
[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 150 (Monday, August 7, 2017)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 36707-36713]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2017-16484]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R04-OAR-2016-0462; FRL-9965-68-Region 4]


Air Plan Approval; Kentucky; Regional Haze Progress Report

AGENCY:  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION:  Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY:  The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to 
approve a State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision submitted by the 
Commonwealth of Kentucky through the Kentucky Energy and Environment 
Cabinet, Division of Air Quality (KDAQ) on September 17, 2014. 
Kentucky's September 17, 2014, SIP revision (Progress Report) addresses 
requirements of the Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) and EPA's rules that 
require each state to submit periodic reports describing progress 
towards reasonable progress goals (RPGs) established for regional haze 
and a determination of the adequacy of the state's existing SIP 
addressing regional haze (regional haze plan). EPA is proposing to 
approve Kentucky's determination that the Commonwealth's regional haze 
plan is adequate to meet these RPGs for the first implementation period 
covering through 2018 and requires no substantive revision at this 
time.

DATE:  Comments must be received on or before September 6, 2017.

ADDRESSES:  Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R04-
OAR-2016-0462 at http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online 
instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot 
be edited or removed from Regulations.gov. EPA may publish any comment 
received to its public docket. Do not submit electronically any 
information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) 
or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. 
Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a 
written comment. The written comment is considered the official comment 
and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. EPA will 
generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of 
the primary submission (i.e., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing 
system). For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment 
policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general 
guidance on making effective comments, please visit http://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Michele Notarianni, Air Regulatory 
Management Section, Air Planning and Implementation Branch, Air, 
Pesticides and Toxics Management Division, U.S. Environmental 
Protection Agency, Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street SW., Atlanta, Georgia 
30303-8960. Ms. Notarianni can be reached by phone at (404) 562-9031 
and via electronic mail at notarianni.michele@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Background

    States are required to submit a progress report in the form of a 
SIP revision that evaluates progress towards the RPGs for each 
mandatory Class I federal area \1\ (Class I area) within the state and 
for each Class I area outside the state which may be affected by 
emissions from within the state. 40 CFR 51.308(g). In addition, the 
provisions of 40 CFR 51.308(h) require states to submit, at the same 
time as the 40 CFR 51.308(g) progress report, a determination of the 
adequacy of the state's existing regional haze plan. The progress 
report is due five years after submittal of the initial regional haze 
plan. Kentucky submitted its regional haze plan on June 25, 2008, as 
later amended in a SIP revision submitted on May 28, 2010.\2\
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    \1\ Areas designated as mandatory Class I federal areas consist 
of national parks exceeding 6000 acres, wilderness areas and 
national memorial parks exceeding 5000 acres, and all international 
parks that were in existence on August 7, 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7472(a)). 
Listed at 40 CFR part 81 Subpart D.
    \2\ Throughout this document, references to Kentucky's 
``regional haze plan'' refer to Kentucky's original June 25, 2008, 
regional haze SIP submittal, as later amended in a SIP revision 
submitted on May 28, 2010.
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    Like many other states subject to the Clean Air Interstate Rule 
(CAIR), Kentucky relied on CAIR in its regional haze plan to meet 
certain requirements of EPA's Regional Haze Rule, including best 
available retrofit technology (BART) requirements for emissions of 
sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) 
from certain electric generating units (EGUs) in the Commonwealth.\3\ 
This reliance was consistent with EPA's regulations at the time that 
Kentucky developed its regional haze plan. See 70 FR 39104 (July 6, 
2005). However, in 2008, the United States Court of Appeals for the 
District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) remanded CAIR to

[[Page 36708]]

