
[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 47 (Monday, March 11, 2019)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 8645-8647]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-04391]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R04-OAR-2018-0720; FRL-9990-66-Region 4]


Air Plan Approval; Georgia; Interstate Transport (Prongs 1 and 2) 
for the 2010 1-Hour NO2 Standard

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to 
approve a State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision submitted by the 
State of Georgia, through the Georgia Environmental Protection Division 
(Georgia EPD), through a letter dated July 24, 2018, for the purpose of 
addressing the Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) ``good neighbor'' interstate 
transport (prongs 1 and 2) infrastructure SIP requirements for the 2010 
1-hour Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) National Ambient Air Quality 
Standard (NAAQS). The CAA requires that each state adopt and submit a 
SIP for the implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of each NAAQS 
promulgated by EPA, commonly referred to as an ``infrastructure SIP.'' 
Specifically, EPA is proposing to approve Georgia's July 24, 2018, SIP 
revision addressing prongs 1 and 2 to ensure that air emissions in the 
State do not significantly contribute to nonattainment or interfere 
with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour NO2 NAAQS in any other 
state.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before April 10, 2019.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R04-
OAR-2018-0720 at http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online 
instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot 
be edited or removed from Regulations.gov. EPA may publish any comment 
received to its public docket. Do not submit electronically any 
information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) 
or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. 
Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a 
written comment. The written comment is considered the official comment 
and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. EPA will 
generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of 
the primary submission (i.e., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing 
system). For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment 
policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general 
guidance on making effective comments, please visit http://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Evan Adams of the Air Regulatory 
Management Section, Air Planning and Implementation Branch, Air, 
Pesticides and Toxics Management Division, U.S. Environmental 
Protection Agency, Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street SW, Atlanta, Georgia 
30303-8960. Mr. Adams can be reached by phone at (404) 562-9009 or via 
electronic mail at adams.evan@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background

    On January 22, 2010, EPA established a new 1-hour primary NAAQS for 
NO2 at a level of 100 parts per billion (ppb), based on a 3-
year average of the 98th percentile of the yearly distribution of 1-
hour daily maximum concentrations.\1\ See 75 FR 6474 (February 9, 
2010). This NAAQS is designed to protect against exposure to the entire 
group of nitrogen oxides (NOX). NO2 is the 
component of greatest concern and is used as the indicator for the 
larger group of NOX. Emissions that lead to the formation of 
NO2 generally also lead to the formation of other 
NOX. Therefore, control measures that reduce NO2 
can generally be expected to reduce population exposures to all gaseous 
NOX which may have the co-benefit of reducing the formation 
of ozone and fine particles both of which pose

[[Page 8646]]

