[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 66 (Thursday, April 6, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 20443-20449]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-07107]


=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R4-OAR-2022-0783; FRL-10523-01-R4]


Air Plan Partial Disapproval and Partial Approval; Tennessee; 
Revisions to Startup, Shutdown, and Malfunction Rules

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to 
partially approve and partially disapprove a State Implementation Plan 
(SIP) revision submitted by the State of Tennessee, through the 
Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), on 
November 19, 2016, as supplemented on January 20, 2023, in response to 
a finding of substantial inadequacy and SIP call published on June 12, 
2015, regarding provisions in the Tennessee SIP related to excess 
emissions during startup, shutdown, and malfunction (SSM) events. 
Tennessee's January 20, 2023, supplemental SIP revision includes some 
additional changes related to the 2015 SIP call, plus other changes 
unrelated to the SIP call, in the affected chapter of Tennessee's 
regulations. EPA is proposing to approve portions of the November 19, 
2016, SIP revision, as supplemented by the January 20, 2023, SIP 
revision, that the Agency has preliminarily determined correct certain 
deficiencies identified in the June 12, 2015, SIP SSM call. In 
addition, EPA is proposing to disapprove portions of the SIP revision 
that the Agency has preliminarily determined fail to correct other 
deficiencies identified in the 2015 SIP call.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before May 8, 2023.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R4-
OAR-2022-0783 at www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions 
for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or 
removed from regulations.gov. EPA may publish any comment received to 
its public docket. Do not electronically submit any information you 
consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other 
information, the disclosure of which is restricted by statute. 
Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a 
written comment. The written comment is considered the official comment 
and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. EPA will 
generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of 
the primary submission (i.e., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing 
system). For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment 
policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general 
guidance on making effective comments, please visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Estelle Bae, Air Permits Section, Air 
Planning and Implementation Branch, Air and Radiation Division, U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street SW, 
Atlanta, Georgia 30303-8960. Ms. Bae can be reached by telephone at 
(404) 562-9143 or via electronic mail at [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Background
    A. EPA's 2015 SSM SIP Action
    B. Tennessee's SIP Provisions Related to Excess Emissions
II. Analysis of SIP Submissions
    A. Tennessee Chapter 1200-3-5, ``Visible Emission Regulations''
    B. Tennessee Chapter 1200-3-20, ``Limits on Emissions Due to 
Malfunctions, Startups, and Shutdowns''
    1. Rule 1200-3-20-.01, ``Purpose''
    2. Rule 1200-3-20-.02, ``Reasonable Measures Required''
    3. Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Scheduled Maintenance''
    4. New Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Report Required Upon the Issuance 
of Notice of Violation''
    i. January 20, 2023, Supplemental SIP Revision
    ii. November 19, 2016, SIP Revision
    5. New Rule 1200-3-20-.07, ``Special Reports Required''; New 
Rule 1200-3-20-.08, ``Rights Reserved''; and New Rule 1200-3-20-.09, 
``Additional Sources Covered''
III. Proposed Actions
IV. Incorporation by Reference
V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

I. Background

A. EPA's 2015 SSM SIP Action

    On February 22, 2013, EPA issued a Federal Register notice of 
proposed rulemaking (NPRM) outlining EPA's policy at the time with 
respect to SIP provisions related to periods of SSM. EPA analyzed 
specific SSM SIP provisions and explained how each one either did or 
did not comply with the Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) with regard

[[Page 20444]]