EPA without vacatur to preserve the environmental benefits provided by 
CAIR. North Carolina v. EPA, 550 F.3d 1176, 1178 (D.C. Cir. 2008). On 
August 8, 2011 (76 FR 48208), acting on the D.C. Circuit's remand, EPA 
promulgated the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) to replace CAIR 
and issued Federal Implementation Plans (FIPs) to implement the rule in 
CSAPR-subject states.\4\ Implementation of CSAPR was scheduled to begin 
on January 1, 2012, when CSAPR would have superseded the CAIR program. 
However, numerous parties filed petitions for review of CSAPR, and at 
the end of 2011, the D.C. Circuit issued an order staying CSAPR pending 
resolution of the petitions and directing EPA to continue to administer 
CAIR. Order of December 30, 2011, in EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v. 
EPA, D.C. Cir. No. 11-1302.
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    \3\ CAIR required certain states, including Kentucky, to reduce 
emissions of SO2 and NOX that significantly 
contribute to downwind nonattainment of the 1997 National Ambient 
Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for fine particulate matter 
(PM2.5) and ozone. See 70 FR 25162 (May 12, 2005).
    \4\ CSAPR requires substantial reductions of SO2 and 
NOX emissions from EGUs in 28 states in the Eastern 
United States that significantly contribute to downwind 
nonattainment of the 1997 PM2.5 and ozone NAAQS and 2006 
PM2.5 NAAQS.
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    On March 30, 2012, EPA finalized a limited approval of Kentucky's 
regional haze plan as meeting some of the applicable regional haze 
requirements as set forth in sections 169A and 169B of the CAA and in 
40 CFR 51.300-308. Also in this March 30, 2012, action, EPA finalized a 
limited disapproval of Kentucky's regional haze plan because of 
deficiencies arising from the Commonwealth's reliance on CAIR to 
satisfy certain regional haze requirements. See 77 FR 19098. On June 7, 
2012, EPA promulgated FIPs to replace reliance on CAIR with reliance on 
CSAPR to address deficiencies in CAIR-dependent regional haze plans of 
several states, including Kentucky's regional haze plan. See 77 FR 
33642. Following additional litigation and the lifting of the stay, EPA 
began implementation of CSAPR on January 1, 2015.
    On September 17, 2014, Kentucky submitted its Progress Report 
which, among other things, detailed the progress made in the first 
period toward implementation of the long term strategy outlined in the 
Commonwealth's regional haze plan; the visibility improvement measured 
at Mammoth Cave National Park (Mammoth Cave), the only Class I area 
within Kentucky, and at Class I areas outside of the Commonwealth 
potentially impacted by emissions from Kentucky; and a determination of 
the adequacy of the Commonwealth's existing regional haze plan. EPA is 
proposing to approve Kentucky's September 17, 2014, Progress Report for 
the reasons discussed below.

