

[Federal Register: February 6, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 25)]
[Rules and Regulations]               
[Page 7033-7167]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr06fe08-8]                         
 

[[Page 7033]]

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Part II





Department of Transportation





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Federal Aviation Administration



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14 CFR Parts 61, 91, and 135



Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 108--Mitsubishi MU-2B Series 
Airplane Special Training, Experience, and Operating Requirements; 
Final Rule


[[Page 7034]]


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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

14 CFR Parts 61, 91, and 135

[Docket No. FAA-2006-24981; Amendment Nos. 61-117, 91-298, and 135-111]
RIN 2120-AI82

 
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 108--Mitsubishi MU-2B 
Series Airplane Special Training, Experience, and Operating 
Requirements

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration, DOT.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: This Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) creates new 
pilot training, experience, and operating requirements for persons 
operating the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane (MU-2B). These 
requirements follow an increased accident and incident rate in the MU-
2B and are based on a Federal Aviation Administration safety evaluation 
of the MU-2B. This SFAR mandates additional training, experience, and 
operating requirements to improve the level of operational safety for 
the MU-2B.

DATES: This final rule is effective April 7, 2008. Affected parties, 
however, do not have to comply with the information collection 
requirements until the FAA publishes in the Federal Register the 
control number assigned by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
for these information collection requirements. Publication of the 
control number notifies the public that OMB has approved these 
information collection requirements under the Paperwork Reduction Act 
of 1995.
    The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in 
the regulations is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as 
of April 7, 2008.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ron Baker, General Aviation and 
Commercial Division, Commercial Operations Branch, AFS-800, Federal 
Aviation Administration, Room 835, 800 Independence Avenue, SW., 
Washington, DC 20591; telephone (202) 267-8212; facsimile (202) 267-
5094.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Authority for This Rulemaking

    The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) authority to issue 
rules on aviation safety is found in Title 49 of the United States 
Code. Subtitle I, section 106, describes the authority of the FAA to 
issue, rescind, and revise the rules. This rulemaking is promulgated 
under the authority described in Subtitle VII, Aviation Programs, Part 
A, Air Commerce and Safety, Subpart III, Safety, section 44701, General 
Requirements. Under section 44701 the FAA is charged with prescribing 
regulations setting the minimum standards for practices, methods, and 
procedures necessary for safety in air commerce. This regulation is 
within the scope of that authority because it will set the minimum 
level of safety to operate the Mitsubishi MU-2B.

Background

    In response to the increasing number of accidents and incidents 
involving the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) MU-2B series airplane, 
the FAA performed a safety evaluation of the MU-2B starting in July 
2005. The safety evaluation provided an in-depth review and analysis of 
MU-2B accidents, incidents, safety data, pilot training requirements, 
and maintenance. During the safety evaluation, the FAA also convened an 
FAA Flight Standardization Board (FSB) to evaluate proposed training, 
checking, and currency requirements for pilots operating the MU-2B.
    The notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) published on September 28, 
2006 (71 FR 56905) was based on the recommendations of the safety 
evaluation and the FSB report. A copy of both the safety evaluation and 
the FSB report are in the Rules Docket (FAA-2006-24981) for this 
rulemaking action. In the NPRM, the FAA proposed new requirements for 
ground and flight training that would apply to all persons who 
manipulate the controls or act as pilot-in-command (PIC) of the MU-2B. 
The proposed SFAR also would apply to those persons who provide pilot 
training for the Mitsubishi MU-2B. Operational requirements, such as a 
requirement for a functioning autopilot for single pilot instrument 
flight rules (IFR) and night visual flight rules (VFR) operations, a 
requirement to obtain and carry a copy of the latest available revision 
of the airplane flight manual, and a requirement to use a new pilot 
checklist were part of the proposal. The requirements of the proposed 
SFAR would be in addition to the requirements in 14 CFR parts 61, 91, 
and 135.
    The FAA proposed that all training conducted in the Mitsubishi MU-
2B be done using the standardized MHI training program and a checklist 
accepted by the FAA's MU-2B FSB. Copies of a training program and a 
checklist were placed in the Rules Docket for this rulemaking so that 
interested persons could comment on them. In addition, the FAA 
requested comment on additional paperwork requirements of the proposed 
rule.
    The FAA proposed a 180-day compliance date for the final rule. 
However, when published in the Federal Register a printing error 
indicated the compliance date would be March 27, 2007. This date is 
incorrect. The FAA intended that operators comply with this rule within 
180 days of the final rule's publication.
    On January 3, 2007 (72 FR 55) the FAA published a supplemental NPRM 
(SNPRM). The FAA had been monitoring implementation of the MHI MU-2B 
training program and determined that some pilots with little or no 
experience flying the MU-2B were requesting training at the 
requalification level when it was the FAA's intention that these pilots 
receive training at the initial/transition level. The FAA needed to 
clarify our intent with regard to the phrase ``operating experience'' 
as used in the training program. A lack of specificity led to the 
public not being properly advised as to the circumstances under which 
the FAA expected a pilot to undergo initial/transition training, 
requalification training, or recurrent training. In the SNPRM, the FAA 
proposed experience qualifications for initial/transition training, 
requalification training, and recurrent training. The comment period 
for the SNPRM closed on February 2, 2007.

Comments on the Proposed Rule

    The FAA received over 90 comments on the proposed SFAR. Commenters 
included commercial operators, general aviation pilots, organizations 
representing owners and operators of the MU-2B, and the manufacturer. 
Most commenters applauded the FAA's requirement for additional pilot 
training in the MU-2B airplane, but also took issue with the total 
number of program hours required for pilot training or qualification as 
a flight instructor. Several commenters noted that the MU-2B, by the 
FAA's own admission, is a safe airplane and questioned why pilots of 
other makes and models of airplanes are not required to receive 
additional training. In general, commenters noted that the MU-2B 
airplane is safe if ``flown by the book.''
    Several commenters stated that the SFAR is well thought out and 
will address the majority of MU-2B accidents that have arisen out of 
the lack of pilot training or inadequate pilot training. Other 
commenters stated that the additional training will not address 
accidents that occur from bad pilot judgment, such as the two recent

[[Page 7035]]

accidents involving pilots who flew into severe thunderstorms. Others 
commented that the SFAR enhanced the regulatory environment and will 
improve safety within the population of MU-2B operators.
    The Aircraft Owners and Pilot Association (AOPA) supported the idea 
of an SFAR to address the special challenges of flying an MU-2B, but 
stated that the proposed requirements are burdensome and go beyond what 
is reasonable for safety. The National Air Transportation Association 
(NATA) commended the FAA for the course of action the agency took in 
developing the NPRM, but expressed concern that the narrow compliance 
window and burdensome aeronautical experience requirements would reduce 
available instructors. The National Business Aviation Association 
(NBAA) praised the FAA for maintaining a data-driven safety focus. 
After reviewing the FAA's proposal, NBAA concluded that the issuance of 
an SFAR is the most appropriate regulatory solution in light of a 
number of possible options. The Regional Air Cargo Carriers Association 
(RACCA) applauded the FAA's efforts to take a measured approach 
involving the manufacturer, the operators, and the FAA in developing 
means to address perceived safety issues with the aircraft. There was a 
general consensus among many of the commenters that the rulemaking 
effort benefited from the collaborative process prior to the NPRM that 
involved the airplane's users, manufacturer, and regulators.
    The FAA received 20 comments to the SNPRM. Numerous comments on the 
SNPRM addressed issues on language in the NPRM. All comments are 
summarized in this preamble by issue.

Applicability

    The FAA proposed that this rule apply to a PIC, second in command 
(SIC), or any other person who manipulates the controls of the MU-2B 
airplane. The FAA received many comments asking who would be allowed to 
manipulate the controls of the Mitsubishi MU-2B airplane. The 
commenters argued that there are legitimate reasons why a person who is 
not the PIC and who does not meet the training requirement of the 
proposed SFAR should be allowed to manipulate the controls. Some of 
these reasons included flights for the purposes of providing pilot 
training, maintenance flights, pre-employment pilot proficiency 
evaluations, and demonstration flights related to aircraft sales. One 
commenter was concerned that the rule would prohibit a ``pinch hitter'' 
from manipulating the controls. Pinch hitter courses are often given to 
provide non-certificated persons with basic piloting skills in order to 
assist in an emergency, such as the medical incapacitation of the PIC.
    The FAA agrees that the proposed restrictions would make it 
difficult to receive flight training in the MU-2B. The FAA did not 
intend to prohibit the use of the MU-2B during flight training if the 
PIC had successfully completed the flight training requirements of the 
proposed rule.
    Some commenters provided valid reasons for a less restrictive 
regulation. The FAA recognizes that certain maintenance test flights 
are best performed with two pilots or a pilot and a mechanic. For 
example, the level of safety when performing an in-flight Negative 
Torque Sensor Check is greatly enhanced when done by a two-pilot crew 
or a pilot and mechanic. The FAA has revised the rule language to allow 
manipulation of the controls by certain persons who have not received 
the SFAR's required training. The revised rule requires that the PIC 
must have completed the required MU-2B training and occupy a pilot 
station, and the flight may not be conducted with passengers or cargo 
onboard. A nonqualified pilot may manipulate the controls in the three 
circumstances described in section 2, paragraph (b) of the SFAR.
    The FAA considers a pinch hitter course to be a form of flight 
instruction. The FAA also considers pre-employment pilot proficiency 
evaluations to be a function of flight training if such evaluations are 
conducted by qualified instructors meeting the training and experience 
requirements of this SFAR. The FAA notes that the responsibility and 
authority of a PIC allows the PIC to deviate from the rules to the 
extent required in an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action.

Time Allowed for Compliance With the Rule

    The FAA proposed that all persons who operate the MU-2B airplane or 
train in the airplane would meet the requirements of the rule within 
180 days of the effective date of the final rule. We felt that an 
expedited compliance period was necessary because of the potential 
safety risk identified by the safety evaluation. Based on comments and 
other actions that have mitigated these risks, such as voluntary 
compliance with the training program, the FAA has extended the 
compliance period to 1 year.
    Many commenters expressed concern that 180 days is too short a time 
period for compliance. Two commercial training providers (SIMCOM and 
Howell Enterprises) and the airplane manufacturer (MHI) suggested 365 
days as an alternative. One commenter noted the scarcity of flight 
instructors for the large number of pilots who would need training, 
stating that there are only three qualified instructors in the United 
States and only one simulator. Another commenter noted that some pilots 
are delaying recurrent training to see what the final rule will 
mandate; thus there will be a rush to training. Most persons commenting 
on this issue suggested a 365-day compliance period. Commenters also 
noted that if all pilots are trained in the proposed 180 days, the 
instructors would have nothing to do the other half of the year. They 
also posited that a one-time compliance window would make everyone's 
recurrent training in following years fall within the same 180 days.
    Many commenters noted that commercial operators and most general 
aviation pilots are already receiving some sort of annual training. The 
commenters believe a longer (1 year) implementation period will allow 
these pilots to retain their current training cycle. The NATA believes 
a 1-year compliance time is more economically efficient, as it will 
allow MU-2B pilots flying under part 135 to complete the training 
defined in the SFAR in conjunction with currently required part 135 
checks. They also argued that longer compliance time will have a 
minimal impact on safety.
    The FAA agrees that a 180-day implementation period is too short. 
The SFAR will allow pilots to match existing annual training cycles 
whenever possible to reduce compliance costs. The final rule will take 
effect 60 days after publication in the Federal Register. The 
compliance period will be 305 days from the effective date. Therefore, 
the operators and trainers for the MU-2B will have 365 days from the 
date of publication of the final rule to comply.

Pilot Training

    Many commenters agreed with the need for specialized training but 
raised concerns with the type and length of training. Some commenters 
felt that the SFAR did not go far enough, especially for initial 
training and part 135 operations.

Minimum Program Hours

    The FAA proposed to adopt the hours of training determined by the 
FSB and incorporated in the MU-2B Training Program. We have decided to 
reformat the proposed training program and include it as Appendices A 
through D

[[Page 7036]]

to the SFAR. We have not added any additional requirements to the 
training program in the appendix, and it is fundamentally the same as 
the training program that we placed in the rules docket for comment.
    One commercial training provider commented that the training 
program reduces ground training hours below what is currently provided 
and should be increased. Another commenter asserted that 8 hours of 
recurrent training is excessive for already proficient pilots. Several 
persons commented that 6, rather than 8, hours of requalification 
training is more reasonable. One commenter stated that a PIC should 
have at least 10 hours of in-flight training in the MU-2B before taking 
a check ride. Two commenters stated that the required training hours 
are arbitrary.
    The FAA established the minimum required ground and flight training 
program hours after carefully reviewing all FAA-approved training 
programs and the proposed MHI training program. A team of pilots 
representing a cross section of the airplane's user demographics 
received the training. Proficiency levels and completion times were 
closely tracked. Additionally, the FAA has monitored the completion 
times for training conducted using the MHI training program since its 
approval. This monitoring has validated the number of training hours 
proposed. Accordingly, the FAA has determined that the program hour 
requirements represent the minimum number of hours required to reach an 
acceptable level of safety and proficiency. The FAA notes that training 
providers can add additional hours to the program if they feel it is 
needed.
    A commenter stated that the 4 hours of recurrent training, followed 
by a check ride, is too exhausting. This person suggested that the 
training be broken into two, 2-hour training sessions, each 6 months 
apart. The FAA clarifies that the recurrent training requirement must 
be completed annually. The SFAR does not prohibit the division of the 
training into segments. Thus, the requirement may be met in two or more 
training sessions in order to align with existing training cycles.

Training to Proficiency

    The FAA proposed to adopt the hours of training determined by the 
FSB and incorporated in the MU-2B training program, which vary 
depending on whether the pilot is receiving initial/transition, 
requalification, recurrent, or differences training.
    Several commenters suggested training to proficiency rather than 
imposing a set number of hours of training. The commenters also noted 
that the number of hours proposed is too much training for some and too 
little for others.
    The FAA points out that the MU-2B training program requires that 
the student complete a minimum number of program hours and that the 
student is trained to an acceptable level of proficiency as defined in 
the training program. Additionally, although the training program 
addresses pilot proficiency and skill, the training program also 
provides a body of knowledge addressing best practices, procedures, and 
operational techniques, as learned throughout the safety evaluation and 
the FSB process. Therefore, the FAA has determined that the program 
hours represent the minimum amount of training time needed. The FAA 
will continue to monitor the time required for completion of the 
training and may adjust the required training program hours if 
necessary.

Credit for Part 135 Training

    The FAA stated in the proposed rule that the hours of training in 
the MU-2B training program are in addition to other training required 
by parts 61 and 135. Based on comment, we realize that some training 
maneuvers may be redundant. In this case, the maneuver is only 
performed once, but credit is given in both training programs.
    A commenter stated that the FAA should recognize part 135 training 
that is already required (i.e., Sec.  135.293 aircraft competency 
check, Sec.  135.297 instrument proficiency check, Sec.  135.299 line 
check). Part 135 operators already receive a total of 3 hours of in-
flight testing each year, plus the training that will be required by 
the SFAR. The commenter does not think the SFAR considered the part 135 
training.
    In drafting the NPRM, the FAA did consider training already 
conducted under part 61 and part 135. Maneuvers covered under the Final 
Phase Check required by the training program may not satisfy all the 
requirements of a Sec.  135.293, Sec.  135.297, or Sec.  135.299 check. 
Many maneuvers listed on the FAA Form 8410-3, Airman Competency/
Proficiency Check, are not required under the final phase check of the 
training program. In the event that maneuvers or other training 
requirements appear in both training programs, credit should be given 
for the training under both programs. To the extent the training is 
conducted in an MU-2B airplane, and the maneuvers are identical, credit 
will be given for both program hours and completion of maneuvers. Such 
actions should be well documented, as this allowance does not eliminate 
any of the recordkeeping requirements within either training program. 
Operators must ensure that all requirements of part 135 are met. 
However, operators are not required to perform the same maneuvers twice 
(i.e., once for the Final Phase Check and again during a Sec.  135.293 
proficiency check). All items for both programs must be completed, even 
if that results in exceeding the minimum number of program hours.

Credit for Prior Training

    The FAA did not allow credit for prior training in the proposed 
rule because it determined that much of the training lacked 
standardization and had differing procedures.
    Some commenters felt that pilots with a high level of experience, 
previous factory training, or `third party annual training' for 
insurance purposes, should be exempt (grandfathered) or have a reduced 
number of training hours. The FAA also received comments that the 
proposed training program as presently defined is the only approved 
training program. This single program means the entire MU-2B community 
is required to use the proposed training program. Another commenter 
suggested that existing approved training programs are adequate. 
Several commenters requested exemption from the SFAR training 
requirements because of participation in other approved training 
programs.
    During the MU-2B safety evaluation, the FAA reviewed 23 approved 
training programs. There was little standardization among these 
training programs. Many taught techniques and procedures that were 
contrary to those published in the airplane flight manual (AFM). 
Therefore it was the conclusion of the safety evaluation and the FSB, 
that in order for training to be effective, there must be one 
standardized training program. The FAA will not allow persons to be 
grandfathered from the SFAR based on previous training. However, as 
explained later in this document, training conducted between July 27, 
2006, and the effective date of this rule, using Mitsubishi Heavy 
Industries MU-2B Training Program, Part number YET 05301, Revision 
Original, dated July 27, 2006, or Revision 1, dated September 19, 2006, 
is considered to be compliant with this SFAR.

Demonstration of Proficiency

    The FAA's safety evaluation and the FSB both recommended that

[[Page 7037]]

standardized training conclude with a demonstration of proficiency. 
This demonstration was a part of the proposed training program and 
allows for simultaneous training and checking during requalification 
and recurrent training.
    The AOPA believes that pilots should not be required to pass a 
formal checkride at the end of their training. Instructors should be 
allowed to evaluate or ``check'' a pilot's performance during the 
course of training.
    The final phase check of the training program is different from a 
formal checkride. During a formal checkride, where the pilot has made 
application for a certificate or rating, the inability to 
satisfactorily demonstrate proficiency will result in a failed 
checkride. During a final phase check required by the MU-2B training 
program, if the pilot cannot satisfactorily demonstrate proficiency he 
or she has not failed a checkride. Those pilots that do not perform to 
an acceptable level of proficiency may need additional training in 
order to complete the training program. The requirement of a final 
phase check ensures that all pilots not only receive the training, but 
also have acquired the skills and proficiency necessary to safely 
operate the airplane. The final phase check is also different from a 
formal checkride because the training program allows for simultaneous 
training and checking during requalification or recurrent training. 
Students can be given credit for successfully completing maneuvers 
while receiving the training. However, simultaneous training and 
checking is not allowed by the training program during initial/
transition training.

