
[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 153 (Thursday, August 10, 2017)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 37371-37374]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2017-16826]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R04-OAR-2017-0321; FRL-9966-00-Region 4]


Air Plan Approval; North Carolina; Interstate Transport

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to 
approve North Carolina's December 9, 2015 State Implementation Plan 
(SIP) submission pertaining to the Clean Air Act's (CAA or Act) ``good 
neighbor'' provision of the Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) for the 2008 8-
hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The good 
neighbor provision requires each state's SIP to address the interstate 
transport of air pollution in amounts that contribute significantly to 
nonattainment, or interfere with maintenance, of a NAAQS in any other 
state. In this action, EPA is proposing to determine that North 
Carolina's SIP contains adequate provisions to prohibit emissions 
within the state from contributing significantly to nonattainment or 
interfering with maintenance of the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS in any 
other state.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before September 11, 2017.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R04-
OAR-2017-0321 at http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online 
instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot 
be edited or removed from regulations.gov. EPA may publish any comment 
received to its public docket. Do not submit electronically any 
information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) 
or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. 
Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a 
written comment. The written comment is considered the official comment 
and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. EPA will 
generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of 
the primary submission (i.e., on the Web, cloud, or other file sharing 
system). For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment 
policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general 
guidance on making effective comments, please visit http://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ashten Bailey, Air Regulatory 
Management Section, Air Planning and Implementation Branch, Air, 
Pesticides and Toxics Management Division, U.S. Environmental 
Protection Agency, Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street SW., Atlanta, Georgia 
30303-8960. Ms. Bailey can also be reached via telephone at (404) 562-
9164 and via electronic mail at bailey.ashten@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background

    On March 27, 2008, EPA promulgated an ozone NAAQS that revised the 
levels of the primary and secondary 8-hour ozone standards from 0.08 
parts per million (ppm) to 0.075 ppm. See 73 FR 16436. Pursuant to CAA 
section 110(a)(1), within three years after promulgation of a new or 
revised NAAQS (or shorter, if EPA prescribes), states must submit SIPs 
that meet the applicable requirements of section 110(a)(2). EPA has 
historically referred to these SIP submissions made for the purpose of 
satisfying the requirements of sections 110(a)(1) and 110(a)(2) as 
``infrastructure SIP'' submissions. One of the structural requirements 
of section 110(a)(2) is section 110(a)(2)(D)(i) which generally 
requires SIPs to contain adequate provisions to prohibit in-state 
emissions activities from having certain adverse air quality effects on 
neighboring states due to interstate transport of air pollution. There 
are four sub-elements, or ``prongs,'' within section 110(a)(2)(D)(i) of 
the CAA. CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I), also known as the ``good 
neighbor'' provision, requires SIPs to include provisions prohibiting 
any source or other type of emissions activity in one state from 
emitting any air pollutant in amounts that will contribute 
significantly to nonattainment, or interfere with maintenance, of the 
NAAQS in another state. The two provisions of this section are referred 
to as prong 1 (significant contribution to nonattainment) and prong 2 
(interference with maintenance). Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II) requires 
SIPs to contain adequate provisions to prohibit emissions that will 
interfere with measures required to be included in the applicable 
implementation plan for any other state under part C to prevent 
significant deterioration of air quality (prong 3) or to protect 
visibility (prong 4). This proposed action addresses only prongs 1 and 
2 of section 110(a)(2)(D)(i). All other infrastructure SIP elements for 
North Carolina for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS were addressed in 
separate rulemakings.\1\
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    \1\ See 80 FR 68453 (November 5, 2015), 81 FR 35634 (June 3, 
2016), and 81 FR 63107 (September 14, 2016).
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A. State Submittal

