PECHAN

5528-B Hempstead Way

Springfield, VA 22151

703-813-6700 telephone

703-813-6729 facsimile

3622 Lyckan Parkway

Suite 2002

Durham, NC 27707

919-493-3144 telephone

919-493-3182 facsimile

P.O. Box 1575

Shingle Springs, CA 95682

530-672-0441 telephone

530-672-0504 facsimile

Pennsylvania 2002 Area Source Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimation
Methods

Prepared for:

Pennsylvania Department of

Environmental Protection

Bureau of Air Quality

P.O. Box 2357

Harrisburg, PA 17105-2357

Prepared by:

E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.

3622 Lyckan Parkway

Suite 2002

Durham, NC 27707

Contract No. SP3580003990

Work Order 9

February 2004

Pechan Rpt. No. 04.02.006/9420.109CONTENTS

Page

  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389740"  AREA SOURCE
DEFINITION	  PAGEREF _Toc107389740 \h  1  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389741"  METHODS FOR ESTIMATING AREA SOURCE
ACTIVITY AND EMISSIONS	  PAGEREF _Toc107389741 \h  1  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389742"  Control Efficiency (CE)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389742 \h  3  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389743"  Rule Penetration (RP)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389743 \h  3  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389744"  Rule Effectiveness (RE)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389744 \h  3  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389745"  Seasonal Emission Calculations	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389745 \h  3  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389746"  Point Source Subtractions	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389746 \h  5  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389747"  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION – ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY	  PAGEREF _Toc107389747 \h  9  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389748"  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION – CROPS
(Fertilizer Application) (14 SCCs)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389748 \h  9  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389749"  ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING (SCC
2401001000)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389749 \h  9  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389750"  ASPHALT PAVING (2 SCCs)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389750 \h  10  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389751"  AUTOMOTIVE REFINISHING (SCC 2401005000)	
 PAGEREF _Toc107389751 \h  12  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389752"  BAKERIES (SCC 2302050000)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389752 \h  13  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389753"  BREWERIES (SCC 2302070001)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389753 \h  14  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389754"  COAL COMBUSTION (6 SCCs)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389754 \h  16  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389755"  COMMERCIAL AND CONSUMER SOLVENT USE (SCC
2465000000)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389755 \h  20  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389756"  COMMERCIAL COOKING (5 SCCs)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389756 \h  21  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389757"  COMPOSTING (3 SCCs)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389757 \h  22  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389758"  DEGREASING (4 SCCs)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389758 \h  23  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389759"  DRY CLEANERS (SCC 2420000370)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389759 \h  24  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389760"  ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (SCC 2401060000)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389760 \h  25  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389761"  ELECTRICAL INSULATION (SCC 2401065000)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389761 \h  26  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389762"  FACTORY FINISHED WOOD (SCC 2401015000)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389762 \h  27  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389763"  FOREST FIRES (SCC 2810001000)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389763 \h  27  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389764"  FUEL OIL COMBUSTION (3 SCCs)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389764 \h  28  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389765"  GASOLINE MARKETING (5 SCCs)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389765 \h  32  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389766"  GRAPHIC ARTS (SCC 2425000000)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389766 \h  36  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389767"  HIGH PERFORMANCE INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE
SOLVENT (SCC 2401100000)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389767 \h  36  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389768"  KEROSENE (2 SCCs)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389768 \h  37  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389769"  LANDFILLS (SCC 2620030000)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389769 \h  40  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389770"  MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (SCC 2401055000)
  PAGEREF _Toc107389770 \h  41  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389771"  MARINE COATING (SCC 2401080000)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389771 \h  42  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389772"  METAL CANS (SCC 2401040000)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389772 \h  42  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389773"  METAL FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (SCC
2401025000)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389773 \h  43  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389774"  MISCELLANEOUS FINISHED METAL (SCC
2401050000)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389774 \h  44  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389775"  MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (SCC
2401090000)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389775 \h  45  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389776"  NATURAL GAS AND LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS
(LPG) (4 SCCs)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389776 \h  45  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389777"  OPEN BURNING (5 SCCs)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389777 \h  51  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389778"  OTHER SPECIAL PURPOSE COATING (SCC
2401200000)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389778 \h  54  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389779"  OTHER TRANSPORTATION (SCC 2401085000)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389779 \h  55  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389780"  PESTICIDE APPLICATION (SCC 2461800000)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389780 \h  56  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389781"  PORTABLE GASOLINE CONTAINERS (SCC
2501060300)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389781 \h  56  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389782"  REFRIGERANT LOSSES (SCC 2399010000)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389782 \h  58  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389783"  PUBLIC OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (3 SCCs)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389783 \h  58  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389784"  RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION (7 SCCs)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389784 \h  60  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389785"  SOLID WASTE INCINERATION (2 SCCs)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389785 \h  61  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389786"  STRUCTURE FIRES (SCC 2810030000)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389786 \h  63  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389787"  TRAFFIC LINE PAINTING (SCC 2401008000)	 
PAGEREF _Toc107389787 \h  64  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389788"  WINERIES (SCC 2302070005)	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389788 \h  65  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389789"  WOOD FURNITURE MANUFACTURING (SCC
2401020000)	  PAGEREF _Toc107389789 \h  66  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc107389790"  APPENDIX A:  REFERENCES	  PAGEREF
_Toc107389790 \h  1  

 

[This page intentionally left blank.]

AREA SOURCE DEFINITION

For emission inventory development purposes, the term “area sources”
traditionally refers to stationary air pollutant emission sources that
are not inventoried at the facility-level.  While point sources are
inventoried individually, area sources are typically inventoried at the
county level (Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development
Volume III: Chapter 1).  Gasoline stations and dry cleaning
establishments are often treated as both point and area sources. The
main reason they are not exclusively treated as point sources is that
the effort required to gather data and estimate emissions for each
individual facility is very great, while emissions per facility are
generally small.  For these sources, a cut-off point, typically based on
annual emissions, usually defines the distinction between point and
area.  The Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) specifies
reporting criteria air pollutant (CAP) thresholds for point and area
sources, which vary depending on the pollutant and the attainment status
of a county (see   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/cerr/index.html" 
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/cerr/index.html ).

Individual emissions sources are grouped with other like sources into
source categories. These source categories are grouped in such a way
that they can be estimated collectively using one methodology.  Most
area source categories do not have an analogue in the point source
inventory.  Pesticide use and commercial/consumer product use are such
examples.  The boundaries of the individual activities associated with
these sources are often hard to determine or are, at best, arbitrary. 
Even within a point source facility, some activities occur that are more
easily treated as area source emissions.  Some emissions associated with
surface coating operations such as equipment cleaning, for example, can
be more practically estimated using area source methods even though
other surface coating operations may be reported as part of the point
source inventory.

METHODS FOR ESTIMATING AREA SOURCE ACTIVITY AND EMISSIONS

Area source emissions are generally estimated by multiplying an emission
factor by some known indicator or collective activity for each area
source category at the county level.  Several methodologies are
available for estimating area source activity levels and emissions.  For
this 2002 area source inventory, estimates were derived by (1) treating
area sources as point sources, (2) obtaining county-level activity data,
(3) apportioning national or statewide activity data to counties, (4)
use of per capita emission factors, and (5) use of per employee emission
factors.  Each approach has distinct advantages and disadvantages as
discussed below.

Small sources that would normally be treated as area sources may be
handled as point sources for several reasons.  First, county level
activity data may not be readily determinable for certain source
categories.  Municipal landfills provide an example of this situation.

For some source categories, county activity estimates were available. 
For example, monthly wine production data for 2002 were available by
county from the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board.  If county activity
data were not available, Commonwealth totals were apportioned to
counties using data for a surrogate of the emissions activity.  For
example, the quantity of highway gasoline consumed in the Commonwealth
was apportioned to the county level on the basis of vehicle miles
traveled per county.  Residential, commercial, and industrial fuel
combustion were other categories that were handled in this manner.  The
major drawbacks of this approach are that additional data and resources
are needed to apportion activity levels to the local level, and accuracy
is lost in the process.  If Commonwealth level data were not available,
then national data were used in a similar manner.

Sources in certain area source categories were not only numerous and
diffuse, but were too difficult to inventory by any of the above
procedures.  As an example, solvent evaporation from consumer and
commercial products such as waxes, aerosol products and window cleaners
cannot be routinely determined by DEP.  In addition, it would be
resource-intensive to develop and implement a survey that would yield
such information.  Per capita or per employee emission factors are used
to estimate emissions for these source categories.  The use of per
capita emission factors is based on the assumption that, for a given
source category, emission activity can be reasonably associated with
population.  This assumption is valid over broad areas for certain
categories such as Architectural Surface Coating and solvent evaporation
from Consumer and Commercial Products.

For categories that rely on a per capita emission factor, county
population estimates for 2002 were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of the
Census.  When emissions are calculated from per employee emission
factors, county-level employment data for 2002 were estimated from a
combination of two sources.  Because county employment data for 2002
will not be available from the Bureau of the Census’ County Business
Patterns (CBP) until April 2004, 2001 data for the appropriate North
American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes were obtained
from the 2001 CBP and projected to 2002 using the Commonwealth-level
2001 to 2002 employment change for the appropriate NAICS codes.  The
Commonwealth-level employment data were obtained at the NAICS code level
from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

In some cases, the Census does not report the number of employees in the
separate counties within the Commonwealth for each category
wereemployment value for a particular NAICS code/county combination
because available ,but ,of confidentiality concerns.  In these cases,
the Census provides employment data as a range (e.g., between 20 and 99
employees),  the.  When a precise number of employees was not available
from CBP, an initial estimate was developed based on the mid-point of
the reported range (e.g., 60 employees was used for the 20 to 99
employment range).  For a given NAICS code, the mid-point estimates were
then adjusted up or down to yield the Commonwealth-level employment for
that NAICS code as reported in the CBP.  The adjustments were computed
by first calculating the difference between the Commonwealth-level CBP
employment and the total of the employment values for counties for which
actual employment values were reported in the CBP.  The resulting value
represents employment for the counties for which the CBP reports an
employment range value.  This value was then divided by the sum of the
mid-point employment estimates for the counties for which employment was
reported as a range.  The resulting ratio was multiplied by the
mid-point estimates to yield the final county employment estimates.  The
calculation spreadsheets provide each of the steps used in this
estimation procedure.

Control Efficiency (CE)

Control efficiency is the emission reduction percentage associated with
a control device, process change or reformulation.  Control efficiencies
can vary widely by source within an area source category.  Area source
control efficiency values represent the weighted average control for the
category.

Rule Penetration (RP)

Because lower-emitting sources within a source category may not be
covered by a regulation, it is important to reflect the extent to which
total source category emissions are affected.  Rule penetration
represents the percentage of total source category emissions that are
affected by a regulation.

Rule Effectiveness (RE)

Rule effectiveness is a factor used to adjust the control efficiency to
account for failures and uncertainties that affect the actual
performance of the control.  For example, control equipment performance
may be adversely affected by age of the equipment, lack of maintenance,
or improper use.  With the exception of Federal regulations, a default
RE value of 80 percent was applied when information was not available to
substantiate the true RE value.  NOTEREF _Ref65137205 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  1  An RE of 100 percent was applied to all Federal
regulations that require national compliance.

The RE factor is applied to the estimated control efficiency in the
calculation of emissions from a source.  The formula for the application
of CE, RP, and RE is displayed below:

Uncontrolled Emissions	=	50 pounds per day

Control Efficiency		=	90 percent

Rule Penetration		=	60 percent

Rule Effectiveness		=	80 percent

Controlled Emissions = Uncontrolled Emissions × (1 – CE/100 × RP/100
× RE/100)

Controlled Emissions = 50 × (1 – 0.9 × 0.6 × 0.8) = 50 × (1 –
0.432) = 28.4 pounds per day

An RE and/or RP value can substantially increase emission estimates when
high control efficiencies are involved.  For example, if RP was not
applied in the above example (equivalent to a 100 percent RP
assumption), then estimated emissions are:

Controlled Emissions = 50 × (1 – 0.9 × 0.8) = 50 × (1 – 0.72) =
14 pounds per day.

Seasonal Emission Calculations

Area source emissions are typically prepared first on an annual basis
because activity data are generally only available on an annual basis. 
The recently promulgated Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR)
requires States to submit county-level area source CAP emission
inventories to EPA for three temporal periods:  annual, summer season
work weekday, and winter season work weekday (the latter for carbon
monoxide and particulate matter emissions only).  Summer season work
weekday emission inventories are needed to support planning for ozone
NAAQS attainment.  The summer season refers to the peak ozone season
months of June, July, and August.  Winter season work weekday emission
inventories are used to support carbon monoxide (CO) NAAQS attainment
planning.  The winter season refers to January, February, and December
of the same year (e.g., 2002).

Seasonal emission estimates are calculated by adjusting the annual
inventory to reflect activity during the summer and winter season. 
Summer work weekday and winter work weekday emissions are calculated by
multiplying annual emissions by the appropriate allocation factor.  For
most source categories, summer and winter work weekday allocation
factors were developed from default monthly and weekly profiles
available from EPA’s Emissions Modeling ClearingHouse (EMCH).  