Training Satisfying a Flight Review

    The proposed rule did not specifically address the part 61 flight 
review in conjunction with the proposed training program. The final 
rule accommodates part 61 flight training, but only if the training is 
done in the MU-2B airplane.
    The AOPA commented that the recurrent training should satisfy the 
requirements for a flight review as described in 14 CFR 61.56. The FAA 
notes that Sec.  61.56(a) requires a flight review that includes at 
least 1 hour of flight time. The MU-2B training program requires a 
minimum of 6 hours of flight training in the MU-2B airplane for 
initial/transition training. Those pilots that opt to conduct 
requalification or recurrent training in the MU-2B airplane instead of 
a flight training device are required to receive a minimum of 4 or 8 
hours respectively of flight training in the MU-2B airplane. Those 
pilots that attend initial/transition training, or conduct 
requalification or recurrent training in the airplane, easily satisfy 
the minimum amount of flight training required by Sec.  61.56(a). 
Additionally, the ground training requirements for initial, 
requalification, and recurrent training covers the subjects required in 
Sec.  61.56 (a)(1) and (a)(2). Therefore, the FAA agrees that 
successful completion of the flight and ground training requirements 
for initial/transition, requalification, or recurrent training meets 
the requirements of Sec.  61.56 provided that at least 1 hour of the 
flight training was conducted in the Mitsubishi MU-2B airplane. 
Therefore, the FAA will recognize those persons that document 
successful completion of the applicable portions of the training 
program in the Mitsubishi MU-2B airplane as having met the applicable 
requirements of Sec.  61.56. In this circumstance, no separate 
endorsement for the flight review will be required.

Grace Month for Training

    The AOPA and two other commenters asked that we allow training 
conducted in the month before or after (a grace month) it is due to be 
considered as accomplished in the month it was due (the base month). 
The FAA agrees that completing training in the month before or after 
the month in which compliance is required can be considered as 
completed in the month it is due. However, this allowance does not re-
establish a pilot's base month. This practice is allowed in other 
training requirements, such as in part 135 training. The rule language 
has been adjusted to reflect this allowance. The FAA notes that the 
grace month only applies to the training required by this SFAR.

Training Profiles

    The FAA proposed incorporating by reference the training profiles 
in the proposed MU-2B training program. These were developed by the 
manufacturer while working with the FSB. Commenters expressed concern 
with some of the profiles.
    One commenter felt that the engine inoperative non-precision and 
missed approach procedure, as published in the proposed training 
profiles, is dangerous. The commenter stated that requiring the pilot 
to extend the landing gear only when landing is assured invites 
training accidents, and if performed during actual instrument 
conditions, is contrary to the accepted instrument procedures of having 
the aircraft configured and stabilized inside of the final approach fix 
(FAF). The FAA recognizes that the profile as published, for a single-
engine non-precision approach, deviates from common practices. However, 
during the FSB's evaluation, FAA test pilots flew a variety of makes 
and models of the MU-2B. They flew the MU-2B at various weights 
positioned throughout the airplane's center-of-gravity (CG) envelope. 
This included the maximum allowable take-off weight at the rearward 
limits of CG envelope. The drag penalty induced by configuring the 
airplane for landing at the FAF made it difficult to maintain a number 
of non-precision approach profiles. Airspeed often deteriorated below a 
safe speed while trying to maintain the profile in the landing 
configuration. Maintaining adequate airspeed became especially 
difficult when a circle-to-land maneuver was required. As a result of 
these findings, the FAA modified the single-engine non-precision 
approach procedures to delay deployment of the landing gear until 
landing is assured. This procedure has been included in the MU-2B 
training program in the applicable MU-2B model checklists.
    The FAA notes that several elements of the training program have 
been revised since the training program was placed in the docket. The 
MU-2B Training Program now provides the profile for Take-Off Engine 
Failure Flaps 5[deg] or Flaps 20[deg] and the profile for the One 
Engine Inoperative Non-precision and Missed Approach. Corresponding 
changes were also made to the training program checklist to reflect the 
changes to the maneuver profiles. The FAA has determined that these 
changes are within the scope of the notice. There are no other 
substantive changes to the MU-2B Training Program except as modified by 
the proposal in the SNPRM.

Simulator Training

    A commenter suggested a one-time training requirement in a 
simulator for those failures that cannot be safely simulated in the 
airplane. This training would include engine failure at rotation and 
the in-flight Negative Torque Sensor Check. The FAA considered this 
option but recognizes that there are no FAA-approved MU-2B simulators 
in operation and only two FAA-approved, Level 5, flight training 
devices (FTD). Both of these devices are located at a single facility 
in Florida. The FAA determined that it would pose an economic hardship 
to make the entire MU-2B community travel to Florida to train at this 
facility. Additionally, although the FAA embraces the use of simulators 
and FTD, not all training providers have them available, nor are

[[Page 7038]]

they the only method for delivering effective training.
    A commenter also posited that the annual recurrent training should 
include three takeoffs and landings in the actual MU-2B airplane under 
the supervision of a qualified check airman or flight instructor. The 
FAA notes that safety can be enhanced by use of FTD during recurrent 
training. Therefore, the SFAR allows recurrent training to be conducted 
in an FTD or the MU-2B airplane.

In-House Training

    Another commenter stated that part 135 companies should not be 
allowed to train in-house but should require their pilots to attend 
professional training companies to satisfy the SFAR requirements. The 
commenter also stated that there is too much latitude when part 135 
companies conduct the training. The FAA considered this option but we 
are not changing existing part 135 regulations and guidance that allow 
commercial operators to conduct in-house training. Since there are no 
FAA-approved part 142 training centers for the MU-2B airplane, 
requiring commercially provided training for part 135 operators is not 
possible. Commercial operators can contract with training facilities to 
provide some types of instruction if the curriculum is approved by 
their Principal Operations Inspector, but this is not a requirement.

Monitoring Training Implementation and Training Quality

    A commenter asked if the FAA will ensure that all MU-2B owners and 
pilots are trained to at least the proposed levels. The commenter also 
asked where the FAA plans to get the personnel to do surveillance on 
the SFAR training. The FAA is confident that pilots will be trained to 
at least the proposed levels. The FAA determined that successful 
completion of the training program requires a demonstration of 
proficiency to carefully defined performance standards. The FAA's 
Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards are used as a guide to 
determine the pilot's level of proficiency under the MU-2B training 
program. Successful completion will be documented by a flight 
instructor meeting the experience requirements of the SFAR. A 
substantial amount of training has already been conducted using the 
FAA-approved MHI training program. Many pilots have voluntarily 
attended this training in anticipation of the issuance of the SFAR. The 
FAA has monitored this training and is satisfied with the quality and 
effectiveness of the program and its instructors. At the time of 
closure of the public comment period for the NPRM, approximately 6 
percent of the MU-2B pilot community had received the new training. The 
FAA also held a workshop to ensure a smooth implementation of the FSB 
report for commercial training providers and part 135 operators.
    The FAA will continue to monitor the training and SFAR 
implementation and conduct surveillance as part of its annual work 
program for field inspectors. Additionally, FAA guidance material was 
updated to assist inspectors and operators.
    A commenter asked how the increase in training will prepare pilots 
for a loss-of-control of the airplane during an emergency. The FAA has 
determined that the mandatory training will provide the pilot with the 
knowledge and skill to fly the airplane safely within its designed 
operational limits under normal, abnormal, and emergency conditions, 
including operations with one engine inoperative. Many of the MU-2B 
accidents involved loss of directional control or stalling the airplane 
due to poor airspeed management or excessive bank angles when 
maneuvering. The training program emphasizes proper airspeed 
management, low-speed maneuvering, and the risks associated with 
excessive bank angles. The training also specifically addresses the 
loss-of-control accidents that have occurred in the MU-2B. 
Additionally, pilots must annually demonstrate proficiency in the 
flight maneuvers to commercial pilot practical test standards. 
Therefore, the training program focuses on prevention of unsafe 
conditions while also providing instruction for recovery from them.

Pilot Experience

    The FAA proposed that a pilot must have logged 100 hours of PIC 
experience in multi-engine airplanes in order to operate the MU-2B 
airplane. That requirement is retained in the final rule.
    One commenter questioned why the FAA would require a pilot to 
receive 100 hours experience in a multi-engine airplane prior to being 
able to serve as PIC of the MU-2B. This commenter believes that such an 
experience requirement would be confusing during the MU-2B training. 
The FAA finds that a pilot needs to have a basic level of experience 
and understanding of multi-engine airplanes prior to advancing to more 
complex airplanes. This threshold is consistent with experience 
requirements of SFAR 73, which describes additional operating 
experience requirements for the Robinson R-22/44.

Credit for Previous Operating Experience

    In the SNPRM the FAA proposed that a person have a minimum level of 
previous operating experience of 50 hours within the previous 24 months 
to be exempt from initial/transition training. Based on comments, the 
FAA has modified this experience requirement in the final rule to also 
exempt pilots from initial training pilots who have a total of 500 
hours previous operating experience. Most of the commenters requested 
that the FAA consider prior operating experience in the MU-2B. Some 
commenters noted that the proposed definitions in the SNPRM treat a 
pilot with significant, but not recent experience (i.e., last 24 
months), the same as one with no experience. The AOPA and seven other 
commenters recommended that the FAA exempt experienced pilots from the 
initial training requirement if that pilot has at least 500 hours of 
documented MU-2B PIC experience. Other commenters also requested an 
exemption from initial training based on experience, although they 
suggested different determining thresholds. Two commenters suggested a 
threshold of 250 hours, and one commenter suggested 1,000 hours. One 
commenter stated that forcing an otherwise qualified pilot to attend 
initial training on the basis of the last 24 months flying is unfair. 
The commenter recommended a further qualification be added that states: 
``or has logged a total of 500 hours of PIC in the MU-2.'' The 
commenter added that a pilot meeting this criteria should be able to 
re-qualify with the training specified in the requalification course.
    The FAA agrees that pilots with significant previous experience 
should be exempt from participating in initial training. These pilots 
would instead be allowed to attend requalification training. The FAA 
also agrees that by allowing a form of the above proposed language, the 
original intent of the proposed rule is retained without penalizing 
those that have not flown the MU-2B within the past 24 months. 
Therefore, pilots with at least 500 hours of documented flight time 
manipulating the controls while serving as PIC of an MU-2B will not be 
required to attend initial/transition training, but will be required to 
satisfactorily complete requalification training.

Operating Experience in the Previous 24 Months

    In the SNPRM, the FAA proposed that pilots with less than 50 hours 
of operating experience within the

[[Page 7039]]

previous 24 months would be required to attend initial training even if 
that pilot had already successfully completed initial training in the 
past. We have modified the final rule to make completion of initial 
training a one-time requirement.
    The NATA commented that the association is in agreement with the 
FAA that pilots with little or no recent experience in the MU-2B should 
be required to train in the aircraft in order to obtain sufficient 
proficiency and experience. The association was not opposed to the 
FAA's proposed requirement for at least 50 hours of operating 
experience within the previous 24 months in order to bypass initial 
training. The NATA stated that with the existing part 135 currency and 
training requirements, and the level of on-demand charter activity, the 
50-hour limit should not be cumbersome or add costly training to the 
typical part 135 operator. The NATA was sensitive to the fact that some 
part 91 operators do not support this requirement, and stated that they 
have no specific position on this requirement as it would apply to that 
industry segment. The NATA also stated that they appreciate the FAA's 
efforts to respond to MU-2B concerns with a rational, methodic, and 
participatory approach.
    One commenter asked that we clarify that the 50 hours in the 
previous 24 months is not a continuing qualification limitation, but is 
intended to determine the pilot's level of entry into this new program. 
Another commenter stated the 50-hour requirement in the original NPRM 
was only intended for new entrants into the training program.
    The FAA notes the SNPRM did propose a continuing look-back 
requirement of 50 hours within the preceding 24 months. Many commenters 
did not support this requirement, finding it unnecessary and 
burdensome. The FAA agrees with the comments that a continuing look-
back requirement is not needed. The FAA has reviewed the FAA-approved 
training program and determined that the NPRM did not include such a 
provision. Furthermore, the FAA notes that after completing initial or 
requalification training, a pilot must still satisfactorily complete 
recurrent training annually, which includes an annual demonstration of 
proficiency. Therefore, the FAA has concluded that a continuing look-
back requirement is not necessary.
    In response to the comments and further FAA review, the FAA has 
revised the MU-2B training program and the rule language to include the 
following operating experience thresholds for determining pilot 
qualification for the various training options:
    A person is required to complete ``Initial/transition training'' if 
that person has fewer than:
    (i) 50 hours of documented flight time manipulating the controls 
while serving as pilot-in-command of an MU-2B in the preceding 24 
months; or
    (ii) 500 hours of documented flight time manipulating the controls 
while serving as pilot-in-command of an MU-2B.
    A person is eligible to receive Requalification training in lieu of 
initial/transition training if that person has at least:
    (i) 50 hours of documented flight time manipulating the controls 
while serving as pilot-in-command of an MU-2B in the preceding 24 
months; or
    (ii) 500 hours of documented flight time manipulating the controls 
while serving as pilot-in-command of an MU-2B.
    A person is required to complete Recurrent training within the 
preceding 12 months. Successful completion of initial/transition or 
requalification training within the preceding 12 months satisfies the 
requirement of recurrent training. A person must successfully complete 
initial/transition training or requalification training before being 
eligible to receive recurrent training.
    Successful completion of initial/transition training or 
requalification training is a one-time requirement. A person may elect 
to retake initial/transition training or requalification training in 
lieu of recurrent training and receive credit for recurrent training 
for that year.
    These definitions have been included in the Compliance and 
Eligibility section of the SFAR.

Type Rating vs. SFAR

    In the NPRM, the FAA discussed why it determined that an SFAR is 
more appropriate for the safe operation of the MU-2B than a type rating 
alone. This decision was based on the recommendations of the safety 
evaluation and the FSB.
    Bankair, Inc. did not agree that it is necessary to mandate 
training that goes beyond the requirements of a type rating for this 
airplane. Another commenter said the FAA has failed to adequately 
consider a type rating for the aircraft or to adequately justify having 
an entirely special and new pilot competency program.
    The MU-2B safety evaluation and the FSB found that a portfolio of 
corrective actions are required that go well beyond the reach of a type 
rating or pilot training alone are needed to significantly reduce the 
accident rate of the MU-2B. The SFAR allows the FAA to mandate actions 
that are far more stringent and broader in scope than what would be 
achieved through a type rating alone.
    The FAA has determined that there is a need for annual recurrent 
training and an annual demonstration of proficiency. A type rating 
would not require recurrent training or additional checks because the 
aircraft is not required to be operated by a two-pilot crew as part of 
its certification basis. However, the FAA notes that some part 135 
operations do require a two-pilot crew. An SFAR can mandate the 
conditions under which the aircraft may be operated, such as, in 
compliance with the new manufacturer's data (including new checklists 
or use of an autopilot), or other operational requirements determined 
necessary by the FSB. None of these requirements would be addressed by 
the issuance of a type rating. An SFAR can also impose higher 
experience requirements for those instructing or administering tests in 
the MU-2B than is presently required by existing regulations. 
Therefore, this SFAR provides a higher level of safety than would be 
achieved by issuance of a type rating alone.

Training Monopoly

    A commenter stated that it does not make sense that he should 
forego all other flight training except at a flight school A commenter 
also suggested the FAA was supporting a commercial training monopoly. 
The FAA does not agree. This standardized training can be provided by 
any instructor or commercial training organization that meets the 
experience requirements for instructors as described within this SFAR. 
This rule does not require that all SFAR compliant training be 
conducted at a commercial training center or flight school.

Availability of Training Program

    One commenter expressed concern about access and availability of 
the training program. Another commenter requested that the FAA reopen 
the comment period, claiming that Mitsubishi will not release the 
training program to the public and the public cannot comment on the 
proposal without evaluating it. This commenter requested that the FAA 
have Mitsubishi publish all of their information and then re-open the 
comment process. A commenter also noted the manufacturer requires a 
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to be signed by the recipient before 
being provided a

[[Page 7040]]

copy of the training program. This commenter felt that he should not be 
required to sign the MOU.
    The FAA posted a copy of the MHI training program to Rules Docket 
FAA-2006-24981 prior to the NPRM comment period opening. This training 
program remains in the Rules Docket and may be downloaded by interested 
parties. As previously noted, the FAA has decided to place the 
requirements of the MU-2B Training Program in Appendices A through D to 
the SFAR. The SFAR will be published in the Code of Federal Regulations 
making the MU-2B Training Program publicly available. The FAA has 
determined that the public has reasonable access to the training 
program.

Procedures Not Covered by the Training Program

    One commenter noted that a pilot cannot operate the MU-2B contrary 
to the training program and wondered about other procedures not in the 
training program such as IFR holds, GPS approaches and DME arcs. With 
this SFAR, the FAA does not intend to change operational procedures 
that are not contained in the MU-2B training program. The FAA notes 
that such procedures are already covered by existing FAA regulations 
and guidance.

Revisions to the Training Program

    Although no comments were received about the proposed rule 
provisions related to future training program revisions, the FAA notes 
that absent future rulemaking that makes a later revision of the 
training program exclusive and mandatory, operators must use the MU-2B 
Training Program contained in the SFAR The FAA has added a new section 
8 to the SFAR to give credit for use of certain prior versions of the 
MHI training program for a specific time period. Section 8 states that 
``Initial/transition or requalification training conducted between July 
27, 2006, and the effective date of this rule, using Mitsubishi Heavy 
Industries MU-2B Training Program, Part number YET 05301, Revision 
Original, dated July 27, 2006, or Revision 1, dated September 19, 2006, 
is considered to be compliant with this SFAR, if the student met the 
eligibility requirements for the applicable category of training and 
the student's instructor met the experience requirements of this 
SFAR.'' This addition was made to allow those pilots who have already 
completed the MHI training program during the rulemaking process to 
receive credit for initial/transition training.