    On December 9, 2015, the North Carolina Department of Environmental 
Quality (NCDEQ) submitted a SIP submittal containing a certification 
\2\ that North Carolina is meeting the requirements of CAA section 
110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS because, based on 
available emissions and air quality modeling data, emissions activities 
within North Carolina will not significantly contribute to 
nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the 2008 8-hour ozone 
NAAQS in any other state.\3\ NCDEQ reviewed preliminary air quality 
modeling and data files that EPA disseminated in an August 4, 2015 
Notice of Data Availability to assess interstate transport of ozone for 
the 2008 ozone NAAQS.\4\ See Notice of

[[Page 37372]]

Availability of the Environmental Protection Agency's Updated Ozone 
Transport Modeling Data for the 2008 8-hour Ozone NAAQS, 80 FR 46271 
(2015 NODA). NCDEQ disagrees with the 2015 NODA's preliminary 
projection that North Carolina emissions may impact a projected 
maintenance receptor in Baltimore County, Maryland. Specifically, NCDEQ 
asserts that the 2015 NODA modeling analysis ``is associated with 
inaccurate emissions inventories and deficiencies in the performance of 
the air quality modeling.'' In its SIP submittal, NCDEQ asserts that 
the modeled contribution from North Carolina to the maintenance 
receptor in Baltimore County, Maryland, should accordingly be reduced, 
and the State should thus not be considered ``linked'' to any downwind 
state in EPA's preliminary modeling. NCDEQ notes that the State is on 
track to comply and meet the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) 
Phase 1 and 2 annual electric generation unit (EGU) state-wide 
allowance trading program requirements that reduce annual emissions of 
NOX and SO2.\5\ In addition, NCDEQ cites 
information related to emissions trends--such as reductions in ozone 
precursor emissions and back trajectories, monitored ozone values in 
North Carolina, SEMAP modeling, and controls on North Carolina coal 
plants--as further evidence that emissions from the State will not 
contribute significantly to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance 
of the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS in any other state.
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    \2\ This submittal revises a November 2, 2012 submittal 
addressing other infrastructure SIP elements for North Carolina for 
the 2008 ozone NAAQS. See, e.g., 80 FR 68453. North Carolina 
previously withdrew the portions of the November 2, 2012 submittal 
related to prongs 1 and 2.
    \3\ On July 13, 2015, EPA published a final rulemaking that 
finalized findings of failure to submit for 24 states, including 
North Carolina. See 80 FR 39961. The findings of failure to submit 
established a 2-year deadline for EPA to promulgate a federal 
implementation plan to address the interstate transport SIP 
requirements pertaining to significant contribution to nonattainment 
and interference with maintenance unless, prior to EPA promulgating 
a FIP, the state submits, and EPA approves, a SIP that meets these 
requirements. Additional background on the findings of failure to 
submit--including North Carolina's finding--can be found in the 
preamble to the final rule making the finding.
    \4\ NCDEQ refers to this NODA as having been released on July 
23, 2015, which was the signature date of the NODA's accompanying 
memo. In addition, the comments received on the NODA were used to 
inform the CSAPR Update. 81 FR at 74505.
    \5\ As amended (including the 2016 CSAPR Update), CSAPR requires 
27 Eastern states to limit their statewide emissions of 
SO2 and/or NOX in order to mitigate 
transported air pollution unlawfully impacting other states' ability 
to attain or maintain four NAAQS: The 1997 Annual PM2.5 
NAAQS, the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS, the 1997 8-hour 
ozone NAAQS, and the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS. CSAPR achieves these 
reductions through emissions trading programs in two phases: Phase 1 
began in January 2015 for the annual programs and May 2015 for the 
ozone season program; and Phase 2 began in January 2017 for the 
annual programs and May 2017 for the ozone season program.
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B. EPA's Analysis Related to 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) for the 2008 8-Hour 
Ozone NAAQS