to excess emission events.\1\ For each SIP provision that EPA 
determined to be inconsistent with the CAA, EPA proposed to find that 
the existing SIP provision was substantially inadequate to meet CAA 
requirements and thus proposed to issue a SIP call under CAA section 
110(k)(5). On September 17, 2014, EPA issued a document supplementing 
and revising what the Agency had previously proposed in the 2013 NPRM 
in light of a United States Court of Appeals for the District of 
Columbia Circuit decision in which the Court found that the CAA 
precludes authority of EPA to create affirmative defense provisions 
applicable to private civil suits. EPA outlined its updated policy that 
affirmative defense SIP provisions are not consistent with CAA 
requirements. EPA proposed in the supplemental proposal document to 
apply its revised interpretation of the CAA to specific affirmative 
defense SIP provisions and proposed SIP calls for those provisions 
where appropriate. See 79 FR 55920 (September 17, 2014).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ State Implementation Plans: Response to Petition for 
Rulemaking; Findings of Substantial Inadequacy; and SIP Calls To 
Amend Provisions Applying to Excess Emissions During Periods of 
Startup, Shutdown, and Malfunction, 78 FR 12460 (February 22, 2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On June 12, 2015, pursuant to CAA section 110(k)(5), EPA finalized 
``State Implementation Plans: Response to Petition for Rulemaking; 
Restatement and Update of EPA's SSM Policy Applicable to SIPs; Findings 
of Substantial Inadequacy; and SIP Calls to Amend Provisions Applying 
to Excess Emissions During Periods of Startup, Shutdown and 
Malfunction,'' hereinafter referred to as the ``2015 SSM SIP Action.'' 
See 80 FR 33839 (June 12, 2015). The 2015 SSM SIP Action clarified, 
restated, and updated EPA's interpretation that SSM exemption and 
affirmative defense SIP provisions are inconsistent with CAA 
requirements. The 2015 SSM SIP Action found that certain SIP provisions 
in 36 states, including Tennessee, were substantially inadequate to 
meet CAA requirements and issued a SIP call to those states to submit 
SIP revisions to address the inadequacies. EPA established an 18-month 
deadline by which the affected states had to submit such SIP revisions. 
States were required to submit corrective revisions to their SIPs in 
response to the SIP calls by November 22, 2016.
    EPA issued a memorandum in October 2020 (2020 Memorandum), which 
stated that certain provisions governing SSM periods in SIPs could be 
viewed as consistent with CAA requirements.\2\ Importantly, the 2020 
Memorandum stated that it ``did not alter in any way the determinations 
made in the 2015 SSM SIP Action that identified specific state SIP 
provisions that were substantially inadequate to meet the requirements 
of the Act.'' Accordingly, the 2020 Memorandum had no direct impact on 
the SIP call issued to Tennessee in 2015. The 2020 Memorandum did, 
however, indicate EPA's intent at the time to review SIP calls that 
were issued in the 2015 SSM SIP Action to determine whether EPA should 
maintain, modify, or withdraw particular SIP calls through future 
agency actions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ October 9, 2020, memorandum ``Inclusion of Provisions 
Governing Periods of Startup, Shutdown, and Malfunctions in State 
Implementation Plans,'' from Andrew R. Wheeler, Administrator.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On September 30, 2021, EPA's Deputy Administrator withdrew the 2020 
Memorandum and announced EPA's return to the policy set forth in the 
2015 SSM SIP Action (2021 Memorandum).\3\ As articulated in the 2021 
Memorandum, SIP provisions that contain exemptions or affirmative 
defense provisions are not consistent with CAA requirements and, 
therefore, generally are not approvable if contained in a SIP 
submission. This policy approach is intended to ensure that all 
communities and populations, including overburdened communities, 
receive the full health and environmental protections provided by the 
CAA.\4\ The 2021 Memorandum also retracted the prior statement from the 
2020 Memorandum regarding EPA's plans to review and potentially modify 
or withdraw particular SIP calls. That statement no longer reflects 
EPA's intent. EPA intends to implement the principles laid out in the 
2015 SSM SIP Action as the Agency takes action on SIP submissions, 
including Tennessee's November 19, 2016, SIP submittal, as supplemented 
on January 20, 2023, provided in response to the 2015 SIP call.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ September 30, 2021, memorandum ``Withdrawal of the October 
9, 2020, Memorandum Addressing Startup, Shutdown, and Malfunctions 
in State Implementation Plans and Implementation of the Prior 
Policy,'' from Janet McCabe, Deputy Administrator.
    \4\ See 80 FR at 33985.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Tennessee's SIP Provisions Related to Excess Emissions

    With regard to the Tennessee SIP, in the 2015 SSM SIP Action, EPA 
determined that three provisions, Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. (hereinafter, 
Rule) 1200-3-5-.02(1), 1200-03-20-.07(1), and 1200-03-20-.07(3), were 
substantially inadequate to satisfy CAA requirements and issued a SIP 
call for these provisions. See 80 FR 33839, 33965 (June 12, 2015). Rule 
1200-3-5-.02, ``Exceptions,'' paragraph (1), provides that ``due 
allowance may be made for visible emissions in excess of that permitted 
in this chapter which are necessary or unavoidable due to routine 
startup and shutdown conditions.'' Rule 1200-03-20-.07, ``Report 
Required Upon the Issuance of Notice of Violation,'' paragraph (1), 
provides the Technical Director with the discretion, upon review of a 
source's excess emissions report, to determine if an event is a 
violation and whether to pursue enforcement action. Paragraph (3) of 
Rule 1200-03-20-.07 provides reporting requirements in the event of 
excess emissions and specifies that failure to submit the required 
report precludes the admissibility of the report data as an excuse for 
causing excess emissions during malfunctions, startups, and shutdowns. 
The rationale underlying EPA's determination that these provisions are 
substantially inadequate to meet CAA requirements and, therefore, 
require revisions to remedy the provisions is detailed in the 2015 SSM 
SIP Action and the accompanying proposals.
    On November 19, 2016, Tennessee submitted a SIP revision in 
response to the SIP call issued in the 2015 SSM SIP Action and 
requested approval of changes to provisions in Chapter 1200-3-5 
(``Visible Emissions Regulations'') and Chapter 1200-3-20 (``Limits On 
Emissions Due To Malfunctions, Startups, And Shutdowns''). With regard 
to the Chapter 1200-3-20 provisions, the State requested approval of 
revisions to Rules 1200-3-20-.06(2), 1200-3-20-.06(4), and 1200-3-
20-.06(6) (as numbered in the current state code of regulations) to 
address deficiencies that EPA identified in the 2015 SSM Action in SIP-
approved Rules 1200-03-20-.07(1) and 1200-03-20-.07(3).
    On January 20, 2023, Tennessee supplemented its 2016 SIP submission 
to request removal of Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Scheduled Maintenance,'' 
resulting in the renumbering of Rules 1200-3-20-.07 through .10 to 
1200-3-20-.06 through .09 (i.e., .07 is renumbered to .06, and so on), 
and other changes to Chapter 1200-3-20.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Tennessee requested that Rule 1200-3-20-.03 and 1200-3-
20-.06(5) not be incorporated into the Tennessee SIP. See the 
document titled ``Transmittal_Letter_SSM SIP Call Chapter 20 
Supplemental.doc'' in the docket for this proposed action.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 20445]]