Requirements for Flight Instructors

    The FAA proposed a variety of experience requirements for flight 
instructors who conduct training in the MU-2B airplane, depending on 
whether the instruction is in the airplane, in a simulator, or in an 
FTD.
    One commenter stated that the SFAR adequately addresses the need 
for flight instructors to be trained and current in the MU-2B airplane. 
One training provider suggested that the experience requirements for 
pilot examiners and check airmen be increased from 100 hours to 300 
hours. Another commenter felt that the experience requirements for 
instructors, pilot examiners, and check airmen should be increased to 
500 hours. The FAA notes that existing regulations allow instruction 
and checking in the MU-2B to be conducted with as little as 5 hours PIC 
time in make and model. The requirement that this be increased to 300 
hours for instructors and 100 hours for examiners is a substantial 
increase over what is now required. The experience requirements in this 
SFAR are also consistent with thresholds established by other prior 
rulemaking for certain aircraft, such as SFAR 73 for the Robinson R-22/
R-44 helicopter (62 FR 16298), and the recommendations of the FSB 
Report.
    Another commenter stated that the 50 hours of operating experience 
within the previous 12 months for instructors, whether in the airplane 
or simulator, is not enough experience for someone who provides 
training in the MU-2B. The FAA notes that existing regulations allow 
flight instruction in the MU-2B to be conducted with as little as 5 
hours PIC time in make and model. The increase to 50 hours within the 
previous 12 months significantly increases the experience requirements 
for MU-2B instructors. Furthermore, this 50-hour requirement is just 
one of many experience requirements for MU-2B instructors. Other 
experience requirements for an instructor such as the currency 
requirement of Sec.  61.57, the flight review of Sec.  61.56, the 2,000 
hours of PIC time, and 800 hours PIC in multi-engine airplanes, combine 
to set a high experience level for MU-2B instructors. The specific 
purpose of the 50-hour requirement is to ensure that instructors have 
recent experience in the MU-2B airplane, training device, or simulator. 
The 50 hours must be obtained within the past 12 months.
    A commenter also found that the 100 hours of PIC time required for 
a designated pilot examiner was too little time. The FAA notes this is 
only part of the total requirement. That examiner is also required to 
have the training required by this SFAR and to maintain currency in the 
MU-2B. The 100 hours is based on the FSB recommendations, other 
aircraft training requirements, a previous SFAR, and the FAA's 
experience in checking and evaluation.
    A commenter noted that under part 135, a flight instructor does not 
have to hold a valid and current certificated flight instructor 
certificate (CFI). The commenter commented that, for part 135 
operations, a flight instructor should hold a valid CFI certificate 
with multi-engine and instrument ratings for at least 2 years. In 
addition, the check airman or CFI should have 300 hours as PIC acquired 
while the sole manipulator of the controls as described in 14 CFR 
61.51(e)(1)(i).
    The FAA does not intend to change the general qualification 
requirements for part 135 flight instructors, but rather to establish 
minimum experience requirements for all instructors who provide 
training in an MU-2B. Additionally, requiring 300 hours as PIC as sole 
manipulator of the controls or requiring that instructors for part 135 
operations hold a certificated flight instructor certificate would be 
beyond the scope of the FAA's proposal.
    A commenter stated it will be difficult for an instructor to have 
50 hours of PIC MU-2B time annually, that 50 hours is not useful if it 
is only flown in ``straight and level'' flight, and that proficiency is 
what is useful for a flight instructor. The FAA has determined that the 
recency of experience and the amount of flight time in the airplane are 
important qualifications for a flight instructor who provides 
instruction in the MU-2B. This level of experience was also recommended 
by the FSB Report.
    The NATA commented that the total flight time and PIC flight time 
requirements for instructors are burdensome and could significantly 
limit the number of instructors qualified to provide training to MU-2B 
pilots. Additionally, the proposed rule would require designated pilot 
examiners to have an excessive amount of aeronautical experience in the 
MU-2B but would not require the same of FAA inspectors.
    The FAA has determined that although the rule will increase the 
experience requirements for MU-2B instructors, the rule will not 
significantly reduce the number of instructors that are presently 
teaching in the MU-2B. In order to maximize the number of instructors 
available to provide training in the airplane, the FAA revised section 
5 to allow the Flight Instructor Airplane experience requirements to be 
met using a

[[Page 7041]]

combination of PIC time and experience acquired while providing 
instruction in a FAA-approved MU-2B flight training device or 
simulator. The FAA has also extended the compliance period by 6 months 
to allow a more orderly implementation of this rule. The training and 
checking requirements for FAA inspectors are the same as for the public 
when the inspector is acting as the PIC, administering check rides, or 
otherwise manipulating the controls.
    One commenter stated that safety would be diminished because local 
instructors would no longer be allowed to conduct an Instrument 
Competency Check (ICC) for the MU-2B. This SFAR does not require that 
instrument currency be maintained exclusively in the MU-2B. Also, the 
SFAR does not prohibit local instructors from giving an ICC. The only 
requirement is that the instructor meets the qualifications of the SFAR 
in order to give instruction in an MU-2B.
    One operator commented that part 135 pilots, in commercial 
operations, do not carry logbooks or present logbooks during training. 
The logbook requirement is only applicable to part 91 operators. The 
commenter also stated a part 135 operator keeps records in compliance 
with 14 CFR 135.63(c) to include the completion date and result of 
every phase of training and checking for 5 years after the pilot's 
employment ends. Logbook endorsements are generally used as provided in 
part 61 at the student and private pilot level. The commenter requested 
that the references to pilot logbooks should be changed to ``logbook or 
other permanent pilot record.''
    The FAA notes that Sec.  135.63(c) addresses the recordkeeping 
requirement for multiengine load manifest and does not address 
documentation of pilot training. Section 135.63(a)(vi) addresses 
recordkeeping requirements for initial and recurrent competency tests, 
proficiency, and route checks required by Sec. Sec.  135.293, 135.297, 
and 135.299. Section 135.63(a)(vii) addresses recordkeeping 
requirements for determining compliance with flight time limitations 
found within part 135. However, none of the above referenced rules 
address the documentation requirements of part 61. Additionally, 14 CFR 
61.51 requires that all pilots, regardless of which regulations of 14 
CFR under which they operate, keep a logbook and within it, document 
and record training and experience used to meet the requirements for a 
certificate, rating, flight review, aeronautical experience, or recent 
flight experience. This SFAR does not change the applicability or 
requirements of the existing Sec.  61.51 rule. The requirements of this 
SFAR are not limited to part 135 operations. Pilots that operate the 
MU-2B will need to be able to demonstrate compliance with this SFAR 
whether or not they are employed by a part 135 operator. This 
documentation is best accomplished through a logbook endorsement, which 
is consistent with existing regulations.
    A commenter stated that the proposed SFAR requires endorsement of 
the pilot logbook by a ``certificated flight instructor.'' The 
commenter posited that this text should be changed to ``instructor'' or 
``flight instructor'' since part 135 does not require the use of a CFI. 
The FAA notes that the eligibility, requirements, and privileges of a 
flight instructor are described in detail by existing rules under 14 
CFR parts 61 and 135. The FAA also acknowledges these requirements may 
be different for training conducted under part 61 as compared to part 
135. Part 135 operators can use a CFI but can also use an instructor 
authorized by the FAA in lieu of a CFI. The FAA has changed this 
language accordingly.

Autopilot Requirement

    The FAA proposed that no one could operate the MU-2B airplane under 
IFR, IFR conditions (i.e., instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)), 
or night VFR unless that airplane has a functional autopilot. That 
requirement is retained in the final rule. However, the FAA has 
described the requirement in a simplified form. The final rule does not 
require a functional autopilot for day VFR or when operating under IFR 
in daytime VMC conditions when maintenance of an inoperable autopilot 
has been deferred using an approved minimum equipment list (MEL).
    Most persons commenting on the autopilot requirement did not see 
the need for this requirement. Some persons commented that the 
autopilot is unnecessary and rarely used; one cited that no other 
airplane is restricted when the autopilot is nonfunctioning. 
Experienced pilots commented that they prefer to ``hand fly'' the 
airplane. Another commented that, if the autopilot is mandated, a pilot 
may become dependent on it.
    Several of the MU-2B accidents involved single pilot night-time VFR 
and IFR operations in high-density terminal areas with high pilot 
workloads. The flight training profiles flown by FSB members during the 
safety evaluation included a human factors workload evaluation. One 
airplane was equipped with several cameras that allowed post-flight 
evaluation of the pilot's workload. The FSB pilots completed numerous 
questionnaires developed by human factors specialists to measure task 
saturation. Questionnaires and flight video reviews were completed 
during post-flight interviews with a human factors specialist. Using 
techniques developed by the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration, testing showed a significant reduction in single pilot 
workload and stress and improved performance when an autopilot was used 
in actual flight conditions. The FAA recognizes that in some conditions 
use of the autopilot may be inappropriate or even prohibited, such as 
during flights into icing conditions. The FAA also recognizes some 
pilots routinely hand-fly the airplane. The SFAR does not mandate the 
use of the autopilot during any particular phase of flight. That 
decision remains solely with the PIC. The SFAR does require that a 
functioning autopilot be installed for certain types of operations 
(IFR, IFR conditions, and night VFR). This requirement provides the 
pilot with access to a significant safety enhancing tool if he or she 
should need it to reduce pilot work load, during normal, abnormal, and 
emergency conditions.
    The AOPA requested that the FAA eliminate the requirement to have a 
functioning autopilot for night VFR and for IFR in visual 
meteorological conditions (VMC) and allow an instrument and multiengine 
rated pilot to act as the safety pilot for an MU-2B PIC flying in IMC. 
Flightline/AmeriCheck, Inc., also requested that operators be allowed 
to conduct operations with two pilots, either two PICs or one PIC and 
one SIC in lieu of a functioning autopilot. Instead of grounding the 
airplane when the autopilot is not functioning, one commenter suggested 
the flight be limited to two qualified pilots; one of which meets the 
part 135 training and checking requirements as a SIC. In addition, one 
person commented that safety would be enhanced by a person in the right 
seat who could assist the PIC with minor duties even though he or she 
may not be MU-2B qualified.
    The MU-2B safety evaluation and the FSB recommended that all 
operators of the MU-2B attend standardized pilot training. Therefore, 
the FAA has determined that a second pilot must meet the training 
requirements of this SFAR in order to provide the equivalent level of 
safety of a functional autopilot. Operators can conduct IFR and night 
VFR operations without a functioning autopilot when using a properly 
trained second-in-command meeting the applicable requirements of this 
SFAR.

[[Page 7042]]

    We also received comments that requested relief from the autopilot 
through the use of a minimum equipment list (MEL). The NBAA commented 
they have long held that two qualified and trained pilots are one of 
the best safety investments in an aircraft and thus support the 
autopilot requirement. But, the NBAA also stated that FAA should 
consider allowing the use of an MEL for a nonfunctioning autopilot. 
Flightline/AmeriCheck, Inc. requested that they be allowed to maintain 
their authorization to defer repair of an inoperative autopilot by 
using their existing FAA-approved MEL.
    The FAA notes that experience has shown the normal operation of 
every system or installed component may not be necessary when the 
remaining operative equipment or other mitigating conditions can 
provide an acceptable level of safety. The FAA also acknowledged that 
operations with inoperative equipment are possible while maintaining an 
acceptable level of safety by requiring appropriate conditions and 
limitations.
    Therefore, the FAA will allow, when provided by existing rules, 
single pilot IFR in VMC conditions under the SFAR with the autopilot 
inoperative under certain conditions. The deferred maintenance and 
repair of the autopilot must be completed in accordance with the repair 
category and provisions specified in the operator's FAA-approved 
Mitsubishi MU-2B MEL, and the operator must obtain FAA approval to use 
a MEL for his or her airplane. This relief does not supersede any 
existing crew requirements for an SIC, including but not limited to 
operations described in 14 CFR 135.99, 135.105, and 135.111. This 
relief will allow operators time to locate parts and facilities for 
repairs, ferry aircraft to repair stations, and complete trips. Under 
certain conditions, the aircraft with an approved MEL will not be 
immediately grounded due to an inoperative autopilot, and operators 
will have a reasonable period of time to make repairs. The FAA has 
changed the rule language to specifically allow for the use of an MEL 
under the SFAR.
    One person stated that if IFR flight is not an option due to a non-
functioning autopilot, the pilot may push the limits of VFR rules to an 
unsafe situation. Another person noted that on long trips, one leg of 
the flight may be delayed if the airplane without a functioning 
autopilot must wait for good weather to avoid flying in IFR conditions. 
The FAA does not agree with the comments that pilots will fly in 
marginal VFR weather (scud run), or delay their trips when their 
autopilots are inoperative. Deferred maintenance and repair of the 
autopilot using an approved MEL will provide an alternative to choosing 
to fly in marginal VFR weather.
    Additional commenters noted that parts for installed autopilots are 
difficult to obtain. The FAA recognizes that parts for the autopilots 
are becoming increasingly scarce and support for the existing 
autopilots may someday end. However, to date, the FAA is unable to 
identify autopilots that cannot be repaired. Additionally, the FAA 
notes new autopilots are under development for the MU-2B.
    One commenter suggested that requiring a functioning autopilot 
modifies the airplane type certification basis. Another commenter 
stated that to require an autopilot defies the certification basis for 
the MU-2B because the airplane was type certificated for single pilot 
operations.
    The FAA notes that the autopilot requirement is an operational 
requirement and not a certification requirement. Furthermore, in most 
of today's modern cockpits, aircraft that are permitted to be operated 
with a single pilot are required to have a functional autopilot 
installed. Requiring an autopilot does not change or modify the 
airplane's original type certification basis.
    Some commenters asked which aspects of the autopilot must be 
functional or, if one facet is not functioning, how the airplane could 
be flown to a repair facility. A commenter said grounding the airplane 
due to a non-functioning autopilot is excessive. The FAA disagrees. A 
functional autopilot is one in which the system and components are 
operative and working properly to accomplish the intended purpose. That 
autopilot is consistently functioning within its approved operating 
limits and design tolerances. Operators have many ways to verify that 
their autopilot is functioning properly including conducting the 
preflight check as described by the manufacturer. Operators can find 
this information in the Supplemental AFM.
    Another pilot recommended additional specific instruction in 
autopilot inoperative strategies during recurrent training.
    The MU-2B training program provides instruction for operation of 
the airplane with and without the autopilot operational. The training 
program requires the pilot to demonstrate proficiency while hand-flying 
the airplane.

Airplane Flight Manual

    The FAA proposed that operators of the MU-2B airplane have on board 
the most recent revision to the AFM. One commenter noted that an out-
of-date AFM is a common problem for many MU-2B airplanes, and was 
confident that the SFAR solves this problem. The SFAR requires the 
operator to have the appropriate AFM on board the airplane and 
accessible during the flight.
    The FAA notes there may be differences between checklist, 
procedures, and techniques found in the MU-2B training program required 
by this SFAR and procedures found in the AFM procedures sections 
(Normal, Abnormal, and Emergency). Until the AFM is updated, a person 
operating the MU-2B must operate the airplane in accordance with the 
required pilot training specified in section 3, paragraphs (a), (b), 
and (g) and the operating requirements of section 7, paragraphs (d) and 
(e). If the AFMs are updated, the FAA may initiate additional 
rulemaking. At that time the FAA may mandate that the operators obtain 
and use the latest version of the AFM. The chart below shows the 
current versions of the AFMs as of the date of publication of the 
SNPRM.

                                MHI Document Number and Revision Level for MU-2B Series Airplane--Airplane Flight Manual
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                        Applicable AFM revision level
              Model                Marketing designation       Type certificate    ---------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                          Document No.        Revision No.           Date issued
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MU-2B-60........................  Marquis................  A10SW..................  MR-0273-1..............              14  July 11, 2005.
MU-2B-40........................  Solitaire..............  A10SW..................  MR-0271-1..............              12  July 11, 2005.
MU-2B-36A.......................  N......................  A10SW..................  MR-0196-1..............              14  July 11, 2005.
MU-2B-36........................  L......................  A2PC...................  YET 74122A.............              12  August 9, 2004.
MU-2B-35........................  J......................  A2PC...................  YET 70186A.............              13  August 9, 2004.
MU-2B-30........................  G......................  A2PC...................  YET 69013A.............              13  August 9, 2004.

[[Page 7043]]


MU-2B-26A.......................  P......................  A10SW..................  MR-0194-1..............              12  July 11, 2005.
MU-2B-26........................  M......................  A2PC...................  YET 74129A.............              12  August 9, 2004.
MU-2B-26........................  M......................  A10SW..................  MR-0160-1..............              10  July 11, 2005.
MU-2B-25........................  K......................  A10SW..................  MR-0156-1..............              10  July 11, 2005.
MU-2B-25........................  K......................  A2PC...................  YET 71367A.............              12  August 9, 2004.
MU-2B-20........................  F......................  A2PC...................  YET 68034A.............              12  August 9, 2004.
MU-2B-10........................  D......................  A2PC...................  YET 86400..............              12  August 9, 2004.
MU-2B...........................  B......................  A2PC...................  YET 67026A.............              12  August 9, 2004.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Checklist

    The FAA proposed and the final rule requires that all operators of 
the MU-2B have a copy of an MU-2B checklist appropriate for the MU-2B 
model being operated on board the airplane, accessible for each flight 
at the pilot station, and used by the flight crewmembers when operating 
the airplane. These checklists must be accepted by the FAA's MU-2B FSB. 
The manufacturer has developed make and model specific checklists for 
each MU-2B model. These checklists have been already accepted by the 
FAA's MU-2B FSB and are appropriate for unmodified versions of the 
models listed. A list of the checklists for the various models of the 
MU-2B series airplane are in section 3 (g), table 1, of this final 
rule.
    A commenter was pleased to see a standardized checklist and added 
that it will result in improved safety. Another commenter stated that 
the checklist should be aircraft specific, which could be accomplished 
by providing a checklist template to be customized to fit the specific 
aircraft.
    During the safety evaluation, FAA test pilots evaluated a 
standardized checklist developed by MHI and found it to be a 
significant safety improvement. A standardized cockpit checklist that 
emphasizes proper operational procedures is critical to the safe 
operation of the MU-2B. The FAA and MHI engineers and test pilots 
carefully considered cockpit layout, flow patterns, crew resource 
management, and pilot work load when determining the checklist items. 
This rule requires that any MU-2B checklist used be accepted by the 
FAA's MU-2B FSB. Operators with airplane configurations different from 
the airplane as originally delivered, or later modified, may submit 
other checklists for review by the FSB.
    Another commenter who has installed an aural checklist in his MU-2B 
asked if this would be prohibited under the SFAR. Yet another suggested 
that the checklist be customized to allow for individual 
configurations.
    In accordance with existing FAA guidance and procedures, the MU-2B 
FSB is responsible for reviewing, and accepting or rejecting any 
checklists submitted by the manufacturer or the public. For the purpose 
of this rule, the term ``approved or accepted'' means the FAA has 
received the proposed checklist, reviewed the checklist content, and 
determined it to be safe for use while operating the MU-2B airplane.
    The MU-2B FSB will review all submitted checklists, including aural 
checklists or those not produced by the manufacturer, if an operator 
has an airplane configuration that is different from that originally 
delivered. This review will conclude with a determination of whether 
the submitted checklist can be accepted. An operator may submit their 
proposed checklist to the MU-2B FSB at the address in the footnote and 
request that the FSB review the checklist for acceptance.\1\ The rule 
language has been changed to reflect this process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ The MU-2B FSB is located at FAA Central Region Headquarters, 
Aircraft Evaluation Group MKC-AEG, Room 332, 901 Locust, Kansas 
City, MO 64106; telephone 816-329-3233.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter said he had reviewed the checklist, and at 162 pages 
it is too long for a pilot to run through before takeoff. Another 
commenter said that the checklist should flow from system to system, 
not as things are arranged in the cockpit.
    The FAA posted to Rules Docket FAA-2006-24981 a sample of the 
manufacturer's checklist for comment. This is one, but not the only, 
possible format that the FAA may accept. This 162-page document 
includes checklists for normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures, but 
also includes instructions for checklist use, an expanded section that 
describes in greater detail the actions required, warnings, notes, and 
cautions. In the back of the binder, there are also performance charts 
that were not previously contained in the AFM. These charts include the 
following: ``Weight for Positive Gradient After Takeoff with Flaps at 5 
or 20 degrees'' and ``Single Engine Rate of Climb with Flaps at 5 or 20 
Degrees.'' These charts are important pre-flight decision making tools 
and using them can enhance safe operation of the airplane. The FAA 
notes that the manufacturer's checklist is comparable in size to those 
of airplanes of similar complexity.
    The FAA stated in the NPRM that we would publish specific 
checklists for each MU-2B model and seek public comment. A checklist 
for each model of the MU-2B airplane has been approved by the FSB. 
These are listed in section 3(g) of the rule.

