAA setting forth the purpose for which the aircraft 
is to be used. This rule would omit the first half of this requirement: 
``A statement, in a form and manner prescribed by the FAA . . .'' In 
this proposed rule, Sec.  21.193(a) would require an applicant to 
submit the experimental purpose for which the aircraft would be used 
and Sec.  21.193(b) would require an applicant to submit enough 
information to describe the planned operation, equipment, or test, as 
applicable. Combined, these two requirements would necessitate more 
than a ``statement'' from the applicant, as currently required by Sec.  
21.193(a). The applicant would be required to provide the Sec.  21.191 
purpose(s) for which application is being made as well as provide 
enough data for the FAA to understand the scope, risks, and hazards of 
the planned operations, equipment, or test, as applicable.
    Section 21.193(b) requires enough data (such as photographs) to 
identify the aircraft when making application for an airworthiness 
certificate for an experimental purpose. This proposed rule, in Sec.  
21.193(e), would change this requirement by removing the phrase ``such 
as photographs'' to clarify that other means of identification are 
permitted.
    The FAA is not changing the requirement in Sec.  21.193(c) stating 
that, upon inspection of the aircraft, any pertinent information found 
necessary by the FAA to safeguard the general public must be submitted 
by the applicant. In this proposal, this requirement would simply be 
moved to Sec.  21.193(g).
    Section 21.193(d)(2) requires the applicant to submit the estimated 
time or number of flights required for the experiment. This proposed 
rule would keep this requirement in Sec.  21.193(c) but would make it 
applicable only for an applicant seeking issuance of an experimental 
airworthiness certificate for those experimental purposes specified in 
Sec.  21.191(a) through (f). This change is necessary because the other 
experimental purposes (i.e., operating amateur-built aircraft, 
operating former light-sport-category aircraft, and operating light-
sport category kit-built aircraft) are not dependent upon time or 
accomplishing a specific number of flights to validate their 
experimental purpose. The experimental purposes of research and 
development, showing compliance with regulations, crew training, and 
market survey would all be subject to a certificate duration of three 
years or less under this rule, or they could indicate the number of 
flights it will take to complete their experiment or operation. 
Applicants for the exhibition and air racing experimental purposes 
would identify the number of flights, typically planned at events such 
as airshows, movie or television productions, or air races. In this 
section, the word ``experiment'' in Sec.  21.193(d)(2) would be changed 
to ``operation'' in Sec.  21.193(c) of this rule to reflect that not 
all the experimental purposes in Sec.  21.191(a) through (f) involve 
experiments. Replacing ``experiment'' with ``operation'' more 
accurately describes the flight operations of these experimental 
purposes.
    The current requirement in Sec.  21.193(d)(3) for applicants to 
submit the areas over which the experiment will be conducted when 
applying for an airworthiness certificate for an experimental purpose 
would move to Sec.  21.193(d) in this proposed rule. Consistent with 
other requirements in this section in this proposed rule, the word 
``experiment'' would be changed to ``flight'' to show that not all 
experimental purposes involve experiments.
    Finally, current Sec.  21.193(d)(4) requires applicants for an 
airworthiness certificate for an experimental purpose to provide three-
view drawings or three-view dimensioned photographs of the aircraft, 
except for aircraft converted from a previously certificated type 
without appreciable change in the external configuration. This proposed 
rule, in Sec.  21.193(f), would omit the words ``aircraft converted 
from'' to clarify that any previously type-certificated aircraft would 
be excepted from this requirement if there was no appreciable change in 
the external configuration.
    Proposed Sec.  21.193(h) would require applicants for an 
experimental certificate under Sec.  21.191(i) operating former light-
sport category aircraft, and Sec.  21.191(j) operating light-sport 
category kit-built aircraft, to demonstrate compliance with the 
aircraft noise limits in 14 CFR part 36. If compliance cannot be 
demonstrated using analytical data (i.e., the aircraft needs to be 
flight tested), an applicant for either of these experimental purposes 
would need to obtain an experimental airworthiness certificate for the 
purpose of showing compliance with regulations to complete noise 
testing before receiving airworthiness certification under the proposed 
Sec.  21.191(i) or (j). Options for noise compliance are discussed in 
section IV.K.
7. Changes to the Experimental Purpose of Market Survey
    Section 21.195(b) applies to manufacturers of aircraft engines and 
Sec.  21.195(c) applies to persons who have altered the design of a 
type-certificated aircraft. Both Sec.  21.195(b) and (c) have the 
requirement for an aircraft, before alteration, to have been type 
certificated in the normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, or transport 
category. This proposed rule would add aircraft type certificated in 
the primary and restricted categories. This change would allow, for 
example, a manufacturer or person to alter an aircraft, such as by 
adding a new crop sprayer and install it in an aircraft that had been, 
before alteration, type certificated in the restricted category for the 
special purpose operation of crop spraying. This manufacturer or person 
could demonstrate the new crop sprayer on a restricted category 
aircraft to potential customers under the experimental purpose of 
market survey. Currently, Sec.  21.195 does not contain requirements 
applicable to these types of demonstrations in the primary and 
restricted categories.
    Section 21.195(d) states that an applicant for an experimental 
certificate under this section is entitled to that certificate if, in 
addition to meeting the requirements of Sec.  21.193, the applicant has 
established an inspection and maintenance program for the continued 
airworthiness of the aircraft and showed that the aircraft has been 
flown for at least 50 hours, or for at least 5 hours if it is a type-
certificated aircraft which has been modified. The FAA may reduce these 
operational requirements if the applicant provides adequate 
justification. This proposed rule would clarify that Sec.  21.195(a), 
(b), or (c) determine the eligibility for the application of an 
airworthiness

[[Page 47710]]

certificate for the experimental purpose of market survey and that 
Sec.  21.195(d) is not a stand-alone eligibility criterion. To remedy 
this common misconception, this rule would clarify that Sec.  21.195(d) 
only applies when an applicant meets the requirements of Sec.  21.193 
and any of the three criteria in Sec.  21.195(a), (b), or (c).
    In addition to the changes previously discussed, this rule proposes 
to eliminate the use of gender-specific terminology that exists in this 
section.
8. Noise Requirements
a. New Experimental Light-Sport Category Aircraft and Acoustic Changes 
to Existing Experimental Light-Sport Aircraft
    This rule proposes that new experimental light-sport aircraft and 
existing experimental light-sport aircraft that are altered in a manner 
that changes their noise generation would be required to demonstrate 
compliance with part 36. While the noise limits listed in the 
appendices to part 36 would apply, the FAA is proposing different 
methods of compliance depending on the complexity of the aircraft and 
the availability of noise consensus standards. A more comprehensive 
discussion of the need for this requirement and the options available 
for airworthiness certification is presented in section IV.K.
    Aircraft certificated under current Sec.  21.191(i)(1) would be 
excepted from meeting noise requirements, as discussed in section IV.K.
b. Experimental Light-Sport Category Kit-Built Aircraft
    The FAA proposes to apply the noise requirements of part 36 to 
experimental light-sport aircraft kit-built aircraft when an 
airworthiness certificate is applied for under Sec.  21.191(j). The 
applicability and methods of compliance with part 36 are fully 
discussed in section IV.K.
9. Aircraft Identification
    In Sec.  21.182(a), this rule would change the word ``his'' to 
``the'' to make this sentence gender-neutral.
    When combined, the current Sec.  21.182(b) introductory text and 
(b)(2) contain double-negative language that is confusing. This rule 
would eliminate the double-negative language to add clarity. Section 
21.182(b) currently states in part that paragraph (a) of this section 
does not apply to applicants for the following: an experimental 
certificate for an aircraft not issued for the purpose of operating 
amateur-built aircraft, operating primary kit-built aircraft, or 
operating light-sport aircraft. To apply this double-negative language 
correctly, a person would have to determine the experimental purposes 
not listed in Sec.  21.182(b)(2). These purposes include research and 
development, showing compliance with regulations, crew training, 
exhibition, air racing, and market survey. The proposed Sec.  
21.182(b)(2) would instead list these applicable experimental purposes, 
making comprehension much easier.
    A new experimental purpose, operating former military aircraft, 
would be included under Sec.  21.182(b)(2), thereby excluding these 
aircraft from compliance with the fireproof identification marking 
requirements of Sec.  45.11. Former military aircraft were built under 
U.S. or foreign military requirements, and it would be impractical and 
extremely costly for them to have to retroactively comply with civil 
fireproof identification marking requirements. Also, most former 
military aircraft currently operating under FAA airworthiness 
certificates are already excluded from fire-proof marking requirements 
since they tend to operate under the experimental purposes of research 
and development, crew training, or exhibition.

J. Restricted Category

1. General Changes to Airworthiness Certification of Restricted 
Category Aircraft
    For type certification in the restricted category, Sec.  
21.25(a)(1) currently requires an aircraft to meet the airworthiness 
requirements of an aircraft category, except those requirements that 
the FAA finds inappropriate for the special purpose for which the 
aircraft is to be used. This proposed rule would specify that the 
airworthiness regulations for primary or light-sport categories are not 
acceptable for type certification in the restricted category. These two 
categories were created after the restricted category regulations were 
established and were not intended to be included for type certification 
in the restricted category.
    Additionally, the airworthiness requirements for primary and light-
sport categories are not appropriate for use in restricted category 
type certification. The primary category airworthiness regulations are 
not designed to include all of the airworthiness standards in part 23 
or 27, as applicable, while the airworthiness requirements for light-
sport category aircraft, as proposed in this rule, are based on the 
design, performance, and production requirements in part 22. This 
revision would preclude owners of primary category aircraft and light-
sport category aircraft from seeking certification of their aircraft in 
the restricted category. Currently, the FAA is not aware of any owners 
of primary category aircraft or light-sport category aircraft that have 
requested their aircraft to be certificated in the restricted category. 
As such, this proposed rule would result in the airworthiness 
regulations for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, and transport 
categories to be acceptable for use under the proposed restricted 
category provisions in Sec.  21.25(a)(1).
    Also in this proposed rule, the term ``special purpose'' would be 
replaced with ``special purpose operation'' in Sec.  21.25(a)(1) and 
(2). This change would standardize the use of this terminology 
throughout Sec. Sec.  21.25, 21.185, and 91.313 and FAA Order 8110.56B, 
Restricted Category Type Certification, dated July 19, 2017 (``FAA 
Order 8110.56B'').
    In general, Sec.  21.25(a)(2) addresses requirements for military 
aircraft that could be type certificated in the restricted category. 
This proposed rule would restructure Sec.  21.25(a)(2) by splitting 
this section into three requirements, of which the latter two are new. 
This restructuring would make this section easier to read. In this 
proposed rule, the phrase, ``an Armed Force of the United States,'' 
would be replaced with ``the U.S. Armed Forces'' to align with 
terminology used throughout 14 CFR part 21. Section 21.25(a)(2)(i) 
would contain the existing requirement that the aircraft type was 
manufactured in accordance with the requirements of, and accepted for 
use by, the U.S. Armed Forces.
    To be eligible for restricted category type certificate under 
proposed Sec.  21.25(a)(2)(ii), an aircraft type must have been 
operated by a U.S. Armed Force since this provision is intended for 
former aircraft types of a U.S. Armed Force. Aircraft that have only 
been manufactured for and accepted by a U.S. Armed Force, but never 
operated by that U.S. Armed Force, could have been manufactured and 
accepted on behalf of other operators such as under foreign military 
sales arrangements and, therefore, not truly be an aircraft type of a 
U.S. Armed Force.
    Proposed Sec.  21.25(a)(2)(iii) would clarify that an aircraft must 
be able to perform, or be modified to be able to perform, the special 
purpose operation for which the aircraft is to be approved. Under the 
current Sec.  21.25(a)(2), the requirements for what modifications are 
permitted or required for type certification are not specified. This 
has produced misconceptions that the aircraft can only be modified for 
special purpose operation. Surplus military

[[Page 47711]]

aircraft may be type certificated to perform a special purpose 
operation without any modification. Alternatively, modifications may be 
made for other reasons, such as aircraft performance, reliability, or 
safety enhancements.
2. Codification of Special Purpose Operations
    The existing list of special purpose operations in Sec.  
21.25(b)(1) through (7) that are authorized for restricted category 
aircraft have largely remained unchanged since 1964 (see 29 FR 14564, 
October 24, 1964). This proposed rule would revise Sec.  21.25(b) by 
codifying the special purpose operations that have been approved by the 
FAA since 1964. Most of these special purpose operations have been 
published in FAA Order 8110.56B.
    In this proposed rule, Sec.  21.25(b)(1) through (7) would continue 
to contain the seven special purposes currently in Sec.  21.25(b)(1) 
through (7) that include: agricultural, forest and wildlife 
conservation, aerial surveying, patrolling, weather control, aerial 
advertising, and other, as specified by the FAA. Additionally, the 
associated special purpose operations for each special purpose would be 
codified. For example, cloud seeding would be a special purpose 
operation under the special purpose of weather control. This change 
would align terminology in Sec.  21.25(b) with that used by the FAA in 
the approvals for special purpose operations published in the Federal 
Register. This change would also align this terminology with that used 
in the certification basis section of type certificate data sheets and 
supplemental type certificates, as well as with FAA policy in Order 
8110.56 for restricted category aircraft.
    For Sec.  21.25(b)(1), this rule would add three agricultural 
special purpose operations that have been previously approved by the 
FAA: insect control, dust control, and fruit drying and frost control. 
Frost control and fruit drying, also called protection of crops, 
involve the use of an aircraft to circulate air over a field or orchard 
to prevent frost from forming on the crops or to dry the fruit on the 
orchard trees.
    For Sec.  21.25(b)(2), this rule would codify forest and wildlife 
conservation special purpose operations that have been previously 
approved by the FAA. These include aerial dispensing of fire-fighting 
materials, fish spotting, wild animal survey, and oil spill response. 
The special purpose of aerial dispensing of fire-fighting materials was 
originally approved as ``aerial dispensing of liquids'' for fire-
fighting aircraft. However, this rule proposes to change the name to 
aerial dispensing of fire-fighting materials to more closely align with 
the regulatory language in 14 CFR 36.1.
    For Sec.  21.25(b)(3), this rule would codify aerial surveying 
special purpose operations that include: aerial imaging, gas 
exploration, atmospheric survey and research, geophysical and 
electromagnetic surveys, oceanic surveys, and airborne measurement of 
navigation signals. Gas exploration would be added as a special purpose 
operation since it uses the same processes as the special purpose 
operation of oil exploration, which has existed since 1964.
    Aerial imaging would replace photography as an aerial surveying 
special purpose operation to clarify that specialized airborne sensing 
or measuring equipment on the aircraft is a key component to perform 
aerial surveying operations. Aerial imaging would permit new 
technologies used to perform aerial surveying operations, such as light 
detection and ranging, which is commonly known as LIDAR.
    For Sec.  21.25(b)(4), this rule would codify patrolling special 
purpose operations that include: patrolling of railroads, patrolling of 
harbors, and patrolling of data transmission lines and towers. 
Patrolling of data transmission lines and towers is a new special 
purpose operation that would be added to this rule because it involves 
a similar process used for the special purpose operation of patrolling 
power lines, which has existed since 1964.
    Finally, for Sec.  21.25(b)(7), this rule would codify other 
special purpose operations that have been previously approved by the 
FAA but are not categorized under the prior six special purposes. The 
following special purpose operations would be added to Sec.  
21.25(b)(7): rotorcraft external-load operations conducted under part 
133, carriage of cargo incidental to the owner's or operator's 
business, target towing, search and rescue operations, glider towing, 
Alaskan fuel hauling, Alaskan fixed-wing external load operations, and 
space vehicle launch support. This rule would move the existing 
catchall, ``any other special purpose operation specified by the FAA,'' 
to become the last item in the list to indicate that the FAA may still 
add special purpose operations in the future.
3. Corrections to Original Issuance of Restricted Category 
Airworthiness Certificates
    Section 21.185(a) states that an applicant for the original issue 
of a restricted category airworthiness certificate for an aircraft type 
certificated in the restricted category, that was not previously type 
certificated in any other category, must comply with the appropriate 
provisions of Sec.  21.183. In this proposed rule, Sec.  21.185(a) 
would be revised to remove ``original issue of'' because ``original'' 
specifies compliance with the applicable requirements of Sec.  21.183 
only for the original issuance of a restricted category airworthiness 
certificate. This causes confusion in situations wherein a restricted 
category aircraft's airworthiness certificate has to be re-issued. For 
example, a restricted category aircraft may require re-issuance of the 
airworthiness certificate in situations where the airworthiness 
certificate was lost or had become unreadable due to damage. This 
proposed revision would account for both original and re-issuance of a 
restricted category airworthiness certificate.
    Section 21.185(b) states that an applicant for a restricted 
category airworthiness certificate for an aircraft type certificated in 
the restricted category that was either a surplus aircraft of the Armed 
Forces or previously type certificated in another category is entitled 
to an airworthiness certificate if the aircraft has been inspected by 
the FAA and found to be in a good state of preservation and repair and 
in a condition for safe operation. Section 21.185(b), as proposed, 
would be restructured to provide clarity and implement terminology 
changes that align with the language used in other sections of this 
chapter. For example, this section would add ``entitled to an 
airworthiness certificate'' in the first sentence to align with other 
sections of part 21, subpart H. Consistent with the changes previously 
discussed in Sec.  21.25, terminology such as ``special purpose 
operation'' and ``U.S. Armed Forces'' would be used in Sec.  
21.185(b)(1) and (b)(2)(ii) respectively. Exclusion of aircraft 
previously type-certificated in categories other than primary and 
light-sport is proposed in Sec.  21.185(b)(2)(ii) and would be similar 
to the exclusion proposed as discussed in the preamble for Sec.  
21.25(a)(1).
    In addition to the changes previously discussed, this rule proposes 
to eliminate the use of gender-specific terminology that exists in this 
section.
4. Issuance of Multiple Airworthiness Certificates for Restricted 
Category Aircraft
    This proposal would revise the heading of Sec.  21.187 by adding 
``for restricted category aircraft'' to clarify that this section 
applies only to restricted category aircraft.

[[Page 47712]]

K. Noise Certification of Aircraft That Do Not Conform to a Type 
Certificate

    The FAA is proposing to amend the applicability of 14 CFR part 36 
to make noise certification applicable to aircraft that do not conform 
to a type certificate. Since noise certification requirements have 
historically only been applied to type-certificated aircraft, this 
rulemaking proposes the addition of a new Sec.  36.0 for aircraft that 
do not conform to a type certificate to keep the requirements clearly 
separated. Part 36 would apply on the effective date of the final rule. 
Compliance would be required when a new special airworthiness 
certificate is applied for, or by the continued use of a previously 
issued airworthiness certificate when an alternation is made to an 
aircraft that would affect the amount of noise it produces when 
operating. The noise certification requirements proposed for an 
aircraft that does not conform to a type certificate would not be 
retroactive for any aircraft currently operating.
1. Noise Certification Background
    Pursuant to its authorizing legislation in 49 U.S.C. 44715, the FAA 
has the responsibility to ``protect the public health and welfare from 
aircraft noise.'' This responsibility came with broad authority to 
adopt regulations and noise standards to carry out this mandate. When 
promulgated in the 1970s, the FAA applied the part 36 noise 
certification regulations when the agency issued type certificates. 
This represented the provision in section 44715(a)(3) that acts as the 
``floor'' for the FAA's duty to exercise its authority. The agency's 
much broader authority over aircraft noise remains discretionary.
    Initially, the FAA determined that there was little value in 
assessing the noise from aircraft that did not receive type 
certificates. Those aircraft were originally found to be few in number, 
and in many cases may have been a single aircraft of its kind. The 
agency did not find value in requiring noise testing by single 
operators, nor any value in the test data from a single model of an 
aircraft that was allowed only limited operations; these were often 
categorized under the general heading of experimental airworthiness 
certificates.
    In the past two decades, the reality of the number of aircraft 
operating that do not conform to a type certificate has overtaken those 
historical presumptions. There are now tens of thousands of aircraft 
that do not conform to type certificates, many of them nearly 
identical, that have never been subject to noise testing or limits, 
including aircraft that may be similar to or larger than aircraft with 
type certificates that are already subject to the noise requirements. 
The FAA did not anticipate the growth of aircraft that do not conform 
to type certificates when the categories were created, and the noise 
requirements did not keep pace with this growth of these categories 
because they were based on historical use and expectations. The FAA can 
no longer justify the exclusion of these aircraft and their noise 
impact on communities under its statutory responsibility, nor can it 
let the growth continue by changing the names or the categories. The 
purpose of this rulemaking is to reorganize the issuance of special 
airworthiness certificates to reflect the current realities of 
certification, and it presents the opportunity to recognize and address 
the noise created by these aircraft. This proposed expansion of the 
applicability of part 36 acknowledges that noise certification is part 
of the overall certification scheme for aircraft and is appropriate for 
modernization as the agency modernizes its issuance of special 
airworthiness certificates.
    The intent of this expansion of the applicability of part 36 is 
focused on those categories and classes of aircraft that represent the 
more recent expansion, rather than the aircraft that were traditionally 
excepted from noise regulations. Aircraft that would remain excepted 
from part 36 applicability include those traditionally determined 
experimental, for example the proposed categories of research and 
development, showing compliance, market survey, exhibition, air racing, 
and amateur-built aircraft. Aircraft holding airworthiness 
certification or seeking a new special airworthiness certificate in 
these categories would not be included in part 36 applicability.
    Part 36 would not apply to light-sport category aircraft or 
experimental light-sport category aircraft as long as their 
airworthiness certificate was issued before the effective date of the 
final rule and for as long as the aircraft remains unaltered. However, 
any aircraft that would be certificated for the first time under 
proposed Sec.  21.190 would be subject to noise requirements of part 36 
at all weights. Part 36 would also apply to a current light-sport 
category aircraft that incorporates an alteration that would routinely 
be considered as requiring evaluation of the change for noise in 
accordance with Sec.  21.93(b). That regulation is known as the 
``acoustical change'' provision. However, because Sec.  21.93 only 
applies to type-certificated aircraft the FAA finds the provision would 
not be appropriate for aircraft that have no type certificate since 
they have no original noise basis from which to evaluate a change. In 
the proposed regulation, this type of change is referenced as an 
alteration that would result in an acoustical change. In the context of 
an aircraft that does not have a type certificate, such alteration 
would likely be made by the airworthiness certificate holder for their 
single aircraft. If an aircraft incorporates such an alteration, it 
would be the responsibility of the airworthiness certificate holder to 
comply with the requirements of part 36 for its aircraft, possibly for 
the first time. For the purposes of discussion here, such alterations 
almost always include a change in engine or propellers, a change in the 
wing structure or material, significant additions to the fuselage or 
fixed landing gear, increases in operating weight, and the attachment 
of external equipment. Those alterations that incorporate a change that 
would reduce the noise level created by the aircraft may also require a 
demonstration of compliance with part 36, as it would establish a new 
baseline for future changes.