II. Analysis of SIP Submissions

A. Tennessee Chapter 1200-3-5, ``Visible Emission Regulations''

    In the 2015 SSM SIP Action, EPA determined that Rule 1200-3-
5-.02(1) is substantially inadequate to meet the fundamental 
requirements of the CAA, as it operates as an impermissible 
discretionary exemption because it allows a state official to excuse 
excess visible emissions after giving ``due allowance'' to the fact 
that they were emitted during startup or shutdown events.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ See 80 FR 33839, 33965 (June 12, 2015); 78 FR 12460, 12512-
13 (February 22, 2013) (explaining that ``this provision is 
impermissible because it creates unbounded discretion that purports 
to make a state official the unilateral arbiter of whether the 
excess emissions in a given event constitute a violation of 
otherwise applicable SIP emission limitations'' and because ``the 
provision purports to authorize the state official to create 
exemptions from applicable SIP emission limitations when such 
exemptions are impermissible in the first instance'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the November 19, 2016, submission, Tennessee's only revision to 
Rule 1200-3-5-.02(1) is the addition of a sentence that states, 
``However, no visible emission in excess of that permitted in this 
chapter shall be allowed which can be proved to cause or contribute to 
any violations of the Ambient Air Quality Standards contained in 
Chapter 1200-03-03 and the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.'' In 
its November 19, 2016, SIP revision, TDEC asserts that ``[e]nforcement 
of the NAAQS fulfills the responsibility of the State of Tennessee to 
protect and maintain air quality standards.'' Although one possible 
basis for a SIP call is a finding that a SIP is substantially 
inadequate to attain or maintain a NAAQS, CAA section 110(k)(5) also 
authorizes a SIP call when a SIP is substantially inadequate to comply 
with any other CAA requirement(s), such as the requirement that 
emission limitations must apply continuously. Rule 1200-3-5-.02(1) was 
SIP-called because EPA found in the 2015 SSM Action that it was 
inconsistent with that requirement--specifically, with sections 
110(a)(2)(A), 110(a)(2)(C), and 302(k).\7\ Thus, since the lone 
revision to Rule 1200-3-5-.02(1) is the new language prohibiting excess 
visible emissions which can be proved to cause or contribute to any 
violations of ambient air quality standards, the specific deficiencies 
EPA identified in the 2015 SSM SIP Action with respect to Rule 1200-3-
5-02(1) have not been corrected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ See 80 FR 33839, 33965 (June 12, 2015); 78 FR 12460, 12512-
13 (February 22, 2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The revised version of Rule 1200-3-5-.02(1) still operates as an 
impermissible discretionary exemption from compliance with applicable 
emission limits in the SIP because it continues to allow a state 
official to give ``due allowance'' for excess emissions that occur 
during startup and shutdown events. Though the term ``due allowance'' 
is not defined in Tennessee's rules, the reference in the next sentence 
to circumstances under which no excess visible emission ``shall be 
allowed'' suggests that giving ``due allowance'' to startup and 
shutdown conditions means that Tennessee is authorized to allow excess 
emissions during such events.
    Pursuant to EPA's SSM policy, emission limitations must apply at 
all times. Rule 1200-3-5-.02(1) effectively creates an exemption from 
the SIP-approved opacity requirements of Chapter 1200-3-5 for periods 
of startup and shutdown at the discretion of the Technical Secretary. 
As explained in the 2015 SSM SIP Action and corresponding proposal, 
this provision is impermissible not just because it creates unbounded 
discretion for a state official to decide whether the excess emissions 
in a given event constitute a violation of otherwise applicable SIP 
emission limitations but also because it purports to authorize the 
state official to create exemptions from applicable emission 
limitations when such exemptions are not permissible in the first 
instance. See 78 FR 12460, 12513 (February 22, 2013). EPA approval of 
such broad and unbounded discretion to alter the existing legal 
requirements of the SIP would be tantamount to allowing a revision of 
the SIP without meeting the applicable procedural and substantive 
requirements for such a SIP revision. See 80 FR 33839, 33928 (June 12, 
2015). This type of director's discretion provision undermines the 
purpose of emission limitations and the reductions they are intended to 
achieve, thereby rendering them less enforceable by the EPA or through 
a citizen suit. For these reasons, EPA is proposing to disapprove the 
changes to Rule 1200-3-5-.02(1) transmitted in Tennessee's November 19, 
2016, SIP revision, as they are not consistent with CAA requirements, 
specifically CAA sections 110(a)(2)(A), 110(a)(2)(C), and 302(k), and 
therefore do not adequately address the specific deficiencies EPA 
identified in the 2015 SSM SIP Action with respect to the Tennessee 
SIP.

