
[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 40 (Thursday, February 28, 2019)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 6736-6739]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-03564]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R09-OAR-2018-0806; FRL-9990-17-Region 9]


Air Plan Approval; Hawaii; Infrastructure SIP

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to 
approve a state implementation plan (SIP) submission from the State of 
Hawaii regarding certain Clean Air Act (CAA or ``Act'') requirements 
related to the interstate transport for the 2008 ozone national ambient 
air quality standards (NAAQS). The interstate transport requirements 
consist of several elements; this proposal pertains only to provisions 
prohibiting any source or other type of emissions activity in one state 
from emitting any air pollutant in amounts that will contribute 
significantly to nonattainment and interference with maintenance of the 
2008 ozone NAAQS in other states. We are taking comments on this 
proposal and plan to follow with a final action.

DATES: Any comments must arrive by April 1, 2019.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R09-
OAR-2018-0806 at https://www.regulations.gov. For comments submitted at 
Regulations.gov, follow the online instructions for submitting 
comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or removed from 
Regulations.gov. The EPA may publish any comment received to its public 
docket. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be 
Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose 
disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia submissions (audio, 
video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written comment. The written 
comment is considered the official comment and should include 
discussion of all points you wish to make. The EPA will generally not 
consider comments or comment contents located outside of the primary 
submission (i.e., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing system). For 
additional submission methods, please contact the person identified in 
the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. For the full EPA public 
comment policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and 
general guidance on making effective comments, please visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Tom Kelly, EPA Region IX, (415) 972-
3856, kelly.thomasp@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document, ``we,'' ``us'' and 
``our'' refer to the EPA.

Table of Contents

I. Background
    A. Interstate Transport
    B. State Submittal
II. Interstate Transport Analysis and Evaluation
    A. The EPA's Evaluation Approach
    B. The HDOH Transport Analysis
    C. The EPA's Evaluation of Significant Contribution to 
Nonattainment
    D. The EPA's Evaluation of Interference With Maintenance
III. Proposed Action
IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

I. Background

    Section 110(a)(1) of the CAA requires states to submit SIPs meeting 
the applicable requirements of section 110(a)(2) within three years 
after promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS or within such shorter 
period as the EPA may prescribe. Section 110(a)(2) requires states to 
address structural SIP elements such as requirements for monitoring, 
basic program requirements, and legal authority that are designed to 
provide for implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of the NAAQS. 
The EPA refers to the SIP submissions required by these provisions as 
``infrastructure SIP'' submissions. Section 110(a) imposes the 
obligation upon states to make a SIP submission to the EPA for a new or 
revised NAAQS, but the contents of individual state submissions may 
vary depending upon the facts and circumstances. This proposed rule 
pertains to the infrastructure SIP requirements for interstate 
transport of air pollution.