       Table 6--Summary of Sec.   36.0 Applicability to Aircraft That Do Not Conform to a Type Certificate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Applicable noise
     Aircraft certificated under        Aircraft applicability         regulation          Means of compliance
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 CFR 21.190 (through Sec.   22.175)  New aircraft or          Part 36 (Sec.   36.0)..  FAA-approved consensus
                                        Acoustic alteration of                            standard, applicable
                                        aircraft.                                         part 36 appendix, or
                                                                                          other combination of
                                                                                          requirements as
                                                                                          approved by the FAA.

[[Page 47713]]

 
14 CFR 21.191(i) Operating former      New experimental light-  Part 36 (Sec.   36.0)..  FAA-approved consensus
 light-sport category aircraft; or      sport category                                    standard, applicable
 (j) Operating light-sport category     aircraft kits or                                  part 36 appendix or
 kit-built aircraft (through Sec.       Acoustic alteration of                            other combination of
 21.193(h)).                            experimental light-                               requirements as
                                        sport category                                    approved by the FAA.
                                        aircraft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. What Noise Certification Does and Does Not Mean
    Although traditional noise certification of aircraft may evoke 
impressions of burdensome testing and the potential for noise operating 
limitations in certain areas, this is often not the case. Neither 
comprehensive testing nor operating limitations are automatic when part 
36 applies. At present, the only noise operating limitations in the 
United States apply to jet aircraft.
    The primary emphasis on controlling aircraft noise is done by 
assessing noise at its source, the aircraft itself, rather than 
operations generally. This assessment occurs when noise is measured at 
the time of type certification. Through the creation of noise limits 
for various aircraft types and the development of measurement 
procedures and methods that are relevant to day-to-day operation, the 
FAA meets its primary statutory obligation to protect the public health 
and welfare by assessing the noise profiles of aircraft as they are 
developed, and by setting a defined noise limit with which an aircraft 
must comply before it is given an airworthiness certificate and 
permitted to operate. The limits are set based on weight, design, and 
means of propulsion. There are a set of standards and limits for fixed 
wing small airplanes, one for jets, one for helicopters, and one for 
tiltrotors. As new aircraft types develop, the FAA gathers the 
appropriate data to determine what is acceptable for noise production 
by the aircraft type to fulfill the agency's statutory 
responsibilities. These standards and their adoption into regulations 
are how the FAA meets its obligation to protect public health and 
welfare from aircraft noise is appropriately and consistently 
administered.
    The noise certification requirements of part 36 are integrated into 
the larger aircraft type and airworthiness certification processes that 
assess safety. However, there is one significant difference between 
safety and noise certification. Safety is maintained by continual 
assessment of aircraft condition, and the FAA can address and require 
correction of an unsafe condition by means such as an airworthiness 
directive, which is a legally enforceable regulation adopted in 
accordance with 14 CFR part 39. No such monitoring or correction 
mechanism by the FAA exists for noise. This difference places 
significant emphasis on the comprehensive evaluation of noise on a 
level playing field at the one time the noise is measured at 
certification. Since nothing in the regulations specifies any 
particular means to control the noise of an individual aircraft, the 
level playing field is maintained by specific test measurements of 
aircraft noise at certification, one of demonstrating compliance and 
equal enforcement of the standards. Part 36 requires that the noise 
limits and reference conditions in part 36 be maintained when 
demonstrating compliance, even if varied procedures are approved.
    Until now, noise certification has been required only for aircraft 
that conform to a type certificate, although it is considered an 
airworthiness characteristic of an individual aircraft. As discussed 
earlier, the expansion of the domestic fleet to include routine 
operations of aircraft that are not type certificated has caused the 
FAA to re-evaluate its statutory responsibility and respond to the 
increased noise burden from aircraft of all kinds. As is required by 
the FAA's statutory mandate, the existing limits and procedures for 
noise certification have been developed in a manner that considers the 
economic reasonableness, technological practicability, and 
appropriateness for the aircraft to which it would apply.\125\ These 
criteria also guided the expansion of the noise certification 
requirements proposed here.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \125\ 49 U.S.C. 44715(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Noise certification is also a different and separate process from 
the FAA's assessment of the environmental impacts of noise when 
operating, especially in certain localities. Such considerations are 
assessed separately under different statutory and regulatory criteria 
than noise certification, e.g., the National Environmental Policy Act 
\126\ and other special purpose laws. While these environmental impacts 
often refer to noise data gathered during part 36 noise testing, the 
noise measurements themselves are made under separate FAA authority as 
noted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \126\ 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As stated earlier, the noise certification process does not itself 
create operational restrictions. Instead, each type of aircraft has a 
noise limit established in part 36. Noise certification is a two-step 
process used to test an individual aircraft (or model) using the 
procedures of part 36. The first step is to measure the noise levels 
created by an aircraft at different operating points. The second step 
is to determine whether the noise levels measured during testing are 
below the regulatory noise limit, demonstrating that the aircraft 
complies with part 36. Since it does not require any specific 
technology or equipment be installed on an aircraft, part 36 functions 
as a performance standard; the test shows that as configured, an 
aircraft is below or above the regulatory limit. Noise certification is 
considered part of the overall airworthiness of an aircraft (Sec.  
21.183), even if the noise levels of an aircraft are, in many cases, 
established at the time of type certification for the convenience of 
the manufacturer (e.g., Sec.  21.17). The regulations require that each 
individual aircraft remains compliant with the noise standards, 
indicating that noise compliance is tied to the airworthiness 
certificate of an individual aircraft as it maintains compliance (see 
Sec. Sec.  21.93, 21.183).
    As noted, there are no specific aircraft equipment requirements to 
demonstrate compliance with part 36. An aircraft may incorporate any 
equipment desired to stay below the noise limit established for that 
aircraft. An aircraft that demonstrates compliance with part 36 must of 
course meet the airworthiness requirements for safety as configured 
when noise tested. Since aircraft noise is correlated to weight, noise 
certification tests are conducted at the maximum takeoff weight (MTOW)

[[Page 47714]]

allowed by the airworthiness regulations for an aircraft. When an 
aircraft at MTOW demonstrates that it remains below the noise limits in 
part 36, that maximum weight for safe operation becomes an inherent 
noise limitation (e.g., part 36, appendix B, section B36.7(b)(6)). If 
an aircraft is altered in a way that it becomes louder, it results in 
an acoustical change, and fairness requires that the aircraft be re-
assessed for its noise compliance because the noisiest certificated 
configuration has changed (Sec.  21.93(b)).
    For large aircraft used in scheduled passenger flight operations, 
the requirements for noise testing cover various operating modes such 
as takeoff, flyover and approach. In essence, the noise certification 
regulations become more sophisticated for aircraft that are larger, 
heavier, more powerful, and more complex. But for aircraft that are 
smaller and lighter, the certification criteria are likewise simpler, 
such as a noise level measured at takeoff at maximum allowed weight, or 
at a level overflight condition. Part 36 uses such configurations 
during noise certification to represent the flight segments that 
generally have the most noise impact. Historically, these measurement 
points were adopted to represent aircraft flight segments that are most 
noticeable by people on the ground.
    Noise certification is best viewed as a continuum, and despite that 
aircraft noise is assessed according to weight and measured noise 
output, the continuum has historically included only aircraft that 
sought type certification. That historical application is changing. The 
FAA's reassessment of its statutory obligations and the realities of 
how aircraft get certificated for operation has led to the expansion of 
part 36 applicability proposed here. This overall modernization of 
airworthiness qualifications and categories in part 21 present a unique 
opportunity for the FAA to modernize its noise responsibilities within 
the framework of the various aircraft certification processes that 
allow operation with or without type certificates. The FAA is aware 
that type certification has long been avoided in part to skirt the 
noise regulations. The FAA recognizes that its historical limitation of 
noise certification to type-certificated aircraft has come to represent 
a failing of the agency's duty to protect the public health and welfare 
from aircraft noise as Congress intended.
    As noise certification expands to cover aircraft that do not have 
type certificates, the FAA is open to consideration of different 
procedures and certification paths that will both meet its statutory 
obligations and allow for less burdensome and more streamlined 
compliance for newly affected airworthiness certificate holders. Those 
compliance mechanisms are proposed in Sec.  36.0.
    The first step in current noise certification process is the 
determination of the appropriate certification basis. Typically, the 
FAA determines which existing part 36 category applies to the aircraft, 
depending on its design and expected operation. Once the part 36 
category is determined, the next step is to determine the noise limits 
and methods of compliance (reference conditions and test procedures) 
from the corresponding subpart and appendices of part 36. The applicant 
would then develop a noise certification test plan that includes these 
methods, get the plan approved by the FAA, conduct the required noise 
measurements, and submit its noise certification report for the FAA's 
review and approval. Together these steps constitute the applicant's 
demonstration of compliance.
    For aircraft that do not conform to a type certificate, this 
proposed rule introduces more flexibility for the methods of 
compliance. Nothing has changed for aircraft that apply for a type 
certificate that are required to show compliance under existing 
regulations. Nothing about this proposal for aircraft that do not 
conform to a type certificate is intended to change the status of those 
that are type certificated. Type certification applicants should not 
expect that they will get a choice to use alternate regulatory 
procedures or industry consensus standards even though the name of an 
aircraft category in part 21 may change as part of this proposed rule. 
Nothing about these proposed regulations may be interpreted to alter 
the current noise certification limits or test requirements for type-
certificated aircraft.
3. Aircraft Not Subject to Part 36 Noise Certification Requirements
    Aircraft that historically have been designated experimental, that 
remain few in number, are of limited use, or an aircraft that 
represents an early stage of continuing design would continue to be 
excepted from part 36 applicability. These aircraft are issued special 
airworthiness certificates for experimental purposes as described in 
Sec.  21.191(a) for research and development, Sec.  21.191(b) for 
showing compliance, Sec.  21.191(c) for crew training, Sec.  21.191(d) 
for exhibition, Sec.  21.191(e) for air racing, Sec.  21.191(f) for 
market survey.
    The FAA considered the inclusion of applying part 36 requirements 
to Sec. Sec.  21.191(h) (primary category kit-built aircraft) and 
21.191(g) (amateur-built aircraft). However, since this rulemaking is 
intended to streamline only the categories of aircraft discussed in 
this proposed rule, those aircraft are not among the proposed changes 
to airworthiness certification requirements and have not been included 
in this proposed application of part 36.
    The FAA considered applying part 36 requirements to Sec.  21.191(k) 
(former military aircraft). However, these aircraft are expected to 
remain few in number and of limited use, and their numbers are not 
expected to increase significantly in the future. Accordingly, this 
rule does not propose application of part 36 to these aircraft.
    The FAA requests comment on whether any categories of aircraft 
should or should not be subject to part 36 noise requirements, 
including any technical or economic data that support the comment.
4. Proposed Applicability
    Proposed Sec.  36.0 would apply to all aircraft that do conform to 
a type certificate and apply for an airworthiness certificate in 
accordance with Sec. Sec.  21.190, 21.191, or 21.193(h) or part 22 with 
exceptions listed in the rule. This rulemaking does not affect the 
noise certification or operation of unmanned aircraft and they are not 
included in the proposed applicability of part 36. Section 36.0(a) 
lists the general compliance requirements applicable to each aircraft 
that does not conform to a type certificate. That paragraph states that 
the noise regulations of part 36 would apply at the time an applicant 
submits an application for the first certificate of airworthiness for 
an aircraft. For an aircraft that already has an airworthiness 
certificate, noise compliance would take effect when an alteration to 
the aircraft is made that would affect the noise level it creates, as 
discussed earlier.
    Section 36.0(b) states what an applicant must show to demonstrate 
noise compliance. First, an applicant must demonstrate the aircraft, 
usually in its noisiest operating configuration, produces less noise 
than the limit specified for an aircraft of its kind and weight in part 
36. The number that results from the test is called the aircraft's 
noise level and it must be no louder than the part 36 noise limit. The 
second part of demonstrating compliance concerns the test procedures 
and analyses that may be required (depending on the aircraft),

[[Page 47715]]

and a determination that they conform to the requirements in part 36 
for the aircraft type, meeting the level playing field referenced 
earlier in the noise background discussion. Each of these two 
requirements must be met during each configuration, flight profile or 
reference condition that is determined to apply to the noise 
certification plan for the aircraft. The simpler an aircraft is, the 
simpler the test plan would be expected to be.
    Section 36.0(c) lists the first method of compliance that would be 
available to an aircraft that does not conform to a type certificate, 
the use of a noise consensus standard. This is the first time the FAA 
has proposed to allow a noise consensus standard to be used for initial 
noise certification,
    In past noise type certification projects, industry has 
occasionally requested the use of equivalency procedures or methods, 
including modeling, as an alternative to the noise measurement 
procedures in part 36. These methods typically have been proposed to 
demonstrate ``no acoustic change'' rather than be used for an initial 
demonstration of compliance with a part 36 noise limit. These methods 
are heavily scrutinized by the FAA, especially if they are new and 
novel, and have only been accepted on a single project basis.
    The FAA expects new noise consensus standards to be developed by 
the industry for use by manufacturers of aircraft and kits, and by 
individuals. Before a consensus standard could be used to demonstrate 
initial compliance with part 36 for an aircraft that does not conform 
to a type certificate, the standard would have to be approved by the 
FAA and use part 36 noise limits. The FAA expects that any consensus 
standards would not be limited to physical measurements of noise taken 
during test flights. They might instead to be based on empirical data 
or analytical modeling if the underlying noise prediction methods are 
found to be robust.
    In evaluating new noise consensus standards to be used to 
demonstrate compliance with Sec.  36.0, the FAA expects to consider the 
following factors:
    (1) The methods in the standard, whether based in physical noise 
testing or through validated and/or generally accepted noise prediction 
methods, must be environmentally responsible, economically reasonable, 
technologically practicable, and appropriate for the aircraft to which 
it would apply;
    (2) The standard must consider developments in other associated 
fields (such as research programs into quantification and control of 
aircraft noise) and participation by stakeholders;
    (3) The noise levels generated from using the standard must be 
within 90 percent of confidence limits and must be within +/-2 decibels 
A (dBA) when compared to results from using the full noise measurement 
procedures in the corresponding appendix of part 36; and
    (4) The standard must clearly document all assumptions used in the 
development, validation, results, and limitations of the methods 
presented.
    A modeling-based consensus standard would be expected to 
significantly reduce the cost of noise compliance. Not only would there 
not be a need to physically test every model (or aircraft), it would 
also allow manufacturers to use the predictive capabilities to guide 
and support aircraft design decisions in earlier phases, avoiding 
costly future redesign or modifications.
    Accordingly, proposed Sec.  36.0(c) would allow the use of a 
consensus standard for an aircraft that does not conform to a type 
certificate when the standard has been approved by the FAA, and the FAA 
finds that the standard is appropriate for the aircraft and applies to 
the specific design. The agency anticipates that manufacturers of 
aircraft or kits will work to get such noise consensus standards 
developed as an added value for its products, and to facilitate 
compliance at an early stage. The FAA does not develop noise consensus 
standards. If there is no approved noise consensus standard available 
and appropriate to the aircraft of an applicant seeking a special 
airworthiness certificate, another means of demonstrating compliance 
with part 36 would be required.
    Section 36.0(d) lists the methods of compliance with part 36 
available for an aircraft that does not have an applicable noise 
consensus standard. The first determination is whether the aircraft is 
found by the FAA for noise purposes to be the same as or sufficiently 
similar to a type-certificated aircraft covered by Sec.  36.1. If the 
FAA finds there is such a type-certificated aircraft, then (1) the 
applicant for a special airworthiness certificate may choose to retest 
its aircraft using the same part 36 standards that apply to the type-
certificated aircraft, or (2) if the applicant's aircraft has had no 
modifications that would affect the noise levels measured for the same 
or similar type-certificated aircraft, the applicant can adopt the 
noise levels recorded for the type-certificated aircraft. These are the 
provisions found in proposed Sec.  36.0(d)(1)(i) and (ii). In some 
cases, this may be an advantage to an aircraft that does not conform to 
a type certificate. The FAA is aware that there are aircraft that once 
conformed to a type certificate but have been modified, or that the 
owner voluntarily chose to restrict their operation to qualify for a 
special airworthiness certificate. If the applicant can show that the 
aircraft had not been altered in a manner that would change its noise 
profile, the applicant would be able to use the noise certification for 
the type-certificated aircraft as its demonstration of compliance, and 
no further action would be necessary; this method is sometimes referred 
to as benchmarking. This would be true for jet airplanes, small 
propeller-driven airplanes, small helicopters, and tiltrotors that have 
been type certificated and demonstrated compliance with part 36.
    Alternatively, if the FAA finds that the applicant's aircraft is 
not the same or similar to an aircraft noise certificated under Sec.  
36.1, the applicant can demonstrate noise compliance using the noise 
requirements determined by the FAA to be appropriate for the aircraft. 
This provision, Sec.  36.0(d)(2), is intended to allow the agency the 
maximum flexibility in finding an acceptable combination of 
requirements that are appropriate for the aircraft presented. The FAA 
will be able to build a noise compliance basis for an aircraft using 
parts of current regulations in part 36, regulations in part 36 that 
are no longer used for new certifications, accepted noise compliance 
standards that are not published in part 36 (such as those applicable 
to single aircraft model), and portions of accepted noise consensus 
standards. The noise limits established in part 36 would still apply, 
but the method of compliance would consist of tests or analyses that 
work for a particular aircraft, while allowing for the whole of the 
noise compliance basis to be assessed according to the statutory 
mandate for economic reasonableness and technological practicability. 
This kind of flexibility is not available under Sec.  36.1 for type-
certificated aircraft. It is designed to assist applicants for special 
airworthiness certificates, especially for new aircraft designs that do 
not fit neatly into historical categories.
    As an example, the FAA would allow the use of test procedures found 
in appendix F to part 36 for simple propeller-driven airplanes. The 
procedures in appendix F have not been available to type certification 
applicants since 1988, when the regulations were updated to account for 
larger and more sophisticated small airplanes, and for the technology 
available to measure their noise more accurately. Appendix F

[[Page 47716]]

contains simpler procedures and less sophisticated equipment, such as 
one tripod mounted microphone underneath a flight track.
5. Compliance With Part 36 Not Required
    Aircraft issued an experimental airworthiness certificate in 
accordance with Sec.  21.191(a) through (h) or (k) would be exempted 
from meeting the requirements of part 36. To account for balloons, 
gliders and possibly other specialized aircraft that have no or limited 
noise sources, proposed Sec.  36.0(e)(2) exempts aircraft which, if 
type certificated, would not be required to demonstrate compliance with 
part 36.
    Aircraft that were airworthiness certificated under Sec.  
21.191(i)(1) would be excepted from meeting noise requirements of part 
36. These are aircraft that exceeded the scope of part 103, and for 
which Sec.  21.191(i)(1) was created, providing a temporary window for 
obtaining an experimental airworthiness certificate. That window closed 
in 2008. Although treated as experimental light-sport category 
aircraft, these aircraft do not meet any accepted consensus standard 
for certification as light-sport category aircraft and were not 
delivered under a light-sport category aircraft manufacturer's 
statement of compliance. These aircraft have little in common with 
other light-sport category aircraft other than the name. No aircraft 
will be added to this group, and no demonstration of compliance with 
part 36 is considered necessary.
    Overall, airworthiness certification for an aircraft that do not 
conform to a type certificate is intended to be simpler than for type-
certificated aircraft. The process of noise certification for an 
aircraft that does not conform to a type certificate is intended to be 
simpler as well, with lower costs for manufacturers and for owners that 
introduce significant alterations to their aircraft. The traditional 
processes of demonstrating compliance to noise requirements can be 
complex, requiring technical skills and experience with acoustic 
measurement that most aircraft owners do not have. Conducting such 
testing using accredited professional services can also be expensive. 
Moreover, the best noise performance is often achieved by informed 
decisions early in the design process rather than by later design 
additions or modifications. Like the noise certification basis for 
type-certificated aircraft, the FAA must approve the applicable noise 
compliance standards for an aircraft before it is tested, or the 
applicant risks the tests and data being deemed unusable for 
demonstrating compliance with part 36. But the addition of consensus 
standards and the application of other methods of demonstrating 
compliance proposed here are all intended to create a simpler, less 
restrictive process while maintaining the FAA's mandate to protect the 
public health and welfare. The FAA invites comments on the proposed 
expansion of noise applicability detailed here, including the exclusion 
of certain aircraft, including any data or economic impact information 
that supports the comment.
6. Other Amendments to Part 36
    The FAA is proposing to amend other sections of part 36 to include 
references to aircraft that do not conform to a type certificate where 
the requirements would apply.
    Section 36.3, Compatibility with airworthiness requirements, would 
be amended by breaking the applicability into two paragraphs for type-
certificated aircraft and aircraft that do not conform to a type 
certificate. The balance of the current section would be designated as 
paragraph (b) and would apply to all aircraft in paragraph (a). No 
changes to any of the requirements are proposed.
    Section 36.1501, Procedures, noise levels, and other information, 
would be amended by adding a sentence indicating that aircraft that 
does not conform to a type certificate would have to include the noise 
levels achieved during airworthiness certification in the Pilot's 
Operating Handbook rather than the flight manual required for type-
certificated aircraft. No changes to the requirements of the section 
are proposed.
    Section 36.1581, Manuals, markings, and placards, would be amended 
by adding a new paragraph (h) to describe the requirements for an 
aircraft that does not conform to a type certificate. The new paragraph 
indicates that for aircraft subject to Sec.  21.190(e) or Sec.  21.191, 
compliance with part 36 must be documented as described in those 
paragraphs. The section also includes a statement that no operating 
limitations are prescribed as part of part 36 certification, and that 
no other operating limitations designated for an aircraft by other 
regulations are affected. The actual operating limitations statement is 
included in the new paragraph (h) because the current paragraph of 
Sec.  36.1581 where it appears applies only to type-certificated 
aircraft.