The EMCH provides 807 different monthly profiles and 45 different weekly
profiles.  The first step in developing summer allocation factors was to
compute summer monthly ratios by dividing the sum of the June, July, and
August monthly profile values by the total of the twelve monthly profile
values.  Winter monthly ratios were calculated in a similar manner,
except monthly profile values for January, February, and December were
incorporated into the calculation.  Weekday profile values were computed
by dividing the sum of the Monday through Friday weekly profile values
by the total profile value for the entire week.

Summer work weekday allocation factors were calculated by multiplying
the summer monthly ratios by the appropriate weekday ratio and then
dividing the result by 65 (the number of work weekdays in the summer of
2002).  In a like manner, winter work weekday allocation factors were
computed by multiplying winter monthly ratios by the appropriate weekday
ratio and dividing by 65 (the number of work weekdays in the winter of
2002).

These allocation factors were then matched to area source classification
codes (SCCs) via a crosswalk between SCCs and temporal profiles
available from EPA’s EMCH.  Annual emissions for each
SCC/county/pollutant combination were then multiplied by the appropriate
summer work weekday allocation factor to yield summer work weekday
emissions.  Winter work weekday emissions were calculated for categories
emitting CO and/or PM.  Similar to the summer calculations, annual CO
and PM emissions were multiplied by the appropriate winter work weekday
allocation factor to yield winter work weekday emissions.

For source categories for which actual monthly/seasonal activity data
were available (e.g., Residential Natural Gas Combustion, Structure
Fires, and Wineries), summer and winter season allocation factors were
calculated from the available activity data.  The following presents
sample calculations performed to develop the summer work weekday
allocation factor for Bakeries.  The individual source category
methodology sections present the calculations performed to compute each
category’s seasonal emission estimates.

SAMPLE CALCULATION OF SUMMER SEASON WORK WEEKDAY ALLOCATION FACTOR:

Bakeries (SCC 2302050000)

 

 

Summer Work Weekday Allocation Factor = 0.25 × 0.715 ( 65 = 0.00275

For source categories for which actual seasonal emissions activity data
were available (e.g., Residential Natural Gas Combustion, Structure
Fires, and Wineries), the summer and winter season allocation factors
were developed from these activity data.

Point Source Subtractions

Source categories can appear in both the area source and point source
inventory.  For example, emissions from large dry cleaning
establishments may be included in the point source inventory, while
emissions from smaller dry cleaners (below some specified cutoff) are
included in the area source inventory.  When a point source inventory
and an area source inventory include emissions from the same process,
the area source emission estimates are adjusted to avoid
double-counting.  Although many area source categories (e.g.,
Architectural Surface Coating) do not have companion point source
categories, there are many source categories in the area source
inventory for which emissions are reported in the Pennsylvania point
source inventory (see Table 1).  For these source categories, point
source emissions are subtracted from total emission estimates to yield
area source emissions.  Ideally, this adjustment would occur in the area
source emission calculation by subtracting point source emission
activity (throughput) from total emission activity as shown below.

 

However, the Pennsylvania point source inventory does not report
throughput for most sources.  Therefore, it was necessary to calculate
the point source subtractions using total and point source emission
estimates as identified below.

 

where: 

p = pollutant

Separate point source inventories were developed for Allegheny and
Philadelphia counties and for all other counties.  Except for ammonia
and lead, the Allegheny inventory reports annual emissions for all
pollutants included in the area source inventory.  These pollutants are
also missing from the Philadelphia County annual inventory.  Unlike the
Allegheny inventory, the Philadelphia County inventory does not report
PM emissions on a filterable and condensable basis, but rather on a
primary basis.  The inventory for the remaining counties reports annual
emissions for the same pollutants as the Philadelphia County inventory,
with the exception of primary PM2.5 (PM25-PRI), which is not reported
for the remaining counties.  Given the different ways in which PM
emissions are reported in the 2002 Pennsylvania point source inventory,
it was necessary to develop PM emissions on a consistent basis to
facilitate the point source subtractions.  Therefore, for Allegheny
County, Pechan summed the condensable and the filterable PM emissions to
obtain PM10-PRI and PM25-PRI emission values for use in the point source
subtractions.

Although the point source inventories also report winter and summer day
emissions, these estimates were not used in the point source
subtractions.  The annual emission estimates were used in the
subtractions because it is not clear if every point source facility that
would have emissions during the summer/winter have these emissions
reported in the inventory.  For example, there are only 14 records with
winter day NOx emissions in the point source inventory, while there are
over 4,000 records with annual NOx emissions reported in the inventory.

To facilitate the point source subtractions, the annual emission records
for all point SCCs associated with an area source category were summed
to the county level.  Because PA DEP indicated that point source
subtractions should be applied to the Machinery and Equipment Solvent
Coating area source category by subtracting point source emission
records associated with the combination of point SCCs 40202501,
40202502, and 40202599 and SIC code 3531, it was also necessary to
compile county level annual emissions for these records.  In addition,
because these point SCCs are also associated with the Miscellaneous
Finished Metals Surface Coating area source category, it was necessary
to compile county-level annual emissions for all point source records
with these SCCs that are not associated with SIC code 3531.

The county-level point source annual emissions were then subtracted from
the area source category annual emissions using an area source
category-to-point source category crosswalk developed for this project. 
Note that in keeping with EIIP guidance, when the resulting area source
emission estimate was negative, the area source emission value was set
to zero.  In addition, when the PM10-PRI emission estimate resulted in a
zero value, then the companion PM25-PRI emission estimate was set to
zero for consistency.  In addition to setting PM25-PRI emissions to zero
when PM10-PRI emissions were zero, we also set PM25-PRI emissions to
PM10-PRI emissions when PM25-PRI emissions were greater than PM10-PRI
emissions, after the point source subtractions were performed.  Finally,
the summer and winter season work weekday emission estimates were
updated by multiplying the revised annual emission estimate by the
appropriate winter season and/or summer season work weekday allocation
factors.  The following presents sample point source NOx emission
subtraction calculations for the Commercial/Institutional
Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal Combustion category (SCC 2103002000).

 

The following individual sections describe the annual and seasonal
emission estimation methodology for each area source category.  Each
section contains a brief description of the source category, identifies
whether the category’s emission estimates were subject to point source
emission subtractions, and presents sample emission calculations (point
source subtractions are not included in these sample calculations).  All
referenced sources are displayed in Appendix A.

Table 1. Area Source Inventory Categories with Point Source Emission
Subtractions

SCC	SCC1DESC	SCC3DESC	SCC6DESC	SCC8DESC

2102001000	Stationary Source Fuel Combustion	Industrial	Anthracite Coal
Total: All Boiler Types

2102002000	Stationary Source Fuel Combustion	Industrial
Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal	Total: All Boiler Types

2103001000	Stationary Source Fuel Combustion	Commercial/Institutional
Anthracite Coal	Total: All Boiler Types

2103002000	Stationary Source Fuel Combustion	Commercial/Institutional
Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal	Total: All Boiler Types

2103004000	Stationary Source Fuel Combustion	Commercial/Institutional
Distillate Oil	Total: Boilers and IC Engines

2103005000	Stationary Source Fuel Combustion	Commercial/Institutional
Residual Oil	Total: All Boiler Types

2103006000	Stationary Source Fuel Combustion	Commercial/Institutional
Natural Gas	Total: Boilers and IC Engines

2103007000	Stationary Source Fuel Combustion	Commercial/Institutional
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)	Total: All Combustor Types

2302050000	Industrial Processes	Food and Kindred Products: SIC 20	Bakery
Products	Total

2302070001	Industrial Processes	Food and Kindred Products: SIC 20
Fermentation/Beverages	Breweries

2401015000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Factory Finished Wood:
SIC 2426 thru 242	Total: All Solvent Types

2401020000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Wood Furniture: SIC 25
Total: All Solvent Types

2401025000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Metal Furniture: SIC 25
Total: All Solvent Types

2401040000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Metal Cans: SIC 341
Total: All Solvent Types

2401050000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Miscellaneous Finished
Metals: SIC 34 - (341 + 3498)	Total: All Solvent Types

2401055000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Machinery and Equipment:
SIC 35	Total: All Solvent Types

2401060000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Large Appliances: SIC 363
Total: All Solvent Types

2401070000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Motor Vehicles: SIC 371
Total: All Solvent Types

2401080000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Marine: SIC 373	Total:
All Solvent Types

2401085000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Railroad: SIC 374	Total:
All Solvent Types

2401090000	Solvent Utilization	Surface Coating	Miscellaneous
Manufacturing	Total: All Solvent Types

2415200000	Solvent Utilization	Degreasing	All Industries: Conveyerized
Degreasing	Total: All Solvent Types

2415300000	Solvent Utilization	Degreasing	All Industries: Cold Cleaning
Total: All Solvent Types

2420000370	Solvent Utilization	Dry Cleaning	All Processes	Special
Naphthas

2425000000	Solvent Utilization	Graphic Arts	All Processes	Total: All
Solvent Types

2501060053	Storage and Transport	Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage
Gasoline Service Stations	Stage 1: Balanced Submerged Filling

2501060101	Storage and Transport	Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage
Gasoline Service Stations	Stage 2: Displacement Loss/Uncontrolled

2501060102	Storage and Transport	Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage
Gasoline Service Stations	Stage 2: Displacement Loss/Controlled

2601010000	Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery	On-site Incineration
Industrial	Total

2601020000	Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery	On-site Incineration
Commercial/Institutional	Total

2620030000	Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery	Landfills	Municipal
Total

2630020010	Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery	Landfills	Wastewater
Treatment Processes	Total

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION – ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Emissions from livestock production come from such activities as
confinement, manure handling and storage, and land application of
manure. Biogenic emission source calculations were derived from EPA’s 
BEIS inventory system.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION – CROPS (Fertilizer Application) (14 SCCs)

(Anhydrous Ammonia SCC 2801700001, Aqueous Ammonia SCC 2801700002,
Nitrogen Solutions SCC 2801700003, Urea SCC 2801700004, Ammonium Nitrate
SCC 2801700005, Ammonium Sulfate SCC 2801700006, Ammonium Thiosulfate
SCC 2801700007, N-P-K (multi-grade nutrient fertilizers) SCC 2801700010,
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate SCC 2801700011, Potassium Nitrate SCC
2801700012, Diammonium Phosphate SCC 2801700013, Monoammonium Phosphate
SCC 2801700014, Liquid Ammonium Polyphosphate SCC 2801700015, Misc.
Fertilizers SCC 2801700099)

Emissions from crops are primarily due to spreading of various
fertilizers. Fertilizers spread on fields that contribute to ammonia
emissions include anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia, nitrogen
solutions, urea, ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonia, and ammonium
sulfate. Biogenic emission source calculations were derived from EPA’s
 BEIS inventory system.

ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING (SCC 2401001000)

Architectural surface coatings are used by homeowners and painting
contractors to coat the interior and exterior of buildings and other
structures. The coatings are applied by spray, brush, or roller and dry
or cure at ambient conditions.  The VOC emissions from this source
category result from the evaporation of the paint and cleanup solvents. 
Each county’s emissions are calculated using a per capita emission
factor and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2002 population data.  The Federal
architectural surface coating regulations call for a 20 percent
reduction in the solvent content of architectural surface coatings
manufactured after September 1999.  Therefore, a 20 percent CE is
applied in the 2002 inventory.

The emission factor that is used in this effort differs from that used
for the 1999 area source inventory.  The new per capita emission factor
was calculated using the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)
methods for this category.  National solvent- and water-based coating
per capita use factors were first calculated from 2002 national paint
shipments and 2002 national population data.  These factors were then
combined with information on the average volatile organic compound (VOC)
content of these coatings to calculate per capita emission factors as
follows: 

Water-Based	= 0.74 pounds VOC/gallon × 589,527,000 gallons  NOTEREF
_Ref58818798 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  6  /288,368,698 people  NOTEREF
_Ref62275379 \f \h  7 

			= 1.5128 pounds VOC/person/year

Solvent-Based	= 3.87 pounds VOC/gallon  NOTEREF _Ref58819178 \f \h  8 
× 119,914,000 gallons  NOTEREF _Ref58818798 \f \h  6  /288,368,698
people  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  7 

			= 1.6093 pounds VOC/person/year 

Final composite emission factor = 1.5128 + 1.6093 = 3.1221 pounds
VOC/person/year

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS: 

 

where: 

Emission Factor = 3.1221 lbs VOC/person/year

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  7 

CE (Control Efficiency) = 20%  NOTEREF _Ref62276184 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  5 

RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1585.9069 ( 0.00356 = 5.6484 tons
VOC per day

ASPHALT PAVING (2 SCCs)

There are two types of asphalt used for road paving and repair:  cutback
asphalt and emulsified asphalt.  VOC emissions result primarily from the
curing of the applied material.  The following sections describe the two
types of asphalt and identify the methods used to estimate emissions for
each type.