    EPA developed technical information and related analyses to assist 
states with meeting section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) requirements for the 
2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS through SIPs and, as appropriate, to provide 
backstop federal implementation plans in the event that states failed 
to submit approvable SIPs. On October 26, 2016, EPA took steps to 
effectuate this backstop role with respect to emissions in 22 eastern 
states \6\ (not including North Carolina), by finalizing an update to 
the CSAPR ozone season program that addresses good neighbor obligations 
for the 2008 ozone NAAQS (``CSAPR Update''). See 81 FR 74504. This 
CSAPR Update establishes statewide NOX budgets for certain 
affected EGUs in the May-September ozone season to reduce the 
interstate transport of ozone pollution in the eastern United States, 
and thereby help downwind states and communities meet and maintain the 
2008 ozone NAAQS. The CSAPR Update includes technical information and 
related analysis to assist states with meeting the good neighbor 
requirements of the CAA for the 2008 ozone NAAQS.
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    \6\ For purposes of the CSAPR Update, ``eastern'' states refer 
to all contiguous states fully east of the Rocky Mountains (thus not 
including the mountain states of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, or New 
Mexico).
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    The CSAPR Update uses the same framework EPA used when developing 
the original CSAPR, EPA's transport rule addressing the 1997 ozone 
NAAQS as well as the 1997 and 2006 fine particulate matter 
(PM2.5) NAAQS. The CSAPR framework establishes the following 
four-step process to address the requirements of the good neighbor 
provision: (1) Identify downwind receptors that are expected to have 
problems attaining or maintaining the NAAQS; (2) determine which upwind 
states contribute to these identified problems in amounts sufficient to 
``link'' them to the downwind air quality problems; (3) identify and 
quantify, for states linked to downwind air quality problems, upwind 
emissions that significantly contribute to nonattainment or interfere 
with maintenance of a NAAQS; and (4) reduce the identified upwind 
emissions for states that are found to have emissions that 
significantly contribute to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance 
of the NAAQS downwind by adopting permanent and enforceable measures in 
a FIP or SIP. In the CSAPR Update, EPA used this four-step framework to 
determine each linked upwind state's significant contribution to 
nonattainment or interference with maintenance of downwind air quality. 
As explained below, the CSAPR Update's four-step analysis supports the 
conclusions of NCDEQ's analysis regarding prongs 1 and 2 for the 2008 
ozone NAAQS.
    In the technical analysis supporting the CSAPR Update, EPA used 
detailed air quality analyses to determine where projected 
nonattainment or maintenance areas would be and whether emissions from 
an eastern state contribute to downwind air quality problems at those 
projected nonattainment or maintenance receptors. Specifically, EPA 
determined whether each state's contributing emissions were at or above 
a specific threshold (i.e., one percent of the ozone NAAQS). If a 
state's contribution did not exceed the one-percent threshold, the 
state was not considered ``linked'' to identified downwind 
nonattainment and maintenance receptors and was therefore not 
considered to contribute significantly to nonattainment or interfere 
with maintenance of the standard in those downwind areas. If a state's 
contribution was equal to or exceeded the one-percent threshold, that 
state was considered ``linked'' to the downwind nonattainment or 
maintenance receptor(s) and the state's emissions were further 
evaluated, taking into account both air quality and cost 
considerations, to determine whether any emissions reductions might be 
necessary to address the state's obligation pursuant to CAA section 
110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I).
    As discussed in the final CSAPR Update, the air quality modeling 
contained in EPA's technical analysis: (1) Identified locations in the 
U.S. where EPA anticipates nonattainment or maintenance issues in 2017 
for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS (these are identified as nonattainment 
or maintenance receptors, respectively), and (2) quantified the 
projected contributions from emissions from upwind states to downwind 
ozone concentrations at the receptors in 2017. See 81 FR 74526. This 
modeling used the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx 
version 6.11) to model the 2011 base year, and the 2017 future base 
case emissions scenarios to identify projected nonattainment and 
maintenance sites with respect to the 2008 8-hour Ozone NAAQS in 2017. 
EPA used nationwide state-level ozone source apportionment modeling 
(the CAMx Ozone Source Apportionment Technology/Anthropogenic Precursor 
Culpability Analysis technique) to quantify the contribution of 2017 
base case NOX and VOC emissions from all sources in each 
state to the 2017 projected receptors. The air quality model runs were 
performed for a modeling domain that covers the 48 contiguous United 
States, the District of Columbia, and adjacent portions of Canada and 
Mexico. 81 FR 74526-527. The updated modeling data released to support 
the final CSAPR Update are the most up-to-date information EPA has 
developed to inform the Agency's analysis of upwind state linkages to