L. Proposed Effective and Compliance Dates

    The FAA proposes to require compliance with all proposals on the 
effective dates of the rule. Except for the following, the FAA proposes 
an effective date of 2 months after publication of the final rule. The 
FAA proposes an effective date 6 months after publication of the final 
rule for proposed amendments that would require new or revised 
consensus standards for compliance; this effective date would apply to 
amending--
     Section 1.1 removing the term ``light-sport aircraft,''
     Section 21.190 concerning the issue of a special 
airworthiness certificate for light-sport category aircraft,
     Paragraph (j) of Sec.  21.191 for the issuance of 
experimental airworthiness certificates for the experimental purpose of 
operating light-sport category kit-built aircraft,
     Paragraph (l) of Sec.  91.319 for operating limitations 
applicable to experimental light-sport aircraft, and
     Section 91.327 for operating limitations applicable to 
light-sport category aircraft.
    The FAA understands that, although development of these consensus 
standards may commence based on this NPRM, consensus standards bodies 
need final rule requirements to finalize means of compliance within 
their consensus standards. This effective date would also provide time 
for manufacturers to complete fabrication and assembly of light-sport 
category aircraft and experimental light-sport aircraft kits that 
started under current rules. The FAA also proposes an effective date 6 
months after publication of the final rule for 14 CFR 65.107(d) to 
provide time for revision or development of training for certification 
of repairman (light-sport) to align with the Mechanic Airman 
Certification Standards. The FAA requests comments on whether the above 
proposal to establish an effective date 6 months after publication of 
the final rule for proposed amendments that would require new or 
revised consensus standards for compliance would appropriately balance 
enabling compliance to new provisions as soon as practical with the 
need for additional time to revise consensus standards, complete 
fabrication and assemble of aircraft that started under current rules, 
determine compliance with new requirements, and revise of training for 
certification of repairman (light-sport).

M. Amendments Concerning Import and Export of Aircraft

    The FAA proposes to amend Sec.  21.183(d)(2) to enable acceptance 
of an inspection performed by a foreign maintenance organization to 
support imports of used aircraft from countries

[[Page 47717]]

with which the United States has a bilateral agreement that includes 
acceptance of imported aircraft. This proposal would align regulatory 
text with the intent expressed in the preamble when Sec.  21.183(d)(2) 
was last amended.
    This proposal would revise Sec.  21.327 to require that an 
applicant for an export certificate of airworthiness for an aircraft 
must be an owner of that aircraft and the aircraft must be registered 
in the U.S. The current regulation states that any person may apply for 
an export airworthiness approval and does not require that the aircraft 
be registered in the U.S. This proposal would preclude persons from 
exporting aircraft for which they are neither the owner nor the owner's 
agent. Furthermore, by requiring that the aircraft is registered in the 
U.S., this proposal would allow the aircraft to be under the regulatory 
authority of the U.S. before export.
    The proposed revision to Sec.  21.329(a)(1) concerning requirements 
for the issuance of an export certificate of airworthiness would remove 
the word ``airworthiness'' to clarify that a new or used aircraft 
manufactured under subpart F or G of the part would need to meet all 
applicable requirements under subpart H of the part, and not just those 
requirements that may apply to airworthiness. Subpart H contains 
requirements for items other than airworthiness, such as requirements 
for aircraft registration and identification.

N. Conforming Amendments

    This proposed revision would restructure Sec.  21.175(a) and (b) to 
improve readability. Also, proposed Sec.  21.175(a) would be revised to 
simplify the existing regulatory text by individually listing specific 
categories of type-certificated aircraft. Proposed revisions to Sec.  
21.175(b) would clarify that aircraft receiving primary, restricted, 
provisional, and limited category airworthiness certificates are also 
type certificated in their respective categories. This section would 
also clarify that special airworthiness certificates are issued for 
aircraft operating for experimental purposes.
    The FAA proposes amendments to parts 43 and 65 to make sure that 
existing text is consistent with the proposed changes in this NPRM. The 
first proposed change is to Sec.  43.1. It updates the cross reference 
in Sec.  43.1(b)(2) from Sec.  21.191(i)(3) to proposed Sec.  21.191(i) 
to retain the applicability of part 43 to aircraft issued an 
experimental airworthiness certificate for the purpose of operating 
former light-sport category aircraft. The second change is to Sec.  
65.109. It updates the cross references in Sec.  65.109(a)(2) and 
(b)(2) to proposed Sec.  21.191(i) and (j) to identify the privileges 
and limitations of repairman (light-sport). The FAA notes that the 
requirements set forth in proposed Sec.  65.109 are currently in Sec.  
65.107. The purpose of these changes is to make sure that the intent of 
the proposed amendments discussed in this NPRM carries through to parts 
43 and 65. These amendments do not, in and of themselves, make 
substantive changes to the rule. Rather, they are conforming changes to 
effectuate the changes discussed earlier in this document.

V. Regulatory Notices

    Federal agencies consider impacts of regulatory actions under a 
variety of executive orders and other requirements. First, Executive 
Order 12866 and Executive Order 13563, as amended by Executive Order 
14094 (``Modernizing Regulatory Review''), direct that each Federal 
agency shall propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned 
determination that the benefits of the intended regulation justify the 
costs. Second, the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-354) 
requires agencies to analyze the economic impact of regulatory changes 
on small entities. Third, the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (Pub. L. 96-
39) prohibits agencies from setting standards that create unnecessary 
obstacles to the foreign commerce of the United States. In developing 
U.S. standards, this Trade Act requires agencies to consider 
international standards and, where appropriate, that they be the basis 
of U.S. standards. Fourth, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 
(Pub. L. 104-4) requires agencies to prepare a written assessment of 
the costs, benefits, and other effects of proposed or final rules that 
include a Federal mandate that may result in the expenditure by State, 
local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private 
sector, of $100,000,000 or more (adjusted annually for inflation) in 
any one year. The current threshold after adjustment for inflation is 
$177,000,000, using the most current (2022) Implicit Price Deflator for 
the Gross Domestic Product. The FAA has provided a regulatory impact 
analysis (RIA) in the docket for this rulemaking. This portion of the 
preamble summarizes the FAA's analysis of the economic impacts of this 
rule.
    In conducting these analyses, the FAA has determined that this 
rule: (1) will generate benefits that justify costs; (2) is not an 
economically ``significant regulatory action'' as defined in section 
3(f) of Executive Order 12866; (3) may have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities; (4) will not create 
unnecessary obstacles to the foreign commerce of the United States; and 
(5) will not impose an unfunded mandate on State, local, or tribal 
governments, or on the private sector.

A. Regulatory Impact Analysis

1. Baseline for the Analysis
    The baseline for the analysis of incremental benefits and costs of 
the proposed rule includes existing regulations and standards, existing 
practices, affected entities, and current safety and environmental 
risks. The FAA promulgated the existing regulations for light-sport 
category aircraft in 2004. These specifications and certification 
requirements reflect small, simple, easy-to-fly aircraft for sport, 
recreation, and experimental purposes with small range. The FAA also 
works with industry in developing consensus standards for light-sport 
category aircraft, as well as reviews the consensus standards 
periodically.
    The FAA amended its airworthiness standards for small type-
certificated aircraft in 2016. The standards provide risk-based 
divisions for airplanes with a maximum seating capacity of 19 
passengers or less and a maximum takeoff weight of 19,000 pounds or 
less. Type-certificated aircraft must meet existing standards for 
aircraft noise. Currently, noise standards are not applied to light-
sport aircraft in the United States.
    The proposed rule may affect aircraft manufacturers to the extent 
that they design and manufacture the types of aircraft for which the 
performance-based or noise standards would apply. The FAA identified 54 
(25 U.S. and 29 foreign) active manufacturers of light-sport aircraft 
and 74 models produced since 2020 (35 from U.S. and 39 from foreign 
manufacturers). In 2022, there were also almost 7,000 active sport 
pilots and 250 new light sport repairman certificates.
    In 2022, there were seven fatal accidents resulting in 10 
fatalities, as well as 46 nonfatal accidents, involving previously 
defined special light-sport aircraft. There were also 28 fatal 
accidents and 97 nonfatal accidents, resulting in 43 fatalities and 23 
serious injuries, involving amateur-built aircraft. The FAA does not 
have data on baseline noise profiles of light-sport aircraft; however, 
FAA noise standards are technology-following (i.e., aircraft with 
current noise-reduction technology would successfully meet 
requirements).

[[Page 47718]]

2. Benefits
    The benefits of the proposed rule would include the value of 
changes in safety and environmental risks, as well as recreational 
values. The proposed rule could reduce risks associated with light-
sport category aircraft to the extent that the relaxation of certain 
requirements spurs changes that make these aircraft safer to fly. The 
performance-based rules could also enhance safety by enabling 
attractive alternatives to amateur-built aircraft that do not meet 14 
CFR or consensus standards. Given the value of reducing fatalities 
(e.g., $11.8 million Value of Statistical Life, or VSL) and injuries 
(e.g., fraction of VSL, or $1.2 million for serious injury), a 
relatively small reduction in baseline risk could generate substantial 
benefits.
    The proposed rule will likely not lead to significant noise 
reductions. Most current light-sport aircraft designs would not require 
modifications to meet the noise standards. The proposed rule will, 
however, prevent the introduction of obsolete, overly loud technology 
into the light-sport aircraft fleet or modification of such existing 
aircraft that would increase noise above the limit. Because the FAA 
cannot predict the amount of technology backsliding that could occur in 
the absence of the rule, it cannot quantify these benefits.
    The proposed rule could also increase recreational values 
associated with light-sport aircraft, either through increased value of 
current activity or increased activity levels. For example, greater 
access to newer technology, safer planes, or improved flying experience 
could increase unit values and the level of participation. Sport pilots 
would also be able to fly certain model planes that currently do not 
meet the definition of light-sport aircraft, including some that they 
may have used in training. However, the FAA does not have data on 
baseline recreational values or how they may increase under the 
proposed rule.
3. Costs
    The FAA estimated that the proposed rule could result in 
incremental compliance costs for design and production and noise 
certification (Table 7). The FAA does not have data to estimate 
incremental costs or cost savings for design and production. For noise 
certification, costs are most likely to be minimal under the assumption 
that manufacturers will comply using industry consensus standards 
employing modeling-based methods. This assumption is supported by FAA 
research showing that existing SAE standards for predicting light 
propeller-driven aircraft noise have a potential for further 
development into a modeling-based consensus standard tool. As an upper 
bound, the FAA also calculated costs using the test-based methods in 
the applicable 14 CFR part 36 appendix. Upper bound costs for the 
industry as a whole may be in the range of $700,000 one-time and 
$100,000 annually. One-time costs are to certify all existing light-
sport category aircraft and experimental light-sport aircraft models; 
annual costs would depend on the number of new models developed in the 
future.

               Table 7--Summary of Total Compliance Costs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                  One-time (existing      Annual (new
            Category                    models)             models)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Noise certification.............  Minimal \1\ to      Minimal \1\ to
                                   $700,000.\2\.       $100,000.\2\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Reflects industry compliance using consensus standards. Costs
  inherent in design.
\2\ Reflects industry compliance using the applicable 14 CFR part 36
  appendix. One-time (nonrecurring) costs based on FAA Registry data on
  models produced since 2020 (although manufacturers may not continue
  production of all models). Annual costs based on new model development
  rate (models eligible to receive previously defined special light-
  sport aircraft airworthiness certificates) since 2004.

    The FAA does not anticipate more than minimal incremental costs for 
other provisions of the proposed rule, such as training. For example, 
course providers of training for a light-sport repairman would need to 
revise courses so they contain content on aircraft that could be newly 
included in that class of aircraft. However, these providers already 
must update their training manuals every two years. The FAA's 
acceptance, however, would no longer expire after two years, and the 
FAA estimates that the net incremental impacts of these changes would 
likely be minimal. The FAA also does not have data to estimate any cost 
savings, such as could result from operating certain light-sport 
category aircraft in aerial work which may be less costly than the 
airplanes currently being used.
4. Summary
    The proposed rule largely expands opportunities in the light-sport 
aircraft sector. These expansions may result in safety and recreational 
benefits; there may also be associated design and production costs and 
cost savings. The proposed rule would also apply 14 CFR part 36 noise 
standards to this sector, preventing obsolete, overly loud technology 
from being introduced into the light-sport aircraft fleet. The FAA 
expects that compliance with the noise standards would be minimal using 
industry consensus standards. As an upper bound, the FAA also 
calculated costs using the applicable 14 CFR part 36 appendix. Upper 
bound costs for the U.S. industry as a whole may be in the range of 
$700,000 to certify all existing models for continued production, and 
approximately $100,000 per year to certify newly developed models based 
on the current model production rate. The FAA does not anticipate more 
than minimal incremental costs for other provisions of the proposed 
rule, such as training. The FAA also does not have data to estimate any 
cost savings, such as could result from operating certain light-sport 
category aircraft in aerial work for compensation.
    Please see the Preliminary Regulatory Impact Analysis available in 
the docket for more details.

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) of 1980, Public Law 96-354, 94 
Stat. 1164 (5 U.S.C. 601-612), as amended by the Small Business 
Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-121, 110 Stat. 
857, Mar. 29, 1996), and the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 (Pub. L. 
111-240, 124 Stat. 2504. Sept. 27, 2010), requires Federal agencies to 
consider the effects of the regulatory action on small business and 
other small entities and to minimize any significant economic impact. 
The term ``small entities'' comprises small businesses and not-for-
profit organizations that are independently owned and operated and are 
not dominant in their fields, and governmental jurisdictions with 
populations of less than 50,000.
    The FAA is publishing this Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis 
(IRFA) to aid the public in commenting on the

[[Page 47719]]

potential impacts to small entities from this proposal. The FAA invites 
interested parties to submit data and information regarding the 
potential economic impact that would result from the proposal. The FAA 
will consider comments when making a determination or when completing a 
Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis.
    An IRFA must contain the following:
    (1) A description of the reasons why the action by the agency is 
being considered;
    (2) A succinct statement of the objective of, and legal basis for, 
the proposed rule;
    (3) A description of and, where feasible, an estimate of the number 
of small entities to which the proposed rule will apply;
    (4) A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping, and 
other compliance requirements of the proposed rule, including an 
estimate of the classes of small entities which will be subject to the 
requirement and the type of professional skills necessary for 
preparation of the report or record;
    (5) An identification, to the extent practicable, of all relevant 
Federal rules that may duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the 
proposed rule; and
    (6) A description of any significant alternatives to the proposed 
rule which accomplish the stated objectives of applicable statutes, and 
which minimize any significant economic impact of the proposed rule on 
small entities.
1. Reasons the Action Is Being Considered
    As described elsewhere in this preamble, the FAA is considering 
this proposal to expand and enable innovation in the classes of 
aircraft that may be certificated using consensus standards as light-
sport category aircraft, including emerging aircraft types; remove 
prescriptive weight limits that hinder incorporation of safety-
enhancing designs and equipage; enable more robust aircraft for the 
pilot training environment; enable increased capacities for passengers, 
fuel, and cargo; enable electric propulsion; and enable faster, higher-
performing aircraft more suitable for personal travel. Together, the 
FAA intends for these proposals to enhance safety by enabling 
attractive alternative to amateur-built aircraft that do not meet 14 
CFR or consensus standards. As also described elsewhere in this 
preamble, the FAA is requiring that light-sport category aircraft and 
experimental light-sport aircraft (except amateur-built) comply with 14 
CFR part 36 noise standards because it has reconsidered its 
responsibility to protect the public health and welfare from aircraft 
noise.
    The FAA is proposing to expand privileges for sport pilots and 
light-sport repairmen, and update limitations for experimental 
aircraft, to align with these changes. There are also smaller 
amendments to related rules for experimental aircraft, restricted 
category aircraft, and aircraft marking.
    The FAA is also codifying statutory language in section 44740 to 
enable certain aircraft with an experimental certificate to conduct 
space support vehicle flights without an air carrier certificate or 
exemption.
2. Objectives and Legal Basis of the Proposed Rule
    As also described elsewhere in this preamble, the objectives of the 
proposed rule are to enhance the safety, performance, and operating 
privileges for light-sport category aircraft, including increasing 
suitability for flight training, limited aerial work, and personal 
travel, while continuing to enable the manufacture of safe and 
economical certificated aircraft. This NPRM also includes proposals to 
amend the special purpose operations for restricted category aircraft; 
amend the duration, eligible purposes, and operating limitations for 
experimental aircraft; and add operating limitations applicable to 
experimental aircraft engaged in space support vehicle flights to 
codify statutory language. Section III of this preamble describes the 
FAA's authority to issue rules on aviation safety.
3. Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities
    FAA used the definition of small entities in the RFA for this 
analysis. The RFA defines small entities as small businesses, small 
governmental jurisdictions, or small organizations. In 5 U.S.C. 601(3), 
the RFA defines ``small business'' to have the same meaning as ``small 
business concern'' under section 3 of the Small Business Act. The Small 
Business Act authorizes the Small Business Administration (SBA) to 
define ``small business'' by issuing regulations.
    SBA has established size standards for various types of economic 
activities, or industries, under the North American Industry 
Classification System (NAICS). These size standards generally define 
small businesses based on the number of employees or annual receipts. 
Table 8 shows the SBA size standards for example industrial 
classification codes relevant for the proposed rule. Note that the SBA 
definition of a small business applies to the parent company and all 
affiliates as a single entity.

       Table 8--Small Business Size Standards: Air Transportation
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Size standard
          NAICS code                  Description          (employees)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
336411........................  Aircraft Manufacturing             1,500
336412........................  Aircraft Engine and                1,500
                                 Engine Parts
                                 Manufacturing.
336413........................  Other Aircraft Part               1,250
                                 and Auxiliary
                                 Equipment
                                 Manufacturing.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NAICS = North American Industry Classification System.

    As described in the Regulatory Impact Analysis, the FAA estimated 
that there may be approximately 25 active US manufacturers of light-
sport category aircraft and experimental light-sport aircraft that 
would have to comply with noise standards under the proposed rule. 
These entities may meet the size standard for a small business.
4. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance 
Requirements
    Section V.E of this preamble discusses the recordkeeping and 
reporting requirements of the proposed rule. As described in that 
section, these requirements represent only minor revisions of existing 
requirements. Section IV.K. of the preamble describes the requirements 
for compliance with noise standards. As described in that section, and 
the Regulatory Impact Analysis, the FAA expects that compliance costs 
will be minimal through use of industry consensus standards. As an 
upper bound, the FAA also estimated the cost of noise certification 
testing under applicable appendices to 14 CFR part 36. There may also 
be incremental costs for design and production, depending on the

[[Page 47720]]

model and needed changes. The FAA does not have data to estimate these 
impacts.
    Using industry consensus standards, the FAA estimates that per 
manufacturer costs for noise certification would be minimal. In the 
event that manufacturers pursue noise certification testing, the 
estimated costs for U.S. manufacturers to certify existing models 
represent an average of one model per manufacturer. Based on the 
estimated upper bound testing cost of $20,000 per model, Table 9 shows 
these costs as a percentage of average receipts for companies of 
different small sizes. Because the one-time costs are nonrecurring, any 
impacts would occur only in the testing year. Not all manufacturers 
will develop new models every year, but impacts associated with new 
model development would be the same as shown in the table for existing 
models and only occur in the testing year.

                                        Table 9--Example Compliance Costs
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Average annual
                                                receipts per
Entity size category  (number of employees)  entity (millions)   Ratio of noise certification costs/receipts \2\
                                                    \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<5.........................................               $0.7  Minimal to 2.9%.
5-9........................................                1.9  Minimal to 1.1%.
10-14......................................                3.1  Minimal to 0.6%.
50-74......................................               28.3  Minimal to 0.1%.
150-199....................................               49.4  Minimal to 0.04%.
500-749....................................              131.3  Minimal to 0.02%.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Source for receipts: 2017 County Business Patterns and Economic Census (https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb/tables/2017/us_state_naics_detailedsizes_2017.xlsx). Adjusted for inflation using the Consumer
  Price Index. Based on NAICS 336411.
\2\ Minimal estimate based on compliance using industry consensus standards. Upper bound estimate based on noise
  certification testing for an average of 1 model per entity ($20,000).