Cutback Asphalt (SCC 2461021000)

Cutback asphalt is used as a pavement sealant, a tack coat, and a
bonding agent between layers of paving material.  Cutback asphalt is
prepared by blending or “cutting back” asphalt cement with various
blends of petroleum distillates.  Emissions from cutback asphalt paving
occur during the curing of the road surface when petroleum distillates
evaporate.

Annual VOC emissions from cutback asphalt paving were computed from
information obtained from the Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt
Material Applicators (PAMA) on the amount of cutback asphalt applied in
2002 and the VOC content and density of the asphalt.  In addition, it
was assumed that 100 percent of cutback asphalt contained diluent and
that 70 percent of the diluent evaporates.  County emissions were
estimated by multiplying State emissions by the ratio of the each
county’s bituminous paved lane mileage by the State’s bituminous
paved lane mileage.  Based on the State regulation prohibiting use of
cutback asphalt during summer months, there are no summer season work
weekday emissions estimated for cutback asphalt.

 

Emulsified Asphalt (SCC 2461022000)

Emulsified asphalt is a type of liquefied road surfacing material that
is used in some of the same applications as cutback asphalt.  However,
instead of blending asphalt cement with petroleum distillates,
emulsified asphalt uses a blend of water with an emulsifier.

Annual VOC emissions from emulsified asphalt paving were computed from
information obtained from the Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt
Material Applicators on the amount of emulsified asphalt applied in
2002, the VOC content and density of the asphalt, and the percentage of
emulsified asphalt containing diluent.  NOTEREF _Ref63849478 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  10   In addition, it was assumed that 100 percent of the
emulsified asphalt diluent evaporates.  NOTEREF _Ref64197919 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  11   County emissions were estimated by multiplying State
emissions by the ratio of the each county’s bituminous paved lane
mileage by the State’s bituminous paved lane mileage.  Annual
emissions were allocated to the summer season work weekday based on
information from PAMA that emulsified asphalt is only applied from March
1 through October 31.   In addition, it was assumed that asphalt use is
evenly distributed during this period and that paving is only performed
on weekdays.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

 

where:

Cutback Asphalt VOC Content = 35%  NOTEREF _Ref63849478 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  10  

Emulsified Asphalt VOC Content = 8%  NOTEREF _Ref63849478 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  10 

Cutback Asphalt VOC Density = 7.1 lbs/gallon  NOTEREF _Ref63849478 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  10 

Emulsified Asphalt VOC Density = 6.25 lbs/gallon  NOTEREF _Ref63849478
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  10 

2002 PA Cutback Asphalt Use = 5,000,000 gallons  NOTEREF _Ref63849478 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  10 

2002 PA Emulsified Asphalt Use = 15,000,000 gallons  NOTEREF
_Ref63849478 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  10 

Bituminous Paved County Lane Miles = 2,538 miles (Allegheny)  NOTEREF
_Ref65248568 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  14 

Bituminous Paved State Lane Miles = 83,227 miles  NOTEREF _Ref65248568
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  14 

% of Cutback Asphalt Diluent that Evaporates = 70%  NOTEREF _Ref64197919
\f \h  11 

% of Emulsified Asphalt Containing Diluent = 50%  NOTEREF _Ref63849478
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  10 

% of Emulsified Asphalt Diluent that Evaporates = 100%  NOTEREF
_Ref64197919 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  11 

Cutback Asphalt VOC Emissions Calculation:

 

 

(Summer work weekday emissions are estimated as zero due to State
prohibition on use during this period)  NOTEREF _Ref65248080 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  13 

Emulsified Asphalt VOC Emissions Calculation:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 3/8 (fraction of paving
performed in the summer months) ( 5/7 (fraction of paving performed on
weekdays) ( 65 (number of weekdays in the summer) = 0.004125  NOTEREF
_Ref65247980 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  15 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 57.1780 ( 0.004125 = 0.2359 tons VOC
per day

AUTOMOTIVE REFINISHING (SCC 2401005000)

Automotive refinishing is the painting of worn or damaged automobiles,
light trucks, and other vehicles.  The coating of new cars, however, is
considered in the point source inventory, and therefore not included in
this inventory.  The automotive refinishing VOC emission factor of 2.30
lb/person is based on EPA guidance. A control efficiency of 60.94
percent for 2002 was computed by applying an incremental reduction of 38
percent to 1999’s 37 percent control efficiency based on the following
calculation:

 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

      

where: 

Emission Factor =2.30 lbs VOC/person/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  16 

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  7  

Control Efficiency = 60.94%  NOTEREF _Ref63097198 \f \h  17    NOTEREF
_Ref62280300 \f \h  18 

Rule Penetration = 100%

Rule Effectiveness = 100%

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00385   NOTEREF _Ref64438894
\f \h  9 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 570.4282 ( 0.00385 = 2.1940 tons VOC
per day

BAKERIES (SCC 2302050000)

Bakery emissions, primarily ethanol, result from yeast fermentation
during the baking process of bread and bakery products.  Ethanol is
emitted through a vent with any combustion product gases.  Relevant
NAICS codes for bakeries are 311811 and 311812.

County-level VOC emissions were calculated using an employment-based
emission factor and the number of NAICS code 311811 and 311812 employees
in each county.  The number of employees in each county for 2001 was
obtained from County Business Patterns  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2  and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total
Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained
from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).  NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  3   The Bakeries emission factor is 0.11 tons
VOC/employee/year.  Point source emissions, where present, were
subtracted from these emission estimates.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Employees)

where:   

Emission Factor = 0.11 tons VOC /employee/year  NOTEREF _Ref59611926 \f
\h  19 

Employees = 1024   NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2   
NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3  (Allegheny County)

   = 112.64 tons VOC per year

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor=0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 112.64(0.00275 = 0.3098 tons VOC per
day

BREWERIES (SCC 2302070001)

Emissions of VOCs from breweries result from compounds such as ethanol,
myrcene, ethyl acetate and higher alcohols resulting from the brewing
process.  There are two brewery emission factors, which differ based on
facility production size (i.e., a smaller emission factor is used for
facilities with more than 60,000 barrels production, and a larger factor
for facilities producing 60,000 barrels or less).

Because facility-level brewery production data were not available, it
was necessary to estimate the amount of production in each county
associated with small and large facilities.  First, county-level beer
production was estimated by apportioning State-level production to
counties based on county-level brewery employment.  Total Pennsylvania
beer production was obtained from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax
and Trade Bureau.  The number of brewery (NAICS code 31212) employees in
2002 was estimated by projecting 2001 county employment, obtained from
the 2001 County Business Patterns,  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2  to 2002 based on the 2002 to 2001 State-level brewery
employment ratio, obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.  NOTEREF
_Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

Based on the average Pennsylvania brewery production per employee (2,122
barrels) calculated from the data described above, it was assumed that
all facilities in a county reporting fewer than 29 employees would
contain only small breweries.  The cutoff of 29 employees was chosen
based on the observation that, assuming a constant per employee
production rate, a brewery with 29 employees would produce approximately
61,500 barrels of beer.  It was also assumed that a county with more
than 29 brewery employees would have production by both small and large
facilities.  In lieu of actual data, it was assumed that 1 percent of
these counties’ production is from small breweries, and 99 percent is
from large breweries.  Therefore, the small brewery emission factor was
applied to 1 percent of the county’s beer production, while the large
brewery emission factor was applied to 99 percent of the county’s
production.  This 1 percent assumption appears reasonable given that
this value results in statewide brewery emissions similar to those
estimated for 1996.

Since Pennsylvania’s brewery production data were available on a
monthly basis, the statewide summer month allocation factor was
calculated using the ratio of summer beer production to the annual beer
production.  This was then converted to the summer work weekday
allocation factor using weekday temporal allocation data from EPA’s
Emissions Modeling Clearinghouse (EMCH).  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  4    NOTEREF _Ref64454916 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  20 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

 

where:   

Small Brewery Emission Factor = 56.743 pounds of VOC/1000 barrels

Large Brewery Emission Factor = 4.16791 pounds of VOC/1000 barrels

Adams County Employees = 7  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 
2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

Allegheny County Employees = 261  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

2002 PA Beer Production = 3,089,646 barrels  NOTEREF _Ref64454916 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  20 

Adams County (Small Breweries Only Assumption) Annual VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month beer
production/annual beer production ( weekday ratio/number of weekdays in
summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 856,549/3,089,646 ( 0.715/65 =
0.00305  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4    NOTEREF
_Ref64454916 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  20 

Summer work weekday allocation factor=0.00305

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.4214 ( 0.00305 = 0.001285 tons VOC
per day

Allegheny County (Small and Large Breweries Assumption) Annual VOC
Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month beer
production/annual beer production ( weekday ratio/number of weekdays in
summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 856,549/3,089,646 ( 0.715/65 =
0.00305  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4    NOTEREF
_Ref64454916 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  20 

Summer work weekday allocation factor=0.00305

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.2998 ( 0.00305 = 0.00396 tons VOC
per day

COAL COMBUSTION (6 SCCs)

(Residential Anthracite SCC 2104001000, Residential Bituminous SCC
2104002000, Commercial/Institutional Anthracite SCC 2103001000,
Commercial/Institutional Bituminous SCC 2103002000, Industrial
Anthracite SCC 2102001000, Industrial Bituminous SCC 2102002000)

This category covers emissions from the burning of coal by residential,
and small commercial and industrial users.  Coal combustion emissions
were estimated for VOC, NOx, CO, Pb, PM, and SO2.

Residential coal consumption, in tons per dwelling unit, was estimated
using the following equation:

Coal consumption per dwelling unit = 0.003874 e(7.6414-(1000/heating
degree days))

Heating Degree Day (HDD) data were obtained from the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration.  The HDD of each county was assigned
according to the town or city in the county or the nearest town or city
of similar latitude for which data were available.

After estimating county-level residential coal consumption per unit,
emissions were calculated by multiplying these values by the number of
coal-burning dwelling units in each county and the emission factor for
each pollutant.

Year 2002 Commonwealth-level commercial sector coal consumption
(computed from the Energy Information Administration’s State Energy
Data 2000 and Annual Coal Report 2002) was allocated to individual
counties using the number of commercial sector facilities in each
county.  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2   County-level
emissions were then calculated by multiplying county coal consumption by
the emission factor for the applicable CAP.

Industrial coal-burning emissions were computed in a similar way to
commercial/institutional emissions.  However, county-level industrial
employment data (from County Business Patterns and Current Employment
Statistics) were used to allocate coal consumption to individual
counties.

In some cases, CAP emission factors differ between anthracite and
bituminous coal.  Because anthracite is mined in the eastern half of the
Commonwealth, while bituminous is mined in the western half, the
emission calculations assume that eastern counties burn anthracite coal
while western counties burn bituminous coal.

For Commercial and Industrial sector categories, point source emissions,
where present, were subtracted from these initial emission estimates.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Residential Coal Combustion:

 

 where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 10 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 10 lbs/ton
bituminous coal/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 3 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref58841195 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 ; 9.1 lbs/ton bituminous
coal/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 275 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref58841195 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 ; 275 lbs/ton bituminous
coal/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Pb Emission Factor = 0.013182 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 10 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref58841195 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 ; 6.2 lbs/ton bituminous
coal/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref58841195 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 ( 13.38% ash content =8.028
lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 3.8 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.08 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref58841195 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 ( 13.38% ash content =1.0704
lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 1.04 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

SO2 Emission Factor = 39 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref58841195 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 ( 0.89% sulfur content =34.71
lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 31 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 ( 2.42% sulfur content = 75.02
lbs/ton bituminous coal/year

Anthracite Coal Sulfur Content = 0.89% sulfur  NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 

Bituminous Coal Sulfur Content = 2.42% sulfur  NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 

Anthracite Coal Ash Content = 13.38% ash  NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  27 

Number of Coal-Burning Dwelling Units (Allegheny County) = 183  NOTEREF
_Ref64859906 \f \h  24 

e = natural base

HDD = Heating Degree Days (Allegheny County) = 5,494  NOTEREF
_Ref58841284 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  23 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000110   NOTEREF _Ref60652619
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4    NOTEREF _Ref58841284 \f \h  23 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 6.1539 ( 0.000110 = 0.000675 tons
VOC per day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000110  NOTEREF _Ref60652619
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4    NOTEREF _Ref58841284 \f \h  23 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 169.2320 ( 0.000110 = 0.01856 tons CO
per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor=0.00555  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4    NOTEREF _Ref58841284 \f \h  23 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 169.2320 ( 0.00555 = 0.9389 tons CO
per day

Commercial/Institutional Coal Combustion:

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 0.07 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 1.3 lbs/ton
bituminous coal/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39  

NOx Emission Factor = 18 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 ; 33 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
 NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 ; 11 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year
 NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Pb Emission Factor = 0.0089 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 ; 0.013182 lbs/ton bituminous
coal/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

SO2 Emission Factor =39 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 ( 0.89% sulfur content = 34.71
lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 38 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39  ( 2.42% sulfur content = 91.96
lbs/ton bituminous coal/year 

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 2.3 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39  ( 13.38% ash content = 30.774
lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 13.2 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39  ( 13.38% ash content = 8.028
lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 4.6 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.08 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39  ( 13.38% ash content = 1.0704
lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 1.04 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Anthracite Coal Sulfur Content = 0.89%  NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  27 