A. Interstate Transport

    Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i) of the CAA requires SIPs to include 
provisions prohibiting any source or other type of emissions activity 
in one state from emitting any air pollutant in amounts that will 
contribute significantly to nonattainment, or interfere with 
maintenance, of the NAAQS, or interfere with measures required to 
prevent significant deterioration of air quality or to protect 
visibility in any other state. This proposed rule addresses the two 
requirements under section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I), which we refer to as 
prong 1 (significant contribution to nonattainment of the NAAQS in any 
other state) and prong 2 (interference with maintenance of the NAAQS in 
any other state).\1\ The EPA refers to SIP revisions addressing the 
requirements of section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) as ``good neighbor SIPs'' or 
``interstate transport SIPs.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ This proposed action does not address the two elements of 
the interstate transport SIP provision in CAA section 
110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II) regarding interference with measures required to 
prevent significant deterioration of air quality or to protect 
visibility in another state or elements associated with section 
110(a)(2)(D)(ii) regarding interstate pollution abatement and 
international air pollution.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On March 12, 2008, the EPA revised the levels of the primary and 
secondary 8-hour ozone NAAQS, setting them at 0.075 parts per million. 
In 2015, the EPA issued an informational memo regarding interstate 
transport SIP requirements for the 2008 ozone NAAQS (``Ozone Transport 
Memo'').\2\ The Ozone Transport Memo, following the approach used in 
the original Cross State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR),\3\ provided data 
identifying ozone monitoring sites in the continental United States 
(U.S.) that were projected to be in nonattainment or have maintenance 
problems for the 2008 ozone NAAQS in 2018. In 2016, the EPA updated our 
ozone transport modeling through the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule 
Update (``CSAPR Update'').\4\ As part of this action, we changed the 
modeled year to 2017, aligning it with the relevant attainment dates 
for the 2008 ozone NAAQS as required by the D.C. Circuit's decision in 
North Carolina v. EPA.\5\ This CSAPR modeling did not include the 
island state of Hawaii and thus a different approach is used in this 
proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Memorandum dated January 22, 2015, from Stephen D. Page, 
Director, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA, to 
Regional Air Division Directors, Regions 1-10, ``Information on 
Interstate Transport `Good Neighbor' Provision for the 2008 Ozone 
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) under Clean Air Act 
(CAA) Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I).''
    \3\ 76 FR 48208 (August 8, 2011).
    \4\ 81 FR 74504 (October 26, 2016). The modeling results are 
found in the ``Ozone Transport Policy Analysis Final Rule TSD,'' 
EPA, August 2016, and an update to the affiliated final CSAPR Update 
ozone design value and contributions spreadsheet, entitled Copy of 
final_csapr_update_ozone_design_values_contributions.xlsx.
    \5\ 531 F.3d 896, 911-12 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (holding that EPA must 
coordinate interstate transport compliance deadlines with downwind 
attainment deadlines).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. State Submittal

    The Hawaii Department of Health (HDOH) submitted its proposed good

[[Page 6737]]

neighbor SIP for the 2008 ozone NAAQS in a letter dated June 8, 
2015,\6\ as a parallel processing request.\7\ The EPA notified HDOH 
that the submittal was complete on June 12, 2015.\8\ HDOH submitted a 
final good neighbor SIP (``HDOH Submittal'') on August 6, 2015,\9\ 
including documentation of public participation meeting the 
requirements of CAA section 110(a)(2) and 40 CFR 51.102. The content of 
the HDOH Submittal is discussed in section II.B (``The HDOH Transport 
Analysis'') of this notice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Letter dated June 8, 2015, from Virginia Pressler, M.D., 
Director of Health, HDOH, to Jared Blumenfeld, Regional 
Administrator, U.S. EPA, Region IX.
    \7\ Under the EPA's ``parallel processing'' procedure, the EPA 
may propose a rulemaking action concurrently with the state's 
proposed rulemaking. See 40 CFR part 51, appendix V for more 
information.
    \8\ Letter dated June 12, 2015, from Colleen McKaughan, Acting 
Director, Air Division, EPA Region 9, to Nolan Hirai, HDOH.
    \9\ Letter dated August 6, 2015, from Virginia Pressler, M.D., 
Director of Health, HDOH, to Jared Blumenfeld, Regional 
Administrator, U.S. EPA Region IX.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. Interstate Transport Analysis and Evaluation