5. All Federal Rules That May Duplicate, Overlap, or Conflict
    There are no relevant Federal rules that may duplicate, overlap, or 
conflict with the proposed rule.
6. Significant Alternatives Considered
    The FAA considered two alternatives to applying the noise standards 
in 14 CFR part 36 to light-sport category aircraft. The FAA considered 
the no action alternative in which noise standards do not apply to 
light-sport category aircraft. The FAA determined, however, that this 
alternative is not consistent with its responsibility to ``protect the 
public health and welfare from aircraft noise.''
    The FAA also considered applying the noise standards to operating 
amateur-built aircraft [experimental certificates issued per 14 CFR 
21.191(g). Manufacturers of kits for experimental amateur-built 
aircraft have no requirement to meet any FAA design or manufacturing 
standard or industry consensus standards. This alternative could 
potentially have required additional manufacturers \127\ to undergo 
noise testing. The FAA did not select this alternative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \127\ Only one manufacturer since 2020 has requested that the 
FAA evaluate their aircraft kit for eligibility in meeting the 
``major portion'' requirement of 14 CFR 21.191(g) (see faa.gov/aircraft/gen_av/ultralights/amateur_built/kits/media/amateur_built_kit_listing.pdf).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. International Trade Impact Assessment

    The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (Pub. L. 96-39), as amended by the 
Uruguay Round Agreements Act (Pub. L. 103-465), prohibits Federal 
agencies from establishing standards or engaging in related activities 
that create unnecessary obstacles to the foreign commerce of the United 
States. Pursuant to these Acts, the establishment of standards is not 
considered an unnecessary obstacle to the foreign commerce of the 
United States, so long as the standard has a legitimate domestic 
objective, such as the protection of safety, and does not operate in a 
manner that excludes imports that meet this objective. The statute also 
requires consideration of international standards and, where 
appropriate, that they be the basis for U.S. standards. The FAA has 
assessed the potential effect of this proposed rule and determined that 
it would respond to a domestic safety objective and would not be 
considered an unnecessary obstacle to trade.

D. Unfunded Mandates Assessment

    Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-
4) requires each Federal agency to prepare a written statement 
assessing the effects of any Federal mandate in a proposed or final 
agency rule that may result in an expenditure of 100 million or more 
(in 1995 dollars) in any 1 year by State, local, and tribal 
governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector; such a mandate 
is deemed to be a ``significant regulatory action.'' The FAA currently 
uses an inflation-adjusted value of $177 million in lieu of $100 
million. This proposed rule does not contain such a mandate; therefore, 
the requirements of Title II of the Act do not apply.

E. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)) requires 
that the FAA consider the impact of paperwork and other information 
collection burdens imposed on the public. According to the 1995 
amendments to the Paperwork Reduction Act (5 CFR 1320.8(b)(2)(vi)), an 
agency may not collect or sponsor the collection of information, nor 
may it impose an information collection requirement unless it displays 
a valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number.
    This proposed rule contains amendments to the existing information 
collection requirements approved under OMB Control Numbers 2120-0018, 
2120-0022, 2120-0690, and 2120-0730. As required by the Paperwork 
Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)), the FAA has submitted these 
proposed information collection amendments to OMB for its review.
1. Summary
    The FAA is proposing to amend rules for the manufacture, 
certification, operation, maintenance, and alteration of light-sport 
category aircraft. Certificate holders required to comply would 
experience the following conforming revisions to existing information 
collection activities:

[[Page 47721]]



                Table 10--Summary of Conforming Revisions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Control No.                           Revisions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2120-0018.........................  FAA Form 8130-6, Application for
                                     U.S. Airworthiness Certificate:
                                        Update the ``LIGHT-
                                        SPORT'' field to accommodate any
                                        aircraft class.
                                        Update the
                                        ``RESTRICTED'' filed to add
                                        newly codified operations.
                                        Update the
                                        ``EXPERIMENTAL'' field to add
                                        new purpose for operating former
                                        military aircraft.
                                        Add provision for
                                        attaching evidence of compliance
                                        with 14 CFR part 36 and include
                                        the tested noise levels of the
                                        aircraft and include the
                                        following statement: ``No
                                        determination has been made by
                                        the Federal Aviation
                                        Administration that the noise
                                        levels of this aircraft are or
                                        should be acceptable or
                                        unacceptable for operation in
                                        any location.'' FAA Form
                                        8130[dash]15, Light Sport
                                        Aircraft Statement of
                                        Compliance:
                                        Update the ``Check
                                        applicable items'' field to
                                        change the 14 CFR reference for
                                        kits, accommodate any aircraft
                                        class, and indicate whether the
                                        aircraft meets eligibility
                                        requirements in part 61 for a
                                        sport pilot.
                                        Update the ``FAA
                                        Applicable Accepted
                                        Standard(s)'' and corresponding
                                        ``Manufacturer's Documentation''
                                        fields to reflect new
                                        requirements for noise,
                                        manufacturer's training
                                        requirements, optional
                                        simplified flight controls, and
                                        optional aerial work.
                                        Add a statement
                                        concerning acceptable aerial
                                        work operations.
                                        Revise statement(s) to
                                        remove references to 14 CFR
                                        definition of light-sport
                                        aircraft and include new
                                        statements required by this
                                        rule.
                                        Include new requirements
                                        of Sec.   21.190(f)(3), (4), and
                                        (5) for an amended statement of
                                        compliance.
                                        Update the certifying
                                        statement field to add training/
                                        certification credentials for
                                        the person signing the form.
                                        Add provision for the
                                        manufacturer of light-sport
                                        category aircraft to notify the
                                        FAA and owners of aircraft it
                                        manufactured in advance of
                                        discontinuance of its continued
                                        operational safety program or
                                        transfer of its execution to
                                        another responsible party.
2120-0022.........................  FAA Form 8610-3, Airman Certificate
                                     and/or Rating Application--
                                     Repairman:
                                        Change the certificate
                                        title from repairman certificate
                                        (light-sport aircraft) to
                                        repairman certificate (light-
                                        sport).
                                        Use the term ``Aircraft
                                        Category'' in place of ``LSA
                                        Class'' and list the following
                                        aircraft categories: airplane,
                                        rotorcraft, glider, lighter-than-
                                        air, powered-lift, powered
                                        parachute, and weight-shift
                                        control aircraft.
2120-0690.........................  FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate
                                     and/or Rating Application
                                     (previously part of OMB Control
                                     Number 2120-0690):
                                        Update the ``Application
                                        Information'' field to
                                        accommodate any aircraft class,
                                        and to specify whether the
                                        aircraft meets requirements for
                                        simplified flight controls.
                                        Update the ``Record of
                                        Pilot Flight Time'' field to
                                        accommodate any aircraft class.
2120-0730.........................  14 CFR 91.417, Maintenance Records--
                                     Status of SLSA Safety Directives:
                                        Cancelled (compliance no
                                        longer mandatory).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Use
    The FAA will use the revised information collections for oversight 
activities in relation to the proposed rule including compliance and 
data analysis.
3. Respondents (Including Number of)
    Revisions to OMB Control Numbers 2120-0018, 2120-0022, and 2120-
0069 reflect minor form revisions (Table 1) that would have no impact 
on the number of respondents in the approved collections.
    The cancellation of OMB Control Number 2120-0730 would remove the 
burden from 3,224 respondents as identified in the approved collection.
4. Frequency
    The revisions to OMB Control Numbers 2120-0018, 2120-0022, and 
2120-0069 would also have no impact on the frequency of collection 
requirements in the approved collections.
    The cancellation of OMB Control Number 2120-0730 would remove this 
information collection activity entirely.
5. Annual Burden Estimate
    The annual burden estimates in the OMB Control Numbers 2120-0018, 
2120-0022, and 2120-0069 are unchanged from the approved collections.
    The burden estimated for OMB Control Number 2120-0730 would be 
eliminated (6,488 annual burden hours).
    The agency is soliciting comments to--
    (a) Evaluate whether the proposed information requirement is 
necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the agency, 
including whether the information will have practical utility;
    (b) Evaluate the accuracy of the agency's estimate of the burden;
    (c) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to 
be collected; and
    (d) Minimize the burden of collecting information on those who are 
to respond, including by using appropriate automated, electronic, 
mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or other forms 
of information technology.
    Individuals and organizations may send comments on the information 
collection requirement to the address listed in the ADDRESSES section 
at the beginning of this preamble by October 23, 2023. Comments also 
should be submitted to the Office of Management and Budget, Office of 
Information and Regulatory Affairs, Attention: Desk Officer for FAA, 
New Executive Building, Room 10202, 725 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 
20053.

F. International Compatibility

    In keeping with U.S. obligations under the Convention on 
International Civil Aviation, it is FAA policy to conform to 
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and 
Recommended Practices to the maximum extent practicable. However, 
proposals in this NPRM concern aircraft that are issued special 
airworthiness certificates for domestic operations. As such, these 
aircraft are not required to be found to meet ICAO standards and 
recommended practices as required for aircraft that engage in 
international air navigation. The FAA notes that multiple

[[Page 47722]]

aviation authorities have established provisions for the certification 
of light-sport category aircraft. Requirements among these authorities 
share similarities for enabling the certification of small aircraft for 
recreation. However, the specific eligibility parameters for 
certification as light-sport category aircraft; design, performance, 
and production requirements; and certification procedures are not 
harmonized among these authorities. The FAA understands that European 
Aviation Safety Agency requires the use of the noise standards in ICAO 
Chapter 16 Volume I. This rule would not require the use of ICAO 
Chapter 16 Volume I for these aircraft. Regardless of particular 
differences among national civil aviation authorities for the 
certification of light-sport category aircraft, proposals in this NPRM 
generally align with recent rulemaking in Brazil and the European 
Community in enabling increased safety and performance of these 
aircraft.

G. Environmental Analysis

    FAA Order 1050.1F, Environmental Impacts: Policies and Procedures, 
identifies FAA actions that may be categorically excluded from 
preparation of an environmental assessment or environmental impact 
statement under the National Environmental Policy Act in the absence of 
extraordinary circumstances. In accordance with FAA Order 1050.1F, 
paragraph 5-6.6(f), the FAA has determined that this notice of proposed 
rulemaking qualifies for a categorical exclusion and does not involve 
extraordinary circumstances.

VI. Executive Order Determinations

A. Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    The FAA has analyzed this proposed rule under the principles and 
criteria of Executive Order 13132, Federalism. The agency has 
determined that this action would not have a substantial direct effect 
on the States, or the relationship between the Federal Government and 
the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among 
the various levels of government, and, therefore, would not have 
federalism implications.

B. Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    Consistent with Executive Order 13175, Consultation and 
Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments,\128\ and FAA Order 
1210.20, American Indian and Alaska Native Tribal Consultation Policy 
and Procedures,\129\ the FAA ensures that Federally Recognized Tribes 
(Tribes) are given the opportunity to provide meaningful and timely 
input regarding proposed Federal actions that have the potential to 
affect uniquely or significantly their respective Tribes. Currently, 
the FAA has not identified any unique or significant effects, 
environmental or otherwise, on Tribes resulting from this proposed 
rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \128\ 65 FR 67249 (Nov. 6, 2000).
    \129\ FAA Order No. 1210.20 (Jan. 28, 2004), available at 
faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/1210.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Executive Order 13211, Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy 
Supply, Distribution, or Use

    The FAA analyzed this proposed rule under Executive Order 13211, 
Actions Concerning Regulations that Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 
Distribution, or Use (May 18, 2001). The agency has determined that it 
would not be a ``significant energy action'' under the Executive order 
and would not be likely to have a significant adverse effect on the 
supply, distribution, or use of energy.

D. Executive Order 13609, Promoting International Regulatory 
Cooperation

    Executive Order 13609, Promoting International Regulatory 
Cooperation, promotes international regulatory cooperation to meet 
shared challenges involving health, safety, labor, security, 
environmental, and other issues and to reduce, eliminate, or prevent 
unnecessary differences in regulatory requirements. The FAA has 
analyzed this action under the policies and agency responsibilities of 
Executive Order 13609 and has determined that this action will have no 
effect on international regulatory cooperation.

VII. Additional Information

A. Comments Invited

    The FAA invites interested persons to participate in this 
rulemaking by submitting written comments, data, or views. The FAA also 
invites comments relating to the economic, environmental, energy, or 
federalism impacts that might result from adopting the proposals in 
this document. Additionally, the FAA requests comment on whether the 
FAA should remove the definition of consensus standard from Sec.  1.1 
altogether or revise the definition as proposed. The most helpful 
comments reference a specific portion of the proposal, explain the 
reason for any recommended change, and include supporting data. To 
ensure the docket does not contain duplicate comments, commenters 
should submit only one time if comments are filed electronically or 
commenters should send only one copy of written comments if comments 
are filed in writing.
    The FAA will file in the docket all comments it receives, as well 
as a report summarizing each substantive public contact with FAA 
personnel concerning this proposed rulemaking. Before acting on this 
proposal, the FAA will consider all comments it receives on or before 
the closing date for comments. The FAA will consider comments filed 
after the comment period has closed if it is possible to do so without 
incurring expense or delay. The FAA may change this proposal in light 
of the comments it receives.

B. Confidential Business Information

    Confidential Business Information (CBI) is commercial or financial 
information that is both customarily and actually treated as private by 
its owner. Under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) (5 U.S.C. 552), 
CBI is exempt from public disclosure. If your comments responsive to 
this NPRM contain commercial or financial information that is 
customarily treated as private, that you actually treat as private, and 
that is relevant or responsive to this NPRM, it is important that you 
clearly designate the submitted comments as CBI. Please mark each page 
of your submission containing CBI as ``PROPIN.'' The FAA will treat 
such marked submissions as confidential under the FOIA, and they will 
not be placed in the public docket of this NPRM. Submissions containing 
CBI should be sent to the person in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT 
section of this document. Any commentary that the FAA receives which is 
not specifically designated as CBI will be placed in the public docket 
for this rulemaking.
    Privacy: In accordance with 5 U.S.C. 533(c), DOT solicits comments 
from the public to better inform its rulemaking process. DOT posts 
these comments, without edit, including any personal information the 
commenter provides, to regulations.gov, as described in the system of 
records notice (DOT/ALL-14 FDMS), which can be viewed at dot.gov/privacy.

C. Electronic Access and Filing

    A copy of this NPRM, all comments received, any final rule, and all 
background material may be viewed online at regulations.gov using the 
docket number listed above. A copy of this proposed rule will be placed 
in the docket. Electronic retrieval help and guidelines are available 
on the website. It is available 24 hours each day, 365

[[Page 47723]]

days each year. An electronic copy of this document may also be 
downloaded from the Office of the Federal Register's website at 
federalregister.gov and the Government Publishing Office's website at 
govinfo.gov. A copy may also be found at the FAA's Regulations and 
Policies website at faa.gov/regulations_policies.
    Copies may also be obtained by sending a request to the Federal 
Aviation Administration, Office of Rulemaking, ARM-1, 800 Independence 
Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20591, or by calling (202) 267-9677. 
Commenters must identify the docket or notice number of this 
rulemaking. All documents the FAA considered in developing this 
proposed rule, including economic analyses and technical reports, may 
be accessed in the electronic docket for this rulemaking.

D. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act

    The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 
1996 requires the FAA to comply with small entity requests for 
information or advice about compliance with statutes and regulations 
within its jurisdiction. A small entity with questions regarding this 
document may contact its local FAA official, or the person listed under 
the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT heading at the beginning of the 
preamble. To find out more about SBREFA on the internet, visit faa.gov/regulations_policies/rulemaking/sbre_act/.

List of Subjects

14 CFR Part 1

    Air transportation.

14 CFR Parts 21 and 22

    Aircraft, Aviation safety, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Voluntary standards.

14 CFR Part 36

    Agriculture, Aircraft, Noise control.

14 CFR Part 43

    Aircraft, Aviation safety, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements.

14 CFR Part 45

    Aircraft, Signs and symbols.

14 CFR Part 61

    Aircraft, Airmen, Aviation safety, Incorporation by reference, 
Recreation and recreation areas, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Teachers.

14 CFR Part 65

    Air traffic controllers, Aircraft, Airmen, Airports, Aviation 
safety, Incorporation by reference, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements.

14 CFR Part 91

    Air carriers, Air taxis, Air traffic control, Aircraft, Airmen, 
Airports, Aviation safety, Noise control, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Transportation.

14 CFR Part 119

    Administrative practice and procedure, Air carriers, Aircraft, 
Aviation safety, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

The Proposed Amendment

    In consideration of the forgoing, the Federal Aviation 
Administration proposes to amend chapter I of title 14, Code of Federal 
Regulations as follows:

PART 1--DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 1 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113, 44701.

0
2. Effective [DATE 6 MONTHS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE 
IN THE Federal Register], amend Sec.  1.1 by revising the definition of 
``Consensus standard,'' removing the definition of ``Light-sport 
aircraft,'' and adding the definitions of ``Space support vehicle'' and 
``Space support vehicle flight'' in alphabetical order to read as 
follows:


Sec.  1.1  General definitions.

* * * * *
    Consensus standard means any industry-developed standard that 
applies to aircraft design, operation, production, maintenance, or 
airworthiness, which--
    (1) Has been adopted and promulgated by a standards-producing 
organization under procedures which provide an opportunity for input by 
persons interested and affected by the scope or provisions of the 
standard;
    (2) Has been reached through substantial agreement on its adoption; 
and
    (3) Has been accepted as a consensus standard by the FAA.
* * * * *
    Space support vehicle means an aircraft that is a launch vehicle, 
reentry vehicle, or a component of a launch or reentry vehicle.
    Space support vehicle flight means a flight in the air that is not 
a launch or reentry, but is conducted by a space support vehicle.
* * * * *

PART 21--CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR PRODUCTS AND ARTICLES

0
3. The authority citation for part 21 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7572; 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40105, 
40113, 44701-44702, 44704, 44707, 44709, 44711, 44713, 44715, 45303.

0
4. Revise Sec.  21.25 to read as follows:


Sec.  21.25  Issue of type certificate: restricted category aircraft.

    (a) An applicant is entitled to a type certificate for an aircraft 
in the restricted category for special purpose operations if the 
applicant shows compliance with the applicable noise requirements of 
part 36 of this chapter, and if the applicant shows that no feature or 
characteristic of the aircraft makes it unsafe when it is operated 
under the limitations prescribed for its intended use, and the 
aircraft--
    (1) Meets the airworthiness requirements of an aircraft category, 
other than primary category or light-sport category, except those 
requirements that the FAA finds inappropriate for the special purpose 
operation for which the aircraft is to be used; or
    (2) Is of a type that--
    (i) Has been manufactured in accordance with the requirements of, 
and accepted for use by, the U.S. Armed Forces;
    (ii) Has a service history with the U.S. Armed Forces acceptable to 
the FAA; and
    (iii) Has been found capable by the FAA of performing, or has been 
modified to perform, the special purpose operation for which the 
aircraft is to be used.
    (b) Restricted category aircraft can be approved for:
    (1) Agricultural use, for one or more of the following special 
purpose operations, including--
    (i) Crop spraying, dusting, and seeding;
    (ii) Livestock and predatory animal control;
    (iii) Insect control;
    (iv) Dust control; or
    (v) Fruit drying and frost control.
    (2) Forest and wildlife conservation, for one or more of the 
following special purpose operations, including--
    (i) Aerial dispensing of firefighting materials;
    (ii) Fish spotting;
    (iii) Wild animal survey; or
    (iv) Oil spill response.

[[Page 47724]]

    (3) Aerial surveying, for one or more of the following special 
purpose operations, including--
    (i) Aerial imaging and mapping;
    (ii) Oil, gas, and mineral exploration;
    (iii) Atmospheric survey and research;
    (iv) Geophysical and electromagnetic survey;
    (v) Oceanic survey; or
    (vi) Airborne measurement of navigation signals.
    (4) Patrolling, for one or more of the following special purpose 
operations, including
    (i) Patrolling of pipelines;
    (ii) Patrolling of power lines;
    (iii) Patrolling of data transmission lines and towers;
    (iv) Patrolling of railroads;
    (v) Patrolling of canals; or
    (vi) Patrolling of harbors.
    (5) Weather control, including the special purpose operation of 
cloud seeding.
    (6) Aerial advertising, for one or more of the following special 
purpose operations, including--
    (i) Skywriting;
    (ii) Banner towing;
    (iii) Displaying airborne signs; or
    (iv) Public address systems.
    (7) Other special purpose operations, including--
    (i) Rotorcraft external-load operations conducted under part 133 of 
this chapter;
    (ii) Carriage of cargo incidental to the owner's or operator's 
business;
    (iii) Target towing;
    (iv) Search and rescue operations;
    (v) Glider towing;
    (vi) Alaskan fuel hauling;
    (vii) Alaskan fixed-wing external load operations;
    (viii) Space vehicle launch support; or
    (ix) Any other special purpose operation specified by the FAA.
0
5. Revise Sec.  21.175 to read as follows:


Sec.  21.175  Airworthiness certificates: classification.

    (a) Standard airworthiness certificates are airworthiness 
certificates issued for aircraft type certificated:
    (1) In the normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, or transport 
category;
    (2) As manned free balloons; or
    (3) As special classes of aircraft.
    (b) Special airworthiness certificates are airworthiness 
certificates issued for:
    (1) Aircraft type-certificated in the primary, restricted, 
provisional, or limited categories;
    (2) Aircraft certificated in the light-sport category;
    (3) Aircraft operating for an experimental purpose; or
    (4) Aircraft operating under a special flight permit.
0
6. Amend Sec.  21.181 by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:


Sec.  21.181  Duration.