Bituminous Coal Sulfur Content = 2.42%  NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  27 

Anthracite Coal Ash Content = 13.38% ash  NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  27 

Pennsylvania Coal Consumption = 512,636 tons  NOTEREF _Ref59616660 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  25    NOTEREF _Ref60647297 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  26 

Number of County Facilities (Allegheny County) = 24,654  NOTEREF
_Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2 

Number of Pennsylvania Facilities = 197,795  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  2 

Commercial/Institutional Coal Consumption:   NOTEREF _Ref59616660 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  25    NOTEREF _Ref60647297 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  26 

 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 41.5331 ( 0.00170 = 0.0705 tons VOC
per day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 351.4342 ( 0.00170 = 0.5967 tons CO
per day 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00397  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 351.4342 ( 0.00397 = 1.3962 tons CO
per day

Industrial Coal Combustion:

 

The Industrial Coal Combustion emissions were calculated using the same
emission factors as Commercial/Institutional Coal (see above).

where: 

Number of Allegheny County Employees =48,544  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

Number of Pennsylvania Employees = 721,902  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

Pennsylvania Coal Consumption = 42,900,812.75 tons  NOTEREF _Ref59616660
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  25    NOTEREF _Ref60647297 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 
26 

Industrial Coal Consumption:  NOTEREF _Ref59616660 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT
 25    NOTEREF _Ref60647297 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  26 

 

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00283  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 15,866.6603 ( 0.00283 = 44.8538 tons
CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00283  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 15,866.6603 ( 0.00283 = 44.8538 tons
CO per day

COMMERCIAL AND CONSUMER SOLVENT USE (SCC 2465000000)

This source category covers household products such as special naphthas,
alcohols, carbonyls, and other organics that contain VOCs.  There are no
point sources associated with this category.  County-level emissions
were calculated using a composite per capita emission factor (see table
below) and U.S. Bureau of the Census population data.  The emission
factor represents pre-control emission rates.  A CE of 20 percent and an
RP of 48.6 percent  NOTEREF _Ref64438894 \f \h  9  were applied to
reflect the Federal Rule for consumer products.  This yields a
post-control VOC emission factor of 7.078 lbs per capita which was used
in all emission calculations.  Each county’s emissions are estimated
per the sample calculations listed below.

SUBCATEGORY	EMISSION FACTOR

Household Products	0.79 lbs/person/year

Personal Care Products	2.32 lbs/person/year

Automotive Aftermarket Products	1.36 lbs/person/year

Adhesives and Sealants	0.57 lbs/person/year

FIFRA-Regulated Products	1.78 lbs/person/year

Coatings and Related Products	0.95 lbs/person/year

Miscellaneous Products	0.07 lbs/person/year

Total (Pre-Control)	7.84 lbs/person/year



SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

 

where: 

Emission Factor =7.84 lbs VOC/person/year

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  7 

CE (Control Efficiency) = 20%  NOTEREF _Ref63094455 \f \h  29 

RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%   NOTEREF _Ref64438894 \f \h  9 

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00274   NOTEREF _Ref64438894
\f \h  9 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 4494.1598( 0.00274 = 12.3128 tons
VOC per day

COMMERCIAL COOKING (5 SCCs)

Chain-Driven (Conveyorized) Charbroilers SCC 2302002100; Under-Fired
Charbroilers SCC 2302002200; Flat Griddles SCC 2302002300; Clamshell
Griddles SCC 2302002400; and Deep-Fat Fryers SCC 2302002500

Criteria pollutant annual emissions associated with commercial cooking
were compiled from the 2002 nonpoint source National Emissions Inventory
(NEI).  The 2002 NEI reports commercial cooking emissions in five SCCs,
each of which represents a specific equipment type.  Source categories
comprise emissions from all meat types for a particular piece of
equipment.  The following types of meat are included: hamburger, steak,
fish, pork, and chicken.  Emissions for deep-fat frying of french fries
were also estimated.  With the exception of deep-fat frying of french
fries, commercial cooking activity was developed from survey data
obtained from a Public Research Institute (PRI) report on charbroiling
activity estimation in the State of California.  Further details on the
annual emission estimation methodology are available in the forthcoming
2002 nonpoint source NEI documentation.  NOTEREF _Ref65299205 \f \h  31 

The NEI reports emissions for the following criteria pollutants:  VOC,
CO, PM10-PRI, and PM25-PRI (note, however, that each pollutant is not
reported for each equipment type).  The sources of the commercial
cooking criteria pollutant emission factors are documented in a report
prepared for EPA.

Because temporal allocation data were not developed for this category in
the 2002 NEI, the default temporal data reported in the EMCH for SCC
2302002000 (Commercial Charbroiling) were applied to each commercial
cooking SCC.  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4   These data
were used to estimate both summer season and winter season work weekday
emission estimates.

SAMPLE SEASONAL CALCULATIONS (CHAIN-DRIVEN CHARBROILERS):

Annual VOC emissions (Allegheny County) = 10.7792 tons VOC per year

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 10.7792 ( 0.00275 = 0.0296 tons VOC
per day

Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 43.0837 tons VOC per year

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions(
winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = 43.0837 ( 0.00275 = 0.1185 tons
VOC per day

COMPOSTING (3 SCCs) 

(Biosolids SCC 2680001000, Mixed Waste 2680002000, Green Waste
2680030000)

Composting refers to the use of both aerobic and anaerobic microbial
processes to degrade waste materials for beneficial refuse. Compostable
wastes include biosolids (sewage sludge), manure, green waste ( e.g.,
landscape trimmings, grass clippings), and other biodegradable materials
such as food waste. Composting produces emissions of NH3, VOC, and
methane. Emissions for each county were estimated using a
biosolids-generation-based emission factor  NOTEREF _Ref107281286 \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  65 . Figures on material composted were obtained from
BioCycle’s nationwide survey

Each county’s emissions were estimated per the sample calculations
below.

SAMPLE NH3 EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual NH3 Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Tons material composted)

Where:

Emissions Factor = 	3.28 lbs NH3/ton Biosolids 

			2.81 lbs NH3/ton Mixed Waste 

			0.82 lbs NH3/ton Green Waste

Tons Biosolids = 3,321.65 (Allegheny County) 

 

 = 5.45 tons NH3/ year

DEGREASING (4 SCCs)

(Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) SCC 2415360000, Manufacturing (Cold
Cleaning) SCC 2415300000, Electronics (Vapor/In-Line) SCC 2415230000,
Other (Vapor/In-Line) SCC 2415200000)

Surface cleaning, also known as “degreasing”, includes the solvent
cleaning or conditioning of metal surfaces and parts, fabricated
plastics, electronic and electrical components and other nonporous
substrates.  These cleaning processes are designed to remove foreign
material, such as oils, grease, waxes and moisture, usually in the
preparation for further treatment, such as painting, electroplating,
galvanizing, anodizing or applying conversion coatings.  Three basic
types of surface cleaning operations are currently used: cold cleaning,
vapor cleaning, and in-line or conveyorized cleaning, which can be
either a cold or vapor cleaning process.  VOC emission results from the
evaporation of solvents used in these processes.

Cold cleaning is a batch process in which solvents are applied at room
temperature or slightly heated.  Parts are immersed in a solvent,
usually mineral spirits.  Parts too large for immersion may be sprayed
or wiped with a solvent.  The primary cold cleaning application is
cleaning of tools or metal parts at service and automotive repair
stations and manufacturing facilities.  Cold cleaning may incorporate
covers or freeboards to limit the evaporative loss of solvents.

In-line cleaners use automated load systems (typically conveyors) to
maintain a continuous feed to the cleaning unit.  These units use both
cold and vapor-cleaning methods as described above, with the majority
being halogenated solvent cleaning systems.  These units are used for
large-scale operations and are usually enclosed except to the conveyor
inlet or exit.  A common application of in-line cleaners is cleaning
printed circuit boards for the electronic and electrical component
industries.

The Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) developed the
following population-based methods for estimating degreasing emissions. 
Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these
emission estimates.  

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

 

	where:

Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emission Factor = 2.5 lbs
VOC/person/year

Manufacturing (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emission Factor = 1.1 lbs
VOC/person/year  NOTEREF _Ref61338624 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  35 

Electronics (Vapor/In-Line) VOC Emission Factor = 0.21 lbs
VOC/person/year  NOTEREF _Ref61338624 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  35 

Other (Vapor/In-Line) VOC Emission Factor = 0.49 lbs VOC/person/year 
NOTEREF _Ref61338624 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  35 

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  7 

Auto Repair Cold Cleaning CE (Control Efficiency) = 66%

Manufacturing Cold Cleaning CE (Control Efficiency) = 66%  NOTEREF
_Ref63097400 \f \h  36 

Electronics Vapor/In-Line CE (Control Efficiency) = 63%  NOTEREF
_Ref63097400 \f \h  36  	

Other Vapor/In-Line CE (Control Efficiency) = 63%  NOTEREF _Ref63097400
\f \h  36    NOTEREF _Ref63097351 \f \h  37 	

All Categories RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%

All Categories RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 80%

Allegheny County Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emissions Calculation:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions calculation for Allegheny County Auto
Repair (Cold Cleaning):

Degreasing (all categories) summer work weekday allocation factor =
0.00385   NOTEREF _Ref64438894 \f \h  9 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 749.2434 ( 0.00385 = 2.8817 tons VOC
per day

DRY CLEANERS (SCC 2420000370)

Three types of dry cleaning operations are used:  coin-operated
facilities using perchloroethylene (perc); commercial/industrial
facilities using perc; and commercial/industrial facilities using VOC
solvents.  As perc is no longer considered a VOC, only
commercial/industrial facilities using VOC solvents are considered for
the area source inventory.  The first two categories are not included in
the baseline inventory.  They are, however, retained for use in the
modeling inventory as required by EPA guidance.  

Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these
emission estimates.  Each county’s emissions were estimated per the
sample calculations below using a per capita emission factor and US
Census Bureau population data.  The emission factor was determined by
the Department using 1990 survey data supplied by the industry (contacts
with the Pennsylvania and Delaware Cleaners Association indicate that
more recent data are not available).  NOTEREF _Ref62615486 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  38 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)

where: 

Emission Factor = 0.15 lbs VOC/person/year

Population = 1,269,904 (2002 Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 95.2428( 0.0028=0.2674 tons VOC per
day

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (SCC 2401060000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation
of the solvent used in the coating process in the manufacture of
electrical appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, laundry
equipment, and electric housewares.  Emissions for each county were
estimated per the sample calculations below using an employment-based
emission factor and the number of employees in the NAICS codes, 333414,
335211, 335212, 335221, and 335228. The number of employees in each
county for 2001 was obtained from County Business Patterns  NOTEREF
_Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2  and grown to 2002 using the ratio
of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth
employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).  NOTEREF
_Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3   Point source emissions, where
present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.  

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where: 

Emission Factor = 463 lbs VOC/employee/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f \h 
16 

Employees = 150 (Allegheny County)   NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275   NOTEREF _Ref60652619
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 34.725 x 0.00275=0.0955 tons VOC per
day

ELECTRICAL INSULATION (SCC 2401065000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation
of the solvent used in the insulation coatings applied to wire and
cable.  The emissions for each county were calculated using an
employment-based emission factor and the number of employees in NAICS
codes 331422, 331491, 335311, 335921 and 335929.  The number of
employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from County Business
Patterns  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2  and grown to
2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total
Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS).  NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3   Each county’s
emissions were estimated per the sample calculations below.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where: 

Emission Factor = 290 lbs VOC/employee/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f \h 
16 

Employees = 58 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3  

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00277  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 8.41( 0.00277=0.0233 tons VOC per
day

FACTORY FINISHED WOOD (SCC 2401015000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation
of the solvent used in the gluing and coating process.  The emissions
for each county were calculated using an employment-based emission
factor and the number of employees in NAICS codes 32192, 33711, 321211,
321212, 321213, 321911, 321918, 321992, and 321999.  The number of
employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from County Business
Patterns  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2  and grown to
2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total
Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS).  NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3   Point source
emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where: 

Emission Factor = 131 lbs VOC/employee/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f \h 
16 

Employees =615 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 40.2825 x 0.0028=0.1141 tons VOC per
day

FOREST FIRES (SCC 2810001000)

Forest fires in certain rural areas can produce very large, short-term
emissions of VOC, NOx, and CO, SO2, and particulates.  The emissions for
each county were calculated using an emission factor from AP-42 or the
1999 National Emissions Inventory and a loading factor from AP-42 
NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 .  The number of acres
burned was obtained from the Department of Conservation and Natural
Resources.  NOTEREF _Ref61079679 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  41   Each
county’s emissions were estimated per the sample calculations below.  