significant public health threats. For comprehensive information on the 
2010 1-hour NO2 NAAQS, please refer to the February 9, 2010 
Federal Register notice. See 75 FR 6474.
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    \1\ Subsequently, after careful consideration of the scientific 
evidence and information available, on April 18, 2018, EPA published 
a final action to retain the current NO2 standard at the 
2010 level of 100 ppb. This action was taken after review of the 
full body of available scientific evidence and information, giving 
particular weight to the assessment of the evidence in the 2016 
NOX Integrated Science Assessment; analyses and 
considerations in the Policy Assessment; the advice and 
recommendations of the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee; and 
public comments. See 83 FR 17226 (April 18, 2018).
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    Whenever EPA promulgates a new or revised NAAQS, CAA section 
110(a)(1) requires states to make SIP submissions to provide for the 
implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of the NAAQS.\2\ This 
particular type of SIP submission is commonly referred to as an 
``infrastructure SIP.'' These submissions must meet the various 
requirements of CAA section 110(a)(2), as applicable. Due to ambiguity 
in some of the language of CAA section 110(a)(2), EPA believes that it 
is appropriate to interpret these provisions in the specific context of 
acting on infrastructure SIP submissions. EPA has previously provided 
comprehensive guidance on the application of these provisions through a 
guidance document for infrastructure SIP submissions and through 
regional actions on infrastructure submissions.\3\ Unless otherwise 
noted below, EPA is following that existing approach in acting on this 
submission. In addition, in the context of acting on such 
infrastructure submissions, EPA evaluates the submitting state's 
implementation plan for compliance with statutory and regulatory 
requirements, not for the state's implementation of its SIP.\4\ EPA has 
other authority to address any issues concerning a state's 
implementation of the rules, regulations, consent orders, etc. that 
comprise its SIP.
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    \2\ States were required to submit infrastructure SIPs for the 
2010 1-hour NO2 NAAQS to EPA no later than January 22, 
2013.
    \3\ EPA explains and elaborates on these ambiguities and its 
approach to address them in its September 13, 2013 Infrastructure 
SIP Guidance (available at https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/urbanair/sipstatus/docs/Guidance_on_Infrastructure_SIP_Elements_Multipollutant_FINAL_Sept_2013.pdf), as well as in numerous agency actions, including EPA's prior 
action on Georgia's infrastructure SIP to address other 110(a)(2) 
elements for the NO2 NAAQS entitled ``Air Plan Approval; 
GA Infrastructure Requirements for the 2010 Nitrogen Dioxide 
National Ambient Air Quality Standards;'' in the section ``What is 
the EPA's approach to the review of infrastructure SIP 
submissions?'' See 81 FR 41905 at 41906-41909 (June 28, 2017).
    \4\ See Montana Environmental Information Center v. Thomas, 902 
F.3d 971 (9th Cir. 2018).
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    Section 110(a)(2)(D) has two components: 110(a)(2)(D)(i) and 
110(a)(2)(D)(ii). Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i) includes four distinct 
components, commonly referred to as ``prongs,'' that must be addressed 
in infrastructure SIPs. The first two prongs, which are codified in 
section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I), are provisions that prohibit any source or 
other type of emissions activity in one state from contributing 
significantly to nonattainment of the NAAQS in another state (prong 1) 
and from interfering with maintenance of the NAAQS in another state 
(prong 2). EPA sometimes refers to the prong 1 and prong 2 conjointly 
as the ``good neighbor'' provision of the CAA. The third and fourth 
prongs, which are codified in section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II), are 
provisions that prohibit emissions activity in one state from 
interfering with measures required to prevent significant deterioration 
of air quality in another state (prong 3) and from interfering with 
measures to protect visibility in another state (prong 4). Section 
110(a)(2)(D)(ii) requires SIPs to include provisions ensuring 
compliance with sections 115 and 126 of the Act, relating to interstate 
and international pollution abatement.
    EPA's most recent infrastructure SIP guidance, the September 13, 
2013, ``Guidance on Infrastructure State Implementation Plan (SIP) 
Elements under Clean Air Act Sections 110(a)(1) and 110(a)(2),'' did 
not explicitly include criteria for how the Agency would evaluate 
infrastructure SIP submissions intended to address section 
110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I).\5\ With respect to certain pollutants, such as 
ozone and particulate matter (PM), EPA has addressed interstate 
transport in eastern states in the context of regional rulemaking 
actions that quantify state emission reduction obligations.\6\ For 
NO2, EPA has considered available information from states 
such as current air quality, emissions data and trends, and regulatory 
provisions that control source emissions to determine whether emissions 
from one state interfere with the attainment or maintenance of the 
NAAQS in another state. EPA's review and proposed action on Georgia's 
CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) interstate transport SIP revision for 
the 2010 NO2 NAAQS is informed by these considerations.
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    \5\ At the time the September 13, 2013, guidance was issued, EPA 
was litigating challenges raised with respect to its Cross-State Air 
Pollution Rule (CSAPR), 76 FR 48208 (August 8, 2011), designed to 
address the CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) interstate transport 
requirements with respect to the 1997 ozone and the 1997 and 2006 
PM2.5 NAAQS. CSAPR was vacated and remanded by the United 
States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. 
Circuit) in 2012 pursuant to EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v. EPA, 
696 F.3d 7. EPA subsequently sought review of the D.C. Circuit's 
decision by the Supreme Court, which was granted in June 2013. As 
EPA was in the process of litigating the interpretation of section 
110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) at the time the infrastructure SIP guidance was 
issued, EPA did not issue guidance specific to that provision. The 
Supreme Court subsequently vacated the D.C. Circuit's decision and 
remanded the case to that court for further review. 134 S. Ct. 1584 
(2014). On July 28, 2015, the D.C. Circuit issued a decision 
upholding CSAPR, but remanding certain elements for reconsideration. 
795 F.3d 118.
    \6\ Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) SIP Call, 63 FR 57371 
(October 27, 1998); Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), 70 FR 25172 
(May 12, 2005); CSAPR, 76 FR 48208 (August 8, 2011).
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    Through this proposed action, EPA is proposing to approve Georgia's 
July 24, 2018, SIP revision addressing the prong 1 and prong 2 
requirements for the 2010 1-hour NO2 NAAQS.\7\ The State 
addressed CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) by providing information 
supporting its conclusion that emissions from Georgia do not 
significantly contribute to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance 
of the 2010 1-hour NO2 NAAQS. All other applicable 
infrastructure SIP requirements for Georgia for the 2010 1-hour 
NO2 NAAQS have been addressed in separate rulemakings. See 
80 FR 14019 (March 18, 2015), 81 FR 63106 (September 14, 2016), and 83 
FR 19637 (May 4, 2018).
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    \7\ EPA received this SIP revision on August 2, 2018.
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II. What is EPA's analysis of how Georgia addressed prongs 1 and 2?