    (a) Unless sooner surrendered, suspended, revoked, or a termination 
date is otherwise established by the FAA, airworthiness certificates 
are effective as long as the aircraft is registered in the United 
States and as follows:
    (1) Standard airworthiness certificates and special airworthiness 
certificates issued for aircraft certificated in the primary, 
restricted, or limited category are effective as long as the 
maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations are performed in 
accordance with parts 43 and 91 of this chapter.
    (2) A special flight permit is effective for the period of time 
specified in the permit.
    (3) A special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category 
will remain effective as long as all of the following conditions are 
met:
    (i) Except as specified in paragraph (a)(3)(iv) of this section, 
the aircraft meets the eligibility criteria for the issuance of an 
airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category specified in 
Sec.  21.190(b).
    (ii) The aircraft conforms to its original or properly altered 
configuration.
    (iii) The aircraft has no unsafe condition and is not likely to 
develop an unsafe condition.
    (iv) For aircraft originally certificated prior to [EFFECTIVE DATE 
OF THE FINAL RULE], and for which an amended manufacturer's statement 
of compliance has not been submitted to the FAA in accordance with 
Sec.  21.190(e) on or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE FINAL RULE], the 
aircraft meets all of the following conditions:
    (A) A maximum takeoff weight of not more than 1,320 pounds (600 
kilograms) for aircraft not intended for operation on water or 1,430 
pounds (650 kilograms) for an aircraft intended for operation on water.
    (B) A maximum airspeed in level flight with maximum continuous 
power (VH) of not more than 120 knots CAS under standard 
atmospheric conditions at sea level.
    (C) A maximum never-exceed speed (VNE) of not more than 
120 knots CAS for a glider.
    (D) A maximum stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed without 
the use of lift-enhancing devices (VS1) of not more than 45 
knots CAS at the aircraft's maximum certificated takeoff weight and 
most critical center of gravity.
    (E) A maximum seating capacity of no more than two persons, 
including the pilot.
    (F) A single, reciprocating engine, if powered.
    (G) A fixed or ground-adjustable propeller if a powered aircraft 
other than a powered glider.
    (H) A fixed or feathering propeller system if a powered glider.
    (I) A fixed-pitch, semi-rigid, teetering, two-blade rotor system, 
if a gyroplane.
    (J) A nonpressurized cabin, if equipped with a cabin.
    (K) Fixed landing gear, except for an aircraft intended for 
operation on water or a glider.
    (L) Fixed or retractable landing gear, or a hull, for an aircraft 
intended for operation on water.
    (M) Fixed or retractable landing gear for a glider.
    (4) The duration of an experimental certificate issued for research 
and development, showing compliance with regulations, crew training, or 
market survey is effective for 3 years from the date of issue or 
renewal unless the FAA prescribes a shorter period.
    (5) The duration of an experimental certificate issued for 
operating amateur-built aircraft, exhibition, air-racing, operating 
primary kit-built aircraft, operating former light-sport category 
aircraft, operating light-sport category kit-built aircraft, and 
operating former military aircraft is unlimited, unless the FAA 
establishes a specific period for good cause.
* * * * *
0
7. Amend Sec.  21.182 by revising paragraphs (a) and (b)(2) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  21.182  Aircraft identification.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each 
applicant for an airworthiness certificate under this subpart must show 
that the aircraft is identified as prescribed in Sec.  45.11 of this 
chapter.
    (b) * * *
    (2) An experimental certificate issued for the purposes of research 
and development, showing compliance with regulations, crew training, 
exhibition, air racing, market surveys, or operating former military 
aircraft.
* * * * *
0
8. Amend Sec.  21.183 by:
0
a. Removing the word ``or'' the end of paragraph (d)(2)(iii);
0
b. Removing the word ``and'' and adding ``or'' in its place at the end 
of paragraph (d)(2)(iv); and
0
c. Adding paragraph (d)(2)(v).
    The addition reads as follows:

[[Page 47725]]

Sec.  21.183  Issue of standard airworthiness certificates for normal, 
utility, acrobatic, commuter, and transport category aircraft; manned 
free balloons; and special classes of aircraft.

* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (v) A foreign maintenance organization appropriately certificated 
by an exporting authority with whose country the United States has a 
bilateral agreement that includes acceptance of this aircraft category 
by the United States for import. An acceptable inspection must have 
been completed while the aircraft was operated on the registry of the 
exporting authority and within 60 days of submitting the application 
for a United States airworthiness certificate; and
* * * * *
0
9. Amend Sec.  21.185 by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  21.185  Issue of airworthiness certificates for restricted 
category aircraft.

    (a) Aircraft manufactured under a production certificate or type 
certificate. An applicant for a restricted category airworthiness 
certificate for an aircraft type certificated in the restricted 
category, that was not previously type certificated in any other 
category, must comply with the appropriate provisions of Sec.  21.183.
    (b) Other aircraft. An applicant for an airworthiness certificate 
in the restricted category is entitled to an airworthiness certificate 
if--
    (1) The aircraft is type certificated for a special purpose 
operation in the restricted category;
    (2) The aircraft was--
    (i) Manufactured in accordance with the requirements of, and 
accepted for use by, the U.S. Armed Forces and has a service history 
with the U.S. Armed Forces acceptable to the FAA; or
    (ii) Previously type certificated in another category (other than 
primary category or light-sport category); and
    (3) The aircraft has been inspected by the FAA and found to be in a 
good state of preservation and repair and in a condition for safe 
operation.
* * * * *
0
10. Amend Sec.  21.187 by revising the section heading to read as 
follows:


Sec.  21.187  Issue of multiple airworthiness certifications for 
restricted category aircraft.

* * * * *
0
11. Effective [DATE 6 MONTHS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL 
RULE IN THE Federal Register], revise Sec.  21.190 to read as follows:


Sec.  21.190  Issue of a special airworthiness certificate for a light-
sport category aircraft.

    (a) Purpose. The FAA issues a special airworthiness certificate in 
the light-sport category to operate an aircraft, other than an unmanned 
aircraft, that meets the requirements of this section.
    (b) Eligibility. To be eligible for a special airworthiness 
certificate in the light-sport category, an aircraft must meet the 
applicable requirements of Sec.  22.100 of this chapter.
    (c) Application for special airworthiness certificate in the light-
sport category. Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, an 
applicant for a special airworthiness certificate under this section 
must provide the FAA with:
    (1) The manufacturer's statement of compliance as described in 
paragraph (d) of this section.
    (2) A pilot's operating handbook that includes--
    (i) Recommended operating instructions and limitations to safely 
accommodate all environmental conditions and abnormal procedures likely 
to be encountered in the aircraft's intended operations; and
    (ii) A flight training supplement to enable safe operation of the 
aircraft within the intended flight envelope under all foreseeable 
conditions.
    (iii) A listing of any aerial work operations that may be safely 
conducted using the aircraft and any instructions and limitations that 
are necessary to safely conduct those operations.
    (iv) A statement that the aircraft has demonstrated compliance with 
part 36 of this chapter, the tested noise levels of the aircraft, and 
the following statement: ``No determination has been made by the 
Federal Aviation Administration that the noise levels of this aircraft 
are or should be acceptable or unacceptable for operation in any 
location.''
    (3) A maintenance and inspection program containing procedures 
necessary to ensure continued safe operation of the aircraft.
    (4) Evidence that the aircraft has demonstrated compliance with the 
applicable requirements of part 36 of this chapter.
    (d) Manufacturer's statement of compliance. The manufacturer's 
statement of compliance specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section 
must --
    (1) Be signed by the manufacturer's authorized representative or 
agent who is certified and trained on the requirements associated with 
the issuance of a statement of compliance by an organization that 
certifies and trains quality assurance staff in accordance with a 
consensus standard that has been accepted by the FAA.
    (2) Identify the aircraft by make, model, serial number, class, and 
date of manufacture.
    (3) State whether this aircraft meets the requirements specified in 
subpart J of part 61 of this chapter for the exercise of privileges by 
a sport pilot.
    (4) Specify those aerial work operations the manufacturer has 
determined may be safely conducted, and state that the aircraft has 
been ground and flight tested to ensure that it can be operated to 
safely conduct those operations in accordance with the instructions and 
limitations provided by the manufacturer.
    (5) State whether the aircraft meets the requirements of Sec.  
22.180 of this chapter for simplified flight controls.
    (6) Specify the consensus standards used to determine the 
aircraft's compliance with subpart B of part 22 of this chapter and 
state that the aircraft meets the eligibility, design, production, and 
airworthiness requirements of subpart B of part 22 of this chapter in 
accordance with those consensus standards. The specified consensus 
standards must be accepted by the FAA for the airworthiness 
certification of light-sport category aircraft.
    (7) State that the aircraft conforms to the manufacturer's design 
data, using the manufacturer's quality assurance system that meets the 
specified consensus standard.
    (8) State that the manufacturer will make available to any 
interested person the documents specified in paragraph (c) of this 
section.
    (9) State that the manufacturer will support the aircraft by 
implementing and maintaining a documented continued operational safety 
program that--
    (i) Addresses monitoring and resolving in-service safety of flight 
issues;
    (ii) Includes provisions for the issuance of safety directives;
    (iii) Includes a process for notifying the FAA and all owners of 
all safety of flight issues; and
    (iv) Includes a process for advance notice to the FAA and all 
owners of a continued operational safety program discontinuance or 
provider change.
    (10) State that the manufacturer will monitor and correct safety-
of-flight issues through the issuance of safety directives and a 
continued operational safety program that meets the specified consensus 
standard.
    (11) State that at the request of the FAA, the manufacturer will 
provide unrestricted access to its facilities and to all data necessary 
to determine compliance with this section or other applicable 
requirements of this chapter.

[[Page 47726]]

    (12) State that the manufacturer has established and maintains a 
quality assurance system that meets the requirements of Sec.  22.185 of 
this chapter.
    (e) Special provisions for aircraft certificated in the light-sport 
category before [EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE FINAL RULE]. The owner of an 
aircraft issued a light-sport category airworthiness certificate before 
[EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE FINAL RULE], may submit an amended 
manufacturer's statement of compliance to the FAA listing those aerial 
work operations that may be conducted using the aircraft. The amended 
statement of compliance must--
    (1) Identify the aircraft by make, model, serial number, and date 
of manufacture.
    (2) Be made by the original manufacturer of the aircraft.
    (3) Reference and reaffirm the statements made in the original 
manufacturer's statement of compliance.
    (4) State that the design and construction of the aircraft provides 
sufficient structural integrity to enable safe operation of the 
aircraft during the performance of the specified aerial work operations 
and that the aircraft is able to withstand any foreseeable flight and 
ground loads.
    (5) Specify the FAA-accepted consensus standard used to make the 
determination required by paragraph (a) of this section.
    (6) Is accompanied by revisions to the aircraft's operating 
instructions to indicate those aerial work operations that may be 
conducted using the aircraft, and any applicable revisions to the 
aircraft's maintenance and inspection procedures, and flight training 
supplement.
0
12. Amend Sec.  21.191 by revising the section heading, introductory 
text, and paragraph (i) and adding reserved paragraph (j) and paragraph 
(k) to read as follows:


Sec.  21.191  Issue of experimental airworthiness certificates.

    Experimental airworthiness certificates are issued for the 
following experimental purposes:
* * * * *
    (i) Operating former light-sport category aircraft. Operating an 
aircraft that previously has been issued a special airworthiness 
certificate in the light-sport category under Sec.  21.190.
    (j) [Reserved]
    (k) Operating former military aircraft. Operating a former military 
aircraft that meets the following requirements:
    (1) The aircraft is not an unmanned aircraft.
    (2) The aircraft was manufactured, purchased, or modified under 
contract by the U.S. Armed Forces or a foreign military.
    (3) The aircraft is operated for one of the following purposes:
    (i) Flying the aircraft to a base where repairs, alterations, or 
maintenance are to be performed;
    (ii) Flying to a point of storage; or
    (iii) Repositioning the aircraft for use under contract with the 
U.S. Armed Forces.
0
13. Effective [DATE 6 MONTHS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL 
RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], amend Sec.  21.191 further by adding 
paragraph (j) to read as follows:


Sec.  21.191  Issue of experimental airworthiness certificates.

* * * * *
    (j) Operating light-sport category kit-built aircraft. Operating an 
aircraft of a type that has been certificated under Sec.  21.190 and 
assembled from an aircraft kit in accordance with manufacturer's 
assembly instructions that meet an applicable FAA-accepted consensus 
standard. An applicant must provide the following:
    (1) Evidence that an aircraft of the same make and model was 
manufactured and assembled by the aircraft kit manufacturer and issued 
a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category under 
Sec.  21.190.
    (2) The pilot's operating handbook that includes a flight training 
supplement.
    (3) The aircraft's maintenance and inspection procedures.
    (4) The manufacturer's statement of compliance for the aircraft kit 
used in the aircraft assembly that meets the applicable requirements of 
Sec.  21.190 in effect at the time the aircraft kit was manufactured, 
except the statement need not indicate compliance with Sec.  22.175 of 
this chapter. The statement must identify assembly instructions for the 
aircraft that meet an applicable consensus standard.
    (5) For an aircraft kit manufactured outside the United States, 
evidence that the aircraft kit was manufactured in a country with which 
the United States has a Bilateral Airworthiness Agreement concerning 
airplanes or a Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement with associated 
Implementation Procedures for Airworthiness concerning airplanes, or an 
equivalent airworthiness agreement.
* * * * *
0
14. Revise Sec.  21.193 to read as follows:


Sec.  21.193  Application for special airworthiness certificates issued 
for experimental purposes.

    An applicant for an experimental airworthiness certificate must 
submit the following information in a form and manner prescribed by the 
FAA:
    (a) The experimental purpose for which the aircraft is to be used.
    (b) Enough information to describe the operation, equipment, or 
test as applicable.
    (c) The estimated time or number of flights required for the 
operation, for an applicant seeking issuance of an experimental 
airworthiness certificate for those experimental purposes specified in 
Sec.  21.191(a) through (f).
    (d) The areas over which flights will be conducted.
    (e) Enough data to identify the aircraft.
    (f) Except for a previously type certificated aircraft without an 
appreciable change in its external configuration, three-view drawings 
or three-view dimensional photographs of the aircraft.
    (g) Upon inspection of the aircraft, any pertinent information 
found necessary by the FAA to safeguard the general public.
    (h) For applicants seeking certification of an aircraft for the 
purpose of operating former light-sport category aircraft or for the 
purpose of operating light-sport category kit-built aircraft, evidence 
of compliance with the applicable aircraft noise limits in part 36 of 
this chapter.
0
15. Amend Sec.  21.195 by revising paragraphs (b) through (d) to read 
as follows:


Sec.  21.195  Experimental certificates: Aircraft to be used for market 
surveys, sales demonstrations, and customer crew training.

* * * * *
    (b) A manufacturer of an aircraft engine manufactured within the 
United States, that has altered a type certificated aircraft by 
installing an engine it has manufactured, may apply for an experimental 
certificate for that aircraft to be used for market surveys, sales 
demonstrations, or customer crew training, if the basic aircraft, 
before alteration, was type certificated in the normal, utility, 
acrobatic, commuter, transport, primary, or restricted category.
    (c) A person who has altered the design of a type certificated 
aircraft may apply for an experimental certificate for an altered 
aircraft to be used for market surveys, sales demonstrations, or 
customer crew training if the basic aircraft, before alteration, was 
type

[[Page 47727]]

certificated in the normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, transport, 
primary, or restricted category.
    (d) An applicant for an experimental certificate under paragraph 
(a), (b), or (c) of this section is entitled to that certificate if, in 
addition to meeting the requirements of Sec.  21.193, the applicant--
    (1) Has established an inspection and maintenance program for the 
continued airworthiness of the aircraft; and
    (2) Shows that the aircraft has been flown for at least 50 hours, 
or for at least 5 hours if it is a type certificated aircraft which has 
been altered. The FAA may reduce these operational requirements if the 
applicant provides adequate justification.
0
16. Revise Sec.  21.327 to read as follows:


Sec.  21.327  Application.

    (a) Any owner of a U.S.-registered aircraft may apply for an export 
certificate of airworthiness for that aircraft.
    (b) Any person may apply for an export airworthiness approval for 
an aircraft engine, propeller, or article.
    (c) Each applicant must apply in a form and manner prescribed by 
the FAA.
0
17. Amend Sec.  21.329 by revising paragraph (a)(1) introductory text 
to read as follows:


Sec.  21.329  Issuance of export certificates of airworthiness.

    (a) * * *
    (1) A new or used aircraft manufactured under subpart F or G of 
this part meets the requirements under subpart H of this part for a--
* * * * *
0
18. Add part 22 to read as follows:

PART 22--DESIGN, PRODUCTION, AND AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS FOR 
NON-TYPE CERTIFICATED AIRCRAFT

Subpart A--General
Sec.
22.1 Applicability.
Subpart B--Light-Sport Category Aircraft
22.100 Eligibility.
22.105 Control and maneuverability.
22.110 Structural integrity.
22.115 Powered-lift: minimum safe speed.
22.120 Special requirements for light-sport aircraft used for aerial 
work operations.
22.125 Environmental conditions.
22.130 Suitability and durability of materials.
22.135 Instruments and equipment.
22.140 Controls and displays.
22.145 Propulsion system.
22.150 Fuel system.
22.155 Fire protection.
22.160 Visibility.
22.165 Emergency evacuation.
22.170 Placards and markings.
22.175 Noise.
22.180 Special requirements for light-sport category aircraft with 
simplified flight controls.
22.185 Quality assurance system.
22.190 Finding of compliance by trained compliance staff.
22.195 Ground and flight testing.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7572; 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40105, 
40113, 44701-44702, 44704, 44707, 44709, 44711, 44713, 44715, 45303.

PART 22--DESIGN, PRODUCTION, AND AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS FOR 
NON-TYPE CERTIFICATED AIRCRAFT

Subpart A--General


Sec.  22.1  Applicability.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, this part 
prescribes design, production, and airworthiness requirements for the 
issue of special airworthiness certificates, and changes to those 
certificates, for non-type certificated aircraft applying for an 
airworthiness certificate.
    (b) Each person who applies under part 21 of this chapter for such 
a certificate or change must comply with the applicable requirements in 
this part.
    (c) This part does not apply to aircraft issued an experimental 
airworthiness certificate, aircraft operating under a special flight 
permit, or unmanned aircraft.

Subpart B--Light-Sport Category Aircraft


Sec.  22.100  Eligibility.

    (a) Aircraft manufactured in the United States. To be eligible for 
a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category issued 
under Sec.  21.190 of this chapter, an aircraft must--
    (1) Except for an airplane, have a maximum seating capacity of not 
more than two persons, including the pilot.
    (2) For an airplane, have a maximum seating capacity of not more 
than four persons, including the pilot.
    (3) Have a maximum stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed, 
without the use of lift-enhancing devices (VS1) at the 
aircraft's maximum certificated takeoff weight and most critical center 
of gravity of 54 knots CAS for an airplane, or 45 knots CAS for a 
glider or weight-shift-control aircraft.
    (4) Have a maximum speed of 250 knots CAS at maximum available 
power under standard atmospheric conditions at sea level.
    (5) Have a non-pressurized cabin, if equipped with a cabin.
    (6) Not have been previously issued a standard, primary, 
restricted, limited, or provisional airworthiness certificate, or an 
equivalent airworthiness certificate by a foreign civil aviation 
authority.
    (7) Meet the aircraft design, production, and airworthiness 
requirements specified in this subpart using a means of compliance 
consisting of consensus standards accepted by the FAA.
    (8) Be inspected by the FAA and found to be in a condition for safe 
operation.
    (b) Aircraft manufactured outside the United States. For aircraft 
manufactured outside the United States to be eligible for a special 
airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category under Sec.  
21.190 of this chapter, an applicant must provide the FAA evidence 
that--
    (1) The aircraft meets the requirements of this subpart;
    (2) The aircraft was manufactured in a country with which the 
United States has a Bilateral Airworthiness Agreement concerning 
airplanes or Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement with associated 
Implementation Procedures for Airworthiness concerning airplanes, or an 
equivalent airworthiness agreement; and
    (3) The aircraft is eligible for an airworthiness certificate, 
flight authorization, or other similar certification in its country of 
manufacture.


Sec.  22.105  Control and maneuverability.

    A light-sport category aircraft must--
    (a) Be consistently and predictably controllable and maneuverable 
through the normal use of primary flight controls at all loading 
conditions during all phases of flight; and,
    (b) Not have a tendency to inadvertently depart controlled flight 
or require exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or strength.


Sec.  22.110  Structural integrity.

    (a) The design and construction of the aircraft must provide 
sufficient structural integrity to enable safe operations within the 
aircraft's flight envelope throughout the aircraft's intended life 
cycle; and,
    (b) The aircraft must be able to withstand all anticipated flight 
and ground loads when operated within its operational limits.


Sec.  22.115  Powered-lift: minimum safe speed.

    To be certificated in the light-sport category, powered-lift 
aircraft must have a known minimum safe speed for each flight condition 
encountered in normal operations, including applicable sources

[[Page 47728]]

of lift and phases of flight, to maintain controlled safe flight. The 
minimum safe speed determination must account for the most adverse 
conditions for each configuration.


Sec.  22.120  Special requirements for light-sport aircraft used for 
aerial work operations.

    If the aircraft is designated by the manufacturer as suitable for 
the performance of any aerial work operation, the design and 
construction of the aircraft must provide sufficient structural 
integrity to enable safe operation of the aircraft during the 
performance of that operation and ensure that the aircraft is able to 
withstand any foreseeable flight and ground loads.


Sec.  22.125  Environmental conditions.

    The aircraft must have design characteristics to safely accommodate 
all environmental conditions likely to be encountered during its 
intended operations.


Sec.  22.130  Suitability and durability of materials.