Costs of the Rule

    Some commenters indicated the costs of the proposed rule are higher 
than those estimated by the FAA. These comments are discussed below by 
issue. For a more complete discussion of costs and benefits, see the 
Final Regulatory Evaluation, which has been placed in Rules Docket FAA-
2006-24981.

Compliance Date

    As discussed earlier in this document, compliance with this final 
rule is required 1 year after publication in the Federal Register.
    Extending the compliance date decreases the requalification 
training for all MU-2B pilots currently receiving training. The 
baseline training cost is the cost of the existing recurrent training 
(rather than zero). In addition, the actual final cost estimate of 
requalification training for those pilots currently getting training is 
reduced by the travel costs and value of travel time to the training 
facility. As a result of extending the compliance date to 1 year, the 
total cost estimate for this SFAR decreases $3 million to $4 million.
    Although some part 135 operators send their MU-2B pilots to 
commercial training providers, many part 135 operators have in-house 
training

[[Page 7044]]

programs and would not incur any travel, lodging, or per diem costs. 
The analysis in the final regulatory evaluation does not reflect this 
potential lower cost, but recognizes that the cost estimate is a 
potential overestimate of the actual costs because many MU-2B pilots 
flying under part 135 would not incur travel, lodging, or per diem 
costs.

Value of Aircraft

    One commenter stated the FAA will ``kill'' the value of the MU-2B, 
and he could not afford to walk away from a $400,000 investment he 
could not use or sell. In related comments, other persons stated the 
loss of value could be more than $100,000 per airplane. In contrast, 
another commenter stated he ``welcomed the FAA intervention'' in hope 
that we might be able to put the safety issue behind us and restore 
lost value to the MU-2B fleet.
    The FAA is requiring MU-2B pilots (with a minimum of either 50 
hours PIC time in the MU-2B in the last 2 years or 500 total hours in 
the MU-2B) to receive requalification training. This will entail a 
total additional cost including lodging, meals, incidental expenses, 
and value of time of approximately $5,000 for pilots currently getting 
training, or $13,000 for pilots not currently getting training. Pilots 
will also be required to receive annual recurrent training in the 
future, at a total additional cost of about $2,000 per year for pilots 
currently getting training or $10,000 per year for pilots not currently 
getting training. Such a safety expense is very small compared with a 
$400,000 airplane.
    The MU-2B price was falling before the proposed rule was issued. 
Several factors, including the poor MU-2B safety record, higher 
maintenance costs, less availability of parts, and newer products with 
better capabilities, may help explain the falling price of MU-2Bs.

Impact of Aircraft Value Loss on Business

    A commenter complained, ``Our fleet value has dropped 
significantly. Our MU-2Bs are a standalone division of the company. If 
the MU-2B division can not turn a profit, the business division will be 
shut down. Pilots and mechanics will be let go.''
    The decision to shut down a certain division is a business decision 
that is not based on the value of the MU-2B. The value of existing 
capital is not relevant in the decision to continue to provide current 
services. The value of capital is relevant in the determination of the 
shutdown value of a business. The FAA does not believe this rule will 
force companies out of business. As shown in Regulatory Flexibility 
Analysis, found in the Final Regulatory Evaluation, the pilot training 
cost is estimated to be greater than 2 percent of annual revenues for 
one small entity operator, and greater than 1 percent of annual 
revenues for five small entity operators. (Refer to Table RF-5 in the 
Final Regulatory Evaluation in Rules Docket FAA-2006-24981.)

Recurrent Training Cost

    A commenter stated that the cost of recurrent training should be 
reviewed. He found the price of recurrent training not $1,937 per pilot 
as estimated in the NPRM, but $4,100 at SimCom.
    In the NPRM, the FAA estimated that the average additional cost per 
pilot for recurrent training would be $1,937. This is in addition to 
the current cost the pilot is paying for recurrent training. ($4,100 + 
$1,937 = $6,037) The existing 3-day recurrent training course at SimCom 
costs $4,100 (refer to Table 3 in the Regulatory Evaluation of the 
NPRM). The FAA estimated that the future recurrent training cost at 
SimCom would be $4,600 and that the training would spill over into a 
4th day (refer to Table 4 in the NPRM's Initial Regulatory Evaluation). 
So the total additional cost for the recurrent training course alone is 
$500 ($4,600-$4,100 = $500). The average per diem costs (i.e., lodging, 
meals, and incidental expenses) in Orlando, FL is $137 per day based on 
the 2006 federal government per diem rates (refer to Tables 5 and 6). 
The total additional cost for the recurrent training course plus the 
additional day of lodging, meals, and incidental expenses would be $637 
($500 + $137 = $637). The additional costs due to travel (round trip 
travel costs and the value of travel time) are zero because the student 
would incur the same travel costs to attend the training. Since student 
pilots would be spending an additional day in recurrent training, the 
estimated value of time for the additional day is $288.51 (8 hours x 
$36.06 average hourly value of time = $288.51). The $36.06 average 
hourly value of time is an average of the hourly value of travel time 
savings for general aviation purposes \2\ and the mean annual wage of 
Commercial Pilots of small fixed or rotary winged aircraft.\3\ Hence, 
the total additional cost for an existing student in the recurrent 
training program at SimCom would be about $925 ($637 + $288.51 = 
$925.51).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Economic Values for FAA Investment and Regulatory 
Decisions--A Guide, Draft Final Report, December 31, 2004.
    \3\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and 
Wages, May 2005.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The FAA conducted a similar analysis for existing students at 
Howell Enterprises and at Professional Flight Training, and then 
conducted a weighted average of the additional costs per pilot at these 
3 training facilities and arrived at an average additional cost of 
$1,937 per pilot. The total per pilot costs of training at Howell 
Enterprises and at Professional Flight Training are higher than at 
SimCom because these training facilities conduct the training in the 
customer's airplane. Hence, the FAA included the additional MU-2B 
variable operating cost of $900 per hour, which is based on a cost 
study of the Mitsubishi Marquise conducted by Howell Enterprises. In 
contrast, SimCom provides recurrent training in simulators, and 
students at SimCom would not incur any additional MU-2B operating 
costs.

Training Cost Estimates

    Several commenters stated that the estimates in the SFAR are 
unrealistic. They said the real costs for requalification training will 
be in excess of $20,000 and the annual recurrent training cost would be 
in excess of $8,000.
    The estimates in the initial regulatory evaluation were the 
additional costs that a pilot would incur due to this rule. If a pilot 
has been getting recurrent training, the FAA estimated that his 
additional cost for recurrent training due to this rule would be 
$1,937. If a pilot has not been getting recurrent training, and will be 
forced to do so now, the FAA estimates that the cost of recurrent 
training for this pilot would be $9,889. Hence, the existing cost of 
recurrent training is approximately $8,000 ($9,889-$1,937 = $7,952). 
The FAA estimated in the NPRM that the average total costs for 
requalification training would be $12,604. (Refer to Table 8 in the 
NPRM's Initial Regulatory Evaluation.) Requalification training is more 
expensive than recurrent training, but it is not 2.5 times the cost of 
recurrent training. The commenters have not provided any supporting 
justification to show that the cost of requalification training is 
really $20,000 plus.
    After accounting for the increased compliance time and other 
revisions to the rule, the FAA estimates that the additional cost of 
requalification training for pilots currently getting training would be 
around $5,000 per pilot. (Refer to Table 8 in the Final Regulatory 
Evaluation of the Final Rule.)

[[Page 7045]]

Instructor Costs

    A commenter stated MU-2B instructors cost $100 per hour, not $50 
per hour. Also this commenter claimed there were costs associated with 
fuel, related airplane costs, and housing related to the training.
    The FAA agrees that MU-2B instructor rates are approximately $100 
per hour. However, the additional costs for pilots to attend the 
training program are not based on an instructor hourly rate. Instead, 
they are based on the costs of the training programs. (Refer to Table 3 
in the Regulatory Evaluation.) As explained above, the FAA estimated 
total per pilot costs including training costs, MU-2B operating costs 
(if training is done in the airplane), lodging, food and incidental 
expenses, transportation to the training venue, the value of training 
time, and the value of travel time. The FAA estimated the MU-2B 
variable operating costs to be $900 per hour. This figure includes the 
cost of fuel, maintenance, avionics, engine reserve for overhaul and 
hot section, and propeller reserve. This figure does not include fixed 
costs and other costs such as hangar rent, crew costs, interest, or 
insurance costs.
    The $50 per hour instructor rate used on page 24 in the Initial 
Regulatory Evaluation of the NPRM is the average instructor rate for an 
inexpensive multi-engine airplane, such as a Piper Seneca. This rate 
was used to estimate the costs of the proposed rule requiring pilots to 
log at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command (PIC) time in multi-engine 
airplanes. Because the operating cost of the MU-2B is $900 per hour and 
the rental rate for a Piper Seneca is about $200 per hour, the FAA 
estimated that any pilot who needed to meet the requirement of 100 
hours of PIC time in multi-engine airplanes could do so in a lower cost 
Piper Seneca, and also pay a lower Piper Seneca instructor rate of $50 
per hour.
    The FAA notes that the $50 per hour instructor rate was used 
incorrectly in the Paperwork Reduction Act Assessment, and has made the 
appropriate changes to reflect the MU-2B instructor rate of $100 per 
hour in the PRA Assessment.

Autopilot Cost

    Some commenters found the autopilot costs to be underestimated. 
They stated that maintaining an autopilot would cost $18,000 per 1,500 
flight hours. Other commenters stated the cost of an autopilot would be 
between $50,000 and $120,000 per airplane. MU-2 Aircraft Owners and 
Pilots Association and other commenters stated the average cost of an 
autopilot would be $75,000. The FAA received a single comment from one 
operator who stated he does not have an autopilot installed.
    In the Initial Regulatory Evaluation, the FAA estimated the 
proposed rule would impose no additional costs with regard to the 
purchase or maintenance of autopilots. Based on information from 
industry, all MU-2Bs currently had functioning autopilots, and the FAA 
estimated these MU-2B owners would continue to maintain their 
autopilots in the future. The FAA was unaware that one part 135 
operator did not have an autopilot, and would need to install and 
maintain an autopilot in order to fly single pilot IFR. The FAA has 
made the appropriate changes to reflect this new information in the 
Final Regulatory Evaluation and in the Regulatory Flexibility 
Assessment using an average autopilot cost of $75,000 and maintenance 
costs of $18,000 per 1,500 flight hours. The FAA also states that this 
operator still has the option of flying with two MU-2B pilots or not 
flying single pilot IFR or night VFR.
    One commenter (a part 135 operator) stated that the FAA did not 
include an economic impact analysis of the cost (and weight penalty) of 
a second crewmember.
    Under the existing part 135 regulations, a second crewmember is 
required for passenger-carrying operations. In contrast, only one 
crewmember is required to carry cargo. This new rule would require that 
an airplane flown under part 135 regulations have an autopilot, which 
is less expensive than the cost of a second crewmember. A part 135 
operator may choose to have a second crewmember for a cargo operation, 
but the FAA is not requiring it.
    Other commenters stated autopilots and parts will not be supported 
by the manufacturer for much longer, certain parts are in short supply, 
and a replacement autopilot is very expensive.
    The FAA believes if the supply of replacement parts for autopilots 
were to become extremely scarce, a new company would produce 
replacement parts to meet the increased demand.
    Some commenters stated that without being able to use existing MEL 
relief when autopilots must be deferred, the associated additional 
costs could easily make continued operation of these aircraft 
economically unfeasible.
    The FAA is clarifying that MU-2B owner/operators will still have 
the ability to MEL the autopilot.

Discounting Method

    One commenter stated the 7% discounting method used in the SFAR 
economic impact analysis does not work in the real world where 
companies adjust their cost for inflation.
    The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) permits benefit-cost 
analyses to be conducted in either nominal/current dollars or in 
constant dollars of a particular year.\4\ Effects of inflation are 
excluded by choosing either nominal/current dollars or constant dollars 
and avoiding mixing-up both in the same analysis and by using a nominal 
discount rate if the analysis is conducted in nominal dollars and a 
real discount rate if the analysis is conducted in constant dollars. 
OMB implies a preference for the use of constant dollars unless most of 
the underlying values are initially available in nominal dollars. 
Because we use constant dollars in this Regulatory Evaluation, we apply 
a real discount rate of 7 percent (in accordance with OMB Circular A-
94).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ ``OMB Circular A-94'' (Revised--October 29, 1992) p. 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The present value methodology accounts for the characteristic that 
benefits and costs occur over a number of years. It explicitly 
recognizes that otherwise equal benefits or costs which occur at 
different points in time will not be equal when viewed from a common 
point in time. Generally, the present value of a benefit will be worth 
more the sooner it is received, and the present value of a cost will be 
less the longer it is deferred.

Part 135 Checks (Sec. Sec.  135.293, 135.297, and 135.299)

    One commenter stated that the 135 pilot qualified in a single 
aircraft type receives a minimum of 3 hours of in-flight testing a 
year, and the number of hours of training as needed. Part 135 
operations require one Sec.  135.293 aircraft competency check within 
the preceding 12 months, two Sec.  135.297 instrument proficiency 
checks in a 12-month period, and one Sec.  135.299 line check within 
the preceding 12 months. Credit for the successful completion of the 
Sec.  135.293 check is not allowed in the proposed rule (although Sec.  
135.351(c) allows it to satisfy the recurrent flight training 
requirement). This creates an unnecessary economic burden for 
businesses that make their living flying the MU-2B.
    The FAA agrees with the commenter and will allow checks for 
Sec. Sec.  135.293, 135.297, and 135.299 to count also for the 
corresponding requirements under this SFAR. Up to 3 hours can be 
double-counted as training under this SFAR. However, the checker must 
sign those elements of the MU-2B Final Phase

[[Page 7046]]

Check in accordance with the training program requirements in order for 
those hours to count. In addition, the pilot must still meet all of the 
other training requirements under this SFAR, even if that pilot exceeds 
the minimum number of training hours required.

Simultaneous Training and Checking

    Several commenters wanted the FAA to allow for simultaneous 
training and checking, and to allow all SFAR training to satisfy 
requirements for the biennial flight review.
    The FAA will allow for simultaneous training and checking in 
requalification and recurrent training. Regarding the biennial flight 
review, SFAR training completed in an MU-2B airplane would satisfy 
requirements for the biennial flight review. The Regulatory Evaluation 
states that there are no additional costs for the flight review 
requirement because pilots are already required to comply with 14 CFR 
61.56. Furthermore, Howell Enterprises already provides a flight review 
as part of the recurrent training course.

Training to Proficiency

    Many commenters wanted to train to proficiency instead of training 
to a set number of hours of training. The commenters also noted that 
the number of hours proposed is too much for some pilots and too little 
for others.
    The FAA recognizes that for current and proficient MU-2B pilots, 
the proposal could be more expensive than training to proficiency. 
However, the FAA is adopting the proposal for these reasons. (1) After 
carefully reviewing existing training programs and the proposed MHI 
training program, the FAA determined that the training program hour 
requirements represent the minimum number of hours required to reach an 
acceptable level of safety and proficiency. (2) The MU-2B training 
program requires that the student complete a minimum number of program 
hours and that the student is trained to commercial pilot practical 
test standards (the FAA's Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards is 
used as a guide to determine pilot proficiency under the MU-2B training 
program). (3) The FAA has monitored the completion times for training 
conducted using the MHI training program since it was approved, and 
this monitoring validated the number of training hours proposed.
    A commenter stated although he can continue to receive training in 
the simulator (FTD), none of the approved training providers will 
provide training in a self-insured aircraft. This commenter finds 
completion of a Sec.  61.56 flight review in an MU-2B will impose a 
significant additional economic cost on self-insured operators as they 
will be forced either to rent a commercially insured aircraft for the 
flight review or to insure their aircraft in the commercial market at a 
cost that may well render it economically unfeasible to continue to own 
an MU-2B.
    The FAA is not requiring that MU-2B owners/operators buy insurance. 
It is the MU-2B owner/operator's choice to obtain insurance or not. A 
self-insured MU-2B owner/operator can still obtain a Sec.  61.56 flight 
review in that owner/operator's MU-2B from a flight instructor, a 
designated pilot examiner, a check airman, or a FAA FSDO Principal 
Operations Inspector that is MU-2B current. The commenter is not 
limited to using the services of the three training providers named in 
the regulatory evaluation.
New Training Program Costs
    A commenter noted Reece Howell's requalification tuition is 
currently $4,000. SimCom's new initial course is 9 days long.
    The FAA has verified this new information on the Web sites for 
Howell Enterprises and SimCom. The FAA also notes that Howell 
Enterprises is charging $7,000 for a 7-day initial training course, 
$3,000 for a 3-day recurrent training course, and $4,000 for a 4-day 
requalification course. The FAA has revised the cost estimates 
accordingly in the Regulatory Evaluation, and costs increased about 
$600,000 due to these revisions.
    One commenter thinks the SFAR would have prevented approximately 4 
accidents in the past 20 years, would cause an additional 2 accidents 
over the next 20 years, and would have a net reduction of 2 fatal 
accidents over the next 20 years.
    The FAA disagrees. FAA safety inspectors, pilots, and mechanics 
examined the MU-2B accident history along with root causes and 
determined that 15 MU-2B accidents over 10 years could have been 
prevented if this SFAR had been in place.