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Annual Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Acres Burned) 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 24 lbs VOC/ton of flora/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 4 lbs NOx/ton of flora/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 140 lbs CO/ton of flora/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Loading Factor = 11 tons of flora/acre  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  39 

Acres Burned = 3.85 acres (Westmoreland County)

VOC Emissions:

  

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0055  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.5082( 0.0055=0.002795 tons VOC per
day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0055  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 2.9645( 0.0055=0.0163 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00056  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 2.9645( 0.00056=0.0017 tons CO per
day

FUEL OIL COMBUSTION (3 SCCs)

(Residential Distillate Fuel Oil SCC 2104004000,
Commercial/Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil SCC 2103004000,
Commercial/Institutional Residual Fuel Oil SCC 2103005000)

Distillate and residual oil combustion sources, which emit VOC, NOx, CO,
SO2, Pb, and PM are grouped into three categories: 
Commercial/Institutional, Residential, and Industrial.  Industrial
source emissions are captured in the point source inventory.  For
Commercial sector categories, point source emissions, where present,
were subtracted from the emissions of the corresponding county.  Fuel
oil emissions were calculated for each county using fuel use estimates
derived by allocating Commonwealth consumption estimates from the Energy
Information Administration to individual counties.  The county
allocations were performed using data obtained from the County Business
Patterns and the U.S. Census Bureau.    

   

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Residential Distillate Fuel Oil:

Residential fuel oil usage was determined by allocating the total
residential fuel oil use to each county.  The residential fuel oil
consumption was allocated by the ratio of dwelling units (DU) using
distillate fuel oil in a county to the number of dwelling units burning
distillate fuel oil in the Commonwealth.  The following is the general
equation for the calculation of usage for residential sources of fuel
oil combustion.   

 

where: 

PA Residential Distillate Fuel Use = 829,470 thousands of gallons 
NOTEREF _Ref60212032 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  42 

2000 County Fuel-Oil-Burning DUs = 8123 Dwelling Units (Allegheny
County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

2000 State Fuel-Oil-Burning DUs = 1,217,155 Dwelling Units  NOTEREF
_Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000165  NOTEREF _Ref60652619
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.9375( 0.000165=0.000319 tons VOC
per day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000165  NOTEREF _Ref60652619
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 13.8392( 0.000165=0.00228 tons CO per
day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.000626  NOTEREF _Ref60652619
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 13.8392( 0.00626=0.0866 tons CO per
day

Commercial/Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil:

The total amount of distillate fuel oil was apportioned to each county
according to the number of commercial sector (i.e., SIC code 50-89)
facilities.  The number of commercial facilities in 2001 was used for
this allocation because 2001 data were the last year available.  NOTEREF
_Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2   Total Commonwealth use was
obtained from the Energy Information Administration.  Each county’s
emissions for commercial/institutional fuel oil combustion were
estimated per the following sample calculations. 

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 0.34 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 20 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 5 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

SO2 Emission Factor = 142 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39  ( 0.3% sulfur content = 42.6 lbs/1000
gallons/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Lead Emission Factor = 0.001268 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref62554156 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

Distillate Fuel Sulfur Content = 0.3%  NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  27 

County Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2 

Commonwealth Facilities = 197,795  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2 

PA Commercial/Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil Use = 301,554,000
gallons  NOTEREF _Ref60212032 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  42 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 6.3898 ( 0.00170=0.0108 tons VOC per
day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 93.9674 ( 0.00170=0.1595 tons CO per
day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0040  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 93.9674 ( 0.0040=0.3733 tons CO per
day

Commercial/Institutional Residual Fuel Oil:

The total amount of residual fuel oil was apportioned to each county
according to the number of commercial facilities, which was obtained
from County Business Patterns.  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2   The total Commonwealth use was obtained from the Energy
Information Administration.  NOTEREF _Ref60212032 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 
42   Each county’s emissions for commercial/institutional fuel oil
combustion were estimated per the following sample calculations. 

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 1.13 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 55 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 5 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

SO2 Emission Factor = 157 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39  ( 1.05% sulfur content = 164.85 lbs/1000
gallons/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 5.17 lbs/1000 gallons/year ( 0.19% ash
content = 0.9823 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 1.92 lbs/1000 gallons/year ( 0.19% ash
content = 0.3648 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.5 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Lead Emission Factor = 0.00155 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref62554156 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  Error! Bookmark not defined. 

Residual Fuel Sulfur Content = 1.05% 

County Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2 

Commonwealth Facilities = 197,795  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2  

PA Commercial/Institutional Residual Fuel Oil Use = 16,597,000 gallons 
NOTEREF _Ref60212032 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  42 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.1688 ( 0.00170= 0.00198 tons VOC
per day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170   NOTEREF _Ref60652619
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 5.1718 ( 0.00170=0.00878 tons CO per
day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0040   NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 5.1718 ( 0.0040 = 0.0205 tons CO per
day

GASOLINE MARKETING (5 SCCs)

(Stage I SCC 2501060053, Stage II Uncontrolled SCC 2501060101, Stage II
Controlled SCC 2501060102, Underground Storage Tank Breathing and
Emptying SCC 2501060201, Truck Transit SCC 2505030120)

Gasoline marketing involves the operations typically associated with
transporting gasoline from refineries to final consumption in
gasoline-powered vehicles.  Evaporative emissions of VOCs occur at all
points in the distribution process.  The operations that were
inventoried as area sources are gasoline dispensing outlets and gasoline
tank trucks in transit.  Bulk terminals and outlets are inventoried as
point sources.  VOC emissions result from the following sources: 1)
Stage I (tank truck unloading into underground storage tanks), 2) Stage
II (vehicle fueling), 3) Underground Storage Tank Breathing and
Emptying, and 4) Truck Transit. 

Each category’s AP-42 emission factor is based on the average daily
throughput that was calculated from monthly data obtained from the
Pennsylvania Department of Revenue Bureau of Motor Fuel Taxes.  The
vehicle miles traveled (VMT), which were obtained from Dan Szekeres of
the Baker Corporation, was used to apportion the gasoline throughput to
each county.  Control efficiency (CE), rule penetration (RP), and rule
effectiveness (RE) factors were applied to Stage I for each county to
reflect the application of vapor balance systems.  A RE factor was
applied to Stage II to each regulated county.  CE, RP, and RE factors
were applied to Underground Storage Tank Breathing to reflect the
application of pressure relief valves.  There were no point sources for
this source category.  Each county’s emissions were estimated per the
following sample calculations.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Stage I:

 

where:  

Emission Factor = 1.92 lbs VOC/1000 gallons  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h 
39  

State Annual Gasoline Sales = 5,238,145,337 gallons/year

County Annual VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles (Allegheny County)   NOTEREF
_Ref64877278 \f \h  44 

State Annual VMT = 97,021,666,321 miles  NOTEREF _Ref64877278 \f \h  44 

Control Efficiency (CE) = 96%  

Rule Penetration (RP) = 96%  NOTEREF _Ref64882122 \f \h  46    NOTEREF
_Ref64882293 \f \h  47 

Rule Effectiveness (RE) = 80%

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline
sales/annual gasoline sales ( weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337(
0.8333/65 = 0.00335   NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4   
NOTEREF _Ref64877459 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  45 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 120.3185 ( 0.00335 = 0.4035 tons VOC
per day

Stage II:

Vehicle refueling VOC emissions are estimated using MOBILE6.2-based
emission factors; monthly gasoline sales estimates;  NOTEREF
_Ref64877459 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  45  and county-level, annual vehicle
miles traveled (VMT) data.  NOTEREF _Ref64877278 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 
44   MOBILE6.2 provided monthly, emission factors for each county in
Pennsylvania.  MOBILE6.2 input files were set up to model refueling
emission factors in a manner similar to that used for calculating onroad
mobile source emissions for 2002.  For each county, twelve monthly
scenarios were modeled, along with an ozone season scenario and a winter
scenario.  These scenarios used the same 2002 monthly temperature and
fuel inputs that were used in preparing onroad mobile source emissions. 
Each input file also called upon the external county-specific age
distribution file developed for 2002.  No speed information or I/M
program information was modeled, as these are not needed in the
refueling calculations.

Stage II control program information was included for the counties with
controls based on program information regarding control efficiency from
Pennsylvania.  The Pennsylvania counties with Stage II controls are
Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bucks, Butler, Chester, Delaware, Fayette,
Montgomery, Philadelphia, Washington, and Westmoreland. 
Vehicle-specific emission factors were then obtained in the database
output format of MOBILE6.2.  Using the fuel economy data and VMT
fraction data contained in the MOBILE6.2 output files, the gram per mile
emission factors were first converted to gram per gallon emission
factors.  These gram per gallon emission factors were then weighted
according to the VMT fraction of each gasoline vehicle type to obtain
monthly, county-specific gram per gallon emission factors weighted for
all gasoline vehicle types.  

VMT data were used to allocate monthly Pennsylvania gasoline sales to
each county.  These are the same gasoline sales figures that are used to
estimate Stage I emissions.  The MOBILE6.2 emission factors were then
multiplied by the corresponding gasoline sales data to estimate
refueling emissions.  The VOC emissions calculations provide emissions
at the county level for each month of 2002.

 

where:

Allegheny County June Emission Factor = 1.027 grams/gallon  NOTEREF
_Ref65562837 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  48 

PA June Gasoline Consumption =443,778,938 gallons  NOTEREF _Ref64877459
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  45 

Allegheny County 2002 VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles  NOTEREF _Ref64877278 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  44 

PA 2002 VMT = 97,021,666,321 miles  NOTEREF _Ref64877278 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  44 

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline
sales/annual gasoline sales ( weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337(
0.715/65 = 0.00288   NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4   
NOTEREF _Ref64877459 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  45 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 573.8276 ( 0.00288 = 1.6510 tons VOC
per day

       

Underground Storage Tank Breathing and Emptying:

 

where:  

Emission Factor = 1.0 lbs VOC/1000 gallons  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h 
39 

State Annual Gasoline Sales = 5,238,145,337 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref64877459 \f \h  45 

County Annual VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles (Allegheny County)   NOTEREF
_Ref64877278 \f \h  44 

State Annual VMT = 97,021,666,321 miles  NOTEREF _Ref64877278 \f \h  44 

Control Efficiency (CE) = 90%   NOTEREF _Ref64882407 \f \h  46  

Rule Penetration (RP) = 96%  NOTEREF _Ref64882407 \f \h  46    NOTEREF
_Ref64882455 \f \h  50 

Rule Effectiveness (RE) = 80%

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline
sales/annual gasoline sales ( weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337(
0.715/65 = 0.00288   NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4   
NOTEREF _Ref64877459 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  45 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 73.6572 ( 0.00288 = 0.2119 tons VOC
per day

Truck Transit:

 

where:  

Emission Factor = 0.06 lbs VOC/1000 gallons  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h 
39 

State Annual Gasoline Sales = 5,238,145,337 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref64877459 \f \h  45 

County Annual VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles (Allegheny County)   NOTEREF
_Ref64877278 \f \h  44 

State Annual VMT = 97,021,666,321 miles  NOTEREF _Ref64877278 \f \h  44 

(The emission factor is based on the assumption that gasoline delivery
is via single trips and accounts for both full and empty truck travel.)

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline
sales/annual gasoline sales ( weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337(
0.8333/65 = 0.00335   NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4   
NOTEREF _Ref64877459 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  45 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 14.3116 ( 0.00335 = 0.04799 tons VOC
per day

GRAPHIC ARTS (SCC 2425000000)

Graphic arts include operations that are involved in the printing of
newspapers, magazines, books, and other printed material.  Emissions of
VOCs result from evaporation of solvents used in inks and cleaning. The
emissions for each county were calculated using a per capita emission
factor and U.S. Census Bureau population data.  Point source emissions,
where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.  

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)

where: 

Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs VOC/person/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f \h 
16 

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  7 

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 825.4376 ( 0.0028=2.2904 tons VOC
per day

HIGH PERFORMANCE INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE SOLVENT (SCC 2401100000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation
of solvents from surface coating of objects and materials that may exist
in extreme conditions.  There were no point sources.  The emissions for
each county were calculated using a per capita emission factor and U.S.
Census Bureau population data.  Each county’s emissions were estimated
per the following sample calculations.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS: 

 

where: 

Emission Factor = 0.8 lbs VOC/person/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f \h 
16 

Population = 1,269,904 people (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

CE (Control Efficiency) = 20%   NOTEREF _Ref62276184 \f \h  5 

RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356   NOTEREF _Ref64438894
\f \h  9 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 406.3693 ( 0.00356=1.4473 tons VOC
per day

KEROSENE (2 SCCs)

(Residential Kerosene SCC 2104011000, Commercial/Institutional Kerosene
SCC 2103011000)

Kerosene combustion sources, which emit VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, and PM are
grouped into two area source categories:  Commercial/Institutional and
Residential (all Industrial sector kerosene emissions are assumed to be
included in the point source inventory).  Emissions were calculated for
each county using emission factors and Energy Information Administration
fuel use information.  The EIA kerosene consumption data are reported
for each State.  Commonwealth consumption was allocated to counties
using data obtained from the County Business Patterns and the U.S.
Census Bureau.

   

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Residential Kerosene:

The emissions for residential kerosene combustion were determined by
allocating total residential kerosene consumption in the Commonwealth to
each county.  This allocation was performed using the ratio of dwelling
units (DU) heating with kerosene in a county to the number of dwelling
units heating with kerosene in the Commonwealth.  The following is the
general equation used to calculate emissions from residential kerosene
combustion.   