    The suitability and durability of materials used for products and 
articles must account for the likely environmental conditions expected 
in service, the failure of which could prevent continued safe flight 
and landing.


Sec.  22.135  Instruments and equipment.

    (a) The aircraft must have all instruments and equipment necessary 
for safe flight, to include those instruments necessary for systems 
control and management. The aircraft must also include all instruments 
and equipment required for the kinds of operations for which it is 
authorized.
    (b) The aircraft, instruments, equipment, and systems must perform 
their intended functions under all operating conditions specified in 
the pilot's operating handbook. Likely failure or malfunction of a 
system or component must not cause loss of control of the aircraft. 
Systems and components must be considered separately and in relation to 
each other.


Sec.  22.140  Controls and displays.

    The aircraft must be designed and constructed so that the pilot has 
the ability to reach all controls and displays in a manner that 
provides for smooth and positive operation of the aircraft.


Sec.  22.145  Propulsion system.

    The aircraft propulsion system must--
    (a) Have controls that are simple, intuitive and not confusing;
    (b) Be designed so that the failure of any product or article does 
not prevent continued safe flight and landing or, if continued safe 
flight and landing cannot be ensured, the hazard has been minimized;
    (c) Not exceed safe operating limits under normal operating 
conditions; and
    (d) Have the necessary reliability, durability, and endurance for 
safe flight without failure, malfunction, excessive wear, or other 
anomalies.


Sec.  22.150  Fuel system.

    The aircraft fuel system must--
    (a) Provide a means to safely remove or isolate the fuel stored in 
the system from the aircraft; and
    (b) Be designed to retain fuel under all likely operating 
conditions.


Sec.  22.155  Fire protection.

    The hazards of fuel or electrical fires following a survivable 
emergency landing must be minimized by incorporating design features to 
sustain static and dynamic deceleration loads without structural damage 
to fuel or electrical system components or their attachments that would 
leak fuel to an ignition source or allow electrical power to become an 
ignition source.


Sec.  22.160  Visibility.

    The aircraft must be designed and constructed so that the pilot 
has--
    (a) Sufficient visibility of controls, instruments, equipment, and 
placards; and
    (b) Sufficient vison outside the aircraft necessary to conduct safe 
aircraft operations.


Sec.  22.165  Emergency evacuation.

    (a) The aircraft must be designed and constructed--
    (1) So that all occupants have the ability to rapidly conduct an 
emergency evacuation; and
    (2) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, to account 
for all conditions likely to occur following an emergency landing.
    (b) Aircraft not intended for operation on water are not required 
to account for ditching in an emergency landing.


Sec.  22.170  Placards and markings.

    The aircraft must display all placards and instrument markings 
necessary for safe operation and occupant warning. Markings or graphics 
must clearly indicate the function of each control, other than primary 
flight controls.


Sec.  22.175  Noise.

    The aircraft must meet the applicable noise standards of part 36 of 
this chapter.


Sec.  22.180  Special requirements for light-sport category aircraft 
with simplified flight controls.

    An aircraft that meets the following requirements may be designated 
by the manufacturer as having simplified flight controls--
    (a) The aircraft allows the pilot to only control the flight path 
of the aircraft or intervene in its operation without direct 
manipulation of individual aircraft control surfaces or adjustment of 
the available power;
    (b) The aircraft is designed to inherently prevent loss of control, 
regardless of pilot input; and
    (c) The aircraft has a means to enable the pilot to quickly and 
safely discontinue the flight and prevent any inadvertent activation of 
this feature.


Sec.  22.185  Quality assurance system.

    The aircraft must have been designed, produced, and tested under a 
documented quality assurance system to ensure each product and article 
conforms to its design and is in a condition for safe operation.


Sec.  22.190  Finding of compliance by trained compliance staff.

    The aircraft must have been found compliant with the provisions of 
the applicable FAA-accepted consensus standards by individuals who have 
been trained on determining compliance with those consensus standards.


Sec.  22.195  Ground and flight testing.

    The aircraft must have been ground and flight tested under 
documented production acceptance test procedures to--
    (a) Validate aircraft performance data.
    (b) Ensure the aircraft has no hazardous operating characteristics 
or design features.
    (c) Ensure the aircraft is in a condition for safe operation.
    (d) Ensure the aircraft can safely conduct any aerial work 
operation designated by the manufacturer in accordance with Sec.  
22.120.

PART 36--NOISE STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT TYPE AND AIRWORTHINESS 
CERTIFICATION

0
19. The authority for part 36 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.; 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 
44701-44702, 44704, 44715; sec. 305, Pub. L. 96-193, 94 Stat. 50, 
57; E.O. 11514, 35 FR 4247, 3 CFR, 1966-1970 Comp., p. 902.

0
20. Add Sec.  36.0 to read as follows:


Sec.  36.0  Applicability; aircraft that do not conform to a type 
certificate.

    (a) General applicability. Except as provided in paragraph (e) of 
this

[[Page 47729]]

section, for aircraft described in Sec.  21.190, Sec.  21.191, Sec.  
21.193(h), or part 22 of this chapter, that does not conform to a type 
certificate, the requirements of this part apply at the time of 
application for a first airworthiness certificate, or when an aircraft 
previously issued an airworthiness certificate incorporates an 
alteration that would result in an acoustical change.
    (b) Compliance requirements. Compliance with this part requires--
    (1) A determination that the applicable noise limits specified in 
this part are not exceeded for any configuration, flight profile, or 
reference condition required for an aircraft to demonstrate compliance; 
and,
    (2) When applicable, a determination that any test procedures and 
analyses contained in a related appendix to this part have been met for 
any configuration, flight profile, or reference condition required.
    (c) Use of a noise consensus standard. An aircraft that does not 
conform to a type certificate may demonstrate compliance using a noise 
consensus standard that meets the following conditions:
    (1) The noise consensus standard has been approved by the FAA; and
    (2) The noise consensus standard has been determined by the FAA to 
be appropriate for the aircraft and applicable to the aircraft's 
specific design.
    (d) No noise consensus standard available. For an aircraft that 
does not conform to a type certificate, and for which no noise 
consensus standard has been approved or determined by the FAA to be 
appropriate for the aircraft, the following apply:
    (1) Aircraft similar to a type-certificated aircraft. An aircraft 
that is determined by the FAA for noise purposes to be the same as or 
sufficiently similar in design to a type certificated aircraft 
described in Sec.  36.1 may demonstrate compliance with this part by--
    (i) Using the same requirements as the type certificated aircraft 
that is the same or sufficiently similar in design to the aircraft; or
    (ii) Adopting the noise levels for the type certificated aircraft 
that is the same or sufficiently similar in design to the aircraft when 
the aircraft has not been altered to result in an acoustical change.
    (2) Aircraft with no similar type-certificated aircraft. If the FAA 
determines that for noise purposes, there is no type certificated 
aircraft of the same or sufficiently similar design described in Sec.  
36.1, an applicant may demonstrate compliance with this part using the 
noise requirements determined by the FAA to be appropriate for the 
aircraft.
    (e) Exceptions. The following aircraft that do not conform to a 
type certificate are excepted from demonstrating compliance with the 
requirements of this part:
    (1) Aircraft issued an experimental airworthiness certificate in 
accordance with Sec.  21.191(a) through (h) or (k) of this chapter;
    (2) Aircraft which, if type certificated, would not be required to 
demonstrate compliance with this part; and
    (3) Aircraft issued an experimental airworthiness certificate in 
accordance with Sec.  21.191(i)(1) of this chapter on or before January 
31, 2008, for the purpose of operating a light-sport aircraft.
0
21. Amend Sec.  36.1 by adding reserved paragraph (a)(6) and paragraph 
(a)(7) to read as follows:


Sec.  36.1  Applicability and definitions.

    (a) * * *
    (6) [Reserved]
    (7) Aircraft that do not conform to a type certificate, in 
accordance with Sec.  36.0.
* * * * *
0
22. Revise Sec.  36.3 to read as follows:


Sec.  36.3  Compatibility with airworthiness requirements.

    (a) Each applicant for certification under this part must 
demonstrate that:
    (1) For type certificated aircraft, that the aircraft complies with 
the airworthiness regulations in this chapter that constitute the type 
certification basis of the aircraft under all conditions in which 
compliance with this part is shown; or
    (2) For aircraft without a type certificate, that the aircraft 
complies with all airworthiness requirements in this chapter applicable 
to the design of the aircraft under all conditions in which compliance 
with this part is shown.
    (b) Each applicant for certification under this part must show that 
any procedure used to demonstrate compliance with this part, and any 
procedure and information for the flight crew developed under this 
part, are consistent with the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) or (2) 
of this section.
0
23. Amend Sec.  36.1501 by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:


Sec.  36.1501  Procedures, noise levels and other information.

    (a) All procedures, weights, configurations, and other information 
or data employed for obtaining the certified noise levels prescribed by 
this part, including equivalent procedures used for flight, testing, 
and analysis, must be developed by the applicant and approved by the 
FAA. For type certificated aircraft, noise levels achieved during type 
certification must be included in the aircraft's approved flight 
manual. For aircraft without a type certificate, noise levels achieved 
during airworthiness certification must be included in the Pilot's 
Operating Handbook.
* * * * *
0
24. Amend Sec.  36.1581 by adding paragraph (h) to read as follows:


Sec.  36.1581  Manuals, markings, and placards.

* * * * *
    (h) For aircraft subject to Sec.  36.0, no noise operating 
limitations are prescribed under this part, and this part does not 
affect any operating limitations for these aircraft described elsewhere 
in this chapter. Noise compliance with this part must be documented as 
specified in Sec.  21.190(e) or Sec.  21.191 of this chapter, as 
applicable. The noise information must:
    (1) State that the aircraft has demonstrated compliance with this 
part;
    (2) Include the demonstrated noise levels of the aircraft; and
    (3) Include the following statement: No determination has been made 
by the Federal Aviation Administration whether the noise levels of this 
aircraft are or should be acceptable for operation in any location.

PART 43--MAINTENANCE, PREVENTITIVE MAINTENANCE, REBUILDING, AND 
ALTERATION

0
25. The authority citation for part 43 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7572; 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40105, 
40113, 44701-44702, 44704, 44707, 44709, 44711, 44713, 44715, 45303.

0
26. Amend Sec.  43.1 by revising paragraph (b)(2) to read as follows:


Sec.  43.1  Applicability.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) Any aircraft for which the FAA has issued an experimental 
certificate under the provisions of Sec.  21.191(i) of this chapter, 
and the aircraft was previously issued a special airworthiness 
certificate in the light-sport category under the provisions of Sec.  
21.190 of this chapter; or
* * * * *
0
27. Amend Sec.  43.13 by revising paragraphs (a) and (c) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  43.13  Performance rules (general).

    (a) Each person performing maintenance, alteration, or preventive 
maintenance on an aircraft, engine, propeller, or appliance shall use 
the

[[Page 47730]]

methods, techniques, and practices prescribed in the current 
manufacturer's maintenance manual or Instructions for Continued 
Airworthiness prepared by its manufacturer, or other methods, 
techniques, and practices acceptable to the Administrator, except as 
noted in Sec.  43.16. That person must use the tools, equipment, and 
test apparatus necessary to assure completion of the work in accordance 
with accepted industry practices. If special equipment or test 
apparatus is recommended by the manufacturer involved, that person must 
use that equipment or apparatus or its equivalent acceptable to the 
Administrator.
* * * * *
    (c) Unless otherwise notified by the Administrator, the methods, 
techniques, and practices contained in the maintenance manual or the 
maintenance part of the manual of the holder of an air carrier 
operating certificate or an operating certificate under part 121 or 135 
of this chapter and operators under part 129 of this chapter holding 
operations specifications (that is required by its operating 
specifications to provide a continuous airworthiness maintenance and 
inspection program) constitute acceptable means of compliance with this 
section.

PART 45--IDENTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION MARKING

0
28. The authority citation for part 45 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40103, 40113-40114, 44101-
44105, 44107-44111, 44504, 44701, 44708-44709, 44711-44713, 44725, 
45302-45303, 46104, 46304, 46306, 47122.

0
29. Amend Sec.  45.23 by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:


Sec.  45.23  Display of marks; general.

* * * * *
    (b) Except for unmanned aircraft, when marks include only the Roman 
capital letter ``N'' and the registration number is displayed on 
limited, restricted, experimental, or provisionally certificated 
aircraft, the operator must also display on that aircraft near each 
entrance to the cabin, cockpit, or pilot station, in letters not less 
than 2 inches nor more than 6 inches high, the words ``limited,'' 
``restricted,'' ``experimental,'' or ``provisional,'' as applicable.

PART 61--CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND 
INSTRUCTORS

0
30. The authority citation for part 61 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 
44709-44711, 44729, 44903, 45102-45103, 45301-45302; sec. 2307, Pub. 
L. 114-190, 130 Stat. 615 (49 U.S.C. 44703 note).

0
31. Amend Sec.  61.3 by revising the section heading and adding 
paragraph (m) to read as follows:


Sec.  61.3  Requirement for certificates, ratings, privileges, and 
authorizations.

* * * * *
    (m) For a person who possesses a sport pilot certificate. No person 
may exercise sport pilot privileges under Sec.  61.313 unless that 
person receives a qualifying logbook endorsement under Sec.  61.317 or 
Sec.  61.321 for the appropriate category and class privilege. The 
requirement in this paragraph (m) does not apply to a person who 
already holds the appropriate category and class rating on their pilot 
certificate.
0
32. Add Sec.  61.9 to read as follows:


Sec.  61.9  Inapplicability of simplified flight controls aircraft 
experience credit.

    Notwithstanding the requirements specified in Sec.  61.51(c), any 
pilot time acquired while operating an airplane or helicopter with a 
simplified flight controls design and designation may not be used to 
satisfy the following aeronautical experience requirements for a 
private, commercial, or airline transport pilot certificate, except for 
private pilot applicants who present an aircraft with the simplified 
flight controls design and designation to conduct the practical test--
    (a) The solo flight time requirements in Sec.  61.109(a)(5) or 
(c)(4);
    (b) The PIC flight time requirements in Sec.  61.129(a)(2)(i) and 
(c)(2)(i);
    (c) The PIC flight time requirements in Sec.  61.159(a)(5); and
    (d) The PIC flight time requirements in Sec.  61.161(a)(3).
0
33. Amend Sec.  61.31 by redesignating paragraph (l) as paragraph (m) 
and adding a new paragraph (l) to read as follows:


Sec.  61.31  Type rating requirements, additional training, and 
authorization requirements.

* * * * *
    (l) Additional aircraft model-specific flight training. No person 
may act as pilot in command of an aircraft with a simplified flight 
controls designation unless that person has--
    (1) Received and logged model-specific flight training in that 
aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that 
is representative of that model-specific aircraft with the simplified 
flight controls designation; and
    (2) Received a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor 
who has found the person proficient in the safe operation of that 
model-specific aircraft and the associated simplified flight control 
system.
* * * * *
0
34. Amend Sec.  61.45 by revising the introductory text in paragraph 
(f) and adding paragraphs (g) and (h) to read as follows:


Sec.  61.45  Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.

* * * * *
    (f) Conduct of a sport pilot practical test in an aircraft with a 
single seat. A practical test for a sport pilot certificate may be 
conducted in an aircraft having a single seat provided that the--
* * * * *
    (g) Aircraft with a simplified flight controls designation. An 
applicant for a pilot certificate, rating, or privilege may use an 
aircraft with a simplified flight controls designation for a practical 
test if--
    (1) The examiner agrees to conduct the test;
    (2) The examiner holds the appropriate category and class rating or 
privilege, the simplified flight controls model-specific aircraft 
endorsement, and an appropriate FAA designation to conduct the test;
    (3) The examiner is able to assume control of the aircraft at any 
time, except if paragraph (f) of this section applies; and
    (4) After successful completion of the practical test, the 
applicant is issued a pilot certificate with the appropriate category 
and class privilege and model specific limitation.
    (h) Simplified flight controls limitation. A person who receives a 
category and class rating or privilege with a simplified flight 
controls limitation may operate only the specified make and model of 
aircraft set forth by the limitation unless the person satisfies the 
following requirements, as applicable:
    (1) If seeking to operate another make and model of aircraft with a 
simplified flight controls designation in the same category and class, 
the person must receive training and an endorsement in accordance with 
Sec.  61.31(l).
    (2) If seeking to operate a different category and class of 
aircraft with a simplified flight controls designation or any aircraft 
without a simplified flight controls designation, the person must 
successfully complete a practical test for that category and class of 
aircraft.
0
35. Amend Sec.  61.195 by adding paragraph (m) to read as follows:

[[Page 47731]]

Sec.  61.195  Flight instructor limitations and qualifications.

* * * * *
    (m) Training in an aircraft with a simplified flight controls 
designation. (1) For purposes of this paragraph (m), instructor pilot 
means a pilot employed or used by a manufacturer of an aircraft with a 
simplified flight controls designation to conduct operations of that 
aircraft for the purpose of providing crew training.
    (2) A flight instructor may conduct flight training in an aircraft 
with a simplified flight controls designation without satisfying the 
training and endorsement requirements under Sec.  61.31(l), provided 
the flight instructor--
    (i) Holds a flight instructor certificate with the appropriate 
aircraft category, class, and type rating (if a class or type rating is 
required);
    (ii) Has received and logged model-specific training in that 
aircraft from an instructor pilot for the manufacturer of the aircraft; 
and
    (iii) Has received a logbook or training record endorsement from 
the instructor pilot certifying that the flight instructor is 
proficient in the safe operation of that model-specific aircraft and 
the associated simplified flight control system.
    (3) Notwithstanding the requirements in Sec.  61.3(d)(2)(ii), an 
instructor pilot may provide the training and endorsement specified in 
paragraph (m)(2) of this section in lieu of an authorized instructor.
0
36. Amend Sec.  61.303 by revising the section heading and paragraphs 
(a) and (b)(4) to read as follows:


Sec.  61.303  If I want to operate an aircraft that satisfies the 
limitations identified in Sec.  61.316, what operating limits and 
endorsement requirements in this subpart must I comply with?

    (a) Use the following table to determine what operating limits and 
endorsement requirements in this subpart, if any, apply to you when you 
operate an aircraft that satisfies the limitations identified in Sec.  
61.316. The medical certificate specified in this table must be in 
compliance with Sec.  61.2 in regards to currency and validity. If you 
hold a recreational pilot certificate, but not a medical certificate, 
you must comply with cross country requirements in Sec.  61.101(c), 
even if your flight does not exceed 50 nautical miles from your 
departure airport. You must also comply with requirements in other 
subparts of this part that apply to your certificate and the operation 
you conduct. In the following table, when the word ``aircraft'' is 
used, it refers to aircraft that satisfy the limitations identified in 
Sec.  61.316.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             If you hold                     And you hold         Then you may operate             And
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) A medical certificate............  (i) A sport pilot        Any aircraft for which   You must hold any other
                                        certificate,.            you hold the             endorsements required
                                                                 endorsements required    by this subpart, and
                                                                 for its category and     comply with the
                                                                 class,                   limitations in Sec.
                                                                                          61.315.
                                       (ii) At least a          Any aircraft in that     You do not have to hold
                                        recreational pilot       category and class,.     any of the
                                        certificate with a                                endorsements required
                                        category and class                                by this subpart, nor
                                        rating,                                           do you have to comply
                                                                                          with the limitations
                                                                                          in Sec.   61.315.
                                       (iii) At least a         That aircraft, only if   You must comply with
                                        recreational pilot       you hold the             the limitations in
                                        certificate but not a    endorsements required    Sec.   61.315, except
                                        rating for the           for Sec.   61.321 for    Sec.   61.315(c)(14)
                                        category and class of    its category and         and, if a private
                                        the aircraft you         class,                   pilot or higher, Sec.
                                        operate,                                           61.315(c)(7).
(2) Only a U.S. driver's license.....  (i) A sport pilot        Any aircraft for which   You must hold any other
                                        certificate,.            you hold the             endorsements required
                                                                 endorsements required    by this subpart, and
                                                                 for its category and     comply with the
                                                                 class                    limitations in Sec.
                                                                                          61.315.
                                       (ii) At least a          Any aircraft in that     You do not have to hold
                                        recreational pilot       category and class,.     any of the
                                        certificate with a                                endorsements required
                                        category and class                                by this subpart, but
                                        rating,                                           you must comply with
                                                                                          the limitations in
                                                                                          Sec.   61.315.
                                       (iii) At least a         That aircraft, only if   You must comply with
                                        recreational pilot       you hold the             the limitations in
                                        certificate but not a    endorsements required    Sec.   61.315, except
                                        rating for the           in Sec.   61.321 for     Sec.   61.315(c)(14)
                                        category and class of    its category and         and, if a private
                                        aircraft you operate,    class,                   pilot or higher, Sec.
                                                                                           61.315(c)(7).
(3) Neither a medical certificate nor  (i) A sport pilot        Any glider or balloon    You must hold any other
 a U.S. driver's license.               certificate,.            for which you hold the   endorsements required
                                                                 endorsements required    by this subpart, and
                                                                 for its category and     comply with the
                                                                 class,                   limitations in Sec.
                                                                                          61.315.
                                       (ii) At least a private  Any glider or balloon    You do not have to hold
                                        pilot certificate with   in that category and     any of the
                                        a category and class     class.                   endorsements required
                                        rating for glider or                              by this subpart, nor
                                        balloon,                                          do you have to comply
                                                                                          with the limitations
                                                                                          in Sec.   61.315.
                                       (iii) At least a         Any glider or balloon,   You must comply with
                                        private pilot            only if you hold the     the limitations in
                                        certificate but not a    endorsements required    Sec.   61.315, except
                                        rating for glider or     in Sec.   61.321 for     Sec.   61.315(c)(14)
                                        balloon,                 its category and class   and, if a private
                                                                                          pilot or higher, Sec.
                                                                                           61.315(c)(7).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (b) * * *
    (4) Not know or have reason to know of any medical condition that 
would make that person unable to operate an aircraft in a safe manner.
0
37. Revise Sec.  61.305 to read as follows:


Sec.  61.305  What are the age and language requirements for a sport 
pilot certificate?