Effect of the SFAR on the Environment

    One commenter noted that each additional hour of mandated flight 
training would burn valuable jet fuel. A qualified MU-2B pilot can fly 
the new procedures in a little over 2 hours. This SFAR mandated 
training would mean that 600+ pilots would burn 324,000 gallons of jet 
fuel with accompanying jet fumes unnecessarily entering our 
environment. Part 91 pilots and an unknown number of MU-2B qualified 
check airmen could double this number. This commenter finds such a 
large misuse of any fuel in an age of dependency on foreign oil absurd, 
and believes that the FAA has not addressed this problem.
    FAA Order 1050.1E identifies FAA actions that are categorically 
excluded from the National Environmental Policy Act for preparation of 
an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement in the 
absence of extraordinary circumstances. The FAA has reviewed paragraph 
304 of this Order, Extraordinary Circumstances, before deciding to 
categorically exclude this rulemaking. During this review, the FAA 
determined that there are no extraordinary circumstances that would 
prevent a categorical exclusion. The FAA has determined this rulemaking 
action qualifies for the categorical exclusion identified in paragraphs 
307a, 312d, and 312f. The FAA also notes that all part 135 operators 
and most part 91 operators are already receiving annual pilot training. 
The training required by this SFAR standardizes this training and 
experience requirements of those conducting the training but does not 
significantly increase the amount of training already being done.

Expiration Date

    One commenter said the FAA should make the SFAR expire in 5 years 
and review the SFAR after 4 years to see if it is effective and still 
needed. The FAA will monitor the implementation of the SFAR and its 
effectiveness on a regular basis and at intervals much shorter than the 
4 years proposed by the commenter.

Airworthiness Directives

    Three commenters questioned whether it makes sense to add the 
economic costs of this training rule to the recently imposed financial 
burden that the MU-2B operators will incur from the 7 ADs issued in 
2006. The FAA's 2005 Safety Evaluation concluded that the existing ADs 
were not issued to address the training and operational experience 
requirements that the FAA found necessary to lower the accident rate.

Comments Not Directly Related to the Proposed Rule

    Several comments were submitted that did not address the proposed 
requirements in the NPRM. Some commenters offered suggestions that are 
outside the scope of the proposal and cannot be adopted without a 
reopening of the comment period in a new NPRM.
    Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of America (MHIA) stated its opposition 
to descriptions of emergency procedures that compared their airplane to 
other

[[Page 7047]]

airplane models contained in the preamble of the NPRM. The final rule 
preamble omits this general comparison.
    A commenter submitted questions about a workshop held for 
commercial MU-2B operators addressing implementation of the FSB report 
for part 135 operations. The FAA responded only to the portions of this 
letter that directly addressed the content of the proposed rule.
    One commenter stated that the FAA should do an ``unintended 
consequences study'' for the proposed rule, considering such issues as 
devaluing the airplane, change in pilot population, forcing flights 
into low level VFR environment, and oversight costs. The FAA has 
addressed these issues within various sections of the preamble. The FAA 
is not aware of any unintended consequences and the commenters did not 
raise any. The FAA does not intend to conduct a specific study.

Economic Assessment, Regulatory Flexibility Determination, Trade Impact 
Assessment, and Unfunded Mandates Assessment

    Changes to Federal regulations must undergo several economic 
analyses. First, Executive Order 12866 directs that each Federal agency 
shall propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned determination 
that the benefits of the intended regulation justify its costs. Second, 
the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-354) requires 
agencies to analyze the economic impact of regulatory changes on small 
entities. Third, the Trade Agreements Act (Pub. L. 96-39) prohibits 
agencies from setting standards that create unnecessary obstacles to 
the foreign commerce of the United States. In developing U.S. 
standards, this Trade Act requires agencies to consider international 
standards and, where appropriate, that they be the basis of U.S. 
standards. Fourth, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 
104-4) requires agencies to prepare a written assessment of the costs, 
benefits, and other effects of proposed or final rules that include a 
Federal mandate likely to result in the expenditure by State, local, or 
tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 
million or more annually (adjusted for inflation with base year of 
1995). This portion of the preamble summarizes the FAA's analysis of 
the economic impacts of this final rule. We suggest readers seeking 
greater detail read the full final regulatory evaluation, a copy of 
which we have placed in the rules docket for this rulemaking (FAA-2006-
24981).
    In conducting these analyses, FAA has determined that this final 
rule: (1) Has benefits that justify its costs, (2) is not an 
economically ``significant regulatory action'' as defined in section 
3(f) of Executive Order 12866, (3) is not ``significant'' for the OMB 
but is ``significant'' for the DOT because of its impact on small 
entities; (4) will have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities; (5) will not have a significant effect on 
international trade; and (6) will not impose an unfunded mandate on 
state, local, or tribal governments, or on the private sector by 
exceeding the threshold identified above. These analyses are summarized 
below.

Total Costs and Benefits of This Rule

    The estimated cost of this final rule is about $25.9 million ($17.4 
million in present value terms), and the estimated benefit is about 
$76.0 million ($49.3 million in present value terms). More detailed 
benefit and cost information is provided below.

Who Is Potentially Affected by This Rule

    All pilots and operators of the Mitsubishi MU-2B are affected by 
this rulemaking. (This also includes flight instructors, designated 
pilot examiners, training center evaluators, and check airmen.)
    Assumptions:
     Discount rate--7%. Sensitivity analysis was performed on 
3% and 7%.
     Period of Analysis--2008 through 2017.

Benefits of This Rule

    We estimate the final rule will provide benefits of $76.0 million 
($49.3 million in present value) from 2008 through 2017. In the absence 
of the requirements contained in this final rule, future accidents will 
occur on MU-2B airplanes in a manner similar to what has happened in 
the past. A key benefit of the final rule will be the avoidance of 
these accidents. Details of the benefit analysis are found in Section V 
of the Final Regulatory Evaluation in Rules Docket FAA-2006-24981.

Costs of This Rule

    The FAA estimates the compliance costs of this final rule to be 
about $25.9 million ($17.4 million in present value). The table below 
shows a breakdown of these total costs by category.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        Category                               Total
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pilot Training Costs....................................     $24,978,000
Aeronautical Experience.................................         755,000
Instruction, Checking and Evaluating....................               0
Currency Requirements and Flight Review.................               0
Operating Requirements..................................         157,000
                                                         ---------------
    Grand Total Costs (undiscounted)....................      25,890,000
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Regulatory Flexibility Determination

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-354) (RFA) 
establishes ``as a principle of regulatory issuance that agencies shall 
endeavor, consistent with the objectives of the rule and of applicable 
statutes, to fit regulatory and informational requirements to the scale 
of the businesses, organizations, and governmental jurisdictions 
subject to regulation. To achieve this principle, agencies are required 
to solicit and consider flexible regulatory proposals and to explain 
the rationale for their actions to assure that such proposals are given 
serious consideration.'' The RFA covers a wide-range of small entities, 
including small businesses, not-for-profit organizations, and small 
governmental jurisdictions.
    Agencies must perform a review to determine whether a rule will 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. If the agency determines that it will, the agency must 
prepare a final regulatory flexibility analysis.
    The FAA believes that this final rule will result in a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The purpose 
of this analysis is to provide the reasoning underlying the FAA 
determination.
    Under Section 604 of the RFA, each final regulatory flexibility 
analysis (FRFA) shall contain:
    (1) A succinct statement of the need for, and objectives of, the 
rule;
    (2) A summary of the significant issues raised by the public 
comments in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis, a 
summary of the assessment of the agency of such issues, and a statement 
of any changes made in the proposed rule as a result of such comments;
    (3) A description of and an estimate of the number of small 
entities to which the rule will apply or an explanation of why no such 
estimate is available;
    (4) A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping and 
other compliance requirements of the rule, including an estimate of the 
classes of small entities which will be subject to the requirement and 
the type of professional skills necessary for preparation of the report 
or record; and
    (5) A description of the steps the agency has taken to minimize the

[[Page 7048]]

significant economic impact on small entities consistent with the 
stated objectives of applicable statutes, including a statement of the 
factual, policy, and legal reasons for selecting the alternative 
adopted in the final rule and why each one of the other significant 
alternatives to the rule considered by the agency which affect the 
impact on small entities was rejected.
    In accordance with section 604, we address each component for this 
FRFA.
    (1) A succinct statement of the need for, and objectives of, the 
rule
    Under Title 49 of the United States Code, the FAA Administrator is 
required to consider the following matters, among others, as being in 
the public interest:
     Assigning, maintaining, and enhancing safety and security 
as the highest priorities in air commerce. [See 49 U.S.C. 40101(d)(1).]
     Promoting the safe flight of civil aircraft in air 
commerce by prescribing regulations that are necessary for safety. [See 
49 U.S.C. 44701(a)(5).]
     Additionally, it is the FAA Administrator's statutory duty 
to carry out his or her responsibilities ``in a way that best tends to 
reduce or eliminate the possibility or recurrence of accidents in air 
transportation.'' [See 49 U.S.C. 44701(c).]
    This Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) creates new pilot 
training, experience, and operating requirements for persons operating 
the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane (MU-2B). These requirements follow 
an increased accident and incident rate in the MU-2B and are based on a 
Federal Aviation Administration safety evaluation of the MU-2B. This 
SFAR mandates additional training, experience, and operating 
requirements to improve the level of operational safety for the MU-2B.
    (2) A summary of the significant issues raised by the public 
comments in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis, a 
summary of the assessment of the agency of such issues, and a statement 
of any changes made in the proposed rule as a result of such comments
    1. Almost all commenters stated that the proposed compliance date 
of 180 days after the effective date of the final rule would adversely 
impact all pilots and training providers, and requested that the 
compliance date be extended to one year from the date of the final 
rule.
    The FAA agrees and has made the appropriate changes in the final 
rule. A one-year compliance date provides a substantially longer 
transition period for both pilots and training providers, which reduces 
compliance costs.
    2. One commenter stated that the FAA will kill the value of the MU-
2B, and that he could not afford to walk away from a $400,000 
investment that he could not use or sell. In related comments, other 
people stated that the loss of value could be more than $100,000 per 
airplane.
    The commenter's concern would be completely valid if the FAA 
grounded the MU-2B because of the high accident rate. While that was 
seriously considered, we concluded that the training program will solve 
the accident problem.
    The training program contained in this final rule includes ground 
and flight training for four different categories: Initial/transition, 
requalification, recurrent, and differences training. The estimated 
cost for Initial/transition training is approximately $25,000. 
Requalification cost for pilots currently getting training is roughly 
$5,000, and $13,000 for pilots not currently getting training. The 
recurrent training is about $2,000 per year additional for pilots 
currently getting training or $10,000 per year for pilots not currently 
getting training. Such an expense is very small compared with a 
$400,000 airplane and the accident rates that accompany the current 
deficiencies.
    Lastly, the MU-2B price was falling before the rule was proposed. 
Several factors including the MU-2B safety record, higher maintenance 
costs, less availability of parts, and newer products with better 
capabilities may help explain the falling price of MU-2Bs.
    3. A commenter indicated that the fleet value dropped significantly 
and that the MU-2Bs are a standalone division of the company. If the 
MU-2B division can not turn a profit, the business division will be 
shut down. Pilots and mechanics will be let go.
    Again, the training costs are substantially lower than the value of 
the aircraft. The decision to shut down a certain division is a 
business decision that is not based solely on the value of the MU-2B. 
Although the value of a piece of capital equipment is useful in 
determining the assets of a business, the value of existing capital 
equipment is not relevant in a firm's decision to continue operations. 
The FAA does not believe this rule will force companies out of 
business.
    4. A commenter stated that although we can continue to receive 
training in the simulator (FTD), none of the approved training 
providers will provide training in a self-insured aircraft. Requiring 
completion of a Sec.  61.56 flight review in a MU-2B will, at best, 
impose a significant additional economic cost on self-insured operators 
as they will be forced either to rent a commercially insured aircraft 
for the flight review or to insure their aircraft in the commercial 
market at a cost that may well render it economically unfeasible to 
continue to own an MU-2B.
    The FAA is not requiring that MU-2B owner/operators get insurance. 
It is the MU-2B owner/operator's choice to get insurance or not. A 
self-insured MU-2B owner/operator can still obtain a Sec.  61.56 flight 
review in that owner/operator's MU-2B from a flight instructor, a 
designated pilot examiner, a check airman, or a FAA FSDO Principal 
Operations Inspector that is MU-2B current.
    (3) A description of and an estimate of the number of small 
entities to which the rule will apply or an explanation of why no such 
estimate is available
    In conducting this final regulatory flexibility analysis we 
incorporate the most recent data from the aircraft registry (December, 
2007). The size standards from the Small Business Administration for 
Air Transportation and Aircraft Manufacturing, specifies companies as 
small entities if they have fewer than 1,500 employees.
    In conducting our analysis, we considered the economic impact on 
small-business entities. While there are no scheduled commercial 
operators (part 121) of the MU-2B airplane, there are small business 
owners of MU-2Bs who operate under part 91 or 135.
    The part 91 operations of the MU-2B are either as a personal-use 
airplane or are for companies that operate them where aviation is not 
their primary business. Part 91 operations are not for hire or flown 
for profit. Part 135 operations are commuter or ``on demand'' 
operations.
    In many cases employee data for owners and operators of aircraft 
(especially the aircraft operated in part 91), affected by this rule is 
not public.
    Using publicly available data, there are 14 U.S. MU-2B operators, 
with less than 1,500 employees, who operate 61 airplanes. This equates 
to roughly 4 aircraft per operator.
    Corporations are the registered owners of 306 MU-2Bs. Based upon 
the publicly available data, the total number of affected small 
entities ranges from 77 (4 airplanes/firm) to 245. The majority of the 
corporations operate the MU-2B in part 91 service, meaning aviation is 
not the primary business, and the airplane is not for hire. Publicly 
available information is scarce about these corporations. For this 
analysis we

[[Page 7049]]

assume the worst case scenario that each of these firms are small 
businesses and will incur compliance costs as a result of this final 
rule.
    In addition to the owners of the affected aircraft, companies that 
train pilots will themselves have to train their current MU-2B 
instructors to this new standard. The FAA has determined that it is 
essential that all flight training be conducted per a single 
standardized training program that reflects piloting procedures as 
found in the MU-2B training program. Based on our discussions with MU-
2B pilot training centers we established that they will continue 
providing their MU-2B instructors with the latest training available. 
We believe that most MU-2B pilot training centers are small businesses 
but this final rule will result in offsetting training revenue 
exceeding their training costs.
    (4) A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping and 
other compliance requirements of the rule, including an estimate of the 
classes of small entities which will be subject to the requirement and 
the type of professional skills necessary for preparation of the report 
or record
    Reporting & Recordkeeping Requirements: A flight instructor must 
complete the form ``Training Course Final Phase Check'' at the end of 
each training course. The FAA estimates that it will take an instructor 
five minutes per pilot to complete the form.
    An instructor must endorse a MU-2B pilot's logbook upon successful 
completion of training. The FAA estimates that it will take an 
instructor five minutes per pilot to endorse a pilot's logbook.
    A copy of the airplane checklist must be accessible during each 
flight at the pilot station. The FAA estimates that the cost of a 
checklist will be about $200 and that the checklist will be ordered 
over a 2-year period.
    Training Requirements: Depending on a pilot's current training, the 
rule will require a training program that includes ground and flight 
training in different categories. The following table summarizes 
potential per pilot costs and the associated categories:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Initial training   Requalification     Recurrent cost
                     Pilot category                             cost          training cost         per year
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional Costs for MU-2 pilots with training.........  .................             $4,930             $1,875
Costs for MU-2 pilots without training.................  .................             12,882              9,826
Costs for Initial/Transition pilots....................            $25,376  .................              9,826
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (5) A description of the steps the agency has taken to minimize the 
significant economic impact on small entities consistent with the 
stated objectives of applicable statutes, including a statement of the 
factual, policy, and legal reasons for selecting the alternative 
adopted in the final rule and why each one of the other significant 
alternatives to the rule considered by the agency which affect the 
impact on small entities was rejected
    We considered the following alternatives:
    Alternative One: This alternative would prohibit all operations of 
the MU-2B series airplane within the National Airspace System. Although 
legislation requiring this alternative was not passed, it was an 
alternative explored by Congress. Upon our examination, we have 
determined that there is not sufficient justification to ground the 
airplane if the requirements contained in the rule become final. The 
airplane meets its original type certification basis as found in three 
type certification analyses (Special Certification Reviews conducted in 
1984, 1997, and the Safety Evaluation of 2005 that found that the 
airplane complies with the applicable certification regulations).
    Alternative Two: This alternative would have kept the requirements 
contained in the final rule, except that it would require an aircraft 
type rating for the MU-2B, but remove requalification training. This 
alternative would not fully accomplish our safety objective and would 
not meet the FAA's goal of ensuring that all MU-2B pilots receive 
continued training in the accepted procedures for normal, abnormal, and 
emergency operations.
    Alternative Three: This alternative would have kept the proposed 
SFAR, and in addition, require a second pilot. Requiring a second pilot 
for all MU-2B airplanes would be a substantially more costly option 
than the SFAR training and autopilot requirements (single-pilot IFR 
operations and night VFR operations will be required to have a 
functioning autopilot). In addition, the FAA has determined that use of 
an autopilot provides a level of safety comparable to a two-pilot crew 
and therefore does not propose requiring a second crew member. An 
operator has the option of running a two-pilot crew to enhance safety, 
but the FAA will not require it.

International Trade Impact Assessment

    The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (Pub. L. 96-39) prohibits Federal 
agencies from establishing any standards or engaging in related 
activities that create unnecessary obstacles to the foreign commerce of 
the United States. Legitimate domestic objectives, such as safety, are 
not considered unnecessary obstacles. The statute also requires 
consideration of international standards and, where appropriate, that 
they be the basis for U.S. standards. The FAA has assessed the 
potential effect of this final rule and determined that it responds to 
a domestic safety objective and is not considered an unnecessary 
barrier to trade.