II. EPA's Evaluation of Kentucky's Progress Report and Adequacy 
Determination

A. Regional Haze Progress Report

    This section includes EPA's analysis of Kentucky's Progress Report, 
and an explanation of the basis for the Agency's proposed approval.
1. Control Measures
    In its Progress Report, Kentucky summarizes the status of the 
emissions reduction measures that were relied upon by Kentucky in its 
regional haze plan and included in the final iteration of the 
Visibility Improvement State and Tribal Association of the Southeast 
(VISTAS) regional haze emissions inventory and RPG modeling used by the 
Commonwealth in developing its regional haze plan. The measures 
include, among other things, applicable Federal programs (e.g., mobile 
source rules, Maximum Achievable Control Technology standards), Federal 
consent agreements, and Federal control strategies for EGUs. Kentucky 
also reviewed the status of BART requirements for the five BART-subject 
sources for particulate matter (PM) in the Commonwealth--American 
Electric Power (AEP) Big Sandy Plant, E.ON U.S Mill Creek Station, East 
Kentucky Power Cooperative (EKPC) Cooper Station, EKPC Spurlock 
Station, and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Paradise Plant--and 
described the court decisions addressing CAIR and CSAPR at the time of 
progress report development.\5\
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    \5\ Kentucky Progress Report, pp. 33-35.
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    As discussed above, a number of states, including Kentucky, 
submitted regional haze SIPs that relied on CAIR to meet certain 
regional haze requirements. EPA finalized a limited disapproval of 
Kentucky's regional haze plan due to this reliance and promulgated a 
FIP to replace the Commonwealth's reliance on CAIR with reliance on 
CSAPR. Although a number of parties challenged the legality of CSAPR 
and the D.C. Circuit initially vacated and remanded CSAPR to EPA in EME 
Homer City Generation, L.P. v. EPA, 696 F.3d 7 (D.C. Cir. 2012), the 
United States Supreme Court reversed the D.C. Circuit's decision on 
April 29, 2014, and remanded the case to the D.C. Circuit to resolve 
remaining issues in accordance with the high court's ruling. EPA v. EME 
Homer City Generation, L.P., 134 S. Ct. 1584 (2014). On remand, the 
D.C. Circuit affirmed CSAPR in most respects, and CSAPR is now in 
effect. EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v. EPA, 795 F.3d 118 (D.C. Cir. 
2015). Kentucky notes in its Progress Report that it has an EPA-
approved CAIR SIP and that CAIR was in effect at the time of Progress 
Report submittal due to the 2011 CSAPR stay. Because CSAPR should 
result in greater emissions reductions of SO2 and 
NOX than CAIR throughout the affected region, EPA expects 
Kentucky to maintain and continue its progress towards its RPGs for 
2018 through continued, and additional, SO2 and 
NOX reductions. See generally 76 FR 48208 (August 8, 2011).
    The Commonwealth also discusses in its Progress Report the status 
of several measures that were not included in the final VISTAS 
emissions inventory and were not relied upon in the initial regional 
haze plan to meet RPGs. These measures include EPA's Mercury and Air 
Toxics Rule, three Federal consent decrees, and planned retirements and 
fuel switching at several EGUs in Kentucky. The Commonwealth notes that 
the emissions reductions from these measures will help ensure that 
Class I areas impacted by Kentucky sources achieve their RPGs.
    In its regional haze plan and Progress Report, Kentucky focuses its 
assessment on SO2 emissions from EGUs because of VISTAS' 
findings that ammonium sulfate accounted for 69-87 percent of the 
visibility-impairing pollution in the VISTAS states and roughly 82 
percent of the visibility-impairing pollution at Mammoth Cave National 
Park on the 20 percent worst visibility days. Although Kentucky 
determined in its regional haze plan that no additional controls for 
sources in the Commonwealth were needed to make reasonable progress for 
SO2 during the first implementation period,\6\ Kentucky's 
Progress Report identifies the control status of eight out-of-state 
EGUs, six from Indiana and two from Tennessee, located in the area of 
influence of Kentucky's Class I area using the Commonwealth's 
methodology for determining sources eligible for a reasonable progress 
control determination. Because these eight EGUs were subject to CAIR 
and Mammoth Cave National Park was projected to exceed the uniform rate 
of progress during the first implementation period, KDAQ opted not to 
request from Indiana and Tennessee any additional emissions reductions 
for reasonable progress for the first implementation period.\7\ 
Kentucky's Progress Report indicates that SO2 emissions from 
these eight out-of-state EGUs have decreased by nearly 50 percent from 
2002 to 2012.
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    \6\ See 76 FR 78204.
    \7\ See 76 FR 78213 and Kentucky Progress Report, p. 37.

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[[Page 36709]]