    To be eligible for a sport pilot certificate you must:
    (a) Be at least 17 years old (or 16 years old if you are applying 
to operate a glider or balloon).
    (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand English. If you 
cannot read, speak, write, and understand English because of medical 
reasons, the FAA may place limits on your certificate as are necessary 
for the safe operation of aircraft.
0
38. Amend Sec.  61.307 by adding paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  61.307  What tests do I have to take to obtain a sport pilot 
certificate?

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) For persons seeking a sport pilot certificate with a 
rotorcraft-helicopter privilege, the applicant must complete a 
practical test satisfactorily

[[Page 47732]]

demonstrating the knowledge, risk management, and skill elements for 
each area of operation as specified in the Sport Pilot for Helicopter--
Simplified Flight Controls Airman Certification Standards, referenced 
in paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
    (2) FAA-S-ACS-26, Sport Pilot for Helicopter--Simplified Flight 
Controls Airman Certification Standards, [date to be included], is 
incorporated by reference into this section with the approval of the 
Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 
51. This material is available for inspection at the Federal Aviation 
Administration (FAA) and the National Archives and Records 
Administration (NARA). Contact FAA at: Airman Testing Standards Branch/
Regulatory Support Division, 405-954-4151, [email protected], 
faa.gov/training_testing. For information on the availability of this 
material at NARA, visit archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html, or email: [email protected]. The material may be 
obtained from FAA, 800 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20591, 
866-835-5322, faa.gov/training_testing.
0
39. Revise Sec.  61.311 to read as follows:


Sec.  61.311  What flight proficiency requirements must I meet to apply 
for a sport pilot certificate?

    To apply for a sport pilot certificate, you must receive and log 
ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the 
following areas of operation, as appropriate, for airplane single-
engine land or sea, glider, gyroplane, helicopter, airship, balloon, 
powered parachute land or sea, weight-shift-control aircraft land or 
sea privileges:
    (a) Preflight preparation.
    (b) Preflight procedures.
    (c) Airport, heliport, seaplane base, and gliderport operations, as 
applicable.
    (d) Hovering maneuvers (applicable only to helicopters).
    (e) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, and go-arounds.
    (f) Performance maneuvers and, for gliders, performance speeds.
    (g) Ground reference maneuvers (not applicable to gliders, 
helicopters, and balloons).
    (h) Soaring techniques (applicable only to gliders).
    (i) Navigation.
    (j) Slow flight (not applicable to lighter-than-air aircraft, 
helicopters, and powered parachutes).
    (k) Stalls (not applicable to lighter-than-air aircraft, 
gyroplanes, helicopters, and powered parachutes).
    (l) Emergency operations.
    (m) Post-flight procedures.
0
40. Revise Sec.  61.313 to read as follows:


Sec.  61.313  What aeronautical experience must I have to apply for a 
sport pilot certificate?

    (a) Aeronautical experience. Use the following table to determine 
the aeronautical experience you must have to apply for a sport pilot 
certificate:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  If you are applying for a sport
    pilot certificate with . . .        Then you must log at least . . .      Which must include at least . . .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Airplane category and single-    20 hours of flight time, including at  (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight
 engine land or sea class             least 15 hours of flight training      training;
 privileges,                          from an authorized instructor in a    (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a
                                      single-engine airplane and at least    full stop (with each landing
                                      5 hours of solo flight training in     involving a flight in the traffic
                                      the areas of operation listed in       pattern) at an airport;
                                      Sec.   61.311,                        (iii) One solo cross-country flight
                                                                             of at least 75 nautical miles total
                                                                             distance, with a full-stop landing
                                                                             at a minimum of two points and one
                                                                             segment of the flight consisting of
                                                                             a straight-line distance of at
                                                                             least 25 nautical miles between the
                                                                             takeoff and landing locations; and
                                                                            (iv) 2 hours of flight training with
                                                                             an authorized instructor on those
                                                                             areas of operation specified in
                                                                             Sec.   61.311 in preparation for
                                                                             the practical test within the
                                                                             preceding 2 calendar months from
                                                                             the month of the test.
(2) Glider category privileges, and  10 hours of flight time in a glider,   (i) Five solo launches and landings;
 you have not logged at least 20      including 10 flights in a glider       and
 hours of flight time in a heavier-   receiving flight training from an     (ii) at least 3 training flights
 than-air aircraft,                   authorized instructor and at least 2   with an authorized instructor on
                                      hours of solo flight training in the   those areas of operation specified
                                      areas of operation listed in Sec.      in Sec.   61.311 in preparation for
                                      61.311,                                the practical test within the
                                                                             preceding 2 calendar months from
                                                                             the month of the test.
(3) Glider category privileges, and  3 hours of flight time in a glider,    (i) Three solo launches and
 you have logged 20 hours flight      including five flights in a glider     landings; and
 time in a heavier-than-air           while receiving flight training from  (ii) at least 3 training flights
 aircraft,                            an authorized instructor and at        with an authorized instructor on
                                      least 1 hour of solo flight training   those areas of operation specified
                                      in the areas of operation listed in    in Sec.   61.311 in preparation for
                                      Sec.   61.311,                         the practical test within the
                                                                             preceding 2 calendar months from
                                                                             the month of the test.
(4) Rotorcraft category and          20 hours of flight time, including 15  (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight
 gyroplane class privileges,          hours of flight training from an       training;
                                      authorized instructor in a gyroplane  (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a
                                      and at least 5 hours of solo flight    full stop (with each landing
                                      training in the areas of operation     involving a flight in the traffic
                                      listed in Sec.   61.311,               pattern) at an airport;
                                                                            (iii) One solo cross-country flight
                                                                             of at least 50 nautical miles total
                                                                             distance, with a full-stop landing
                                                                             at a minimum of two points, and one
                                                                             segment of the flight consisting of
                                                                             a straight-line distance of at
                                                                             least 25 nautical miles between the
                                                                             takeoff and landing locations; and
                                                                            (iv) 2 hours of flight training with
                                                                             an authorized instructor on those
                                                                             areas of operation specified in
                                                                             Sec.   61.311 in preparation for
                                                                             the practical test within the
                                                                             preceding 2 calendar months from
                                                                             the month of the test.
(5) Lighter-than-air category and    20 hours of flight time, including 15  (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight
 airship class privileges,            hours of flight training from an       training;
                                      authorized instructor in an airship   (ii) Three takeoffs and landings to
                                      and at least 3 hours performing the    a full stop (with each landing
                                      duties of pilot in command in an       involving a flight in the traffic
                                      airship with an authorized             pattern) at an airport;
                                      instructor in the areas of operation  (iii) One cross-country flight of at
                                      listed in Sec.   61.311,               least 25 nautical miles between the
                                                                             takeoff and landing locations; and
                                                                            (iv) 2 hours of flight training with
                                                                             an authorized instructor on those
                                                                             areas of operation specified in
                                                                             Sec.   61.311 in preparation for
                                                                             the practical test within the
                                                                             preceding 2 calendar months from
                                                                             the month of the test.
(6) Lighter-than-air category and    7 hours of flight time in a balloon,   (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight
 balloon class privileges,            including three flights with an        training; and
                                      authorized instructor and one flight  (ii) 1 hours of flight training with
                                      performing the duties of pilot in      an authorized instructor on those
                                      command in a balloon with an           areas of operation specified in
                                      authorized instructor in the areas     Sec.   61.311 in preparation for
                                      of operation listed in Sec.            the practical test within the
                                      61.311,                                preceding 2 calendar months from
                                                                             the month of the test.

[[Page 47733]]

 
(7) Powered parachute category land  12 hours of flight time in a powered   (i) 1 hour of cross-country flight
 or sea class privileges,             parachute, including 10 hours of       training,
                                      flight training from an authorized    (ii) 20 takeoffs and landings to a
                                      instructor in a powered parachute,     full stop in a powered parachute
                                      and at least 2 hours of solo flight    with each landing involving flight
                                      training in the areas of operation     in the traffic pattern at an
                                      listed in Sec.   61.311                airport;
                                                                            (iii) 10 solo takeoffs and landings
                                                                             to a full stop (with each landing
                                                                             involving a flight in the traffic
                                                                             pattern) at an airport;
                                                                            (iv) One solo flight with a landing
                                                                             at a different airport and one
                                                                             segment of the flight consisting of
                                                                             a straight-line distance of at
                                                                             least 10 nautical miles between
                                                                             takeoff and landing locations; and
                                                                            (v) 1 hours of flight training with
                                                                             an authorized instructor on those
                                                                             areas of operation specified in
                                                                             Sec.   61.311 in preparation for
                                                                             the practical test within the
                                                                             preceding 2 calendar months from
                                                                             the month of the test.
(8) Weight-shift-control aircraft    20 hours of flight time, including 15  (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight
 category land or sea class           hours of flight training from an       training;
 privileges,                          authorized instructor in a weight-    (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a
                                      shift-control aircraft and at least    full stop (with each landing
                                      5 hours of solo flight training in     involving a flight in the traffic
                                      the areas of operation listed in       pattern) at an airport;
                                      Sec.   61.311,                        (iii) One solo cross-country flight
                                                                             of at least 50 nautical miles total
                                                                             distance, with a full-stop landing
                                                                             at a minimum of two points, and one
                                                                             segment of the flight consisting of
                                                                             a straight-line distance of at
                                                                             least 25 nautical miles between
                                                                             takeoff and landing locations; and
                                                                            (iv) 2 hours of flight training with
                                                                             an authorized instructor on those
                                                                             areas of operation specified in
                                                                             Sec.   61.311 in preparation for
                                                                             the practical test within the
                                                                             preceding 2 calendar months from
                                                                             the month of the test.
(9) Rotorcraft category and          30 hours of helicopter flight time,    (i) 2 hours of flight training en
 helicopter class, only if that       including at least 15 hours of         route to an airport that is located
 helicopter is certificated under     flight training from an authorized     more than 25 nautical miles from
 Sec.   21.190 of this chapter and    instructor in a helicopter, and at     the airport where the applicant
 obtains the simplified flight        least 5 hours of solo flight           normally trains;
 controls design designation,         training in the areas of operation    (ii) 3 takeoffs and landings at the
                                      listed in Sec.   61.311, as            airport located more than 25
                                      appropriate,                           nautical miles from the airport
                                                                             where the applicant normally
                                                                             trains;
                                                                            (iii) 3 hours of solo flying in the
                                                                             aircraft for the privilege sought,
                                                                             on the areas of operation listed in
                                                                             Sec.   61.98 that apply to the
                                                                             aircraft category and class
                                                                             privilege sought; and
                                                                            (iv) 3 hours of flight training with
                                                                             an authorized instructor on those
                                                                             areas of operation specified in
                                                                             Sec.   61.311 in preparation for
                                                                             the practical test within the
                                                                             preceding 2 calendar months from
                                                                             the month of the test.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (b) Flight simulation training device and aviation training device 
credit. (1) Sport pilot applicants can use up to 2.5 hours of training 
credit in a qualified flight simulation training devise and aviation 
training device representing the appropriate category and class of 
aircraft to meet the experience requirements of this part.
    (2) The training must be provided by an authorized instructor who 
possesses the appropriate aircraft rating or privilege sought by the 
applicant.
0
41. Amend Sec.  61.315 by revising paragraph (a), the introductory text 
of paragraph (c), and paragraph (c)(5) and adding paragraph (c)(20) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  61.315  What are the privileges and limits of my sport pilot 
certificate?

    (a) If you hold a sport pilot certificate you may act as pilot in 
command of an aircraft that meets the provisions of Sec.  61.316, 
except as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
* * * * *
    (c) You may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
* * * * *
    (5) At night, except as provided in Sec.  61.329.
* * * * *
    (20) If the aircraft--
    (i) Has retractable landing gear, unless you have met the 
requirements of Sec.  61.331(a).
    (ii) Has a controllable pitch propeller, unless you have met the 
requirements of Sec.  61.331(b).
0
42. Add Sec.  61.316 to read as follows:


Sec.  61.316  What are the performance limits and design requirements 
for the aircraft that a sport pilot may operate?

    (a) If you hold a sport pilot certificate, you may act as pilot in 
command of an aircraft that, since its original certification, meets 
the following requirements:
    (1) A maximum stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed without 
the use of lift-enhancing devices (VS1) of not more than 45 
knots CAS, except for airplanes, which must have a VS1 speed 
of not more than 54 knots CAS at the aircraft's maximum certificated 
takeoff weight and most critical center of gravity.
    (2) A maximum seating capacity of two persons, except for 
airplanes, which may have a maximum seating capacity of four persons.
    (3) A non-pressurized cabin, if equipped with a cabin.
    (4) For powered aircraft other than powered gilders, a fixed or 
ground-adjustable propeller, except as provided in paragraph (b) of 
this section.
    (5) For powered gliders, a fixed or feathering propeller system.
    (6) For gyroplanes, a fixed-pitch, semi-rigid, teetering, two-blade 
rotor system.
    (7) For powered aircraft other than balloons or airships, the loss 
of partial power would not adversely affect directional control of the 
aircraft and the aircraft design must allow the pilot the capability of 
establishing a controlled descent in the event of a partial or total 
powerplant failure.
    (8) For helicopters, they must be certificated with the simplified 
flight controls design and designation.
    (9) For a glider, fixed or retractable landing gear.
    (10) For an aircraft intended for operation on water, fixed or 
retractable landing gear or a hull.
    (11) For powered-aircraft other than a glider or an aircraft 
intended for operation on water, fixed landing gear except as provided 
in paragraph (b) of this section.

[[Page 47734]]

    (b) If you hold a sport pilot certificate, you may act as pilot in 
command of an airplane that, since its original certification, has 
retractable landing gear or a controllable pitch propeller if you have 
met the training and endorsement requirements specified in Sec.  
61.331.
0
43. Amend Sec.  61.321 by:
0
a. Revising the section heading and introductory text;
0
b. Removing the phrase ``light-sport aircraft'' and adding the word 
``aircraft'' in their place in paragraph (a);
0
c. Revising paragraph (b);
0
d. Removing the phrase ``light-sport aircraft'' and adding the word 
``aircraft'' in their place in paragraph (d); and
0
e. Adding paragraph (e).
    The revision and addition read as follows:


Sec.  61.321  How do I obtain privileges to operate an additional 
category or class of aircraft that satisfy the limitations identified 
in Sec.  61.316?

    If you hold a sport pilot certificate and seek to operate an 
additional category or class of aircraft that satisfy the limitations 
identified in Sec.  61.316, you must--
* * * * *
    (b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, 
successfully complete a proficiency check from an authorized instructor 
other than the instructor who trained you on the aeronautical knowledge 
areas and areas of operation specified in Sec. Sec.  61.309 and 61.311 
for the additional aircraft privilege you seek;
* * * * *
    (e) If you are seeking to add an airplane single-engine land or sea 
or a rotorcraft-helicopter privilege to your pilot certificate, 
successfully accomplish a knowledge and practical test for that 
category and class privilege as specified in Sec.  61.307.
0
44. Amend Sec.  61.325 by revising the section heading and introductory 
text to read as follows:


Sec.  61.325  How does a sport pilot obtain privileges to operate an 
aircraft at an airport within, or in airspace within, Class B, C, and D 
airspace, or in other airspace with an airport having an operational 
control tower?

    If you hold a sport pilot certificate and seek privileges to 
operate an aircraft in Class B, C, or D airspace, at an airport located 
in Class B, C, or D airspace, or at an airport having an operational 
control tower, you must receive and log ground and flight training. The 
authorized instructor who provides this training must provide a logbook 
endorsement that certifies you are proficient in the following 
aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation:
* * * * *
0
45. Add Sec.  61.329 to read as follows:


Sec.  61.329  How do I obtain privileges to operate an aircraft at 
night?

    You may act as pilot in command with a sport pilot certificate 
during night operations if you:
    (a) Receive three hours of flight training at night from an 
authorized instructor and receive a logbook endorsement from an 
authorized instructor certifying that you are proficient in the 
operation of the aircraft at night;
    (b) Conduct at least one cross-country flight during the flight 
training under paragraph (a) of this section at night, with a landing 
at an airport of at least 25 nautical miles from the departure airport, 
except for powered parachutes;
    (c) Accomplish at least ten takeoffs and landings at night with an 
authorized instructor; and
    (d) Either hold a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this 
chapter or, provided the pilot holds a valid U.S. driver's license, 
meet the requirements of Sec.  61.23(c)(3) and conduct the operation 
consistently with Sec.  61.113(i). If you are satisfying this by 
meeting the requirements of Sec.  61.23(c)(3), if there is a conflict 
between the requirements of this section and Sec.  61.113(i), this 
section controls.
0
46. Add Sec.  61.331 to read as follows:


Sec.  61.331  How do I obtain privileges to operate an aircraft with 
retractable landing gear or an airplane with a controllable pitch 
propeller?

    (a) If you hold a sport pilot certificate and seek privileges to 
operate an aircraft with retractable landing gear, you must either--
    (1) Satisfy the training and endorsement requirements specified in 
Sec.  61.31(e); or
    (2) Receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized 
instructor in an airplane that has retractable landing gear and receive 
an endorsement from the instructor certifying that you are proficient 
to operate the aircraft.
    (b) If you hold a sport pilot certificate and seek privileges to 
operate an airplane with a controllable pitch propeller, you must 
either--
    (1) Satisfy the training and endorsement requirements specified in 
Sec.  61.31(e); or
    (2) Receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized 
instructor in an airplane that has a controllable pitch propeller and 
receive an endorsement from the instructor certifying that you are 
proficient to operate the aircraft.
0
47. Amend Sec.  61.405 by adding paragraphs (b)(3) and (4) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  61.405  What tests do I have to take to obtain a flight 
instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) For persons seeking a rotorcraft-helicopter privilege, the 
applicant must complete a practical test and satisfactorily demonstrate 
the knowledge, risk management, and skill elements for each area of 
operation specified in the Sport Flight Instructor for Helicopter--
Simplified Flight Controls Airman Certification Standards, referenced 
in paragraph (b)(4) of this section.
    (4) FAA-S-ACS-31, Sport Flight Instructor for Helicopter--
Simplified Flight Controls Airmen Certification Standards, [date to be 
included], is incorporated by reference into this section with the 
approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) 
and 1 CFR part 51. This material is available for inspection at the 
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Archives and 
Records Administration (NARA). Contact FAA at: Airman Testing Standards 
Branch/Regulatory Support Division, 405-954-4151, 
[email protected], faa.gov/training_testing. For information on 
the availability of this material at NARA, visit: archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html, or email: [email protected]. The 
material may be obtained from FAA, 800 Independence Avenue SW, 
Washington, DC 20591, 866-835-5322, faa.gov/training_testing.
0
48. Revise Sec.  61.409 to read as follows:


Sec.  61.409  What flight proficiency requirements must I meet to apply 
for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

    You must receive and log ground and flight training from an 
authorized instructor on the following areas of operation for the 
aircraft category and class in which you seek flight instructor 
privileges:
    (a) Technical subject areas.
    (b) Preflight preparation.
    (c) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight.
    (d) Preflight procedures.
    (e) Airport, heliport, seaplane base, and gliderport operations, as 
applicable.
    (f) Hovering maneuvers (applicable only to helicopters).
    (g) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, and go-arounds.
    (h) Fundamentals of flight.
    (i) Performance maneuvers and, for gliders, performance speeds
    (j) Ground reference maneuvers (except for gliders, helicopters, 
and lighter-than-air).

[[Page 47735]]

    (k) Soaring techniques (gliders only).
    (l) Slow flight (not applicable to lighter-than-air, helicopters, 
and powered parachutes).
    (m) Stalls (not applicable to lighter-than-air, powered parachutes, 
helicopters, and gyroplanes).
    (n) Spins (applicable to airplanes and gliders).
    (o) Emergency operations.
    (p) Tumble entry and avoidance techniques (applicable to weight-
shift-control aircraft).
    (p) Special operations (helicopter only).
    (q) Post-flight procedures.
0
49. Amend Sec.  61.411 by adding paragraph (h) to read as follows:


Sec.  61.411  What aeronautical experience must I have to apply for a 
flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

* * * * *

------------------------------------------------------------------------
  If you are applying for a
      flight instructor        Then you must log   Which must include at
  certificate with a sport      at least . . .          least . . .
   pilot rating for . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                              * * * * * * *
(h) Rotorcraft category and   (1) 150 hours of    (i) 100 hours of
 helicopter class, only if     flight time as a    flight time as pilot
 that helicopter is            pilot,              in command in powered
 certificated under Sec.                           aircraft;
 21.190 of this chapter and                       (ii) 50 hours of
 obtains the simplified                            flight time in a
 flight controls design and                        helicopter;
 designation,                                     (iii) 25 hours of
                                                   cross-country flight
                                                   time;
                                                  (iv) 10 hours of cross-
                                                   country flight time
                                                   in a helicopter; and
                                                  (v) 15 hours of flight
                                                   time as pilot in
                                                   command in a
                                                   helicopter.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
50. Amend Sec.  61.415 by adding paragraphs (k) through (n) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  61.415  What are the limits of a flight instructor certificate 
with a sport pilot rating?