Unfunded Mandates Assessment

    Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-
4) requires each Federal agency to prepare a written statement 
assessing the effects of any Federal mandate in a proposed or final 
agency rule that may result in an expenditure of $100 million or more 
(adjusted annually for inflation with the base year 1995) in any one 
year by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by 
the private sector; such a mandate is deemed to be a ``significant 
regulatory action.'' The FAA currently uses an inflation-adjusted value 
of $128.1 million in lieu of $100 million.
    One commenter stated that ``taken as a whole'' the requirements of 
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 did apply. The FAA 
disagrees because the rule involves a value less than $128.1 million. 
This final rule does not contain such a mandate; therefore, the 
requirements of Title II do not apply.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    As required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 
3507(d)), the FAA has submitted a copy of the new (or amended) 
information collection requirements(s) in this final rule to the Office 
of Management and Budget for its review. Affected parties, however, do 
not have to comply with the information collection requirements until 
the FAA publishes in the Federal Register the control number assigned 
by

[[Page 7050]]

the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for these information 
collection requirements. Publication of the control number notifies the 
public that OMB has approved these information collection requirements 
under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995.
     A certificated flight instruction (CFI) must complete the 
form ``Training Course Final Phase Check'' at the end of each training 
course. The FAA estimates that it will take a CFI 5 minutes per pilot 
to complete the form. Since there are about 600 MU-2B pilots, this will 
take a total of 50 hours per year. At an average MU-2B CFI hourly rate 
of $100 and an average value of time at $36.06 per hour, the total 
yearly cost of this requirement is $6,806 (600 pilots x 5/60 hours x 
($100 per hour + $36.06 value of time per hour) = $6,806).
     A CFI must endorse an MU-2B pilot's logbook upon 
successful completion of training. The FAA estimates that it will take 
a CFI 5 minutes per pilot to endorse a pilot's logbook. Since there are 
about 600 MU-2B pilots, this will take a total of 50 hours per year. At 
an average MU-2B CFI hourly rate of $100 and an average value of time 
at $36.06 per hour, the total yearly cost of this requirement is $6,806 
(600 pilots x 5/60 hours x ($100 per hour + $36.06 value of time per 
hour) = $6,806).
     A copy of the airplane checklist must be accessible during 
each flight at the pilot station. The FAA estimates that the cost of a 
checklist will be about $200 and that the checklist will be ordered 
over a 2-year period. We assume it takes an operator 10 minutes to 
order a checklist, and the cost of the checklist will be about $64,069 
(311 MU-2B airplanes x $200/checklist x ($36.06 hourly value of time x 
10/60 hours)). Annually, this cost would be $32,031 ($64,069 / 2 
years).
    Total PRA Results for the Final Rule:
    Average Total Annual Cost Burden: Approximately $45,641.
    Average Total Annual Hour Burden: Approximately 101 hours.
    An agency may not collect or sponsor the collection of information, 
nor may it impose an information collection requirement unless it 
displays a currently valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
control number.

Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    The FAA has analyzed this final rule under the principles and 
criteria of Executive Order 13132, Federalism. We determined that this 
action would not have a substantial direct effect on the States, on the 
relationship between the national Government and the States, or on the 
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government, and therefore would not have federalism implications.

Regulations Affecting Intrastate Aviation in Alaska

    Section 1205 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 1996 (110 Stat. 
3213) requires the FAA, when changing regulations in title 14 of the 
CFR in manner affecting intrastate aviation in Alaska, to consider the 
extent to which Alaska is not served by transportation modes other than 
aviation, and to establish such regulatory distinctions as he or she 
considers appropriate. The FAA received no comments specific to Alaska.

Environmental Analysis

    FAA Order 1050.1E identifies FAA actions that are categorically 
excluded from preparation of an environmental assessment or 
environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy 
Act in the absence of extraordinary circumstances. The FAA has 
determined this rulemaking action qualifies for the categorical 
exclusion identified in paragraph 312f of the Order and involves no 
extraordinary circumstances.

Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or 
Use

    The FAA has analyzed this final rule under Executive Order 13211, 
Actions Concerning Regulations that Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 
Distribution, or Use (May 18, 2001). We have determined that it is not 
a ``significant energy action'' under the executive order because it is 
not a ``significant regulatory action'' under Executive Order 12866, 
and it is not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the 
supply, distribution, or use of energy.

Availability of Rulemaking Documents

    You can get an electronic copy of rulemaking documents using the 
Internet by--
    1. Searching the Federal eRulemaking Portal (http://www.regulations.gov
);

    2. Visiting the FAA's Regulations and Policies Web page at http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/
; or

    3. Accessing the Government Printing Office's Web page at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/index.html
.

    You can also get a copy by sending a request to the Federal 
Aviation Administration, Office of Rulemaking, ARM-1, 800 Independence 
Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20591, or by calling (202) 267-9680. Make 
sure to identify the amendment number or docket number of this 
rulemaking.
    Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all comments 
received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual 
submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if submitted on behalf 
of an association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's 
complete Privacy Act statement in the Federal Register published on 
April 11, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 70; Pages 19477-78) or you may visit 
http://DocketsInfo.dot.gov.


Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act

    The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 
1996 requires the FAA to comply with small entity requests for 
information or advice about compliance with statutes and regulations 
within its jurisdiction. If you are a small entity and you have a 
question regarding this document, you may contact a local FAA official, 
or the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. You can 
find out more about SBREFA on the Internet at: http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/rulemaking/sbre_act/
.


List of Subjects

14 CFR Part 61

    Aircraft, Airmen, Aviation Safety, Incorporation by reference, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Safety measures.

14 CFR Part 91

    Aircraft, Airmen, Airports, Aviation safety, Freight, Incorporation 
by reference, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

14 CFR Part 135

    Air taxis, Aircraft, Airmen, Aviation safety, Incorporation by 
reference, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

The Amendment

0
In consideration of the foregoing, the Federal Aviation Administration 
amends chapter I of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

PART 61--CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND 
INSTRUCTORS

0
1. The authority citation for part 61 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-
44711, 45102-45103, 45301-45302.


0
2. Add SFAR No. 108 to part 61 to read as follows: Special Federal 
Aviation Regulation No 108.


[[Page 7051]]


    Note: For the text of the SFAR No. 108, see part 91 of this 
chapter.

PART 91--GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES

0
3. The authority citation for part 91 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 1155, 40103, 40113, 40120, 44101, 
44111, 44701, 44704, 44709, 44711, 44712, 44715, 44716, 44717, 
44722, 46306, 46315, 46316, 46504, 46506-46507, 47122, 47508, 47528-
47531, articles 12 and 29 of the Convention on International Civil 
Aviation (61 stat. 1180).


0
4. Amend part 91 by adding SFAR No. 108.

Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) No. 108--Mitsubishi MU-2B 
Series Special Training, Experience, and Operating Requirements

    1. Applicability. After February 5, 2009, this Special Federal 
Aviation Regulation (SFAR) applies to all persons who operate the 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane including those who act as pilot-in-
command, act as second-in-command, or other persons who manipulate the 
controls while under the supervision of a pilot-in-command. This SFAR 
also applies to those persons who provide pilot training for the 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane. The requirements in this SFAR are in 
addition to the requirements of 14 CFR parts 61, 91, and 135 of this 
chapter.
    2. Compliance and Eligibility. (a) Except as provided in paragraph 
(b) of this section, no person may manipulate the controls, act as 
pilot-in-command, act as second-in-command, or provide pilot training 
for the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane unless that person meets the 
applicable requirements of this SFAR.
    (b) A person, who does not meet the requirements of this SFAR, may 
manipulate the controls of the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane if a 
pilot-in-command meeting the applicable requirements of this SFAR is 
occupying a pilot station, and the flight is being conducted for one of 
the following reasons--
    (1) The pilot-in-command is providing pilot training to the 
manipulator of the controls, and no passengers or cargo are carried on 
board the airplane;
    (2) The pilot-in-command is conducting a maintenance test flight 
with a second pilot or certificated mechanic, and no passengers or 
cargo are carried on board the airplane; or
    (3) The pilot-in-command is conducting simulated instrument flight 
and is using a safety pilot other than the pilot-in-command who 
manipulates the controls for the purposes of 14 CFR 91.109(b), and no 
passengers or cargo are carried on board the airplane.
    (c) A person is required to complete Initial/transition training if 
that person has fewer than--
    (1) 50 hours of documented flight time manipulating the controls 
while serving as pilot-in-command of a Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane 
in the preceding 24 months; or
    (2) 500 hours of documented flight time manipulating the controls 
while serving as pilot-in-command of a Mitsubishi MU-2B series 
airplane.
    (d) A person is eligible to receive Requalification training in 
lieu of Initial/transition training if that person has at least--
    (1) 50 hours of documented flight time manipulating the controls 
while serving as pilot-in-command of a Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane 
in the preceding 24 months; or
    (2) 500 hours of documented flight time manipulating the controls 
while serving as pilot-in-command of a Mitsubishi MU-2B series 
airplane.
    (e) A person is required to complete Recurrent training within the 
preceding 12 months. Successful completion of Initial/transition or 
Requalification training within the preceding 12 months satisfies the 
requirement of Recurrent training. A person must successfully complete 
Initial/transition training or Requalification training before being 
eligible to receive Recurrent training.
    (f) Successful completion of Initial/transition training or 
Requalification training is a one-time requirement. A person may elect 
to retake Initial/transition training or Requalification training in 
lieu of Recurrent training.
    (g) A person is required to complete Differences training if that 
person operates more than one MU-2B model. Differences training between 
the K and M models of the MU-2B airplane, and the J and L models of the 
MU-2B airplane, may be accomplished with Level A training. All other 
Differences training must be accomplished with Level B training. 
Persons that are operating two models of the MU-2B airplane are 
required to receive 1.5 hours of Differences training. Persons that are 
operating three or more models of the MU-2B airplane are required to 
receive 3.0 hours of Differences training. An additional 1.5 hours of 
Differences training is required for each model added at a later date. 
Differences Training is not a recurring annual requirement. Once a 
person has received Differences training between the applicable 
different models, no additional Differences training between those 
models is required.
    3. Required Pilot Training. (a) Except as provided in section 2 
paragraph (b) of this SFAR, no person may manipulate the controls, act 
as pilot-in-command, or act as second-in-command of a Mitsubishi MU-2B 
series airplane for the purpose of flight unless--
    (1) The applicable requirements for ground and flight training on 
Initial/transition, Requalification, Recurrent, and Differences 
training have been completed, as specified in this SFAR, including 
Appendices A through D of this SFAR; and
    (2) That person's logbook has been endorsed in accordance with 
paragraph (f) of this section.
    (b) No person may manipulate the controls, act as pilot-in-command, 
or act as second-in-command, of a Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane for 
the purpose of flight unless--
    (1) That person satisfactorily completes, if applicable, annual 
Recurrent pilot training on the Special Emphasis Items, and all items 
listed in the Training Course Final Phase Check as specified in 
Appendix C of this SFAR; and
    (2) That person's logbook has been endorsed in accordance with 
paragraph (f) of this section.
    (c) Satisfactory completion of the competency check required by 14 
CFR 135.293 within the preceding 12 calendar months may not be 
substituted for the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane annual recurrent 
flight training of this section.
    (d) Satisfactory completion of a Federal Aviation Administration 
sponsored pilot proficiency award program, as described in 14 CFR 
61.56(e) may not be substituted for the Mitsubishi MU-2B series 
airplane annual recurrent flight training of this section.
    (e) If a person complies with the requirements of paragraph (a) or 
(b) of this section in the calendar month before or the calendar month 
after the month in which compliance with these paragraphs are required, 
that person is considered to have accomplished the training requirement 
in the month the training is due.
    (f) The endorsement required under paragraph (a) and (b) of this 
section must be made by--
    (1) A certificated flight instructor meeting the qualifications of 
section 5 of this SFAR; or
    (2) For persons operating the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane for 
a part 119 certificate holder within the last 12 calendar months, the 
14 CFR part 119 certificate holder's flight instructor if authorized by 
the FAA and if that

[[Page 7052]]

flight instructor meets the requirements of section 5 of this SFAR.
    (g) All training conducted for the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane 
must be completed in accordance with the applicable MU-2B series 
checklist listed in table 1 of this SFAR or an MU-2B series airplane 
checklist that has been accepted by the Federal Aviation 
Administration's MU-2B Flight Standardization Board.

                      Table 1 to SFAR 108.--MU-2B Series Airplane Manufacturer's Checklists
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                           Cockpit checklist         Date the
                                                                     ----------------------------  checklist was
                  Model                        Type certificate                                     accepted by
                                                                           MHI document No.           the FSB
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MU-2B-60................................  A10SW.....................  YET06220C.................       2/12/2007
MU-2B-40................................  A10SW.....................  YET06256A.................       2/12/2007
MU-2B-36A...............................  A10SW.....................  YET06257B.................       2/12/2007
MU-2B-36................................  A2PC......................  YET06252B.................       2/12/2007
MU-2B-35................................  A2PC......................  YET06251B.................       2/12/2007
MU-2B-30................................  A2PC......................  YET06250A.................        3/2/2007
MU-2B-26A...............................  A10SW.....................  YET06255A.................       2/12/2007
MU-2B-26................................  A2PC......................  YET06249A.................        3/2/2007
MU-2B-26................................  A10SW.....................  YET06254A.................        3/2/2007
MU-2B-25................................  A10SW.....................  YET06253A.................        3/2/2007
MU-2B-25................................  A2PC......................  YET06248A.................        3/2/2007
MU-2B-20................................  A2PC......................  YET06247A.................       2/12/2007
MU-2B-15................................  A2PC......................  YET06246A.................        3/2/2007
MU-2B-10................................  A2PC......................  YET06245A.................        3/2/2007
MU-2B...................................  A2PC......................  YET06244A.................        3/2/2007
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    4. Aeronautical Experience. No person may act as pilot-in-command 
of a Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane for the purpose of flight unless 
that person holds an airplane category and multi-engine land class 
rating, and has logged a minimum of 100 flight hours of pilot-in-
command time in multi-engine airplanes.
    5. Instruction, Checking and Evaluation. (a) Flight Instructor 
(Airplane). No flight instructor may provide instruction or conduct a 
flight review in a Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane unless that flight 
instructor meets the requirements of this paragraph.
    (1) Each flight instructor who provides flight training in the 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane must meet the pilot training and 
documentation requirements of section 3 of this SFAR before giving 
flight instruction in the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane.
    (2) Each flight instructor who provides flight training in the 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane must meet the currency requirements of 
paragraphs (a) and (c) of section 6 of this SFAR before giving flight 
instruction in the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane.
    (3) Each flight instructor who provides flight training in the 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane must have a minimum total pilot time 
of 2,000 pilot-in-command hours, 800 pilot-in-command hours in 
multiengine airplanes.
    (4) Each flight instructor who provides flight training in the 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane must have--
    (i) 300 pilot-in-command hours in the Mitsubishi MU-2B series 
airplane, 50 hours of which must have been within the preceding 12 
months; or
    (ii) 100 pilot-in-command hours in the Mitsubishi MU-2B series 
airplane, 25 hours of which must have been within the preceding 12 
months, and 300 hours providing instruction in a FAA-approved 
Mitsubishi MU-2B simulator or FAA-approved Mitsubishi MU-2B flight 
training device, 25 hours of which must have been within the preceding 
12 months.
    (b) Flight Instructor (Simulator/ Flight Training Device). No 
flight instructor may provide instruction for the Mitsubishi MU-2B 
series airplane unless that instructor meets the requirements of this 
paragraph.
    (1) Each flight instructor who provides flight training for the 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane must meet the pilot training and 
documentation requirements of section 3 of this SFAR before giving 
flight instruction for the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane.
    (2) Each flight instructor who provides flight training for the 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane must meet the currency requirements of 
paragraph (c) of section 6 of this SFAR before giving flight 
instruction for the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane.
    (3) Each flight instructor who provides flight training for the 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane must have--
    (i) A minimum total pilot time of 2000 pilot-in-command hours and 
800 pilot-in-command hours in multiengine airplanes; and
    (ii) Within the preceding 12 months, either 50 hours of Mitsubishi 
MU-2B series airplane pilot-in-command experience or 50 hours providing 
simulator or flight training device instruction for the Mitsubishi MU-
2B.
    (c) Checking and Evaluation. No person may provide checking or 
evaluation for the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane unless that person 
meets the requirements of this paragraph.
    (1) For the purpose of checking, designated pilot examiners, 
training center evaluators, and check airmen must have completed the 
appropriate training in the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane in 
accordance with section 3 of this SFAR.
    (2) For checking conducted in the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane, 
each designated pilot examiner and check airman must have 100 hours 
pilot-in-command flight time in the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane 
and maintain currency in accordance with section 6 of this SFAR.
    6. Currency Requirements and Flight Review. (a) The takeoff and 
landing currency requirements of 14 CFR 61.57 must be maintained in the 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane. Takeoff and landings in other 
multiengine airplanes do not meet the takeoff landing currency 
requirements for the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane. Takeoff and 
landings in either the short-body or long-body Mitsubishi MU-2B model 
airplane may be credited toward takeoff and landing

[[Page 7053]]

currency for both Mitsubishi MU-2B model groups.
    (b) Instrument experience obtained in other category and class of 
aircraft may be used to satisfy the instrument currency requirements of 
14 CFR 61.57 for the Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane.
    (c) Satisfactory completion of a flight review to satisfy the 
requirements of 14 CFR 61.56 is valid for operation of a Mitsubishi MU-
2B series airplane only if that flight review is conducted in a 
Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane. The flight review for Mitsubishi MU-
2B series airplanes must include the Special Emphasis Items, and all 
items listed in the Training Course Final Phase Check of Appendix C of 
this SFAR.
    (d) A person who successfully completes the Initial/transition, 
Requalification, or Recurrent training requirements, as described in 
section 3 of this SFAR, also meets the requirements of 14 CFR 61.56 and 
need not accomplish a separate flight review provided that at least 1 
hour of the flight training was conducted in the Mitsubishi MU-2B 
series airplane.
    7. Operating Requirements. (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) 
of this section, no person may operate a Mitsubishi MU-2B airplane in 
single pilot operations unless that airplane has a functional 
autopilot.
    (b) A person may operate a Mitsubishi MU-2B airplane in single 
pilot operations without a functional autopilot when--
    (1) Operating under day visual flight rule requirements; or
    (2) Authorized under a FAA approved minimum equipment list for that 
airplane, operating under instrument flight rule requirements in 
daytime visual meteorological conditions.
    (c) No person may operate a Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane unless 
a copy of the appropriate Mitsubishi Heavy Industries MU-2B Airplane 
Flight Manual is carried on board the airplane and is accessible during 
each flight at the pilot station.
    (d) No person may operate a Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane unless 
an MU-2B series airplane checklist, appropriate for the model being 
operated and accepted by the Federal Aviation Administration MU-2B 
Flight Standardization Board, is accessible for each flight at the 
pilot station and is used by the flight crewmembers when operating the 
airplane.
    (e) No person may operate a Mitsubishi MU-2B series airplane 
contrary to the MU-2B training program in the Appendices of this SFAR.
    (f) If there are any differences between the training and operating 
requirements of this SFAR and the MU-2B Airplane Flight Manual's 
procedures sections (Normal, Abnormal, and Emergency) and the MU-2B 
airplane series checklist specified in section 3(g), table 1, the 
person operating the airplane must operate the airplane in accordance 
with the training specified in section 3(g), table 1.
    8. Credit for Prior Training. Initial/transition or requalification 
training conducted between July 27, 2006, and April 7, 2008, using 
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries MU-2B Training Program, Part number YET 
05301, Revision Original, dated July 27, 2006, or Revision 1, dated 
September 19, 2006, is considered to be compliant with this SFAR, if 
the student met the eligibility requirements for the applicable 
category of training and the student's instructor met the experience 
requirements of this SFAR.
    9. Incorporation by Reference. You must proceed in accordance with 
the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries MU-2B Checklists as listed in Table 1 
of this SFAR which are incorporated by reference. The Director of the 
Federal Register approved this incorporation by reference in accordance 
with 5 U.S.C. section 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. The Mitsubishi Heavy 
Industries MU-2B Checklists are distributed by Turbine Aircraft 
Services, Inc. You may obtain a copy from Turbine Aircraft Services 
Inc., 4550 Jimmy Doolittle Drive, Addison, Texas 75001, USA. You may 
inspect a copy at U.S. Department of Transportation, Docket Management 
Facility, Room W 12-140, West Building Ground Floor, 1200 New Jersey 
Ave., SE., Washington, DC 20590-0001, or at the National Archives and 
Records Administration at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html
.