A. The EPA's Evaluation Approach

    To assess interstate transport for regional pollutants such as fine 
particulate matter (PM2.5) or ozone, we typically first 
identify the areas that may have problems attaining or maintaining 
attainment of the NAAQS. We refer to regulatory monitors that are 
expected to exceed the NAAQS under average conditions as 
``nonattainment receptors'' and those that may have difficulty 
maintaining the NAAQS as ``maintenance receptors.'' Such receptors may 
include regulatory monitors operated by states, tribes, or local air 
agencies.
    In some cases, we have identified these receptors by modeling air 
quality in a future year that is relevant to CAA attainment deadlines 
for a given NAAQS. This type of modeling has been based on air quality 
data, emissions inventories, existing and planned air pollution control 
measures, and other information. As previously mentioned in Section 
I.A., the EPA modeled air quality in the 48 contiguous states of the 
continental U.S. in the CSAPR Update.\10\ This information is used in 
this analysis to identify states with nonattainment and maintenance 
receptors for the 2008 ozone NAAQS.\11\ To evaluate interstate 
transport for the 2008 ozone NAAQS for states in the continental U.S., 
the EPA estimated interstate contributions from and to all other 
continental states. The EPA then determined which upwind states 
contribute to these identified air quality problems in amounts 
sufficient to warrant further evaluation to determine if the state can 
make emission reductions to reduce its contribution. The CSAPR Update 
used a screening threshold (1% of the NAAQS or 0.75 parts per billion) 
to identify contributing upwind states warranting further review and 
analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ The methodology for the EPA's transport modeling for the 
2008 ozone is described in the CSAPR Update Rule (81 FR 74504, 
October 26, 2016).
    \11\ Nonattainment receptors were projected to have 2017 average 
design values higher than the 2008 ozone NAAQS and maintenance 
receptors were projected to have 2017 maximum design values higher 
than the 2008 ozone NAAQS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The EPA does not believe that modeling is necessarily required, 
particularly for isolated states like Hawaii. A proper and well-
supported weight of evidence approach can provide sufficient 
information for purposes of addressing transport with respect to the 
2008 ozone NAAQS. In a weight of evidence analysis, no single piece of 
information is by itself dispositive of the issue. Instead, the total 
weight of all the evidence taken together is used to evaluate 
significant contributions to nonattainment or interference with 
maintenance of the 2008 ozone NAAQS in another state.

B. The HDOH Transport Analysis

    HDOH concluded that Hawaii does not significantly contribute to 
nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the 2008 ozone NAAQS for 
another state, citing several factors: The distance from Hawaii to the 
continental U.S; the relatively small quantity of ozone precursor 
emissions in Hawaii; and an evaluation of ozone transport.
    In the HDOH Submittal, the State notes that Hawaii is approximately 
2,390 miles from the nearest state, California. It also compares 
Hawaii's ozone precursor emissions to those of California. Emissions of 
nitrogen oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) 
from Hawaii were 5.0% and 5.9% respectively of California's emissions 
in 2008 and 6.8% and 1.3% in 2011.
    Appendix 1 to the HDOH Submittal shows trajectories for emissions 
from Hawaii's Campbell Industrial Park, which includes a refinery and 
power generation facility, based on 2010 meteorological data. The 
trajectories initially travel eastward, before turning westward. A very 
small fraction of emissions arrives in the continental U.S. more than 
two days after release and a slightly larger fraction arrives five days 
after release.

C. The EPA's Evaluation of Significant Contribution to Nonattainment

    In the modeling performed for the CSAPR Update, the westernmost 
projected nonattainment receptors in the U.S. were in California and 
Texas.\12\ The nearest California projected nonattainment receptor is 
located in Turlock, Stanislaus County, which is 2,389 miles from the 
easternmost edge of Hawaii.\13\ The nearest Texas nonattainment 
receptor is located in Manvel, Brazoria County, which is 3,765 miles 
from Hawaii.\14\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ Copy of 
Final_csapr_update_ozone_design_values_contributions.xlsx.
    \13\ Monitor ID 060990006.
    \14\ Monitor ID 480391004.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have supplemented Hawaii's emission comparison with California 
to include Arizona, Colorado, and Texas because Arizona's contribution 
to ozone levels in California, Texas, and Colorado was considered in 
the EPA's modeling for the CSAPR Update, as explained further 
below.\15\ Hawaii's emissions are substantially lower than emissions 
from California, Arizona, Colorado, and Texas, as shown in Table 1.\16\ 
We further note that emissions of ozone precursors in Hawaii decreased 
over time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ Copy of 
final_csapr_updates_ozone_design_values_contributions.xlsx.
    \16\ The data were downloaded from the EPA's National Emissions 
Inventory Gateway and included in the docket for this action, in a 
spreadsheet entitled HI-AZ-CA-CO-TX NOX&VOC 2008-11-
14.xlsx.