B. Tennessee Chapter 1200-3-20, ``Limits on Emissions Due to 
Malfunctions, Startups, and Shutdowns''

1. Rule 1200-3-20-.01, ``Purpose''
    The January 20, 2023, supplemental SIP revision makes minor changes 
to Rule 1200-3-20-.01 that are not responsive to the 2015 SIP call. 
Specifically, Tennessee seeks to remove the portion of this rule that 
lists examples of sources that are considered to be an ``air 
contaminant source.'' The definition of ``air contaminant source'' is 
also included in the Tennessee SIP under Rule 1200-03-.02, 
``Definitions,'' and examples of sources that are within the scope of 
this definition are listed within the definition. This revision would 
remove the redundancy of this term in the Tennessee SIP and does not 
relax the applicability of the rules in Chapter 1200-3-20. Accordingly, 
EPA is proposing to approve the requested change to this Rule.
2. Rule 1200-3-20-02, ``Reasonable Measures Required''
    The January 20, 2023, supplemental SIP revision contains 
substantive changes that are not responsive to the 2015 SIP call but 
that strengthen the Tennessee SIP by expanding the applicability of 
Rule 1200-3-20-02 by removing a portion of text that limits the Rule to 
``sources identified in Tennessee Rule 1200-3-19, or by a permit 
condition or an order issued by the Board or by the Technical Secretary 
as being in or significantly affecting a nonattainment area.'' The 
effect of removing this language is that this Rule would now apply to 
all air contaminant sources in the State instead of sources that are in 
or significantly affecting a nonattainment area. Therefore, EPA is 
proposing to approve this change to the SIP.
3. Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Scheduled Maintenance''
    In its January 20, 2023, SIP revision, Tennessee is requesting 
removal of Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Scheduled Maintenance,'' although it 
was not SIP-called in the 2015 SSM SIP Action. Rule 1200-3-20-.06 
specifies reporting requirements for any shutdown of air pollution 
control equipment for necessary scheduled maintenance that will result 
in excess emissions. Specifically, this rule requires notification to 
the Technical Secretary within 24 hours of planned maintenance of air 
pollution control equipment unless the maintenance is routine, in which 
case the notifications may be made on an annual basis.

[[Page 20446]]