* * * * *
    (k) You cannot carry more than one person.
    (l) You may not provide training in an airplane with a controllable 
pitch propeller or an aircraft with a retractable landing gear unless 
you have received training and an instructor endorsement validating 
proficiency in the safe operation of these types of aircraft.
    (m) You may not provide training in an aircraft that has the 
simplified flight controls design and designation unless you have 
received the model-specific flight training and an endorsement from an 
authorized instructor validating proficiency in the safe operation of 
these aircraft.
    (n) You may not provide training in an aircraft at night unless you 
have completed the night experience and instructor endorsement 
requirements listed in Sec.  61.329.
0
51. Amend Sec.  61.419 by:
0
a. Revising the section heading;
0
b. Removing the phrase ``light-sport aircraft'' and adding the word 
``aircraft'' in their place from the introductory text;
0
c. Revising paragraph (b); and
0
d. Adding paragraph (e).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  61.419  How do I obtain privileges to provide training in an 
additional category or class of aircraft?

* * * * *
    (b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, 
successfully complete a proficiency check from an authorized instructor 
other than the instructor who trained you on the areas specified in 
Sec.  61.409 for the additional category and class flight instructor 
privilege you seek;
* * * * *
    (e) If you are seeking to add an airplane single-engine land or sea 
or a rotorcraft-helicopter privilege to your flight instructor 
certificate, successfully accomplish a knowledge and practical test for 
that category and class privilege as specified in Sec.  61.405.
0
52. Amend Sec.  61.429 by adding paragraph (d) to read as follows:


Sec.  61.429  May I exercise the privileges of a flight instructor 
certificate with a sport pilot rating if I hold a flight instructor 
certificate with another rating?

* * * * *
    (d) If you want to exercise the privileges of your flight 
instructor certificate in a model-specific aircraft that has a 
simplified flight controls designation, you must meet the training and 
endorsement requirements specified in Sec.  61.31(l) prior to providing 
any flight training in that aircraft.

PART 65--CERTIFICATION: AIRMEN OTHER THAN FLIGHT CREWMEMBERS

0
53. The authority citation for part 65 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 
44709-44711, 45102-45103, 45301-45302.

0
54. Amend Sec.  65.15 by revising paragraphs (a), (b), and (d) to read 
as follows:


Sec.  65.15  Duration of certificates.

    (a) Except for repairman certificates issued in accordance with 
Sec.  65.101, a certificate or rating issued under this part is 
effective until it is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
    (b) Unless it is sooner surrendered, suspended, or revoked, a 
repairman certificate issued in accordance with Sec.  65.101 is 
effective until the holder is relieved from the duties for which the 
holder was employed and certificated.
* * * * *
    (d) Except for temporary certificates issued under Sec.  65.13, the 
holder of a paper certificate issued under this part may not exercise 
the privileges of that certificate.
0
55. Amend Sec.  65.23 by revising paragraph (a)(2) to read as follows:


Sec.  65.23  Incorporation by reference.

* * * * *
    (a) * * *
    (2) FAA-S-ACS-1, Aviation Mechanic General, Airframe, and 
Powerplant Airman Certification Standards, November 1, 2021; IBR 
approved for Sec. Sec.  65.75, 65.79, and 65.107.
* * * * *
0
56. Revise Sec.  65.81 to read as follows:


Sec.  65.81  General privileges and limitations.

    (a) A certificated mechanic may perform or supervise the 
maintenance, preventive maintenance or alteration of an aircraft or 
appliance, or a part thereof, for which that person is rated (but 
excluding major repairs to, and major alterations of, propellers, and 
any repair to, or alteration of, instruments), and may perform 
additional duties in accordance with Sec. Sec.  65.85, 65.87, and 
65.95. However, a certificated mechanic may not supervise the 
maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alteration of, or approve for 
return to service, any aircraft or appliance, or part thereof, for 
which that person is rated unless that person has satisfactorily 
performed the work concerned at an earlier date. If that person has not 
so performed that work at an earlier date, that person may show the 
ability to do it by performing it to the satisfaction of the 
Administrator or

[[Page 47736]]

under the direct supervision of a certificated and appropriately rated 
mechanic, or a certificated repairman, who has had previous experience 
in the specific operation concerned.
    (b) A certificated mechanic may not exercise the privileges of that 
person's certificate and rating unless that person understands the 
current instructions of the manufacturer, and the maintenance manuals, 
for the specific operation concerned.
0
57. Revise Sec.  65.85 to read as follows:


Sec.  65.85  Airframe rating; additional privileges.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a 
certificated mechanic with an airframe rating may approve for return to 
service an airframe, or any related part or appliance, after that 
person has performed, supervised, or inspected its maintenance or 
alteration (excluding major repairs and major alterations). In 
addition, a certificated mechanic with an airframe rating may perform 
the 100-hour inspection required by part 91 of this chapter on an 
airframe, or any related part or appliance, and approve for return to 
service.
    (b) A certificated mechanic with an airframe rating can approve for 
return to service an airframe, or any related part or appliance, of an 
aircraft with a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport 
category after performing and inspecting a major repair or major 
alteration for products that are not produced under an FAA approval 
provided the major repair or major alteration was authorized by, and 
performed in accordance with instructions developed by, the 
manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA.
0
58. Revise Sec.  65.87 to read as follows:


Sec.  65.87  Powerplant rating; additional privileges.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a 
certificated mechanic with a powerplant rating may approve for return 
to service a powerplant or propeller or any related part or appliance, 
after that person has performed, supervised, or inspected its 
maintenance or alteration (excluding major repairs and major 
alterations). In addition, a certificated mechanic with a powerplant 
rating may perform the 100-hour inspection required by part 91 of this 
chapter on a powerplant or propeller, or any part thereof, and approve 
and for return it service.
    (b) A certificated mechanic with a powerplant rating can approve 
for return to service a powerplant or propeller, or any related part or 
appliance, of an aircraft with a special airworthiness certificate in 
the light-sport category after performing and inspecting a major repair 
or major alteration for products that are not produced under an FAA 
approval, provided the major repair or major alteration was authorized 
by, and performed in accordance with instructions developed by, the 
manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA.
0
59. Amend Sec.  65.103 by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows:


Sec.  65.103  Repairman certificate: Privileges and limitations.

* * * * *
    (c) This section does not apply to the holder of a repairman 
certificate (experimental aircraft builder) issued in accordance with 
Sec.  65.104 or to the holder of a repairman certificate (light-sport) 
issued in accordance with Sec.  65.107, while that repairman is 
performing work under that certificate.
0
60. Revise Sec.  65.107 to read as follows:


Sec.  65.107  Repairman certificate (light-sport): Eligibility and 
training courses.

    (a) Ratings. The following ratings may be issued on a repairman 
certificate (light-sport) under this section:
    (1) Inspection rating.
    (2) Maintenance rating.
    (b) Eligibility requirements: General. To be eligible for a 
repairman certificate (light-sport), a person must:
    (1) Be at least 18 years old;
    (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand English;
    (3) Be a citizen of the U.S. or a citizen of a foreign country who 
has been lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the U.S.;
    (4) Demonstrate the requisite skill to determine whether the 
aircraft is in a condition for safe operation;
    (5) Complete a training course pursuant to paragraph (c) or (d) of 
this section, as applicable to the rating sought; and
    (6) Pass a written test administered by the training course 
provider that covers the contents of the course pursuant to paragraph 
(c) or (d) of this section, applicable to the rating sought.
    (c) Eligibility requirements: Repairman certificate (light-sport) 
with an inspection rating. To obtain an inspection rating on a 
repairman (light-sport) certificate, a person must satisfactorily 
complete, and present documentary evidence satisfactory to the 
Administrator of, a 16-hour training course accepted by the 
Administrator on inspecting the category of experimental aircraft for 
which the person intends to exercise the privileges of the rating.
    (d) Eligibility requirements: Repairman certificate (light-sport) 
with a maintenance rating. To obtain a maintenance rating on a 
repairman (light-sport) certificate, a person must satisfactorily 
complete, and present documentary evidence satisfactory to the 
Administrator of completion of, a training course accepted by the 
Administrator appropriate to the category of aircraft for which the 
person intends to exercise the privileges of the rating.
    (1) Until [DATE SIX MONTHS AFTER EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE], the 
training course must provide the following number of hours of 
instruction for the applicable privileges:
    (i) For airplane privileges--120-hours;
    (ii) For weight-shift control aircraft privileges--104 hours;
    (iii) For powered parachute privileges--104 hours;
    (iv) For lighter than air privileges--80 hours; and
    (v) For glider privileges--80 hours; or
    (2) The training course must include, at a minimum, the knowledge, 
risk management, and skill elements for each subject contained in the 
Aviation Mechanic General, Airframe, and Powerplant Airman 
Certification Standards (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  65.23), 
as appropriate to the category of aircraft for which the person intends 
to exercise the privileges of the rating.
    (e) Training course providers. The training course described in 
paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section must be delivered using 
facilities, equipment, and materials appropriate to the training course 
content taught and must be delivered by instructors that are 
appropriately qualified to teach the course content. After a student 
completes the training and passes the written test, the training course 
provider must provide a certificate of completion to the student 
indicating the name of the training provider, the FAA course acceptance 
number, the rating applicable to the training course, the category of 
aircraft the training was based on, and the date of training 
completion.
0
61. Effective [DATE 6 MONTHS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL 
RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], amend Sec.  65.107 further by revising 
paragraph (d) to read as follows:


Sec.  65.107  Repairman certificate (light-sport): Eligibility and 
training courses.

* * * * *
    (d) Eligibility requirements: Repairman certificate (light-sport) 
with a maintenance rating. To obtain a

[[Page 47737]]

maintenance rating on a repairman (light-sport) certificate, a person 
must satisfactorily complete, and present documentary evidence 
satisfactory to the Administrator of, a training course accepted by the 
Administrator appropriate to the category of aircraft for which the 
person intends to exercise the privileges of the rating. The course 
must include, at a minimum, the knowledge, risk management, and skill 
elements for each subject contained in the Aviation Mechanic General, 
Airframe, and Powerplant Airman Certification Standards (incorporated 
by reference, see Sec.  65.23).
* * * * *
0
62. Add Sec.  65.109 to subpart E to read as follows:


Sec.  65.109  Repairman certificate (light-sport): Privileges and 
limitations.

    (a) The holder of a repairman certificate (light-sport) with an 
inspection rating may perform the annual condition inspection on an 
aircraft:
    (1) That is owned by the holder;
    (2) That has an experimental certificate for the purpose of 
operating light-sport category aircraft under Sec.  21.191(i) of this 
chapter or operating light-sport category kit-built aircraft under 
Sec.  21.191(j) of this chapter, or an aircraft that does not meet the 
provision of Sec.  103.1 of this chapter and that has an experimental 
certificate for the purpose of operating light-sport that was issued on 
or before January 31, 2008; and
    (3) That is in the same category of aircraft for which the holder 
has completed the training specified in Sec.  65.107(c).
    (b) The holder of a repairman certificate (light-sport) with a 
maintenance rating may--
    (1) Approve for return to service an aircraft that has been issued 
a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category under 
Sec.  21.190 of this chapter, or any part thereof, after performing or 
inspecting maintenance (to include the annual condition inspection and 
the 100-hour inspection required by Sec.  91.327 of this chapter), 
preventive maintenance, or an alteration (excluding a major repair or a 
major alteration on a product produced under an FAA approval);
    (2) Perform the annual condition inspection on an aircraft that has 
an experimental certificate for the purpose of operating light-sport 
category aircraft under Sec.  21.191(i) of this chapter or operating 
light-sport category kit-built aircraft under Sec.  21.191(j) of this 
chapter, or an aircraft that does not meet the provision of Sec.  103.1 
of this chapter and that has an experimental certificate for the 
purpose of operating light-sport that was issued on or before January 
31, 2008; and
    (3) Only perform maintenance, preventive maintenance, and an 
alteration on an aircraft that is in the same category of aircraft for 
which the holder has completed the training specified in Sec.  
65.107(d). Before performing a major repair, the holder must complete 
additional training acceptable to the FAA and appropriate to the repair 
performed.
    (c) The holder of a repairman certificate (light-sport) with a 
maintenance rating may not approve for return to service any aircraft 
or part thereof unless that person has previously performed the work 
concerned satisfactorily. If that person has not previously performed 
that work, the person may show the ability to do the work by performing 
it to the satisfaction of the FAA, or by performing it under the direct 
supervision of a certificated and appropriately rated mechanic, or a 
certificated repairman, who has had previous experience in the specific 
operation concerned. The repairman may not exercise the privileges of 
the certificate unless the repairman understands the current 
instructions of the manufacturer and the maintenance manuals for the 
specific operation concerned.

PART 91--GENERAL OPERATING REQUIREMENTS AND FLIGHT RULES

0
63. The authority citation for part 91 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40101, 40103, 40105, 40113, 
40120, 44101, 44111, 44701, 44704, 44709, 44711, 44712, 44715, 
44716, 44717, 44722, 44740, 46306, 46315, 46316, 46504, 46506-46507, 
47122, 47508, 47528-47531, 47534; Pub. L. 114-190, 130 Stat. 615 (49 
U.S.C. 44703 note); articles 12 and 29 of the Convention on 
International Civil Aviation, 61 Stat. 1180; Pub. L. 112-95, 126 
Stat. 11.
0
64. Amend Sec.  91.113 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (d)(2) and (3); and
0
b. Removing the undesignated paragraph following paragraph (d)(2).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  91.113  Right-of-way rules: Except water operations.

* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (2) A glider has the right-of-way over powered aircraft.
    (3) An airship has the right-of-way over all other powered 
aircraft. However, an aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has 
the right-of-way over all other powered aircraft.
* * * * *
0
65. Amend Sec.  91.126 by revising paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  91.126  Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class G 
airspace.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) Each pilot of a powered fixed wing aircraft and powered-lift 
aircraft operating in wing-borne flight mode must make all turns to the 
left unless the airport displays approved light signals or visual 
markings indicating that turns should be made to the right, in which 
case the pilot must make all turns to the right; and
    (2) Each pilot of any other aircraft must avoid the flow of the 
aircraft specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
* * * * *
0
66. Amend Sec.  91.309 by revising paragraph (a)(2) to read as follows:


Sec.  91.309  Towing: Gliders and unpowered ultralight vehicles.

    (a) * * *
    (2) The towing aircraft has:
    (i) A standard airworthiness certificate and is equipped with a 
tow-hitch of a kind, and installed in a manner, that is approved by the 
Administrator;
    (ii) A special airworthiness certificate for which a type 
certificate has been issued, and is equipped with a tow-hitch of a 
kind, and installed in a manner, that is approved or otherwise 
authorized by the Administrator; or
    (iii) A special airworthiness certificate, for which the aircraft 
has not been previously issued a type certificate, and is equipped with 
a tow-hitch of a kind that is approved or otherwise acceptable to, and 
is installed in a manner acceptable to, the Administrator;
* * * * *
0
67. Amend Sec.  91.319 by revising paragraphs (a) introductory text and 
(c) and adding paragraph (k) to read as follows:


Sec.  91.319  Aircraft having experimental certificates: Operating 
limitations.

    (a) Except as specified in paragraph (k) of this section, no person 
may operate an aircraft that has an experimental certificate--
* * * * *
    (c) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator in operating 
limitations, no person may operate an aircraft that has a certificate 
issued under Sec.  21.191 of

[[Page 47738]]

this chapter over a densely populated area.
* * * * *
    (k) A person may operate an aircraft issued an experimental 
certificate to conduct a space support vehicle flight carrying persons 
or property for compensation or hire provided the operation is 
conducted in accordance with Sec.  91.331.
* * * * *
0
68. Effective [DATE 6 MONTHS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL 
RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], amend Sec.  91.319 further by adding 
paragraph (l) to read as follows:


Sec.  91.319  Aircraft having experimental certificates: Operating 
limitations.

* * * * *
    (l) No person may operate an aircraft issued an experimental 
certificate under Sec.  21.191(i) or (j) of this chapter after the 
performance of an alteration accomplished after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE 
FINAL RULE], unless that aircraft has demonstrated compliance with the 
applicable requirements of part 36 of this chapter.
* * * * *
0
69. Effective [DATE 6 MONTHS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL 
RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], amend Sec.  91.327 by:
0
a. Revising the section heading and paragraphs (a), (b)(1), (4), (5), 
and (6), (c) introductory text, and (c)(1);
0
b. Redesignating paragraph (f) as paragraph (g); and
0
c. Adding a new paragraph (f).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  91.327  Aircraft issued a special airworthiness certificate in 
the light-sport category: Operating limitations.

    (a) No person may operate an aircraft that has a special 
airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category for compensation 
or hire except--
    (1) To tow a glider or an unpowered ultralight vehicle in 
accordance with Sec.  91.309;
    (2) To conduct flight training; or
    (3) To conduct any aerial work operations specified in the 
aircraft's pilot operating handbook or operating limitations, as 
applicable, and specified in the aircraft's statement of compliance, in 
accordance with Sec.  21.190 of this chapter.
    (b) * * *
    (1) The aircraft is maintained by a certificated repairman (light-
sport aircraft) with a maintenance rating, an appropriately rated 
mechanic, or an appropriately rated repair station in accordance with 
the applicable provisions of part 43 of this chapter and maintenance 
and inspection procedures developed by the aircraft manufacturer or 
other maintenance and inspection procedures acceptable to the FAA;
* * * * *
    (4) The aircraft has demonstrated compliance with the applicable 
requirements of part 36 of this chapter;
    (5) Each minor repair or minor alteration to an aircraft meets the 
applicable and current FAA-accepted consensus standards specified in 
the statement of compliance submitted to the FAA for the aircraft;
    (6) Each major repair or major alteration is authorized by the 
manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA, and is performed and 
inspected in accordance with maintenance and inspection procedures 
developed by the manufacturer or a person acceptable to the FAA; and
* * * * *
    (c) No person may operate an aircraft issued a special 
airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category to tow a glider 
or unpowered ultralight vehicle for compensation or hire or conduct 
flight training for compensation or hire in an aircraft which that 
person provides unless within the preceding 100 hours of time in 
service the aircraft has--
    (1) Been inspected by a certificated repairman (light-sport) with a 
maintenance rating, an appropriately rated mechanic, or an 
appropriately rated repair station in accordance with inspection 
procedures developed by the aircraft manufacturer or maintenance and 
inspection procedures acceptable to the FAA and been approved for 
return to service in accordance with part 43 of this chapter; or
* * * * *
    (f) No person may operate an aircraft certificated in the light-
sport category to carry--
    (1) More than four occupants, including the pilot, if the aircraft 
is an airplane; or
    (2) More than two occupants, including the pilot, if the aircraft 
is other than an airplane.
* * * * *
0
70. Add Sec.  91.331 to read as follows:


Sec.  91.331  Space support vehicle flights: Operating limitations.

    (a) A person may operate an aircraft to conduct a space support 
vehicle flight carrying persons or property for compensation or hire 
provided--
    (1) The aircraft has a special airworthiness certificate issued 
under Sec.  21.191 of this chapter to operate the aircraft for the 
purpose of conducting a space support vehicle flight.
    (2) The aircraft conducting the space support vehicle flight--
    (i) Takes flight and lands at a single launch or reentry site that 
is operated by an entity licensed to operate the launch or reentry site 
under 51 U.S.C. chapter 509;
    (ii) Is owned or operated by a launch or reentry vehicle operator 
licensed under 51 U.S.C. chapter 509, or on behalf of a launch or 
reentry vehicle operator licensed under 51 U.S.C. chapter 509;
    (iii) Is a launch vehicle, a reentry vehicle, or a component of a 
launch or reentry vehicle licensed for operations pursuant to 51 U.S.C. 
chapter 509; and
    (iv) Is used only to simulate space flight conditions in support 
of--
    (A) Training for potential space flight participants, government 
astronauts, or crew (as those terms are defined in 51 U.S.C. chapter 
509);
    (B) The testing of hardware to be used in space flight; or
    (C) Research and development tasks, which require the unique 
capabilities of the aircraft conducting the flight.
    (b) The Administrator may prescribe additional operating 
limitations that the Administrator considers necessary in the interest 
of safety.
0
71. Amend Sec.  91.409 by revising paragraph (c)(1) to read as follows:


Sec.  91.409  Inspections

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) An aircraft that carries a special flight permit, a current 
experimental certificate, a light sport, or provisional airworthiness 
certificate;
* * * * *
0
72. Amend Sec.  91.417 by revising paragraph (a)(2)(v) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  91.417  Maintenance records.

* * * * *
    (a) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (v) The current status of applicable airworthiness directives (AD) 
including, for each, the method of compliance, the AD number and 
revision date. If the AD involves recurring action, the time and date 
when the next action is required.
* * * * *

PART 119--CERTIFICATION: AIR CARRIERS AND COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS

0
73. The authority citation for part 119 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: Pub. L. 111-216, sec. 215 (August 1, 2010); 49 U.S.C. 
106(f), 106(g), 1153, 40101, 40102, 40103, 40113, 44105, 44106, 
44111, 44701-44717, 44722, 44901, 44903, 44904, 44906, 44912, 44914, 
44936, 44938, 46103, 46105.

[[Page 47739]]

0
74. Amend Sec.  119.1 by:
0
a. Removing the word ``or'' at the end of paragraph (e)(10);
0
b. Removing the period at the end of paragraph (e)(11) and adding ``; 
or'' in its place; and
0
c. Adding paragraph (e)(12).
    The addition reads as follows:


Sec.  119.1  Applicability.

* * * * *
    (e) * * *
    (12) Space support vehicle flights conducted under the provisions 
of Sec.  91.331 of this chapter.

    Issued under authority provided by 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 44701(a), 
and 44703 in Washington, DC.
Lirio Liu,
Executive Director, Aircraft Certification Service.
[FR Doc. 2023-14425 Filed 7-19-23; 11:15 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-13-P