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 0.7 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 

NOx Emission Factor = 17.4 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref58841195
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 

CO Emission Factor = 4.8 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 

SO2 Emission Factor = 41.1 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref58841195
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PA Residential Kerosene Fuel Use = 83,366 thousands of gallons  NOTEREF
_Ref60212032 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  42 

2000 County Kerosene-Burning DUs = 8123 Dwelling Units (Allegheny
County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

2000 State Kerosene-Burning DUs = 1,217,155 Dwelling Units  NOTEREF
_Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions =0.1947 ( 0.00275=0.000536 tons VOC
per day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 1.3353 ( 0.00275=0.00367 tons CO per
day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 1.3353 ( 0.00275=0.00367 tons CO per
day

Commercial/Institutional Kerosene:

The total amount of fuel oil was apportioned to each county according to
the number of commercial facilities, which was obtained from County
Business Patterns.  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2   The
total Commercial/Institutional kerosene consumption in the Commonwealth
was obtained from the Energy Information Administration.  NOTEREF
_Ref60212032 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  42   The emission factors used for
Commercial/Institutional Kerosene were the same as those used for
Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil as per EIIP guidance. 
Each county’s emissions for commercial/institutional fuel oil
combustion were estimated per the following sample calculations. 

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 0.34 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 20 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 5 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

SO2 Emission Factor = 142 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39  ( 0.3% sulfur content = 42.6 lbs/1000
gallons/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Kerosene Sulfur Content = 0.3%  NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  27 

County Commercial Sector Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF
_Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2 

Commonwealth Commercial Sector Facilities = 197,795  NOTEREF
_Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2 

Commercial/Institutional Kerosene Oil Use = 16,290 thousands of gallons 
NOTEREF _Ref60212032 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  42 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00283  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.3452 ( 0.00283 = 0.000976 tons VOC
per day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00283  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 5.0761 ( 0.00283 = 0.0143 tons CO per
day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00283  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 5.0761 ( 0.00283 = 0.0143 tons CO per
day

LANDFILLS (SCC 2620030000)

Municipal solid waste landfills receive primarily household and/or
commercial waste.  The VOC emissions from landfills are produced by
volatilization, chemical reaction, and biological decomposition of
refuse material.  

The emissions were calculated using the total amount of refuse in
Pennsylvania’s municipal solid waste landfills, not the landfills’
capacity.  Since landfills continue to emit VOCs long after they are
closed (at least 20 years), data from active and inactive landfills were
collected.

For active landfills, data from page two of the 2002 “Annual Facility
Capacity Report” for each landfill were collected.  In particular,
Total Waste Accepted was needed for the final emissions calculation.

Several landfills that were included in the 1996 Pennsylvania area
source inventory were not included in the compilation of 2002 facility
reports provided by PA DEP.  After confirming with PA DEP that these
landfills are inactive (in a few cases the landfills had merely been
renamed), the 1996 Total Waste Accepted data for these now-closed
landfills were incorporated into the 2002 inventory.

Total Waste Accepted was summed at the county level to calculate the
total landfill emissions in each county.  The emissions estimate was
adjusted for precipitation.  Each county’s emissions were estimated
per the following sample calculation.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Precipitation Adjustment
Factor)(Tons of Waste)

where:

Emission Factor = 13.6 tons VOC/1,000,000 tons of waste

Precipitation Adjustment Factor = 2.6

Amount of Waste = 19,422,841.6 tons of waste (Allegheny County)

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275   NOTEREF _Ref60652619
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 686.7917 ( 0.00275 = 1.8887 tons VOC
per day

MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (SCC 2401055000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation
of the solvent used in the coating process in manufacturing facilities,
such as engines, turbines, farm and garden equipment, computers, and
office machinery.  The emissions for each county were calculated using
an employment-based emission factor and employee data from NAICS Codes
333 (except 333314 and 333315), 33271, 332991, 332997, 3341, and 336391.
 The number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from
County Business Patterns2 and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002
total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees
obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).  NOTEREF
_Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3   Point source emissions, where
present, were subtracted from the Machinery and Equipment category
emission estimates.  

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 77 lbs VOC /employee/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f
\h  16 

Employees = 4944 employees (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00277  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 190.344 ( 0.00277 = 0.5282 tons VOC
per day

MARINE COATING (SCC 2401080000)

This source category includes ship and boat building and repairing.  The
emissions were calculated using an employment-based emission factor and
employee data from NAICS code 33661.  The number of employees in each
county for 2001 was obtained from County Business Patterns  NOTEREF
_Ref62286203 \f \h  2  and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total
Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained
from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).  NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h 
3   Each county’s emissions were estimated per the following sample
calculations below.  Point source emissions, where present, were
subtracted from these emission estimates.    

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where: 

Emission Factor = 308 lbs VOC /employee/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f \h
 16 

Employees = 52 employees (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3  

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 8.008 ( 0.0028 = 0.0222 tons VOC per
day

METAL CANS (SCC 2401040000)

This source category includes the manufacturing of metal cans, barrels,
drums, kegs, and pails.  The emissions from point sources, where
present, were subtracted from the emissions of the corresponding county.
 The emissions for each county were calculated per the calculation below
using an employment-based emission factor and employee data from NAICS
Codes 332431 and 332439.   The number of employees in each county for
2001 was obtained from County Business Patterns2 and grown to 2002 using
the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total
Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS).  NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3   Point source
emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees) 

where: 

Emission Factor = 6,029 lbs VOC/employee/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f
\h  16 

Employees =48 employees (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 144.696 ( 0.0028 = 0.4015 tons VOC
per day

METAL FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (SCC 2401025000)

This source category includes manufacturing metal household and office
furniture, such as beds, cabinets, desks, bookcases, and chairs.  The
emissions for each county were calculated per the sample calculations
below using an employment-based emission factor and employee data for
NAICS codes 337121, 337124, 337214, and 337215.  The number of employees
in each county for 2001 was obtained from County Business Patterns 
NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2  and grown to 2002 using
the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total
Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS).  NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3   Point source
emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.
 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

 

where: 

Emission Factor = 1,597 lbs VOC /employee/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f
\h  16 

Employees = 487 employees (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 388.8695 ( 0.0028 = 1.0790 tons VOC
per day

MISCELLANEOUS FINISHED METAL (SCC 2401050000)

This source category includes facilities which enamel, lacquer, and/or
varnish metals.  The emissions for each county were calculated per the
sample calculations below using an employment-based emission factor and
employee data from NAICS Codes 332812, 339911, 339912, and 339914.  The
number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from County
Business Patterns  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2  and
grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to
2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS).  NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3   Point
source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission
estimates.  

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where: 

Emission Factor = 2,877 lbs VOC/employee/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f
\h  16 

Employees = 683 employees (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3  

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 982.4955 ( 0.0028 = 2.7262 tons VOC
per day

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401090000)

This source category includes establishments primarily engaged in
manufacturing products not classified in any other group such as
jewelry, silverware, musical instruments, dolls, toys, games, pens,
pencils, buttons, brooms, and caskets.  The emissions for each county
were calculated per the sample calculations below using a per capita
emission factor and U.S. Census Bureau population data.  Point source
emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.
 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS: 

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)

where: 

Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs VOC/person/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f \h 
16 

Population =1,269,904 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  7 

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC Emissions = 380.9712 ( 0.0028 = 1.0633 tons VOC
per day

NATURAL GAS AND LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) (4 SCCs)

(Residential Natural Gas SCC 2104006000, Commercial/Institutional
Natural Gas SCC 2103006000, Residential LPG SCC 2104007000,
Commercial/Institutional LPG SCC 2103007000)

Natural gas and LPG are used in residential, commercial/institutional,
and industrial facilities. Industrial natural gas and LPG consumption is
considered to be covered in the point source inventory.  Area source
natural gas and LPG emissions were estimated using fuel consumption data
and AP-42 emission factors.  Because monthly natural gas consumption
data were available, these data were used in developing the summer and
winter season work weekday allocation factors.  Consumption data were
apportioned according to the number of dwelling units heating with
natural gas/LPG, which was available from U.S. Census Bureau data (for
residential sources), and according to the number of commercial sector
facilities, obtained from County Business Patterns (for
commercial/institutional sources).  Commercial and Residential LPG
consumption was not available for 2002; therefore, the 2001 consumption
was grown to 2002 by applying the ratio of 2002 Commercial/Residential
propane sales in Pennsylvania to 2001 Commercial/Residential propane
sales in the Commonwealth.  Commercial LPG consumption in 2001 was
obtained from the Energy Information Administration’s State Energy
Data 2001.  Propane sales for 2001 and 2002 were obtained from Petroleum
Marketing Annual.   Each county’s emissions were estimated using the
sample calculations below.  For Commercial sector categories, point
sources, where present, were subtracted from the emissions of the
corresponding county.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Natural Gas:

Residential Natural Gas:

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lbs/MMcf (million cubic feet)/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 94 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 40 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  39 

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM25-FIL Emission Factor =1.9 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM-CON Emission Factor =5.7 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Pb Emission Factor = 0.0005 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Residential Natural Gas Consumption = 237,640 MMcf 

County Dwelling Units Heating with Natural Gas = 474,292 (Allegheny
County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

State Dwelling Units Heating with Natural Gas = 2,452,941 units  NOTEREF
_Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

		VOC Emissions:

 

	

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000783 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 126.3604 ( 0.000783 = 0.0989 tons
VOC per day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000783  NOTEREF _Ref60817171
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  54 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 918.9846 ( 0.000783 = 0.7196 tons CO
per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor =0.00526  NOTEREF _Ref60817171 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  54 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 918.9846 ( 0.00526 = 4.8370 tons CO
per day

	Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas:

		

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lbs/MMcf (million cubic feet)/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 100 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 84 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  39 

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM-CON Emission Factor = 5.7 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Pb Emission Factor = 0.0005 lbs/MMcf/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Commercial Natural Gas Consumption = 148,346 MMcf   NOTEREF _Ref60820903
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  53 

County Commercial Sector Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF
_Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2 

Commonwealth Commercial Sector Facilities = 197,795  NOTEREF
_Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor =0.00125

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 50.8488( 0.00125 = 0.0634 tons VOC
per day

	CO Emissions:

		

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00125  NOTEREF _Ref60821985 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  55 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 776.5997( 0.00125 = 0.9683 tons CO
per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor =0.00478  NOTEREF _Ref60821985 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  55 

Winter work weekday CO emissions =776.5997( 0.00478 = 3.7121 tons CO per
day

LPG:

	Residential LPG:

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 0.5 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 14 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.1 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39  ( 0.54 grains/100 cubic feet = 0.054 lbs/1000
gallons/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.506 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Residential LPG Sulfur Content = 0.54 grains/100 cubic feet  NOTEREF
_Ref58841195 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 

Residential LPG Consumption = 157,014,873.6 gallons  NOTEREF
_Ref59616660 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  25    NOTEREF _Ref59616662 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  51    NOTEREF _Ref59616664 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  52  

County Dwelling Units Heating with LPG = 4317 units (Allegheny County) 
NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

Commonwealth Dwelling Units Heating with LPG = 145,254 units  NOTEREF
_Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

		Residential LPG Consumption Calculation:   NOTEREF _Ref59616660 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  25    NOTEREF _Ref59616662 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  51   
NOTEREF _Ref59616664 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  52 

 

Data Sources for Residential LPG Consumption Calculation:

2001 Residential LPG Consumption  NOTEREF _Ref59616660 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  25 

2002 PA Propane Consumption  NOTEREF _Ref62964532 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 
51 

2001 PA Propane Consumption  NOTEREF _Ref62964560 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 
43 

		VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.1666( 0.00275 = 0.00321 tons VOC
per day

		CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 4.4332 ( 0.00275 = 0.0122 tons CO per
day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 4.4332 ( 0.00275 = 0.0122 tons CO per
day

	Commercial/Institutional LPG:

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 0.5 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 14 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.1 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 ( 0.54 grains/100 cubic feet = 0.054 lbs/1000
gallons/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.506 lbs/1000 gallons/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Commercial/Institutional LPG Sulfur Content = 0.54 grains/100 cubic feet
 NOTEREF _Ref58841195 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  27 

Commercial LPG Consumption = 1,380,620.1 gallons  NOTEREF _Ref59616660
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  25    NOTEREF _Ref59616662 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT 
51    NOTEREF _Ref59616664 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  52  (computed in the
same manner as Residential LPG Consumption above)

County Commercial Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF
_Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2 

Commonwealth Commercial Facilities = 197,795 units  NOTEREF _Ref62286203
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.0430( 0.0028 = 0.000122 tons VOC
per day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 0.1635 ( 0.0028 = 0.000462 tons CO
per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 0.1635 ( 0.0028 = 0.000462 tons CO
per day

OPEN BURNING (5 SCCs)

(Residential Municipal Solid Waste Open Burning SCC 2610030000;
Residential Leaf Open Burning SCC 2610000100; Residential Brush Open
Burning SCC 2610000400; Commercial/Institutional Open Burning SCC
2610020000, Industrial Open Burning SCC 2610010000)

Open burning can be done in open drums or baskets, in fields and yards,
and in large open dumps or pits.  Materials commonly disposed of in this
manner include municipal waste, auto body components, landscape refuse,
agricultural field refuse, wood refuse, bulky industrial refuse, and
leaves.  For emission inventory purposes, Open Burning is divided into
five categories:  Residential Municipal Solid Waste (MSW); Residential
Leaf; Residential Brush; Commercial/Institutional; and Industrial.