    Section 110(l) of the CAA provides that EPA shall not approve a 
revision to a plan if the revision would interfere with any applicable 
requirement concerning attainment and reasonable further progress, or 
any other applicable requirement of the CAA. Section 193 of the CAA 
provides that no control requirement in effect, or required to be 
adopted by an order, settlement agreement, or plan in effect before the 
CAA amendments of 1990 in a nonattainment area may be modified unless 
the modification ensures greater or equivalent emission reductions of 
such air pollutant. EPA proposes to approve the removal of this rule in 
its entirety because the removal is not expected to cause any increase 
in emissions. This revision does not remove a prohibition on excess 
emissions or any specific requirements to minimize those emissions and 
thus is not a relaxation of a control requirement. Furthermore, as 
Tennessee notes in its submittal, the routine shutdown of air pollution 
control equipment described in Rule 1200-3-20-.06 is inappropriate.
    EPA also notes that a requirement for sources to identify and 
report any anticipated excess emissions event resulting from control 
equipment undergoing scheduled maintenance is not a required element of 
SIPs. The Tennessee SIP contains other reporting requirements that 
include the reporting of actual excess emissions events to the State 
once such events have occurred.\8\ Thus, the removal of Rule 1200-3-
20-.06 would not prevent TDEC from receiving reports of actual excess 
emissions. EPA preliminarily finds that removing Rule 1200-3-20-.06 
would not interfere with any applicable requirement concerning 
attainment and reasonable further progress, or any other applicable 
requirement of the CAA and would not constitute modification of a 
control requirement in effect, or required to be adopted by an order, 
settlement agreement, or plan in effect before the CAA amendments of 
1990 in a nonattainment area. Accordingly, EPA is proposing to approve 
Tennessee's request to remove Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Scheduled 
Maintenance,'' from the Tennessee SIP.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ For example, Rule 1200-3-10-.02 requires a source to report 
any actual excess emissions if the source has a continuous emissions 
monitoring system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. New Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Report Required Upon The Issuance of 
Notice of Violation''
    Due to the deletion of Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Scheduled 
Maintenance,'' as discussed above, Tennessee has renumbered existing 
Rule 1200-3-20-.07, ``Report Required Upon The Issuance of Notice of 
Violation,'' as Rule 1200-3-20-.06 and is requesting approval of a new 
version of Rule 1200-3-20-.06 in the Tennessee SIP. The State's SIP 
revisions submitted on November 19, 2016, and January 20, 2023, make 
various changes to several paragraphs within this rule, some of which 
are responsive to the 2015 SIP call. Although the January 20, 2023, SIP 
revision was transmitted to EPA after the November 19, 2016, SIP 
revision, it includes regulatory changes that became state-effective 
prior to the changes made in response to the 2015 SSM SIP Action. 
Because Tennessee's November 19, 2016, submission relies in part on 
revisions submitted to EPA in the January 20, 2023, submission,\9\ EPA 
addresses the State's January 20, 2023, SIP revision first.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Tennessee had previously submitted the revisions contained 
in the January 20, 2023, submission on October 10, 1994, however, 
EPA never acted on that submission and Tennesse withdrew it from EPA 
review on July 20, 2016.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. January 20, 2023, Supplemental SIP Revision
    Tennessee's January 20, 2023, SIP submission renumbers Rule 1200-3-
20-.07, ``Report Required Upon the Issuance of a Notice of Violation,'' 
to 1200-3-20-.06, consistent with the removal of current SIP-approved 
Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Scheduled Maintenance.'' Tennessee also revises 
the rule by splitting the requirements of paragraph .07(1) into two 
paragraphs, now renumbered as .06(1) and .06(2). The text from current 
SIP-approved paragraph .07(1) that has been moved to new paragraphs 
.06(1) and (2) includes minor updates to the wording for clarity, 
consistency with other Tennessee Rules and with the terms defined in 
Chapter 1200-3-2, ``Definitions,'' and updates internal references to 
the rules.\10\ However, EPA is proposing to disapprove new Rule 1200-3-
20-.06(1), as submitted in the January 20, 2023, supplemental SIP 
revision, because this provision contains a cross-reference to Rule 
1200-3-5-.02(1), which EPA is proposing to disapprove, as explained in 
Section II.A, above. Specifically, Rule 1200-3-20-.06(1) requires 
automatic issuance of a notice of violation (NOV) for excess emissions 
except for ``visible emissions levels included as a startup and/or 
shutdown permit condition under'' 1200-3-5-.02(1). Because EPA SIP-
called and is herein proposing to disapprove Rule 1200-3-5-.02(1), the 
cross-reference to Rule 1200-3-5-.02(1), in itself, warrants 
disapproval of Rule 1200-3-20-.06(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ The state effective version of Rule 1200-3-20-.06(1) 
includes the phrase ``or determined to be de minimis under Rule 
1200-3-20-.06.'' Tennessee requested that this revision not be 
incorporated into the Tennessee SIP. Therefore, EPA is proposing to 
act on only the remainder of Rule 1200-3-20-.06(1) in this NPRM.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, although Rule 1200-3-20-.06(1)'s exception from 
automatic NOV issuance could be interpreted as a provision of state-
only enforcement discretion, it could also be interpreted to constrain, 
or at least create uncertainty with respect to, EPA and citizen 
enforcement. Even if interpreted to apply strictly to state enforcement 
of emission limit exceedances, such provisions of state-only 
enforcement discretion, because they do not apply to EPA or citizens, 
are not appropriate for inclusion in the SIP. Thus, whether interpreted 
as a provision of state-only enforcement discretion or as a 
constriction of EPA or citizen enforcement, EPA proposes to disapprove 
new Rule 1200-3-20-.06(1).\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ EPA considers new Rule 1200-3-20-.06(1) to be separable 
from the remainder of Rule 1200-3-20-.06 and believes that its 
disapproval of new paragraph (1) will not result in the portions of 
Rule 1200-3-20-.06 that EPA proposes to approve being more stringent 
than Tennessee anticipated or intended. See Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. 
Gorsuch, 742 F.2d 1028, 1036-37 (7th Cir. 1984). Although 
disapproval of (1) would eliminate an exception from automatic NOV 
issuance, it also would eliminate the requirement for automatic NOV 
issuance, resulting in no increase in stringency with respect to 
Tennessee's authority and discretion to issue NOVs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is proposing to approve Tennessee's January 20, 2023, revisions 
to new Rule 1200-3-20-.06(2), (3), and (4). The revisions to new Rule 
1200-3-20.06(2) consist of minor updates to the wording for 
clarification purposes. New Rule 1200-3-20-.06(3) (former Rule 1200-3-
20-.07(2), now renumbered to .06(3)) describes the contents of the 
report required to be submitted to the State when a notice of violation 
is issued. The only changes made to this paragraph are minor wording 
and punctuation changes. Next, the revisions to new Rule 1200-3-
20-.06(4) (former Rule 1200-3-20-.07(3), now renumbered to .06(4)), 
include only minor wording changes via the January 20, 2023, 
supplemental SIP revision. These revisions are not substantive in 
nature and do not change any underlying requirements.
    The January 20, 2023, supplemental SIP submission includes the 
addition of Rule 1200-3-20-.06(5), which lists various types of sources 
and ``de minimis'' emission levels, below which no notice of 
violation(s) of certain