    In addition, the Commonwealth provides an update on the control 
status of EGUs in Kentucky identified by Maine, New Jersey, New 
Hampshire, and Vermont as contributing to visibility impairment at 
Class I areas located in those states based on 2002 emissions. These 
states are members of the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union 
(MANE-VU), which identified 167 EGU ``stacks,'' 10 of which are in 
Kentucky, as contributing significantly to visibility impairment at 
MANE-VU Class I areas in 2002. The 10 EGU stacks are located at: Duke 
Energy's East Bend plant; EKPC's Cooper and Spurlock plants; AEP Big 
Sandy plant; E.ON U.S. E.W. Brown, Ghent, and Mill Creek plants; and 
TVA Paradise. MANE-VU asked Kentucky to control the SO2 
emissions from these EGUs with a 90 percent control efficiency and to 
adopt a control strategy to provide a 28 percent reduction in 
SO2 emissions from non-EGU emission sources that would be 
equivalent to MANE-VU's proposed low sulfur residential fuel oil 
strategy.
    In its Progress Report, the Commonwealth notes that the Kentucky 
EGUs identified by MANE-VU either have or will have scrubbers with a 
minimum SO2 control efficiency of 90 percent or are 
scheduled for retirement by 2018. Kentucky also notes that there was a 
decrease of 196,753 tons in SO2 emissions from 2002 to 2012 
\8\ at these EGUs and that planned retirements at these EGUs will 
result in an additional SO2 emissions decrease of 30,845 
tons by 2018 from these units.
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    \8\ Kentucky Progress Report, Table 15, pp.62-65. The emissions 
reductions are based on data from EPA's Clean Air Markets Division 
provided in the Progress Report.
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    EPA proposes to find that Kentucky has adequately addressed the 
applicable provisions under 40 CFR 51.308(g) regarding the 
implementation status of control measures because the Commonwealth 
described the implementation of measures within Kentucky, including 
BART at BART-subject sources for PM.
2. Emissions Reductions
    As discussed above, Kentucky focused its assessment in its regional 
haze plan and Progress Report on SO2 emissions from EGUs 
because of VISTAS' findings that ammonium sulfate is the primary 
component of visibility-impairing pollution in the VISTAS states. In 
its Progress Report, Kentucky provides SO2 emissions data 
from EPA's Clean Air Markets Division (CAMD) for each coal-fired EGU in 
the Commonwealth. Actual SO2 emissions reductions from 2002 
to 2012 for these Kentucky EGUs (300,335 tons) have already exceeded 
the projected SO2 emissions reductions from 2002 to 2018 
estimated in Kentucky's regional haze plan for these EGUs (261,234 
tons).\9\ Kentucky also includes cumulative SO2 and 
NOX CAMD emissions data from 2002-2012 for EGUs in the 
Commonwealth subject to reporting under the Acid Rain Program. This 
data shows a decline in these emissions over this time period and shows 
that the SO2 reductions are greater than those estimated for 
these units between 2002-2018 in the Commonwealth's regional haze plan. 
The emissions reductions identified by Kentucky are due, in part, to 
the implemenation of measures included in the Commonwealth's regional 
haze plan (e.g., CAIR).
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    \9\ Kentucky Progress Report, Table 14, pp. 53-60.
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    EPA proposes to find that Kentucky has adequately addressed the 
applicable provisions of 40 CFR 51.308(g) regarding emissions 
reductions because the Commonwealth identifies SO2 emissions 
reductions from EGUs in Kentucky, the largest sources of SO2 
emissions in the Commonwealth.
3. Visibility Conditions
    The provisions under 40 CFR 51.308(g) require that states with 
Class I areas within their borders provide information on current 
visibility conditions and the difference between current visibility 
conditions and baseline visibility conditions expressed in terms of 
five-year averages of these annual values.
    Kentucky's Progress Report provides figures with visibility 
monitoring data for Mammoth Cave. Kentucky reported current visibility 
conditions as both the 2006-2010 and 2009-2013 five-year time periods 
and used the 2000-2004 baseline period for its Class I area.\10\ Table 
1, below, shows the visibility conditions for both the 2006-2010 and 
2009-2013 five-year time periods and the difference between these 
current visibility conditions and baseline visibility conditions.
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    \10\ For the first regional haze plans, ``baseline'' conditions 
were represented by the 2000-2004 time period. See 64 FR 35730 (July 
1, 1999).

       Table 1--Baseline Visibility, Current Visibility, and Visibility Changes in Kentucky's Class I Area
                                                   [deciviews]
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                                  Baseline (2000- Current (2006-                   More current
          Class I area                 2004)           2010)        Difference      (2009-2013)     Difference
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                                                 20% Worst Days
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Mammoth Cave National Park......           31.37           29.09           -2.28           25.09           -6.28
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                                                  20% Best Days
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Mammoth Cave National Park......           16.51           15.41           -1.10           13.69           -2.82
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    As shown in Table 1, Mammoth Cave saw an improvement in visibility 
between baseline and the 2006-2010 and 2009-2013 time periods.\11\ 
Kentucky also reported 20 percent worst day and 20 percent best day 
visibility data for Mammoth Cave from 2006-2013 for each year in terms 
of five-year averages.\12\ This data shows an improvement in visibility 
at Mammoth Cave on the 20 percent best days from 2006-2013 and on the 
20 percent worst days from 2007-2013.
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    \11\ Kentucky Progress Report, Tables 17 and 18, pp. 67-68.
    \12\ Kentucky Progress Report, Table 18, p.68.
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    EPA notes that Kentucky's original RPGs were based on the VISTAS 
modeling run available at the time of Kentucky's June 25, 2008, 
regional haze plan. In 2008, VISTAS provided updated modeling results 
that changed the modeled progress for Kentucky's Class I area. Table 2 
identifies the RPGs for Mammoth Cave in the Commonwealth's regional 
haze plan and provides, for comparison purposes only, the updated RPGs 
provided by VISTAS.\13\
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    \13\ Kentucky Progress Report, Table 16, p. 66.