[[Page 37373]]

downwind air quality problems for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS.\7\
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    \7\ See ``Air Quality Modeling Final Rule Technical Support 
Document for the Final CSAPR Update'' (CSAPR Update Modeling TSD), 
available at https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0500-0575.
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    Consistent with the framework established in the original CSAPR 
rulemaking, EPA's technical analysis in support of the CSAPR Update 
applied an air quality screening threshold of 0.75 ppb (one percent of 
the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS of 75 ppb) to identify linkages between 
upwind states and the downwind nonattainment and maintenance receptors. 
See CSAPR Update at 81 FR 74518-519. EPA considered an eastern state 
``linked'' to a specific downwind receptor when the state's 
contributions to that receptor meet or exceed the threshold, in which 
case EPA analyzed the state's emissions further to determine whether 
emissions reductions might be required in order to address the downwind 
air quality problem. An eastern state with contributions to a specific 
receptor below the screening threshold is not considered linked to that 
receptor, and EPA thereby concludes that the state does not contribute 
significantly to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the 
NAAQS at that downwind receptor. EPA determined that one percent was an 
appropriate threshold to use in this analysis because there were 
important, even if relatively small, contributions to identified 
nonattainment and maintenance receptors from multiple upwind states at 
that threshold. In response to commenters who advocated for thresholds 
higher or lower than one percent, EPA compiled the contribution 
modeling results for the CSAPR Update to analyze the impact of 
different possible thresholds for the eastern United States. EPA's 
analysis showed that the one-percent threshold captures a high 
percentage of the total pollution transport affecting downwind states. 
EPA's analysis further showed that the application of a lower threshold 
would result in relatively modest increases in the overall percentage 
of ozone transport pollution captured, while the use of higher 
thresholds would result in a relatively large reduction in the overall 
percentage of ozone pollution transport captured relative to the levels 
captured at one percent at the majority of the receptors. Id.; see also 
Air Quality Modeling Final Rule Technical Support Document for the 
Final CSAPR Update, Appendix F, Analysis of Contribution Thresholds. 
This approach is consistent with the use of a one-percent threshold to 
identify those states ``linked'' to air quality problems with respect 
to the 1997 8-hour Ozone NAAQS in the original CSAPR rulemaking, 
wherein EPA noted that there are adverse health impacts associated with 
ambient ozone even at low levels. See 76 FR 48208, 48236-237 (August 8, 
2011).
    EPA's air quality modeling for the final CSAPR Update projects that 
North Carolina's emissions are projected to contribute below one 
percent of the 2008 ozone NAAQS to all receptors. The modeling 
indicates that North Carolina's largest contribution to any projected 
downwind nonattainment site in 2017 is 0.51 ppb and North Carolina's 
largest contribution to any projected downwind maintenance-only site in 
2017 is 0.50 ppb.\8\ These values are below the one-percent screening 
threshold of 0.75 ppb, and therefore there are no identified linkages 
between North Carolina and 2017 downwind projected nonattainment and 
maintenance sites. As a result of the modeling, EPA did not finalize a 
federal implementation plan that required NOX emission 
reductions from North Carolina in the CSAPR Update because EPA's 
analysis performed to support the final rule does not indicate that the 
state is linked to any identified downwind nonattainment or maintenance 
receptors with respect to the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS. Rather, in the 
CSAPR Update, EPA took final action to determine that emissions from 
North Carolina will not significantly contribute to nonattainment or 
interfere with maintenance of the 2008 ozone NAAQS in any other states. 
81 FR 74506, 74555. Additionally, the CSAPR Update addressed a United 
States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit remand in 
EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v. EPA, 795 F.3d 118 (D.C. Cir. 2015) 
with respect to the interstate transport responsibility of North 
Carolina under the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. EPA removed North Carolina 
from the CSAPR ozone season trading program beginning in 2017, prior to 
implementation of the Phase 2 ozone season emission budgets.\9\
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    \8\ CSAPR Update Modeling TSD at Table 4-2.
    \9\ 81 FR 74523-524.
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II. What is EPA's analysis of the North Carolina submittal?