[[Page 20447]]

pollutant limits will be automatically issued and SSM exemptions may 
apply. However, Tennessee is not requesting that paragraph (5) be 
incorporated into the SIP.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ See the document titled ``Transmittal_Letter_SSM SIP Call 
Chapter 20 Supplemental.doc'' in the docket for this proposed 
action. Therefore, EPA is not proposing to act on the new Rule 1200-
3-20-.06(5) in this NPRM.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. November 19, 2016, SIP Revision
    Regarding former Rule 1200-3-20-.07 paragraph (1) and paragraph 
(3), EPA determined in the 2015 SSM SIP Action that these paragraphs 
were substantially inadequate to meet CAA requirements. In response to 
the 2015 SSM SIP Action, Tennessee's November 19, 2016, SIP revision 
requests EPA approval of changes to Rules 1200-3-20-.06(2) and .06(4), 
as renumbered from .07(1) and .07(3), respectively. First, Tennessee's 
submittal removes the language in former 1200-3-20-.07(1), renumbered 
in the January 20, 2023, supplemental SIP revision as 1200-3-20-.06(2), 
which states that the report detailing the circumstances of the excess 
emissions will be used ``to assist the Technical Secretary in deciding 
whether to excuse or proceed upon the violation.'' By removing this 
phrase, the provision will no longer appear to provide a discretionary 
exemption from SIP emission limits. In addition, Tennessee includes 
other minor changes to the language in paragraph .06(2) to clarify the 
requirements and to replace the term ``Technical Secretary'' with 
``Technical Secretary or the Technical Secretary's representative.''
    Next, regarding former paragraph .07(3), renumbered in the January 
20, 2023, supplemental SIP revision as 1200-3-20-.06(4), Tennessee 
requests removal of the excusal language in this paragraph which states 
that failure to submit the report required by paragraph .06(3) within 
the 20-day period following a notice of violation precludes the 
admissibility of the information ``as an excuse for malfunctions, 
startups, and shutdowns in causing the excessive emissions'' and 
replacement with ``for determination of potential enforcement action.'' 
EPA notes that the term ``potential enforcement action'' in this 
provision refers specifically to what is considered in Tennessee's 
determination of a state enforcement action.
    The revisions to paragraphs .06(2) and .06(4), as renumbered from 
.07(1) and .07(3), remove the ambiguous language that EPA SIP-called as 
functionally an impermissible discretionary exemption. Therefore, TDEC 
has addressed the specific deficiencies that EPA identified in the 2015 
SSM SIP Action with respect to Chapter 1200-3-20.
    In the November 19, 2016, SIP revision to paragraph .06(6), 
Tennessee adds, ``No emission during periods of malfunction, startup, 
or shutdown that is in excess of the standards in Division 1200-03 or 
any permit issued thereto shall be allowed which can be proved to cause 
or contribute to any violations of the Ambient Air Quality Standards 
contained in Chapter 1200-03-03 or the National Ambient Air Quality 
Standards.'' As revised, this paragraph simply notes that excess 
emissions during periods of SSM which are known to cause or contribute 
to violations of ambient air quality standards are not allowed. EPA 
notes that, while this provision does not convey an inaccurate concept, 
the SIP must specify emission limitations (which must be continuous) to 
provide for attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS and not merely 
general prohibitions against emissions that would violate the NAAQS. 
Any excess emissions that would violate an applicable SIP emission 
limit are not allowed, regardless of whether they can be proved to 
cause or contribute to violations of any ambient air quality standards, 
and regardless of whether they occur during periods of SSM. With 
Tennessee's November 19, 2016, changes to Chapter 1200-3-20, there are 
no specific exemptions from applicable SIP emission limits in this 
Chapter.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ As identified in Section II.A of this NPRM, EPA is 
proposing to disapprove the revision to Chapter 1200-3-5, which 
still includes an exemption from applicable SIP visible emissions 
requirements during periods of startup and shutdown.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the reasons described in this Section II.B.4, EPA is proposing 
to partially approve and partially disapprove Tennessee's January 20, 
2023, and November 19, 2016, SIP revisions to Rule 1200-3-20-.07, as 
renumbered to 1200-3-20-.06, which were submitted for incorporation 
into the SIP. Specifically, EPA is proposing to approve Tennessee's SIP 
revision with respect to Rule 1200-3-20-.06(2), (3), (4), and (6), and 
EPA is proposing to disapprove the revision with respect to Rule 1200-
3-20-.06(1) and (5).
5. New Rule 1200-3-20-.07, ``Special Reports Required''; New Rule 1200-
3-20-.08, ``Rights Reserved''; and New Rule 1200-3-20-.09, ``Additional 
Sources Covered''
    Approving Tennessee's request to remove 1200-3-20-.06, ``Scheduled 
Maintenance,'' from the Tennessee SIP would necessitate the renumbering 
of Rules 1200-3-20-.08, 1200-3-20-.09, and 1200-3-20-.10 in the 
Tennessee SIP to Rules 1200-3-20-.07, 1200-3-20-.08, and 1200-3-20-.09, 
respectively. Additionally, Rule 1200-3-20-.09, as renumbered from 
1200-3-20-.10, includes other minor edits to assign a number to the 
provision included as paragraph .09(1) and to include a parenthetical 
around existing text in this provision. EPA is proposing to approve 
these revisions.