[[Page 36710]]



            Table 2--Updated RPGs for Kentucky's Class I Area
                               [deciviews]
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                                           RPG 20% worst   RPG 20% best
 Class I area Mammoth Cave National Park       days            days
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Original RPGs...........................           25.56           15.57
Updated RPGs............................           25.40           15.42
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    EPA proposes to find that Kentucky has adequately addressed the 
applicable provisions under 40 CFR 51.308(g) regarding visibility 
conditions because the Commonwealth provided baseline visibility 
conditions (2000-2004), current conditions based on the most recently 
available visibility monitoring data available at the time of Progress 
Report development, the difference between these current sets of 
visibility conditions and baseline visibility conditions, and the 
change in visibility impairment from 2006-2013.
4. Emissions Tracking
    In its Progress Report, Kentucky presents data from a statewide 
actual emissions inventory for 2007 and compares this data to the 
baseline emissions inventory for 2002 (actual and typical 
emissions).\14\ The pollutants inventoried include VOC, NH3, 
NOX, PM2.5, coarse particulate matter 
(PM10), and SO2. The emissions inventories 
include the following source classifications: point, area, fires, non-
road mobile, and on-road mobile sources. As discussed in Section 
II.A.2, above, Kentucky also presented NOX and 
SO2 data from 2002-2012 for EGUs in Kentucky.
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    \14\ For the typical 2002 stationary point source emissions 
inventory, the EGU emissions are adjusted for a typical year so that 
if sources were shut down or are operating above or below normal, 
the emissions are normalized to a typical emissions inventory year. 
The typical year data is used to develop projected typical future 
year emissions inventories.
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    Kentucky estimated on-road mobile source emissions in the 2007 
inventory using EPA's MOVES model. This model tends to estimate higher 
emissions for NOX and PM than its previous counterpart, 
EPA's MOBILE6.2 model, used by the Commonwealth to estimate on-road 
mobile source emissions for the 2002 inventories. Despite the change in 
methodology, with the exception of a slight increase in 
PM2.5 and PM10, 2007 actual emissions are lower 
for all inventoried emissions than both the actual and typical 2002 
emissions, as can be seen when comparing Tables 3 and 4 to Table 5.

                                              Table 3--2002 Actual Emissions Inventory Summary for Kentucky
                                                                          [tpy]
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                     Source category                           NH 3             NOX            PM10            PM2.5            SO2             VOC
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Point...................................................           1,000         237,209          21,326          14,173         518,086          46,321
Area....................................................          51,135          39,507         233,559          45,453          41,805          95,375
On-Road Mobile..........................................           5,055         156,417           3,723           2,697           6,308         103,503
Non-Road Mobile.........................................              31         104,571           6,425           6,046          14,043          44,805
Fires...................................................              44           1,142           5,226           5,074              49           2,640
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................................          57,265         538,846         270,259          73,443         580,291         292,644
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                                             Table 4--2002 Typical Emissions Inventory Summary for Kentucky
                                                                          [tpy]
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                     Source category                           NH 3             NOX            PM10            PM2.5            SO2             VOC
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Point...................................................             995         240,362          21,421          14,219         529,182          46,315
Area....................................................          51,135          39,507         233,559          45,453          41,805          95,375
On-Road Mobile..........................................           5,055         156,417           3,723           2,697           6,308         103,503
Non-Road Mobile.........................................              31         104,517           6,425           6,046          14,043          44,805
Fires...................................................             110           1,460           6,667           6,310             136           3,338
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................................          57,326         542,317         271,795          74,725         591,474         293,336
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                                              Table 5--2007 Actual Emissions Inventory Summary for Kentucky
                                                                          [tpy]
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                     Source category                            NH3             NOX            PM10            PM2.5            SO2             VOC
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Point...................................................             113         210,213          30,678          21,110         410,413          47,679
Area....................................................          52,332          12,693         226,829          40,341          15,590          75,100
On-Road Mobile..........................................           2,172         133,425           5,524           4,363           1,022          55,883
Non-Road Mobile.........................................              46          63,454           4,207           3,969           3,037          38,785
Fires...................................................             138           1,377           5,016           4,678             180           2,939
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[[Page 36711]]