    As discussed above, North Carolina's submittal certifies that 
emission activities from the State will not contribute significantly to 
nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the 2008 8-hour ozone 
NAAQS in any other state.\10\ EPA's updated modeling for the final 
CSAPR Update is consistent with the State's determination. In the 
modeling conducted to support the proposed CSAPR Update, North Carolina 
was linked to one maintenance receptor in Baltimore County, Maryland 
(site 240053001). See 81 FR 74537-538. However, in developing the final 
CSAPR Update--after considering comments from North Carolina and other 
stakeholders in developing a revised modeling analysis--EPA no longer 
projects that site 240053001 in Baltimore County, Maryland, will be a 
maintenance receptor because the site's 2017 average and maximum design 
values are projected to be below the NAAQS. Id. In addition, North 
Carolina is not linked to any other nonattainment or maintenance 
receptor, based on the final rule modeling. Id. Because North Carolina 
is not linked to any downwind nonattainment or maintenance receptors, 
EPA is proposing to approve North Carolina's SIP as meeting the 
requirements of prongs 1 and 2 for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS.
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    \10\ EPA notes that North Carolina submitted similar comments 
during the CSAPR Update rulemaking, including attaching the December 
9, 2015 Submittal. See Comments by the North Carolina Division of 
Air Quality, available at https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0500-0273. EPA accepted some of the 
comments provided by North Carolina, including those related to 
emissions projections. See Cross State Air Pollution Update Rule--
Response to Comment, available at https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OAR-2015-0500-0572.
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III. Proposed Action

    EPA is proposing to approve North Carolina's December 9, 2015 SIP 
submission demonstrating that North Carolina's SIP is sufficient to 
address the CAA requirements of prongs 1 and 2 under section 
110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS. In the CSAPR 
Update, EPA has already taken a final action to determine that 
emissions from North Carolina will not significantly contribute to 
nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the 2008 8-hour ozone 
NAAQS in downwind states. Accordingly, EPA proposes to find that North 
Carolina's SIP is consistent with this final determination. EPA 
requests comment on this proposed approval of North Carolina's SIP.\11\
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    \11\ EPA is not reopening for comment final determinations made 
in the context of the CSAPR Update based on the modeling conducted 
to support that rulemaking.
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IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP 
submission

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that complies with the provisions of the Act and applicable federal 
regulations. See 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in reviewing 
SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state choices, provided that 
they meet the criteria of the CAA. Accordingly, this proposed action 
merely approves state law as meeting federal requirements and does not 
impose additional requirements beyond those imposed by state law. For 
that reason, this proposed action:
     Is not a significant regulatory action subject to review 
by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Orders 12866 (58 
FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011);
     does not impose an information collection burden under the 
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
     is certified as not having a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
     does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded 
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
     does not have Federalism implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
     is not an economically significant regulatory action based 
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 
19885, April 23, 1997);
     is not a significant regulatory action subject to 
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
     is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the 
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent 
with the Clean Air Act; and
     does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to 
address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental 
effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under 
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
    The SIP is not approved to apply on any Indian reservation land or 
in any other area where EPA or an Indian tribe has demonstrated that a 
tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of Indian country, the rule does 
not have tribal implications as specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 
FR 67249, November 9, 2000), nor will it impose substantial direct 
costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by 
reference, Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Volatile organic compounds.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    Dated: July 28, 2017.
V. Anne Heard,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 4.
[FR Doc. 2017-16826 Filed 8-9-17; 8:45 am]
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