III. Proposed Actions

    Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP 
submission that complies with the provisions of the CAA and applicable 
Federal regulations. See 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Based on 
the analysis in Section II of this NPRM, EPA is proposing to partially 
approve and partially disapprove revisions to Chapters 1200-3-5 and 
1200-3-20 of the Tennessee SIP, as submitted on November 19, 2016, and 
supplemented on January 20, 2023. Specifically, EPA is proposing to 
disapprove the changes to Rule 1200-3-5-.02, ``Exceptions,'' and Rule 
1200-3-20-.06, ``Report Required Upon the Issuance of Notice of 
Violation,'' paragraph (1), renumbered from 1200-3-20-.07; and 
proposing to approve the changes to Rule 1200-3-20-.01, ``Purpose''; 
Rule 1200-3-20-.02, ``Reasonable Measured Required''; Rule 1200-3-
20-.06, ``Report Required Upon the Issuance of Notice of Violation,'' 
renumbered from 1200-3-20-.07, except for 1200-3-20-.06(1) and 1200-3-
20-.06(5); Rule 1200-3-20-.07, ``Special Reports Required,'' renumbered 
from 1200-3-20-.08; Rule 1200-3-20-.08, ``Rights Reserved,'' renumbered 
from 1200-3-20-.09; and Rule 1200-3-20-.09, ``Additional Source 
Covered,'' renumbered from 1200-3-20-.10. EPA is also proposing to 
approve the removal of Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Scheduled Maintenance.''
    EPA is further proposing to find that these SIP revisions only 
partially correct the deficiencies that were identified in the June 12, 
2015, SIP SSM SIP Action. If the Agency finalizes this partial 
disapproval, CAA section 110(c) would require EPA to promulgate a 
federal implementation plan (FIP) within 24 months after the effective 
date of the partial disapproval, unless EPA first approves a SIP 
revision that corrects the deficiencies identified in the 2015 SSM SIP 
Action or the deficiencies identified in Section II of this NPRM within 
such time. In addition, final partial disapproval would trigger 
mandatory sanctions under CAA section 179 and 40 CFR 52.31 unless the 
State submits, and EPA approves, a SIP revision that corrects the 
identified deficiencies

[[Page 20448]]

within 18 months of the effective date of the final partial disapproval 
action.\14\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ The offset sanction in CAA section 179(b)(2) would be 
triggered 18 months after the effective date of a final disapproval, 
and the highway funding sanction in CAA section 179(b)(1) would be 
triggered 24 months after the effective date of a final disapproval. 
Although the sanctions clock would begin to run from the effective 
date of a final disapproval, mandatory sanctions under CAA section 
179 generally apply only in designated nonattainment areas. This 
includes areas designated as nonattainment after the effective date 
of a final disapproval. As discussed in the 2015 SSM SIP Action, EPA 
will evaluate the geographic scope of potential sanctions at the 
time it makes a determination that the air agency has failed to make 
a complete SIP submission in response to the 2015 SIP call, or at 
the time it disapproves such a SIP submission. The appropriate 
geographic scope for sanctions may vary depending upon the SIP 
provisions at issue. See 80 FR 33839, 33930.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA is not reopening the 2015 SSM SIP Action nor soliciting comment 
on the rationale for issuing the 2015 SIP call to Tennessee. EPA is 
taking comment on whether the proposed revisions to the Tennessee SIP 
are consistent with CAA requirements and whether these changes remedy 
the substantial inadequacies in the specific Tennessee SIP provisions 
identified in the 2015 SSM SIP Action. EPA is also soliciting public 
comments on the proposed partial disapproval, as explained herein.

IV. Incorporation by Reference

    In this document, EPA is proposing to include in a final rule 
regulatory text that includes incorporation by reference. In accordance 
with the requirements of 1 CFR 51.5, and as discussed in Sections I 
through III of this preamble, EPA is proposing to incorporate by 
reference into the Tennessee SIP Rules 1200-3-20-.01, ``Purpose,'' 
State effective on September 26, 2016; 1200-3-20-.02, ``Reasonable 
Measured Required,'' State effective on November 11, 1997; \15\ 1200-3-
20-.06, ``Report Required Upon The Issuance of a Notice of Violation,'' 
State effective on November 16, 2016, except for 1200-3-20-.06(1) and 
1200-3-20-.06(5); 16 17  1200-3-20-.07, ``Special Reports 
Required,'' State effective on September 26, 1994; \18\ 1200-3-20-.08, 
``Rights Reserved,'' State effective on September 26, 1994; \19\ and 
1200-3-20-.09, ``Additional Sources Covered,'' State effective on 
September 26, 1994.\20\ Also in this document, EPA is proposing to 
remove Rule 1200-3-20-.06, ``Scheduled Maintenance,'' \21\ which is 
incorporated by reference in accordance with the requirements of 1 CFR 
part 51. EPA has made, and will continue to make, these materials 
generally available through https://www.regulations.gov and at the EPA 
Region 4 Office (please contact the person identified in the FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section of this preamble for more 
information).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ The effective date of the change to Rule 1200-3-20-.02, 
``Reasonable Measures Required,'' is September 26, 1994. However, 
for purposes of the state effective date included at 40 CFR 
52.570(c), that change to Tennessee's rule is captured and 
superseded by changes which were state effective on November 11, 
1997, and which EPA previously approved on April 7, 2017. See 82 FR 
16927.
    \16\ As explained in Section II.B of this NPRM, with the removal 
of 1200-3-20-.06, 1200-3-20-.07 is being renumbered to 1200-3-
20-.06.
    \17\ EPA is not proposing to incorporate into the Tennessee SIP 
the following elements of Rule 1200-03-20-.06: 1200-03-20-.06(1) and 
1200-03-20-.06(5). If EPA finalizes this proposed action, the Agency 
will update the SIP table at 40 CFR 52.2220(c) to reflect these 
exceptions.
    \18\ As explained in Section II.B of this NPRM, with the removal 
of 1200-3-20-.06, 1200-3-20-.08 is being renumbered to 1200-3-
20-.07.
    \19\ As explained in Section II.B of this NPRM, with the removal 
of 1200-3-20-.06, 1200-3-20-.09 is being renumbered to 1200-3-
20-.08.
    \20\ As explained in Section II.B of this NPRM, with the removal 
of 1200-3-20-.06, 1200-3-20-.10 is being renumbered to 1200-3-
20-.09.
    \21\ As explained in Section II.B of this NPRM, while 1200-3-
20-.06, ``Scheduled Maintenance,'' is proposed for removal from the 
SIP, other rules codified as 1200-3-20-.07 through .10 are proposed 
to be renumbered as 1200-3-20-.06 through .09.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    The proposed action is not a significant regulatory action and was 
therefore not submitted to the Office of Management and Budget for 
review.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    The proposed action does not impose an information collection 
burden under the PRA because it does not contain any information 
collection activities.