 
    Total...............................................          54,801         421,163         272,254          74,461         430,242         220,386
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    EPA is proposing to find that Kentucky adequately addressed the 
provisions of 40 CFR 51.308(g) regarding emissions tracking because the 
Commonwealth compared the most recent updated emission inventory data 
available at the time of Progress Report development with the baseline 
emissions used in the modeling for the regional haze plan. Furthermore, 
Kentucky evaluated available CAMD SO2 emissions data from 
2002 to 2012 for Kentucky EGUs because this data was available at the 
time of Progress Report development, ammonium sulfate is the primary 
component of visibility-impairing pollution in the VISTAS states, and 
EGUs are the largest source of SO2 in the Commonwealth.
5. Assessment of Changes Impeding Visibility Progress
    In its Progress Report, Kentucky documented that sulfates, which 
are formed from SO2 emissions, continue to be the biggest 
single contributor to regional haze for Class I areas in the 
Commonwealth and therefore focused its analysis on large SO2 
emissions from point sources. In addressing the requirements at 40 CFR 
51.308(g)(5), Kentucky demonstrates that sulfate contributions to 
visibility impairment have decreased overall from 2000 to 2013 \15\ 
along with an improvement in visibility, and examines other potential 
pollutants of concern affecting visibility at Mammoth Cave. The 
Commonwealth presents data for the 20 percent worst days showing that 
ammonium sulfate is responsible for 79.6 and 67.8 percent of the 
regional haze at Mammoth Cave for the periods 2006-2010 and 2009-2013, 
respectively. For 2006-2010, primary organic matter is the next largest 
contributor at 9.3 percent whereas for 2009-2013, the next largest 
contributor to regional haze is ammonium nitrate at 13.9 percent, 
followed by primary organic matter at 11.7 percent. Furthermore, the 
Progress Report shows that the Commonwealth is on track to meeting its 
2018 RPGs for Mammoth Cave and that SO2 emissions reductions 
from 2002-2012 for EGUs in Kentucky have exceeded the projected 
reductions from 2002-2018 in the regional haze plan.
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    \15\ Kentucky Progress Report, Figures 21 and 22, p. 80.
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    EPA proposes to find that Kentucky has adequately addressed the 
provisions of 40 CFR 51.308(g) regarding an assessment of significant 
changes in anthropogenic emissions. EPA preliminarily agrees with 
Kentucky's conclusion that there have been no significant changes in 
emissions of visibility-impairing pollutants which have limited or 
impeded progress in reducing emissions and improving visibility in 
Class I areas impacted by the Commonwealth's sources.
6. Assessment of Current Strategy
    The Commonwealth believes that it is on track to meet the 2018 RPGs 
for Mammoth Cave and will not impede Class I areas outside of Kentucky 
from meeting their RPGs based on the trends in visibility and emissions 
presented in its Progress Report. Kentucky notes that the IMPROVE 
visibility readings for 2009-2013 already show greater improvments in 
visibility than projected by Kentucky in establishing the 2018 RPGs for 
Mammoth Cave and that SO2 emissions from coal-fired EGUs in 
the Commonwealth have fallen from 2002 to 2012 by more than than the 
predicted decline in SO2 emissions from these sources for 
the first planning period in Kentucky's regional haze plan. Kentucky 
expects that these emissions will continue to decrease through the 
first regional haze implementation period. The Commonwealth identifies 
additional SO2 reductions of 49,649 tpy from Kentucky EGUs 
that are retiring or converting to natural gas which were not accounted 
for in the original 2018 emissions projections in its regional haze 
plan.\16\ Kentucky also provides data showing that SO2 
emissions from 2002 to 2012 from EGUs outside of the Commonwealth 
impacting visibility at Mammoth Cave have decreased by nearly 49 
percent (65,416 tpy). In addition, the Commonwealth provides emissions 
data in Table 13 and in Figures 10 and 12 of its Progress Report 
showing a declining trend in SO2 and NOX 
emissions from 2002 to 2012 for EGUs in Kentucky and the VISTAS states.
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    \16\ Kentucky Progress Report, Table 11, pp. 42-43.
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    Kentucky also provides updated visibility analyses for Mammoth Cave 
and the Class I areas outside the Commonwealth potentially impacted by 
sources in Kentucky (Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North 
Carolina and Tennessee, James River Face Wilderness Area and Shenandoah 
National Park in Virginia, Linville Gorge Wilderness Area in North 
Carolina, and Dolly Sods Wilderness Area in West Virginia), and notes 
that these analyses show that these areas are on track to achieve their 
RPGs by 2018.\17\
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    \17\ Kentucky Progress Report, Table 26, p. 87; Figures 23-32, 
pp. 82-86; Figures 14 and 15, pp. 69-70.
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    As discussed in Section II.A.1, above, CAIR was implemented during 
the time period evaluated by Kentucky for its Progress Report, but has 
now been replaced by CSAPR. At the present time, the requirements of 
CSAPR apply to sources in Kentucky under the terms of a FIP because 
Kentucky has not, to date, incorporated the CSAPR requirements into its 
SIP. Kentuky's regional haze plan accordingly does not contain 
sufficient provisions to ensure that the RPGs of Class I areas in 
nearby states will be achieved. The term ``implementation plan,'' 
however, is defined for purposes of the Regional Haze Rule to mean 
``any [SIP], [FIP], or Tribal Implementation Plan.'' 40 CFR 51.301. 
Measures in any issued FIP, as well as those in a state's regional haze 
SIP, may therefore be considered in assessing the adequacy of the 
``existing implementation plan.''
    EPA proposes to find that Kentucky has adequately addressed the 
provisions of 40 CFR 51.308(g) regarding the strategy assessment. In 
its Progress Report, Kentucky described the improving visibility trends 
using data from the IMPROVE network and the downward emissions trends 
in key pollutants, with a focus on SO2 emissions from EGUs 
in the Commonwealth. Kentucky determined that its regional haze plan is 
sufficient to meet the RPGs for its own Class I area and the Class I 
areas outside the Commonwealth potentially impacted by the emissions 
from Kentucky. EPA finds that Kentucky's conclusion regarding the 
sufficiency of its regional haze plan is appropriate because CAIR was 
in effect in Kentucky through 2014, providing the emission reductions 
relied upon in Kentucky's regional haze