Criteria pollutant annual emissions associated with three of the
Residential Open Burning categories (i.e., MSW, Leaf, and Brush) were
compiled from an inventory prepared for the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast
Visibility Union (MANE-VU).  Because the MANE-VU estimates were prepared
at the Census tract level, it was necessary to aggregate these estimates
to the county-level.  In many cases, it was necessary to develop a
county-level RP value by weighting MANE-VU inventory Census tract level
RP values by Census tract emissions.  Seasonal emission estimates were
calculated from the annual estimates using the temporal allocation
profiles developed in the MANE-VU inventory project.

Annual emission estimates for Commercial/Institutional and Industrial
Open Burning were calculated in this project using AP-42 emission
factors and population and employment based emission activity loading
factors.  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  16    NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39    U.S. Census Bureau population
data were used in the Residential and Commercial/Institutional
calculations, while the number of Manufacturing employees (NAICS 31-33)
was used for the Industrial category.  The 2001 Manufacturing sector
employment data from County Business Patterns  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2  was grown to 2002 using the ratio of the 2002
Pennsylvania Manufacturing sector employment to the 2001 Pennsylvania
Manufacturing sector employment obtained from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.  NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3   Seasonal
Commercial/Institutional and Industrial emission estimates were
developed by applying temporal allocation profiles from EPA’s EMCH to
the annual emission estimates.  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  4   Commercial/Institutional and Industrial Open Burning
are prohibited in the Commonwealth.  An 80 percent RE value was applied
to each county’s Commercial/Institutional and Industrial emissions to
reflect less than 100 percent compliance with the burning ban.  For the
Industrial and Commercial sector source categories, point source
emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

The following provides samples of the emission calculations performed in
this effort for each of the five open burning categories.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Residential MSW Open Burning: 

(See MANE-VU inventory report for discussion of annual emission
calculations)  NOTEREF _Ref65235441 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  56 

Annual VOC emissions (Allegheny County) = 0.3823 tons VOC per year

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0021  NOTEREF _Ref65235441 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  56 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.3823( 0.0021 = 0.0008 tons VOC per
day

Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 1.6979 tons VOC per year

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions(
winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0021  NOTEREF _Ref65235441 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  56 

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = 1.6979 ( 0.0021 = 7.2489 tons
VOC per day

Residential Leaf Open Burning: 

(See MANE-VU inventory report for discussion of annual emission
calculations)  NOTEREF _Ref65235441 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  56 

Because the summer and winter season work weekday allocation factors for
leaf burning are 0, summer season work weekday and winter season work
weekday emissions are 0.

Residential Brush Open Burning: 

(See MANE-VU inventory report for discussion of annual emission
calculations)  NOTEREF _Ref65235441 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  56 

Annual VOC emissions (Allegheny County) = 0.2263 tons VOC per year

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0005  NOTEREF _Ref65235441 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  56 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.2263( 0.0005 = 0.0001 tons VOC per
day

Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 0.235 tons VOC per year

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions(
winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0017  NOTEREF _Ref65235441 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  56 

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = 0.235 ( 0.0017 = 0.00004 tons
VOC per day

Commercial/Institutional Open Burning:

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 30 lbs VOC/ton waste/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 6 lbs NOx/ton waste/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

CO Emission Factor = 85 lbs CO/ton waste/year  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Loading Factor = 24 tons waste/1000 people  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Population = 94,437 people (Adams County – this is non-air basin
county)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

CE (Control Efficiency) = 100%  NOTEREF _Ref65491803 \f \h  57 

RP (Rule Penetration) = 100% 

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 80%  NOTEREF _Ref65491803 \f \h  57 

	VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 6.7995( 0.00275 = 0.0187 tons VOC
per day

	CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions =19.2651( 0.00275 = 0.0530 tons CO per
day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 19.2651 ( 0.00275 = 0.0530 tons CO
per day

Industrial Open Burning:

 

where: 

Emission Factors are the same as for Commercial/Institutional Open
Burning

Loading Factor = 160 tons waste/1000 employees  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  39 

Employees = 8,216 employees (Adams County – this is non-air basin
county)   NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF
_Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3 

Control Efficiency = 100%  NOTEREF _Ref65491803 \f \h  57 

Rule Penetration = 100% 

Rule Effectiveness = 80%  NOTEREF _Ref65491803 \f \h  57 

	VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 3.9437 ( 0.00275 = 0.0108 tons VOC
per day

	CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions =11.1738 ( 0.00275 = 0.0307 tons CO per
day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 11.1738 ( 0.00275 = 0.0307 tons CO
per day

OTHER SPECIAL PURPOSE COATING (SCC 2401200000)

This category includes special purpose coatings used for applications
such as maintenance operations at industrial and other facilities, auto
refinishing, traffic paints, marine finishes, and aerosol sprays.  Note
that this category covers those specific coating processes not already
included in other source categories (e.g., High Performance Industrial
Maintenance Coatings).  Emissions for this category were estimated using
a per capita emission factor and U.S. Bureau of the Census population
data.  Each county’s emissions were calculated per the following
sample calculations.  

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

 

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 0.8 lbs VOC/person/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f
\h  16 

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  7 

Control Efficiency = 20%   NOTEREF _Ref62276184 \f \h  5 

Rule Penetration = 100%

Rule Effectiveness = 100%

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356   NOTEREF _Ref64438894
\f \h  9 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 406.3693 ( 0.00356 = 1.4473 tons VOC
per day

OTHER TRANSPORTATION (SCC 2401085000)

This source category includes the finishing of vehicles and vehicle
parts not included in other source categories (note that area source
emissions were not estimated for the Motor Vehicle Surface Coating
category because all Pennsylvania automobile assembly plants are assumed
to be included in the point source inventory).  The emissions for each
county were calculated per the sample calculations below using an
employment-based emission factor and employee data from NAICS Codes
33633, 33634, 33635, 333924, 336312, 336322, 336399, 336411, 336413, and
33651.  The number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained
from County Business Patterns  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2  and grown to 2002 using the ratio or 2002 total
Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained
from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.  NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  3   Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted
from these emission estimates.  Note that emissions for this category
are reported using the Railroad SCC because there is no “Other
Transportation” SCC.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 35 lbs VOC/employee/year  NOTEREF _Ref65232998 \f
\h  16 

Employees = 2556 employees (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3  

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00287   NOTEREF _Ref60652619
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 44.73 ( 0.00287 = 0.1282 tons VOC
per day

PESTICIDE APPLICATION (SCC 2461800000)

Pesticides, which contain petroleum solvents and synthetic organic
ingredients, are used to kill or retard the growth of insects, rodents,
fungi, weeds, or microorganisms.  The bulk of pesticide application is
associated with agriculture and, therefore, occurs in rural areas.  The
VOC emissions for each county were estimated using an emission factor
based on the number of harvested acres.  Harvested acreage data were
obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National
Agricultural Statistics Service.  NOTEREF _Ref62967169 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  58 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Acres Harvested)

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 3.5 lbs VOC /acre harvested/year  NOTEREF
_Ref65232998 \f \h  16 

Acres Harvested = 10,527.2490 acres harvested (Allegheny County)

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00277  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 18.4227( 0.00277 = 0.0510 tons VOC
per day

PORTABLE GASOLINE CONTAINERS (SCC 2501060300)

This category covers emissions from residential and commercial sector
portable gasoline containers.  This category accounts for permeation,
diurnal, transport, spillage, and vapor displacement emissions. 
Permeation, diurnal, and transport emissions are based on daily gasoline
container throughput data.  Gasoline throughput for 2002 was estimated
based on gas container population and use data obtained from a
California Air Resources Board survey.  The year 2002 residential
container population was estimated from the county-level number of
occupied housing units.  For counties for which 2002 occupied housing
units data were not available, 2000 year housing units data were
projected to 2002 based on county population growth rates.  NOTEREF
_Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7   The year 2002 commercial
container population was estimated from the number of commercial sector
businesses.  County-level nonroad equipment gasoline consumption
estimates were obtained from the NONROAD model.  

County-level year 2002 housing unit, commercial facility, and gasoline
throughput data were then used in the emission calculation procedures
described in Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone
Transport Commission Model Rules.  NOTEREF _Ref64438894 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  9   For the permeation, diurnal, and transport emission
processes, these procedures result in daily emission estimates for both
residential and commercial.  These emissions were converted to annual
emissions by multiplying by 214 days based on the assumption that
nonroad equipment is fueled via gas containers primarily between April
and October.  The resulting annual emission estimates were then added to
the spillage and vapor displacement annual emissions estimates, which
were developed from annual NONROAD model gasoline consumption data, to
yield total portable gasoline container annual emissions for each
county.  Summer season work weekday allocation factors were developed
from the NONROAD model temporal allocations and applied to the annual
emissions estimates to obtain summer season workday emissions.  NOTEREF
_Ref64889703 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  63 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:

For Allegheny County:

 

where (calculated using Ozone Transport Commission methods):

Allegheny Residential Permeation VOC Emissions = 299,065.1043 g/day

Allegheny Residential Diurnal VOC Emissions = 2,582,567.049 g/day

Allegheny Residential Transport VOC Emissions = 141,733.9079 g/day

Allegheny Commercial Permeation VOC Emissions = 41,816.3711 g/day

Allegheny Commercial Diurnal VOC Emissions = 408,285.9064 g/day

Allegheny Commercial Transport VOC Emissions = 255,584.0428 g/day

Annual Permeation, Diurnal, and Transport VOC Emissions = 3,729,052.382
g/day ( 214 

Annual Permeation, Diurnal, and Transport VOC Emissions = 798,017,209.6
g/year

Total Annual Emissions = Annual Permeation, Diurnal, and Transport
Emissions + Annual Spillage Emissions + Annual Vapor Displacement
Emissions

where:

Spillage VOC Emissions = 307,338,392.7 g/year

Vapor Displacement VOC Emissions = 93,509,532.4 g/year

Total Annual Emissions = 798,017,209.6 g/year + 307,338,392.7 g/year +
93,509,532.4 g/year

 

			   = 1,321.5226 tons/year

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month proportion( weekday
ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.3600( 0.692/65 = 0.00383  
NOTEREF _Ref64889703 \f \h  63 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1321.5226( 0.00383 = 5.0639 tons VOC
per day

REFRIGERANT LOSSES (SCC 2399010000)

This source category covers industrial refrigerant losses from
refrigeration equipment used in such industries as ice cream
manufacturing, meat packing plants, ice manufacturing, and refrigerated
warehousing. Losses occur in both the normal use of refrigeration
systems and during malfunctions. Emissions for each county were
estimated using an employment-based emission factor, and the number of
employees in the following NAICS codes: 311611, 311612, 311613, 311615,
311512-311514, 31152, 311411, 311412, 311421-311423, 31181, 31132,
31133, 31211-31213, 31171, 312113, 311991, 311999, 325211, 49312,
311612, 42281, 42282. The number of employees in each county was
obtained from County Business Patterns and grown to 2002 using the ratio
of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth
employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Each
county’s emissions were estimated per the sample calculations below.

SAMPLE NH3 EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual NH3 Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees in Sector)

Where:

Emission Factor = 30 lbs NH3/ employee/ year

Employees = 8265 (Allegheny County)

 

 = 123.975 tons NH3/ year

PORTABLE GAS CONTAINERS

This category covers emissions from portable gas container use, both
commercial and residential.  Emission estimates account for permeation,
diurnal, transport-spillage, spillage, and vapor displacement emissions.
 Estimated use data is based on survey information from the California
Air Resources Board.  The number of housing units is used as an
indicator for residential containers.  The number of commercial
businesses expected to have at least one gas container is used to
estimate commercial use.  Emissions for 1996 were taken from estimates
developed for the analysis of the OTC Model Rules29.  Emissions were
then projected to 1999 using population as the growth indicatoPUBLIC
OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (3 SCCs)

Public Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) are wastewater treatment plants
typically owned by municipalities.  Emissions are calculated for three
POTW processes:  POTW Wastewater Treatment Processes (SCC 2630020010),
POTW Biosolids Processes (SCC 2630020020), and Biosolids Land
Application (SCC 2630050000).  Biosolids are recyclable solid,
semisolid, or liquid untreated residue from sewage treatment in a
wastewater treatment plant.