[[Page 6738]]



                                                         Table 1--Emissions of Ozone Precursors
                                                                   [Tons per year] \a\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pollutant                                                                       NOX
                                                                                VOC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year....................................................            2008        \b\ 2011        \b\ 2014            2008        \b\ 2011        \b\ 2014
HI......................................................          55,447          54,803          43,421          41,724          38,781          34,545
AZ......................................................         311,197         256,227         229,555       2,118,307       2,270,916       2,016,827
CA......................................................       1,086,293         770,902         580,053       4,037,072       2,996,891       3,331,126
CO......................................................         301,556         332,361         282,078       1,084,404       1,331,019         960,549
TX......................................................       1,729,465       1,384,989       1,326,015       5,853,227       7,597,708       6,634,878
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Data from EPA's National Emissions Inventory: 2014 Version 2, 2011 Version 2, and 2008 Version 3 (some values for 2011 and 2008 emissions differ
  slightly from those provided by HDOH).
\b\ Non-anthropogenic event emissions (e.g., wildfires) were not included in these data.

    In the CSAPR Update, the EPA modeled Arizona's 2017 contributions 
to nonattainment receptors in El Centro and Los Angeles, California to 
be 2.4% and 1.1%, respectively. Although Arizona's contribution to 
these receptors in California exceeded the 1% screening threshold, we 
concluded that Arizona's contribution was not significant due to the 
low total contribution of all upwind states (4.4% at the El Centro 
receptor and 2.5% at Los Angeles receptor).\17\ The proposed rule 
explained, the ``EPA believes that a 4.4% and 2.5% cumulative ozone 
contribution from all upwind states is negligible.'' \18\ Our modeling 
estimated Arizona's contribution to all other ozone nonattainment 
receptors at less than the 1% threshold for potential significance.\19\ 
The EPA's conclusions about Arizona's contribution to nonattainment 
receptors in California, Texas, and other states further suggests 
Hawaii's emissions are unlikely to significantly contribute to those 
nonattainment receptors because NOX and VOC emissions from 
Arizona are more than five times larger than from Hawaii and more than 
2,000 miles closer to the nonattainment receptors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ 81 FR 31513 (May 19, 2016).
    \18\ 81 FR 15200 (March 22, 2016).
    \19\ Copy of 
final_csapr_updates_ozone_design_values_contributions.xlsx.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The trajectory analysis in Appendix 1 of the HDOH Submittal shows 
the predominant transport patterns in January and July of 2010 and 
supports the conclusion that Hawaii does not contribute to 
nonattainment of the 2008 ozone NAAQS in another state. Although the 
trajectory analysis was originally prepared in support of Hawaii's 
analysis for the 1997 ozone NAAQS, it still provides relevant technical 
information on transport patterns for the 2008 ozone NAAQS.
    Although the analysis only looked at trajectories for the months of 
January and July of 2010, the National Weather Service lists persistent 
trade winds from the northeast as a feature of Hawaii's climate from 
May to October.\20\ This suggests that the July 2010 metrological data, 
which form the basis of the trajectory analysis, would be similar to 
the meteorological data for other months from May to October. As the 
trajectory analysis shows, Hawaii's summertime emissions can be 
expected to travel eastward for at least one day, and often many days, 
before turning westward. Additionally, few of the trajectories reach 
the continental U.S. Our analysis is focused on summertime transport 
because summertime is typically the period of highest ozone 
concentrations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Association (NOAA). ``Honolulu, HI.'' Pacific Region Headquarters, 
NOAA's National Weather Service, www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/climate_summary.php.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on emissions data and the large distance that separates 
Hawaii from the continental U.S., it appears highly unlikely that 
emissions from Hawaii impact the ozone nonattainment receptors of 
California, Texas, or more distant states. In addition, the comparison 
of trajectory modeling results with ozone monitoring data provides 
further support for this conclusion. Additionally, emissions of ozone 
precursors in Hawaii are trending downward and should be less likely to 
impact other states' nonattainment areas in the future.