[[Page 36712]]

plan through that date. CSAPR is now being implemented, and by 2018, 
the end of the first regional haze implementation period, CSAPR will 
reduce emissions of SO2 and NOX from EGUs in 
Kentucky by the same amount assumed by EPA when it issued the FIP for 
the Commonwealth in June 2012 replacing reliance on CAIR with reliance 
on CSAPR. Because CSAPR will ensure the control of SO2 and 
NOX emissions reductions relied upon by Kentucky and other 
states in setting their RPGs beginning in January 2015 at least through 
the remainder of the first implementation period in 2018, EPA is 
proposing to approve Kentucky's finding that the plan elements and 
strategies in its implementation plan are sufficient to achieve the 
RPGs for the Class I area in the Commonwealth and for Class I areas in 
nearby states potentially impacted by sources in the Commonwealth.
7. Review of Current Monitoring Strategy
    In its Progress Report, Kentucky summarizes the existing monitoring 
network in Kentucky to monitor visibility at Mammoth Cave and concludes 
that no modifications to the existing visibility monitoring strategy 
are necessary. The primary monitoring network for regional haze, both 
nationwide and in Kentucky, is the Interagency Monitoring of Protected 
Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network. There is currently one IMPROVE 
site located in Mammoth Cave National Park.
    The Commonwealth also explains the importance of the IMPROVE 
monitoring network for tracking visibility trends at the Class I area 
in Kentucky. Kentucky states that data produced by the IMPROVE 
monitoring network will be used nearly continuously for preparing the 
regional haze progress reports and SIP revisions, and thus, the 
monitoring data from the IMPROVE sites needs to be readily accessible 
and to be kept up to date. The Visibility Information Exchange Web 
System Web site has been maintained by VISTAS and the other Regional 
Planning Organizations to provide ready access to the IMPROVE data and 
data analysis tools.
    In addition to the IMPROVE measurements, some ongoing long-term 
limited monitoring supported by Federal Land Managers provides 
additional insight into progress toward regional haze goals. Kentucky 
benefits from the data from these measurements, but is not responsible 
for associated funding decisions to maintain these measurements into 
the future.
    In addition, KDAQ operates a PM2.5 network of filter-
based Federal reference method monitors and filter-based speciation 
monitors. These PM2.5 measurements help the KDAQ 
characterize air pollution levels in areas across the Commonwealth, and 
therefore aid in the analysis of visibility improvement in and near 
Mammoth Cave.
    EPA proposes to find that Kentucky has adequately addressed the 
applicable provisions of 40 CFR 51.308(g) regarding monitoring strategy 
because the Commonwealth reviewed its visibility monitoring strategy 
and determined that no further modifications to the strategy are 
necessary.