    10. Expiration. This SFAR will remain in effect until further 
notice.

Appendix A to SFAR 108--MU-2B General Training Requirements

    (a) The Mitsubishi MU-2B Training Program consists of both 
ground and flight training. The minimum pilot training requirement 
hours are shown in Table 1 of this appendix for ground instruction 
and Table 2 of this appendix for flight instruction. An additional 
ground training requirement for Differences Training is shown in 
Table 3.
    (b) The MU-2B is certificated by the Federal Aviation 
Administration (FAA) as a single pilot airplane. No training credit 
is given for second in command (SIC) training and no credit is given 
for right seat time under this program. Only the sole manipulator of 
the controls of the MU-2B airplane, Flight Training Device (FTD), or 
Level C or D simulator can receive training credit under this 
program.
    (c) The training program references the applicable MU-2B 
airplane flight manual (AFM) in several sections. There may be 
differences between sequencing of procedures found in the AFM's 
procedures sections and the checklists, procedures, and techniques 
found within this training program. The FAA's Mitsubishi MU-2B SFAR 
requires that if there are any differences between the AFM's 
procedures sections (Normal, Abnormal, and Emergency) and the 
training and operating requirements of the Mitsubishi MU-2B SFAR, 
the person operating the airplane must operate the airplane in 
accordance with the training specified in the SFAR and this MU-2B 
training program.
    (d) Minimum Programmed Training Hours

                    Table 1 to Appendix A of SFAR 108
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Ground instruction
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Initial/transition          Requalificaton           Recurrent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
20 hours....................  12 hours............  8 hours.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 7054]]


                    Table 2 to Appendix A of SFAR 108
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Flight instruction
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Initial/transition          Requalification          Recurrent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
12 hours with a minimum of 6  8 hours Level C or    4 hours at Level E,
 hours at Level E.             Level E.              or 6 hours at Level
                                                     C.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


                    Table 3 to Appendix A of SFAR 108
------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Differences training
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 models currently.....................  1.5 hours at Level A or B.
More than 2 models currently...........  3 hours at Level A or B.
Each additional model added............  1.5 hours at Level A or B.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (e) Definitions of Levels of Training as Used in This Appendix
    (1) LEVEL A Training--Training that is conducted through self 
instruction by the pilot.
    (2) LEVEL B Training--Training that is conducted in the 
classroom environment with the aid of a qualified instructor who 
meets the requirements of this SFAR.
    (3) LEVEL C Training--Training that is accomplished in an FAA-
approved Level 5, 6, or 7 Flight Training Device (FTD). In addition 
to the basic FTD requirements, the FTD must be representative of the 
MU-2B cockpit controls and be specifically approved by the FAA for 
the MU-2B airplane.
    (4) LEVEL E Training--Training that must be accomplished in the 
MU-2B airplane, Level C simulator, or Level D simulator.

Appendix B to SFAR 108--MU-2B Ground Training Curriculum Contents

    All items in the ground training curriculum must be covered. The 
order of presentation is at the discretion of the instructor. The 
student must satisfactorily complete a written or oral exam given by 
the training provider based on this MU-2B Training Program.
I. Aircraft General
    A. Introduction
    B. Airplane (Structures/Aerodynamics/Engines) Overview
    1. Fuselage
    2. Wing
    3. Empennage
    4. Doors
    5. Windshield and Windows
    C. Airplane Systems
    1. Electrical Power
    2. Lighting
    3. Fuel System
    4. Powerplant
    5. Environmental
    6. Fire Protection
    7. Ice and Rain Protection
    8. Landing Gear and Brakes
    9. Flight Controls and Trim
    10. Pilot Static System/Flight Instruments
    11. Oxygen System
    D. Operating Limitations
    1. Weights
    2. Center of Gravity and Loading
    3. Airspeeds
    4. Maneuvering Load Factors
    5. Takeoff And Landing Operations
    6. Enroute Operations
    E. Required Placards
    F. Instrument Markings
    G. Flight Characteristics
    1. Control System
    2. Stability and Stall Characteristics
    3. Single Engine Operation
    4. Maneuvering and Trim
    5. Takeoff and Landing
II. Electrical Power
    A. General Description
    B. DC Electrical System
    1. DC Power Generation
    2. DC Power Distribution
    3. Battery System
    4. External Power System
    C. AC Electrical System
    1. AC Power Generation
    2. Controls and Indicators
    3. AC Power Distribution
    D. Limitations
    1. General Limitations
    2. Instrument Markings
III. Lighting
    A. Exterior Lighting System
    1. Navigation Lights
    2. Anti-Collision Lights
    3. Wing Inspection Lights
    4. Taxi Lights
    5. Landing Lights
    6. Rotating Beacon
    7. Operation
    B. Interior Lighting System
    1. Flight Compartment Lights
    2. Passenger Compartment Lights
    C. Emergency Lighting System
    1. Cockpit Emergency Lighting
    2. Aircraft Emergency Lighting
    D. Procedures
    1. Normal
    2. Abnormal
    3. Emergency
IV. Master Caution System
    A. System Description and Operation
    1. Master Caution Light and Reset Switch
    2. Annunciator and Indicator Panels
    3. Operation Lights
    4. System Tests
    B. Procedures
V. Fuel System
    A. Fuel Storage
    1. Refueling/Balancing
    2. De-Fueling and Draining
    3. Tank Vent System
    B. Fuel Distribution
    1. Fuel Transfer
    2. Fuel Balancing
    3. Boost Pump Operation
    C. Fuel Indicating
    1. Fuel Quantity
    2. Low Fuel Warning
    D. Fuel System Limitations
    1. Approved Fuels
    2. Fuel Anti-Icing Additives
    3. Fuel Temperature Limitations
    4. Fuel Transfer and Fuel Imbalance
    5. Fuel Pumps
    6. Refueling
    7. Capacity
    8. Unusable Fuel
VI. Powerplant
    A. Engine Description
    1. Major Sections
    2. Cockpit Controls
    3. Instrumentation
    4. Operation
    B. Engine Systems
    1. Lubrication
    2. Fuel
    3. Ignition
    4. Engine Starting
    5. Anti-Ice
    C. Propeller System
    1. Ground Operations
    2. In-Flight Operations
    3. Synchronization
    4. De-Ice
    D. Ground Checks
    1. Overspeed Governor
    2. SRL and Delta P/P
    3. NTS and Feather Valve
    4. Supplementary NTS
    E. In Flight Post Maintenance Checks
    1. NTS In-Flight
    2. Flight Idle Fuel Flow
    F. Limitations
    1. Powerplant
    2. Engine Starting Conditions
    3. Airstart Envelope
    4. Engine Starting
    5. Oil
    6. Fuel
    7. Starter/Generator
    8. External Power
    9. Instrument Markings (as applicable)
    a. TPE331-10-511M
    b. TPE331-5/6-252/251M
    c. TPE331-1-151M
    G. Engine Malfunctions and Failures
    1. Propeller Coupling
    2. Torque Sensor
    3. Engine Overspeed
    4. Fuel Control Spline
VII. Fire Protection
    A. Introduction
    B. Engine Fire Detection
    1. System Description

[[Page 7055]]

    2. Annunciator
    C. Portable Fire Extinguishers
VIII. Pneumatics
    A. System Description
    B. System Operation
    1. Air Sources
    2. Limitations
    C. Wing and Tail De-Ice
    1. System Description
    2. Controls
    D. Entrance and Baggage Door Seal
    1. Air Source
    2. Operation
IX. Ice and Rain Protection
    A. General Description
    B. Wing De-Ice
    1. System Description
    2. Operation
    3. Controls and Indications
    C. Engine Anti-Ice
     1. System Description
    2. Operation
    3. Controls and Indications
    D. Window Defog
    1. Controls
    2. Operation
    E. Tail De-Ice
    1. Horizontal Stabilizer De-Ice
    2. Vertical Stabilizer De-Ice
    F. Pitot Static System Anti-Icing
    1. Pitot Tube Heating
    2. Static Port Heating
    3. AOA Transmitter Heating
    G. Windshield De-Ice/Anti-Ice
    1. System Description
    2. Controls and Indications
    H. Windshield Wiper
    1. System Description
    2. Control and Operation
    I. Propeller De-Ice
    1. System Description
    2. Controls and Indications
    J. Ice Detector
    1. System Description
    2. Controls and Indications
    3. Operation
    K. Limitations
    1. Temperatures
    2. Cycling
X. Air Conditioning
    A. System Description and Operation
    1. Refrigeration Unit (ACM)
    2. Air Distribution
    3. Ventilation
    4. Temperature Control
    5. Water Separator
    B. Limitations
XI. Pressurization
    A. General
    B. Component Description
    1. Cabin Pressure Controller
    2. Altitude Pressure Regulator
    3. Ram Air
    4. Outflow Safety Valves
    5. Air Filters
    6. Manual Control Valve
    7. Pneumatic Relays
    8. Venturi
    C. System Operation
    1. Ground Operation
    2. Takeoff Mode
    3. In-Flight Operation
    4. Landing Operation
    D. Emergency Operation
    1. High Altitude
    2. Low Altitude
    E. Limitations
    1. Maximum Differential
    2. Landing Limitations
XII. Landing Gear and Brakes
    A. General Description
    1. Landing Gear Doors
    2. Controls and Indicators
    3. Warning Systems
    4. Emergency Extension
    B. Nosewheel Steering
    C. Landing Gear/Brakes/Tires
    D. Limitations
    1. Airspeed (with flaps)
    2. Emergency Extension
    3. Tire Speed
    4. Brake Energy
XIII. Flight Controls
    A. Primary Flight Controls (Elevator/Rudder/Spoilers)
    1. Description
    2. Operations
    B. Trim Systems
    1. System Description
    2. Roll Trim
    a. Normal Operation
    b. Emergency Operation
    3. Rudder Trim
    4. Pitch Trim
    a. General
    b. Operations
    c. Trim-in-Motion Alert System
    C. Secondary Flight Controls
    1. System Description
    2. Flaps
    D. Limitations
    1. Instrument Markings
    2. Placards
    E. Flight Characteristics
    1. Control Systems
    2. Stability and Stall Characteristics
    3. Single Engine Operation
    5. Maneuvering and Trim
    6. Takeoff and Landing
XIV. Avionics
    A. Pitot-Static System
    1. System Description
    2. Pilot's System
    3. Co-Pilot's System
    4. Alternate Static
    B. Air Data Computer
    C. Attitude Instrument Displays (EFIS and Standard)
    1. EADI
    2. Standard Attitude Gyro
    D. AHRS
    1. System Description
    2. Controls and Indications
    E. Navigation
    1. Nav Systems Descriptions
    2. Compass System Descriptions
    3. Display Systems
    4. Terrain Awareness System
    5. Traffic Avoidance System
    F. Communications
    1. VHF Communications Systems
    2. Audio Control
    G. Standby Flight Instruments
    1. System Description
    2. Controls and Indications
    H. Automatic Flight Control System
    1. Controls and Indications
    2. Yaw Damper
    3. Trim-in-Motion Alert System
    4. Autopilot Automatic Disconnect
    5. Aural Alert System
    I. Angle of Attack (AOA) System
    1. System Description
    2. Controls and Indications
    J. Limitations
XV. Oxygen System
    A. System Description
    B. Crew Oxygen
    1. Oxygen Cylinder Assembly
    2. Pressure Gauge
    3. Outlet Valves
    4. Duration
    C. Passenger Oxygen
    1. System Description
    2. Duration
    D. Limitations
XVI. Performance and Planning
    A. Takeoff Performance Charts
    1. Runway Requirements
    2. Normal and with One Engine Inoperative
    B. Climb Performance
    1. Normal and with One Engine Inoperative
    2. Obstacle Clearance
    3. Power Assurance Charts
    C. Cruise Performance
    1. Power Charts
    2. Maximum Practical Altitude
    3. Cruise Speeds/Engine Health
    4. Buffet Boundary
    D. Landing Performance
    1. Runway Requirements
    a. Dry Runway
    b. Wet Runway
    2. Go-Around
    a. One Engine Inoperative
    b. All Engines
XVII. Weight and Balance
    A. Aircraft Loading Procedures
    B. Limitations
    1. Weight Limits
    2. C.G. Limits
    C. Plotter
    1. Description
    2. Use
    D. Calculations
    1. AFM Procedures
    2. Examples
XVIII. General Subjects
    A. Controlled Flight into Terrain Awareness
    B. CRM/SPRM
    1. Crew Resource Management
    2. Single Pilot Resource Management
    C. MU-2B Flight Standardization Board Report

Appendix C to SFAR 108--MU-2B Final Phase Check and Flight Training 
Requirements

(I) MU-2B Final Phase Check Requirements

    (A) Completion of the MU-2B Training Program in this appendix 
requires successful completion of a final phase check taken in the 
MU-2B airplane or a Level C or D simulator for Initial/Transition 
training. The final phase check for Requalification or Recurrent 
Training may be taken in the MU-2B airplane, a Level C or D 
simulator, or in a Level 5, 6, or 7 FAA-approved MU-2B Flight 
Training Device (FTD). The final phase check must be conducted by a 
qualified flight instructor who meets the requirements of the MU-2B 
SFAR. Simultaneous training and checking is not allowed for Initial/
Transition training.

[[Page 7056]]

    (B) For pilots operating under 14 CFR part 135, checking must be 
done in accordance with applicable regulations. For the purpose of 
recurrent testing in 14 CFR 135.293(b), the MU-2B is considered a 
separate type of aircraft.
    (C) The final phase check must be conducted using the standards 
contained in the FAA Commercial Pilot--Airplane Multi-Engine Land, 
and Instrument Rating--Airplane Practical Test Standards (PTS).
    (D) The final phase check portion of the training is comprised 
of the following tasks for all airmen (instrument rated and non 
instrument rated). An (*) indicates those maneuvers for Initial/
Transition training which must be completed in the MU-2B airplane, 
or a Level C or D simulator.
    (1) Preflight Check.
    (2) Start and Taxi Procedures.
    (3) * Normal Takeoff (X-Wind) (Two Engine).
    (4) * Takeoff Engine Failure.
    (5) Rejected Takeoff.
    (6) * Steep Turns.
    (7) * Approach to Stalls (3) (must include Accelerated Stalls).
    (8) * Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative--Loss of 
Directional Control (Vmc).
    (9) Abnormal and Emergency Procedures--To include MU-2B 
operation in icing conditions without the autopilot or without trim-
in-motion or automatic autopilot disconnect.
    (10) * Precision Approach (One Engine Inoperative).
    (11) Go Around/Rejected Landing.
    (12) Normal Landing (X-Wind).
    (13) * Landing with One Engine Inoperative.
    (14) * Landing with Non-Standard Flap Configuration (0 or 5 
degrees).
    (15) Postflight Procedures.
    (E) The following additional tasks are required for those airmen 
who possess an instrument rating. An (*) indicates those maneuvers 
for Initial/Transition training which must be completed in the MU-2B 
airplane, or a Level C or D simulator.
    (1) Preflight Check.
    (2) Unusual Attitudes.
    (3) Abnormal and Emergency Procedures.
    (4) Basic Instrument Flight Maneuvers.
    (5) Area Arrival and Departure.
    (6) Holding.
    (7) Precision Approach (Two Engine).
    (8) * Non-Precision Approaches (2)--Must include a Non-Precision 
Approach with One Engine Inoperative.
    (9) Missed Approach from either Precision or Non Precision 
Instrument Approach (Two Engine).
    (10) Landing from a Straight-In or Circling Approach.
    (11) Circling Approach.
    (12) Postflight Procedures.
    (F) A form titled ``Training Course Final Phase Check'' has been 
included in this appendix for use in creating a training and final 
check record for the student and the training provider.

(II) MU-2B Required Flight Training Tasks

    (A) General Flight Training Requirements: All flight training 
maneuvers must be consistent with this training program and the 
applicable MU-2B checklist accepted by the FAA. The maneuver 
profiles shown in Appendix D to this SFAR No. 108 are presented to 
show the required training scenarios. Profiles conducted in flight 
require planning and care on the part of both the instructor and 
student in order to provide the highest level of safety possible. 
The maneuver profiles shown in Appendix D to this SFAR No. 108 do 
not account for local geographic and flight conditions. The 
instructor and student must consider local conditions when 
performing these maneuvers in flight.
    (B) Special Emphasis Items: Certain aspects of pilot knowledge, 
skills and abilities must be emphasized and evaluated during the 
training and checking process of the MU-2B Training Program.
    (1) Accelerated stall awareness and recovery procedures with 
emphasis on configuration management. Awareness of the margin to 
stall in all flight operations and configurations must be emphasized 
throughout training.
    (2) Vmc awareness and early recognition must be 
trained and checked. Minimum airspeeds for one engine inoperative 
must be emphasized in all configurations.
    (3) Airspeed management and recognition of airspeed 
deterioration below recommended speeds and recovery methods in this 
training program must be emphasized throughout training and 
checking.
    (4) Knowledge of icing conditions and encounters must be 
emphasized throughout training and checking including: Equipment 
requirements, certification standards, minimum airspeeds, and the 
use of the autopilot and other applicable AFM procedures.
    (5) Airplane performance characteristics with all engines 
operating and with one engine inoperative must be emphasized.
    (C) MU-2B Flight Training Program Proficiency Standards.
    (1) Each pilot, regardless of the level of pilot certificate 
held, must be trained to and maintain the proficiency standards 
described below.
    (a) General VFR/IFR.