    In Georgia's July 24, 2018, SIP revision, the State concluded that 
its SIP adequately addresses prongs 1 and 2 with respect to the 2010 1-
hour NO2 NAAQS. Georgia provides the following reasons for 
its determination: (1) There are SIP-approved and state-only 
regulations that directly or indirectly control NOx emissions; (2) all 
areas in the United States are designated as unclassifiable/attainment 
for the 2010 1-hour NO2 NAAQS; (3) monitored 1-hour 
NO2 design values in Georgia and surrounding states 
(Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee) are 
below the 2010 standard; \8\ and (4) point source emissions of NOx in 
the State have trended downward. EPA preliminarily agrees with the 
State's conclusion based on the rationale discussed below.
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    \8\ A design value is a statistic that describes the air quality 
status of a given area relative to the level of the NAAQS. The 
design value for the 1-hour NO2 NAAQS is the 3-year 
average of annual 98th percentile daily maximum 1-hour values for a 
monitoring site.
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    First, Georgia identifies SIP-approved portions of the following 
State rules that directly or indirectly control NOX 
emissions: Georgia Rules for Air Quality Control 391-3-1-.03--Permits; 
391-3-1-.02(7)--Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD); 391-3-
1-.02(2)(yy)--Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Major Sources; 391-3-
1-.02(2)(jjj)--NOX Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating 
Units; 391-3-1-.02(2)(lll)--NOX Emissions From Fuel Burning Equipment; 
391-3-1-

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.02(2)(rrr)--NOX Emissions From Small Fuel-Burning Equipment; and 391-
3-20--Enhanced Inspection and Maintenance. In addition to the SIP-
approved rules mentioned above, Georgia also identifies Rule 391-3-
1-.02(sss)--Multipollutant Control for Electric Utility Steam 
Generating Units, a rule that is not incorporated into the SIP, as a 
measure that targets NOX emissions.
    Second, there are no designated nonattainment areas for the 2010 1-
hour NO2 NAAQS nationwide. On February 17, 2012 (77 FR 
9532), EPA designated the entire country as ``unclassifiable/
attainment'' for the 2010 1-hour NO2 NAAQS, stating that 
``available information does not indicate that the air quality in these 
areas exceeds the 2010 1-hour NO2 NAAQS.''
    Third, the 2015-2017 NO2 design values in Georgia are 
below the 2010 1-hour NO2 NAAQS standard of 100 ppb. The 
highest monitored design value in the State is 56 ppb, which is 44 
percent below the standard. Additionally, the highest monitored 2015-
2017 valid design values for the neighboring states of Florida, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee are below the 2010 standard (at 
42, 38, 42, and 53 ppb, respectively).\9\ EPA notes that the trends in 
NO2 design values for the southeast indicate a 42 percent 
decrease in measured NO2 concentrations from 2000-2017.\10\
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    \9\ Monitoring sites must meet the data completeness 
requirements listed in Appendix S to 40 CFR part 50 in order to have 
a valid design value. Table 2 in Georgia's submittal and EPA's air 
quality design value website--https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/air-quality-design-values--indicate that the highest reported 2015-2017 
NO2 design values are invalid for the neighboring states 
of Alabama, Florida, and North Carolina (49, 45, and 39 ppb, 
respectively). Additionally, Alabama has no valid 2015-2017 
NO2 design values.
    \10\ National Trends in Nitrogen Dioxide Levels for the 
southeast are available on the EPA's air trends website at https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/nitrogen-dioxide-trends.
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    Fourth, emissions data provided in the SIP submittal show that 
NOx emissions decreased from 1990 to 2017 by approximately 
58 percent. In 2017, highway vehicles were the largest contributors 
with 153,635 tons per year (tpy), and off-highway vehicles were second 
with 56,872 tpy.\11\
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    \11\ See Figure 1 and Table 3 in Georgia's submittal, which is 
based on emissions trends data extracted from the EPA website at 
https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/air-pullutants-emissions-trends-data.
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    For all the reasons discussed above, EPA has preliminarily 
determined that Georgia does not contribute significantly to 
nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour 
NO2 NAAQS in any other state and that Georgia's SIP includes 
adequate provisions to prevent emissions sources within the State from 
significantly contributing to nonattainment or interfering with 
maintenance of this standard in any other state.

III. Proposed Action

    As described above, EPA is proposing to approve Georgia's July 24, 
2018, SIP revision addressing prongs 1 and 2 of CAA section 
110(a)(2)(D)(i) for the 2010 1-hour NO2 NAAQS.

IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP 
submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and applicable 
Federal regulations. See 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in 
reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state choices, 
provided that they meet the criteria of the CAA. This action merely 
proposes to approve state law as meeting Federal requirements and does 
not impose additional requirements beyond those imposed by state law. 
For that reason, this proposed action:
     Is not a significant regulatory action subject to review 
by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Orders 12866 (58 
FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011);
     Is not an Executive Order 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 2, 
2017) regulatory action because SIP approvals are exempted under 
Executive Order 12866;
     Does not impose an information collection burden under the 
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
     Is certified as not having a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
     Does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded 
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
     Does not have Federalism implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
     Is not an economically significant regulatory action based 
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 
19885, April 23, 1997);
     Is not a significant regulatory action subject to 
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
     Is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the 
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent 
with the CAA; and
     Does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to 
address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental 
effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under 
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
    The SIP is not approved to apply on any Indian reservation land or 
in any other area where EPA or an Indian tribe has demonstrated that a 
tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of Indian country, the rule does 
not have tribal implications as specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 
FR 67249, November 9, 2000), nor will it impose substantial direct 
costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by 
reference, Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    Dated: February 27, 2019.
Mary S. Walker,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 4.
[FR Doc. 2019-04391 Filed 3-8-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6560-50-P