D. The EPA's Evaluation of Interference With Maintenance

    In addition to projected maintenance receptors in California and 
Texas, the EPA modeling in the CSAPR Update also projected maintenance 
receptors in Colorado.\21\ These maintenance receptors in California, 
Colorado, and Texas are located 2,401, 3,245, and 3,649 miles, 
respectively, from Hawaii.\22\ The EPA's projected 2017 modeling 
estimated Arizona's contribution to be less than 1% of the NAAQS for 
all California, Colorado, and Texas maintenance receptors. 
Consequently, we determined the emissions from Arizona do not interfere 
with maintenance in California, Colorado, or Texas. Because 
NOX and VOC emissions from Arizona are five times larger and 
more than 2000 miles closer than emissions from Hawaii, we expect that 
Hawaii's contribution to these receptors would also be less than 1%. 
Therefore, we conclude that emissions of ozone precursors in Hawaii are 
unlikely to interfere with maintenance receptors in California, 
Colorado, Texas, or any other state. This conclusion is also supported 
by the prevailing wind directions as documented by Hawaii's trajectory 
analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Copy of 
final_csapr_updates_ozone_design_values_contributions.xlsx.
    \22\ Monitor ID 060610006, in Roseville, Placer County, 
California; Monitor ID 080590011 in Applewood, Jefferson County 
Colorado; and Monitor ID 481210034, in Denton, Denton County, Texas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. The EPA's Proposed Action

    Based on our review of the HDOH Submittal and the additional 
analysis discussed in this notice, we propose to find that emissions 
from Hawaii do not significantly contribute to nonattainment or 
interfere with maintenance of the 2008 ozone NAAQS in any other state. 
Accordingly, we propose to approve the HDOH Submittal as satisfying the 
requirements of CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) for the 2008 ozone 
NAAQS.

IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP 
submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and applicable 
federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in 
reviewing SIP submissions, the EPA's role is to approve state choices, 
provided they meet the criteria of the Act. Accordingly, this proposed 
action merely proposes to approve state law as meeting federal 
requirements and does

[[Page 6739]]

not impose additional requirements beyond those imposed by state law. 
For that reason, this proposed action:
     Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' subject to 
review by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Orders 
12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 
2011);
     Is not an Executive Order 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 2, 
2017) regulatory action because SIP approvals are exempted under 
Executive Order 12866;
     Does not impose an information collection burden under the 
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
     Is certified as not having a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
     Does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded 
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
     Does not have Federalism implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
     Is not an economically significant regulatory action based 
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 
19885, April 23, 1997);
     Is not a significant regulatory action subject to 
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
     Is not subject to requirements of section 12(d) of the 
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent 
with the Act; and
     Does not provide the EPA with the discretionary authority 
to address disproportionate human health or environmental effects with 
practical, appropriate, and legally permissible methods under Executive 
Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
    In addition, the SIP is not approved to apply on any Indian 
reservation land or in any other area where the EPA or an Indian tribe 
has demonstrated that a tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of 
Indian country, the rule does not have tribal implications and will not 
impose substantial direct costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal 
law as specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 
2000).

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by 
reference, Infrastructure SIP, Interstate transport, Nitrogen oxides, 
Volatile organic compounds.

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    Dated: February 1, 2019.
Deborah Jordan,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region IX.
[FR Doc. 2019-03564 Filed 2-27-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6560-50-P