B. Determination of Adequacy of the Existing Regional Haze Plan

    In its Progress Report, Kentucky submitted a negative declaration 
to EPA regarding the need for additional actions or emissions 
reductions in Kentucky beyond those already in place and those to be 
implemented by 2018 according to Kentucky's regional haze plan. 
Kentucky determined that the existing regional haze plan requires no 
further substantive revision at this time to achieve the RPGs for Class 
I areas affected by the Commonwealth's sources. The Commonwealth's 
negative declaration is based on the findings from the Progress Report, 
including the findings that: visibility has already improved at Mammoth 
Cave in Kentucky such that monitored 2009-2013 visibility readings show 
that the Class I area has already met its RPGs for 2018; actual 
SO2 emissions reductions from coal-fired EGUs in Kentucky 
exceed the predicted reductions in Kentucky's regional haze plan; 
additional EGU control measures not relied upon in the Commonwealth's 
regional haze plan have occurred or will occur during the first 
implementation period that will further reduce SO2 
emissions; and emissions of SO2 from EGUs in Kentucky and 
the surrounding VISTAS states are expected to continue to trend 
downward.
    EPA proposes to conclude that Kentucky has adequately addressed 40 
CFR 51.308(h) because the visibility trends at Mammoth Cave and at 
Class I areas outside of the Commonwealth potentially impacted by 
sources within Kentucky and the emissions trends of the largest 
emitters of visibility-impairing pollutants in the Commonwealth 
indicate that the relevant RPGs will be met.

III. Proposed Action

    EPA is proposing to approve Kentucky's September 17, 2014, Regional 
Haze Progress Report as meeting the applicable regional haze 
requirements set forth in 40 CFR 51.308(g) and 51.308(h).

IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP 
submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and applicable 
federal regulations. See 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in 
reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state choices, 
provided that they meet the criteria of the CAA. Accordingly, this 
proposed action merely proposes to approve state law as meeting federal 
requirements and does not impose additional requirements beyond those 
imposed by state law. For that reason, this proposed action:
     Is not a significant regulatory action subject to review 
by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Orders 12866 (58 
FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011);
     does not impose an information collection burden under the 
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
     is certified as not having a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
     does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded 
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
     does not have Federalism implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
     is not an economically significant regulatory action based 
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 
19885, April 23, 1997);
     is not a significant regulatory action subject to 
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
     is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the 
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent 
with the CAA; and
     does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to 
address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental 
effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under 
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).

[[Page 36713]]

    The SIP is not approved to apply on any Indian reservation land or 
in any other area where EPA or an Indian tribe has demonstrated that a 
tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of Indian country, the rule does 
not have tribal implications as specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 
FR 67249, November 9, 2000), nor will it impose substantial direct 
costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law.

 List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by 
reference, Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen oxides, Particulate 
matter, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Sulfur dioxide, 
Volatile organic compounds.

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    Dated: July 25, 2017.
V. Anne Heard,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 4.
[FR Doc. 2017-16484 Filed 8-4-17; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6560-50-P