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    I certify that this action will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities under the RFA (5 
U.S.C. 601 et seq.). This action merely proposes to partially approve 
and partially disapprove a SIP submission from Tennessee as meeting and 
not meeting the requirements of the CAA, respectively.

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    The proposed action does not contain any unfunded mandate as 
described in UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538, and does not significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments. This proposed action imposes no 
enforceable duty on any State, local, or tribal governments or the 
private sector.

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    The proposed action does not have federalism implications. It will 
not have substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship 
between the national government and the states, or on the distribution 
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    The proposed action does not have tribal implications as specified 
in Executive Order 13175. The proposed action does not apply on any 
Indian reservation land, any other area where EPA or an Indian tribe 
has demonstrated that a tribe has jurisdiction, or non-reservation 
areas of Indian country. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply in 
this action.

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    EPA interprets Executive Order 13045 as applying only to those 
regulatory actions that concern environmental health or safety risks 
that EPA has reason to believe may disproportionately affect children, 
per the definitions of ``covered regulatory action'' in section 2-202 
of the Executive Order.
    Therefore, this proposed action is not subject to Executive Order 
13045 because it merely proposes to partially approve and partially 
disapprove a state action implementing a federal standard.
    Furthermore, EPA's Policy on Children's Health does not apply to 
this action. Information about the applicability of the Policy is 
available under ``Children's Environmental Health'' in the 
Supplementary information section of this preamble.

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That Significantly Affect Energy 
Supply, Distribution and Use

    The proposed action is not subject to Executive Order 13211, 
because it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 
12866.

I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act

    This proposed rulemaking does not involve technical standards.

[[Page 20449]]

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    Executive Order 12898 (Federal Actions to Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations, 59 FR 7629, 
Feb. 16, 1994) directs Federal agencies to identify and address 
``disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental 
effects'' of their actions on minority populations and low-income 
populations to the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law. 
EPA defines environmental justice (EJ) as ``the fair treatment and 
meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, 
national origin, or income with respect to the development, 
implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and 
policies.'' EPA further defines the term fair treatment to mean that 
``no group of people should bear a disproportionate burden of 
environmental harms and risks, including those resulting from the 
negative environmental consequences of industrial, governmental, and 
commercial operations or programs and policies.''
    Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP 
submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and applicable 
federal regulations. 42 U.S.C 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in 
reviewing SIP submissions, the EPA's role is to review state choices 
and approve those choices if they meet the minimum criteria of the Act. 
Accordingly, this proposed action partially approves and partially 
disapproves state law as meeting federal requirements and does not 
impose additional requirements beyond those imposed by state law.
    The air agency did not evaluate EJ considerations as part of its 
SIP submittal; the CAA and applicable implementing regulations neither 
prohibit nor require such an evaluation. EPA did not perform an EJ 
analysis and did not consider EJ in this action. Due to the nature of 
the action being taken here, this action is expected to have a neutral 
to positive impact on the air quality of the affected area. 
Consideration of EJ is not required as part of this action, and there 
is no information in the record inconsistent with the stated goal of 
E.O. 12898 of achieving EJ for people of color, low-income populations, 
and Indigenous peoples.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Carbon monoxide, 
Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Lead, Nitrogen 
dioxide, Ozone, Particulate matter, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Sulfur oxides, Volatile organic compounds.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    Dated: March 30, 2023.
Daniel Blackman,
Regional Administrator, Region 4.
[FR Doc. 2023-07107 Filed 4-5-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P