(i) Bank Angle-- 5 degrees of prescribed bank angle
(ii) Heading-- 10 degrees
(iii) Altitude-- 100 feet
(iv) Airspeed-- 10 knots

    (b) Instrument Approach--Final Approach Segment.

Precision Approach

(i) Heading-- 10 degrees
(ii) Altitude-- 100 feet
(iii) Airspeed-- 10 knots prior to final
(iv) Airspeed-- 10 knots after established on final
(v) Glide Slope (GS)/Localizer Deviation--Within \3/4\ scale--not 
below GS

Non-Precision Approach

Straight In

(vi) Initial Approach Altitude-- 100 feet
(vii) Heading-- 10 degrees
(viii) Altitude (MDA)-- + 100, -0 feet
(ix) Airspeed-- + 10 knots
(x) Course Deviation Indicator--Within \3/4\ scale or  
10 degrees on RMI

Circling Approach

(xi) Maximum Bank--30 degrees
(xii) Heading--Within 10 degrees
(xiii) Altitude-- +100, -0 feet
(xiv) Airspeed--Within 10 knots but not less than Vref

    (c) In all cases, a pilot must show complete mastery of 
the aircraft with the outcome of each maneuver or procedure never 
seriously in doubt.
    (D) Maneuvers and Procedures. All flight training maneuvers and 
procedures must be conducted as they are applicable to the MU-2B and 
each type of operations involved.

Preflight

    (1) Preflight Inspection--The pilot must--
    (a) Conduct an actual visual inspection of the exterior and 
interior of the airplane, locating each item and explaining briefly 
the purpose of inspecting it; and
    (b) Demonstrate the use of the appropriate checklist, 
appropriate control system checks, starting procedures, radio and 
electronic equipment checks, and the selection of proper navigation 
and communications radio facilities and frequencies prior to flight.
    (2) Taxiing--this maneuver includes taxiing in compliance with 
instructions issued by the appropriate ATC facility or by the person 
conducting the check.
    (3) Pre-Takeoff Checks--The pilot must satisfactorily complete 
all pre-takeoff aircraft systems and powerplant checks before 
takeoff.

Takeoff and Departure

    (1) Normal--One normal takeoff, which for the purpose of this 
maneuver, begins when the airplane is taxied into position on the 
runway to be used.
    (2) Instrument Takeoff--Takeoff with simulated instrument 
conditions at or before reaching an altitude of 200 feet above the 
airport elevation and visibility of 1800 RVR.
    (3) Crosswind--One crosswind takeoff, if practical, under the 
existing meteorological, airport and traffic conditions.
    (4) Powerplant Failure--One takeoff with a simulated failure of 
the most critical powerplant at a point after Vlof. In the MU-2B 
airplane, all simulated powerplant failures must only be initiated 
when the person conducting the training or checking determines that 
it is safe under the prevailing conditions. The instructor must 
assure that the power lever does not move beyond the flight idle 
gate.
    (5) Rejected Takeoff--A rejected takeoff performed in an 
airplane during a normal takeoff run after reaching a reasonable 
speed determined by giving due consideration to aircraft 
characteristics, runway length, surface conditions, wind direction 
and velocity, brake heat energy, and any other pertinent factors 
that may adversely affect safety or the airplane.
    (6) Area departure--Demonstrate adequate knowledge of departure 
procedures, establishing appropriate ATC communications and 
following clearances.

[[Page 7057]]

Flight Maneuvers and Procedures

    (1) Steep bank turns--Each steep turn must involve a bank angle 
of 50 degrees with a heading change of at least 180 degrees but no 
more than 360 degrees.
    (2) Approaches to stalls--Must be performed in each of the 
following configurations; takeoff, clean, and landing. One approach 
to a stall must be performed in either the takeoff, clean, or 
landing configuration while in a turn with a bank angle between 15 
degrees and 30 degrees.
    (3) Accelerated stalls--must be done in the flaps 20 and flaps 0 
configurations.
    (4) Recovery procedures must be initiated at the first 
indication of a stall.

Normal and Abnormal Procedures and Operations

    (1) Runway trim.
    (2) Normal and abnormal operations of the following systems:
    (a) Pressurization.
    (b) Pneumatic.
    (c) Air conditioning.
    (d) Fuel.
    (e) Electrical.
    (f) Flight control.
    (g) Anti-icing and de-icing.
    (h) Autopilot.
    (i) Stall warning devices, as applicable.
    (j) Airborne radar and weather detection devices.
    (k) Other systems, devices or aids available.
    (l) Electrical, flight control and flight instrument system 
malfunction or failure.
    (m) Landing gear and flap system malfunction or failure.
    (n) Failure of navigation or communications equipment.

Flight Emergency Procedures

    (1) Powerplant failure.
    (2) Powerplant, cabin, flight deck, wing and electrical fires.
    (3) Smoke control.
    (4) Fuel jettisoning, as applicable.
    (5) Any other emergency procedures outlined in the appropriate 
AFM or FAA-accepted checklist.

Instrument Procedures

    (1) Area departure.
    (2) Use of navigation systems including adherence to assigned 
course and/or radial.
    (3) Holding procedures.
    (4) Aircraft approach category airspeeds.
    (5) Approach procedures: Each instrument approach must be 
performed according to all procedures and limitations approved for 
that facility. An instrument approach procedure begins when the 
airplane is over the initial approach fix for the approach procedure 
being used and ends when the airplane touches down on the runway or 
when transition to missed approach configuration is completed.
    (a) ILS, ILS/DME, approach.
    (i) A manually controlled ILS with a powerplant inoperative; 
occurring before initiating the final approach course and continuing 
to full stop or through the missed approach procedure.
    (ii) A manually controlled ILS utilizing raw data to 200 feet or 
decision height (DH).
    (iii) An ILS with the autopilot coupled.
    (b) Non-precision approaches.
    (i) NDB, NDB/DME approach, straight in or circle.
    (ii) VOR, VOR/DME, straight in or circle.
    (iii) LOC, LOC/DME, LOC backcourse.
    (iv) GPS approach (If the aircraft/FTD/flight simulator has a 
GPS installed, the applicant must demonstrate GPS approach 
proficiency.)
    (v) ASR approach.
    (c) Missed approach procedure: One missed approach procedure 
must be a complete approved missed approach procedure as published 
or as assigned by ATC.
    (i) From a precision approach.
    (ii) From a non-precision approach.
    (iii) With a simulated powerplant failure.
    (d) Circling approach.
    (i) The circling approach must be made to the authorized MDA and 
followed by a change in heading and the necessary maneuvering (by 
visual reference) to maintain a flight path that permits a normal 
landing on the runway.
    (ii) The circling approach must be performed without excessive 
maneuvering and without exceeding the normal operating limits of the 
airplane and the angle of bank must not exceed 30[deg].

Landings and Approaches to Landings

    (1) Airport orientation.
    (2) Normal landings with stabilized approach.
    (3) Crosswind landings.
    (4) From a precision instrument approach.
    (5) From a precision instrument approach with a powerplant 
inoperative.
    (6) From a non-precision instrument approach.
    (7) From a non-precision instrument approach with a powerplant 
inoperative.
    (8) From a circling approach or VFR traffic pattern.
    (9) Go Around/Rejected landings--a normal missed approach 
procedure or a visual go-around after the landing is rejected. The 
landing should be rejected at approximately 50 feet and 
approximately over the runway threshold.
    (10) Zero flap landing.
    (a) Runway requirements.
    (b) Airspeeds.

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[[Page 7059]]



Appendix D to SFAR 108--MU-2B Maneuver Profiles

    (A) The Maneuver Profiles are provided to develop pilot 
proficiency with the procedures and techniques contained within this 
MU-2B Flight Training Program.
    (B) Though constructed for use in the airplane they may also be 
used in the Flight Training Device (FTD). When an FTD is used, a 
maneuver may be performed at lower altitudes or carried to its 
completion. When training is conducted in the MU-2B airplane, all 
maneuvers must be performed in a manner sufficient to evaluate the 
performance of the student while never jeopardizing the safety of 
the flight.
    (C) The maneuvers profiles are broken down into three sections 
by similar aircraft model groups. The three sections of this program 
are:
    (1) Marquise (-60), Solitaire (-40), N (-36A), P (-26A)--Figures 
A-1 through A-28
    (2) J (-35), K (-25), L (-;36), M (-26)--Figures B-1 through B-
28
    (3) B, D (-10), F (-20), G (-30)--Figures C-1 through C-28
BILLING CODE 4910-13-P

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From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
]                         
 
[[pp. 7083-7132]] Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 108--Mitsubishi MU-2B 
Series Airplane Special Training, Experience, and Operating 
Requirements

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[[Continued on page 7133]]


From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
]                         
 
[[pp. 7133-7167]] Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 108--Mitsubishi MU-2B 
Series Airplane Special Training, Experience, and Operating 
Requirements

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BILLING CODE 4910-13-C
    (D) Each MU-2B profile in its respective section follows the 
outline below.
    (1) Normal Takeoff (5- and 20-degrees flaps).
    (2) Takeoff Engine Failure (5- and 20-degrees flaps).
    (3) Takeoff Engine Failure on Runway or Rejected Takeoff.
    (4) Takeoff Engine Failure after Liftoff--Unable to Climb 
(Classroom or FTD only).

[[Page 7166]]

    (5) Steep Turns.
    (6) Slow Flight Maneuvers.
    (7) One Engine Inoperative Maneuvering/Loss of Directional 
Control.
    (8) Approach to Stall (clean configuration/wings level).
    (9) Approach to Stall (takeoff configuration/15- to 30-degrees 
bank).
    (10) Approach to Stall (landing configuration/gear down/40-
degrees flaps).
    (11) Accelerated Stall (no flaps).
    (12) Emergency Descent (low speed).
    (13) Emergency Descent (high speed).
    (14) Unusual Altitude Recovery (nose high).
    (15) Unusual Altitude Recovery (nose low).
    (16) Normal Landing (20- and 40-degrees flaps).
    (17) Go Around/Rejected Landing.
    (18) No Flap or 5-degrees flaps Landing.
    (19) One Engine Inoperative Landing (5- and 20-degrees flaps).
    (20) Crosswind Landing.
    (21) ILS and Missed Approach.
    (22) Two Engine Missed Approach.
    (23) One Engine Inoperative ILS and Missed Approach.
    (24) One Engine Inoperative Missed Approach.
    (25) Non-Precision and Missed Approach.
    (26) One Engine Inoperative Non-Precision and Missed Approach.
    (27) Circling Approach at Weather Minimums.
    (28) One Engine Inoperative Circling Approach at Weather 
Minimums.

Engine Performance

    (A) The following should be considered in reference to power 
settings and airspeeds:
    (1) Power settings shown in italics are provided as guidance 
only during training and are not referenced in the AFM. Power 
setting guidance is provided to show the approximate power setting 
that will produce the desired airspeed or flight condition. Actual 
power settings may be different from those stated and should be 
noted by the instructor and student for reference during other 
maneuvers. Power settings in the profiles are stated in torque or 
PSI and will vary with aircraft model, engine model, weight, and 
density altitude. Power settings are based on standard atmospheric 
conditions.
    (2) Some pilots prefer to set power initially using fuel flow, 
because the fuel flow system is not field adjustable. Fuel flow 
settings refer to engine operations only. If fuel flow is used to 
set power for takeoff, check torque and temperature after setting 
fuel flow and adjust torque or temperature, whichever is limiting, 
for maximum takeoff power prior to liftoff.
    (3) Improperly adjusted torque or improperly calibrated 
temperatures are a safety of flight issue and must be checked and 
corrected prior to conducting flight training.
    (4) The pilot should refer to the performance section of the 
airplane flight manual to determine actual speeds required for his/
her particular model and specific weight for any given operation.

In Flight Maneuvering

    (A) Maneuvers conducted at altitude such as stalls and steep 
turns must always be preceded by clearing turns and at least one 
crew member must continually clear the flying area during the 
maneuver. The instructor must emphasize the importance of clearing 
the area, even if the maneuvers are being done in an FTD or 
simulator. This will create the habit pattern in the pilot to clear 
the area before practicing maneuvers.
    (B) During stalling maneuvers and upon recognition of the 
indication of a stall, the pilot must call the ``stall'' to the 
instructor and then proceed with the recovery. In addition, during 
training, the pilot must announce the completion of the stall 
recovery maneuver. Instructors must exercise caution when conducting 
stall maneuvers and be prepared to take the controls if the safe 
outcome of the maneuver is in doubt.
    (C) During accelerated stall maneuvers, it is important that the 
instructor pay close attention to the position of the ball 
throughout the maneuver and recovery so as to maintain coordinated 
flight. Stall recognition and recovery is the completion criteria, 
and it is not necessary to continue the stall beyond the stick 
shaker to aerodynamic buffet.
    (D) When demonstrating a loss of directional control with one 
engine inoperative, the engine failure must only be simulated. 
During the slowing of the aircraft to demonstrate loss of 
directional control, the instructor should use the rudder block 
method to allow the student to experience the loss of directional 
control associated with VMC, at a speed of approximately 10 knots 
above actual VMC.

    Note: To accurately simulate single engine operations, zero 
thrust must be established. The zero thrust torque setting will vary 
greatly from model to model. It is important to establish to zero 
thrust torque setting for your aircraft. This requires that the 
aircraft be flown on one engine to establish the zero thrust 
setting. This is accomplished by establishing single engine flight 
with one propeller feathered and noting the performance with the 
operating engine at maximum torque or temperature. It is suggested 
that two airspeeds be established for zero thrust power settings. 
They are 120 kts, flaps 20, gear up for takeoff and 140 knots, flaps 
5, gear up for in-flight and approach maneuvering. Once performance 
has been established and recorded for each airspeed, restart the 
other engine and find the torque setting that duplicates the 
performance (climb or descent rate, airspeed) as was recorded with 
that propeller feathered. This torque setting will be zero thrust 
for the simulated inoperative engine. The student/pilot should note 
that the performance experienced with one engine operating at flight 
idle, may produce greater performance than if the engine were 
stopped and the propeller feathered.
    Pre-maneuver briefings for any maneuver that requires either an 
actual engine shutdown or a simulated engine failure must be 
undertaken when using an aircraft. In the case of an actual engine 
shutdown, a minimum altitude of 3,000 ft above ground level (agl) 
must be used and done in a position where a safe landing can be made 
at an airport in the event of difficulty.

Takeoff and Landing

    (A) When using the profiles to establish the procedure for 
configuring the aircraft for takeoff or landing, it is important to 
understand that each task for the procedure, as noted on the 
procedure diagram, establishes the point at which each task should 
have been completed and not the exact point at which the task should 
be accomplished unless otherwise stated in the task box. Numbers 
which represent performance such as descent rates or other 
maneuvering information that is not contained in the aircraft flight 
manual are shown in italics.
    (B) In all takeoff profiles the prompt for the gear to be 
retracted is ``No Runway Remaining, Gear Up''. This should set the 
decision point for making a landback after an engine failure and 
should normally be reached at altitudes of less than 100 ft AGL. It 
is impractical to attempt a landback from above 100 ft AGL, because 
it can require distances up to 10,000 ft from the beginning of the 
takeoff run to bring the aircraft to a stop. But, even on very long 
runways, landback will not be necessary above 100 ft AGL and above 
Vyse for the flap configurations, if the single engine climb 
capability found in the POM charts, with the gear up, is positive 
(250 fpm or better) and obstacles clearance is not an issue.
    (C) The manufacturers FAA-accepted checklists and checklist in 
Appendix C to this SFAR No. 108 describe a procedure for the 
discontinuance of flight following an engine failure after takeoff 
and the realization that the aircraft cannot climb. The 
corresponding flight profile in this training program is ``Takeoff 
Engine Failure, Unable to Climb''. This maneuver must not be 
attempted in the aircraft, but must be the subject of a classroom 
discussion or be demonstrated in the FTD.
    (D) The focus of all landing procedures, whether two engine or 
engine out, is on a stabilized approach from an altitude of 500 
feet. This will not be possible for all approach procedure 
maneuvering, especially during non-precision or circle to land 
approaches. Approach procedures for these two approaches should be 
stabilized from the point at which the pilot leaves the Minimum 
Descent Altitude for the landing.
    (E) When performing one engine inoperative approaches, landings 
or missed approaches, the instructor must be prepared to add power 
to the simulated failed engine at the first sign of deteriorating 
airspeed or other situation that indicates the student's inability 
to correctly perform the maneuver.
    (F) While maneuvering in the pattern or during instrument 
approach procedures with one engine inoperative, a 30[deg] bank 
angle must not be exceeded. This will become especially important 
when executing non-precision and circle to land approaches.

Emergency and Abnormal Procedures

    (A) During training, either in the FTD or in the aircraft, the 
performance of emergency and abnormal procedures is critical to the 
completion of the training program. All emergency and abnormal 
procedures should be simulated when training in the MU-2B airplane.

[[Page 7167]]

    (B) When presenting emergency scenarios to the student, the 
instructor must not introduce multiple emergencies concurrently.

Scenario Based Training (SBT)

    SBT flight training creates an environment of realism. The SBT 
programs utilize a highly structured flight operation scenario to 
simulate the overall flight environment. The pilot is required to 
plan a routine, point-to-point flight and initiate the flight. 
During the conduct of the flight, ``reality-based'' abnormal or 
emergency events are introduced without warning. Because the pilot 
is constantly operating in the world of unknowns, this type of 
training also builds in the ``startle factor'', and just as in the 
real-world, the consequences of the pilot's actions (decisions, 
judgment, airmanship, tactile skills, etc.) will continue to 
escalate and affect the outcome of the planned flight. Although 
flying skills are an integral part of this type of training, SBT 
enables the pilot to gain experience in dealing with unexpected 
events and more importantly further enhances the development of good 
judgment and decisionmaking.

PART 135--OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: COMMUTERS AND ON DEMAND 
OPERATIONS AND RULES GOVERNING PERSONS ON BOARD SUCH AIRCRAFT

0
5. The authority citation for part 135 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 41706, 44701-44702, 44705, 
44709, 44711-44713, 44715-44717, 44722, 45101-45105.


0
6. Add SFAR No. 108 to part 135 to read as follows: SPECIAL FEDERAL 
AVIATION REGULATION NO. 108.

    Note: For the text of SFAR No. 108, see part 91 of this chapter.



    Issued in Washington, DC, on January 23, 2008.
Robert A. Sturgell,
Acting Administrator.
[FR Doc. 08-398 Filed 1-28-08; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 4910-13-P