Although both VOC and NH3 emissions result from each of the three
processes included in this category, VOC emissions are only estimated
for POTW Wastewater Treatment Processes (SCC 2630020010) because of the
lack of VOC emission factors for the other processes.  Annual NH3
emission estimates were taken from an on-going Mid-Atlantic/Northeast
Visibility Union (MANE-VU) inventory development project.  As part of
this Pennsylvania inventory effort, annual VOC emissions were estimated
for the POTW Wastewater Treatment Processes category using the MANE-VU
project Pennsylvania emission activity data (total POTW flow) and an
AP-42 sewage treatment emission factor.  NOTEREF _Ref65136751 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  28   Summer season work weekday emissions were calculated
for each process using a summer season work weekday allocation factor
based on EIIP temporal allocation guidance.  NOTEREF _Ref65137205 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  1  

Year 2000 POTW flow data for Pennsylvania facilities were obtained from
the EPA Office of Wastewater Management’s year 2000 Clean Watersheds
Needs Survey.  Year 2002 wastewater flow was estimated from the county
population change between 2000 and 2002.  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  7   Year 2000 statewide biosolids generation was obtained
from BioCycle 2000.  Facility-level biosolids production was estimated
based on allocating State generation using facility-level wastewater
flow rates.  Year 2002 biosolids generation was estimated by applying
Bureau of Census county population growth rates to year 2000 generation.
 NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7   Land application of
total biosolids generation was calculated by multiplying total
generation by 55 percent, which represents the percentage of total
Pennsylvania biosolids generation applied to land.  NOTEREF _Ref65137808
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  68   Further information on the annual emission
estimation methods for the processes in this category will be available
in a forthcoming report prepared for MANE-VU.  Where present, point
source emissions were subtracted from the emissions of the corresponding
county.  Each county’s emissions were calculated per the following
sample calculations.

SAMPLE VOC CALCULATIONS:

 

where: 

Emission Factor = 8.9 lbs VOC/millions of gallons flow

Flow = 75,290.54 million gallons (Allegheny County)

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00385  NOTEREF _Ref65137205 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  1 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 335.04 ( 0.00385 = 1.2899 tons VOC
per day

SAMPLE NH3 CALCULATION:

 

Where:

G = Annual amount of wastewater processed (MMgal) = 75,290 (Allegheny
Co.)

EFNH3 = Ammonia emission factor of 0.027 lb/ MMgal (Pechan, 2004a) 
NOTEREF _Ref107373753 \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  64 

		 

 = 1.016415 Tons NH3

RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION (7 SCCs)

(Fireplaces: Without Inserts SCC 2104008001; Fireplaces:  Inserts -
Catalytic, non-EPA-certified SCC 2104008002; Fireplaces:  Inserts -
Non-catalytic, EPA-certified SCC 2104008003; Fireplaces:  Inserts -
Catalytic, EPA-certified SCC 2104008004; Woodstoves - Conventional SCC
2104008010; Woodstoves - Catalytic SCC 2104008030; and Woodstoves -
Non-catalytic SCC 2104008050)

Criteria pollutant annual emissions associated with residential heating
with wood were compiled from the 2002 nonpoint source National Emissions
Inventory (NEI).  NOTEREF _Ref65299205 \f \h  31   The 2002 NEI reports
residential wood combustion emissions in seven SCCs, each of which
representing a specific combustion equipment type.  The NEI reports
emissions for the following criteria pollutants:  VOC, NOx, CO, SO2,
PM10-PRI, and PM25-PRI.  The NEI residential wood combustion emission
estimation methodology is based on the national population of each
equipment type and an estimate of the amount of wood burned in each type
of equipment.  The national wood combustion estimates by equipment type
were then allocated to counties using a number of steps.  These steps
incorporated information on heating degree days by climate zone, and the
urban/rural designation and number of single-family detached homes in
each county.  Further details on the annual emission estimation
methodology are available in a forthcoming 2002 nonpoint source NEI
document.   NOTEREF _Ref65299205 \f \h  31 

The majority of the residential wood combustion emission factors were
obtained from EPA's AP-42 document.  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  39   County-level seasonal throughput percentages developed
for the 2002 NEI were applied in this effort to estimate winter season
work weekday emissions (no residential wood combustion activity was
allocated to summer season months).

SAMPLE SEASONAL CALCULATION (FIREPLACES WITHOUT INSERTS):

Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 59.8205 tons VOC per year

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions(
winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0044

Winter work weekday VOC emissions = 59.8205 ( 0.0044 = 0.2632 tons VOC
per day

PORTABLE GAS CONTAINERS

This category covers emissions from portable gas container use, both
commercial and residential.  Emission estimates account for permeation,
diurnal, transport-spillage, spillage, and vapor displacement emissions.
 Estimated use data is based on survey information from the California
Air Resources Board.  The number of housing units is used as an
indicator for residential containers.  The number of commercial
businesses expected to have at least one gas container is used to
estimate commercial use.  Emissions for 1996 were taken from estimates
developed for the analysis of the OTC Model Rules29.  Emissions were
then projected to 1999 using population as the growth indicatoSOLID
WASTE INCINERATION (2 SCCs)

(Commercial/Institutional Solid Waste Incineration SCC 2601020000,
Industrial Solid Waste Incineration SCC 2601010000)

Solid waste may consist of any discarded solid materials from commercial
or industrial sources. The materials may be combustible or
noncombustible, and are often burned to reduce bulk, unless direct
burial is either available or practical.  The resulting pollutants for
the purpose of this inventory are VOC, NOx, and CO.  On-site
incineration is the confined burning of waste leaves, landscape refuse,
or other refuse or rubbish.  Slash and large scale agricultural open
burning are not included in this emission category.

The emissions for each county were estimated per the sample calculations
below using emission factors and loading factors from AP-42, population
data from the U.S. Census Bureau, and employee data from County Business
Patterns.  Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from
these emission estimates.  

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Commercial/Institutional Solid Waste Incineration: 

Annual Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Population)

where:	

VOC Emission Factor = 9.8 lbs VOC/ton waste burned/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  39 

NOx Emission Factor = 3.7 lbs NOx/ton waste burned/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  39 

CO Emission Factor = 37 lbs CO/ton waste burned/year  NOTEREF
_Ref59357576 \f \h  39 

Loading Factor = 54 tons/1000 people  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  39 

Population = 1,269,904 people (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 336.0166( 0.00275 = 0.9240 tons VOC
per day

	CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions =1268.6341( 0.00275 = 3.4887 tons CO
per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 1268.6341( 0.00275 = 3.4887 tons CO
per day

Industrial Solid Waste Incineration: 

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Number of
Employees)

where:	

Emission Factors are the same as noted above

Loading Factor = 560 tons/1000 employees  NOTEREF _Ref59357576 \f \h  39


Employees = 48,544 employees (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3  

	VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 133.2047( 0.00275 = 0.3663 tons VOC
per day

	CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday CO emissions =502.9158( 0.00275 = 1.3830 tons CO per
day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 502.9158( 0.00275 = 1.3830 tons CO
per day

STRUCTURE FIRES (SCC 2810030000)

Building fires can produce short-term emissions of VOC, NOx, CO, and PM.
 Structure fire emissions were estimated using emission factors, a
loading factor, and a default number of fires per capita (note that
PM10-FIL, PM25-FIL, and PM-CON emission factors were not available). 
Population data were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau.  Each
county’s emissions were calculated per the following sample
calculations.

Annual Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Per Capita # of
Fires)(Population)

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 11 lbs VOC/ton material burned/year  NOTEREF
_Ref65232998 \f \h  16 

NOx Emission Factor = 1.4 lbs NOx/ton material burned/year  NOTEREF
_Ref65232998 \f \h  16 

CO Emission Factor = 60 lbs CO/ton material burned/year  NOTEREF
_Ref65232998 \f \h  16 

Loading Factor = 1.15 tons material/fire

Per Capita Number of Fires = 0.0018 fires/person

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  7 

VOC Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002427

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 14.4560( 0.002427 = 0.03509 tons VOC
per day

CO Emissions:

 

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002427  NOTEREF _Ref61684512
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  71 

Summer work weekday CO emissions =78.8514( 0.002427 = 0.1914 tons CO per
day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions ( winter work
weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.003126  NOTEREF _Ref61684512
\f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  71 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 78.8514( 0.003126 = 0.2465 tons CO
per day

TRAFFIC LINE PAINTING (SCC 2401008000)

Traffic paints are used to mark pavement in applications such as
dividing lines for traffic lanes, parking space markings, crosswalks,
and arrows.  The markings are usually applied by Commonwealth or local
highway maintenance crews.  VOC emissions result from the evaporation of
organic solvents during and shortly after application of the marking
paint.  Each county’s emissions were calculated per “Alternative
Method Three” described in the EIIP emission estimation guidance
document for this category.  The calculation uses a national per capita
emission factor based on 2002 data for national traffic paint
consumption and U.S. population.  Control efficiency, rule penetration,
and rule effectiveness factors were incorporated into the final
calculation.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

 

 

National per Capita Usage Factor = 39,397,000 gallons/288,368,698 people
 NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  7 

National per Capita Usage Factor = 0.1366 gallons/person

where: 

Emission Factor = 3.36 lbs VOC/gallon  NOTEREF _Ref62985453 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  72 

National per Capita Usage Factor = 0.1366 gallons/person

Population =1,269,904 (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref58819189 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  7 

CE (Control Efficiency) = 20%   NOTEREF _Ref62276184 \f \h  5 

RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356   NOTEREF _Ref64438894
\f \h  9 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 233.1767 ( 0.00356 = 0.8305 tons VOC
per day

TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES (TSDF’S)

This source category applies to industrial wastewater and hazardous
waste which is generated in many industry types and sizes and include
general waste categories such as contaminated wastewaters, spent solvent
residuals, still bottoms, spent catalysts, electroplating wastes, metal
contaminated sludges, degreasing solvents, leaded tank bottoms,
separator sludges, and off-specification chemicals.  These wastes are
generated at an industrial site and treated, stored and/or disposed
either on-site at the industrial facility or off-site at a commercial
facility.  Operations involved in treatment, storage or disposal of
hazardous wastes include impoundment and tanks, land treatment,
landfills and waste piles, transfer and handling operation, injection
wells, incinerators, and organic compound removal devices.  

The VOC emission estimates for this source category were developed by
E.H. Pechan company.26 The estimates were derived from EPA Emissions
Standard Division estimates.  A growth factor , based on 1990 population
and 1999 population projections , was applied to adjust for 1999
estimates. 

WINERIES (SCC 2302070005)

Winery emissions result from the entrainment of ethanol by carbon
dioxide during wine fermentation.  Factors affecting ethanol emissions
are handling techniques, temperature, process equipment design, and
fermenting parameters.  Other sources of emissions from the wine making
process are blending, transferring, racking and storing of the wine.  

Emissions were determined using 2002 county-level wine production data
provided by the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board (PLCB).  Because
monthly production data were available, these data were used to develop
the seasonal allocation factors for this category.  The emission factors
for both red and white wines were obtained from AP-42.  Since the
emission factors for the two types of wines are different, but wine type
production data are no longer available, wine production in the
Commonwealth was assumed to be 60 percent white wine and 40 percent red
wine.   Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from
these emission estimates.  Each county’s emissions were estimated per
the following sample calculations.  

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (0.6 ( White Wine Emission Factor + 0.4 ( Red
Wine Emission Factor) (  (2002 Total Wine Production)

where:

White Wine Emission Factor = 1.80873 lbs VOC/1000 gallons white
wine/year  NOTEREF _Ref64171656 \f \h  75 

Red Wine Emission Factor = 4.6236 lbs VOC/1000 gallons red wine/year 
NOTEREF _Ref64171656 \f \h  75 

2002 Total Wine Production = 8.270 thousand gallons (Adams County) 
NOTEREF _Ref61927581 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  74 

2002 Summer Wine Production = 3.000 thousand gallons (Adams County) 
NOTEREF _Ref61927581 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  74 

White Wine Production Factor = 60% of wine produced  NOTEREF
_Ref63145133 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  76 

Red Wine Production Factor = 40% of wine produced  NOTEREF _Ref63145133
\f \h  76 

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month wine
production/annual wine production ( weekday ratio/number of weekdays in
summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 3.000/8.270( 0.715/65 = 0.00399
(Adams County)  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4    NOTEREF
_Ref61927581 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  74 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.0121( 0.00399 = 0.0000484 tons VOC
per day

WOOD FURNITURE MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401020000)

This source category includes establishments engaged in the manufacture
of wood home or office furniture.  VOC emissions result from the
evaporation of solvents used in the finish coats and cleanup procedures.
 Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these
emission estimates.  Each county’s emissions were calculated according
to the sample calculations below using a per employee emission factor
and the number of employees in NAICS codes 337122, 337127, 337129,
337211, and 337212.  The number of employees in each county for 2001 was
obtained from County Business Patterns  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h  \*
MERGEFORMAT  2  and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total
Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained
from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).  NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h 
\* MERGEFORMAT  3 

A 30 percent reduction in VOC emissions was assumed based on a
RACT-based regulation. 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Employees)(30% Control
Efficiency Reduction)

where: 

Emission Factor = 1,311 lbs VOC/employee/year

Employees = 256 employees (Allegheny County)  NOTEREF _Ref62286203 \f \h
 \* MERGEFORMAT  2    NOTEREF _Ref62286240 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  3  

Control Efficiency = 30%  NOTEREF _Ref63094271 \f \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  77


Rule Penetration = 100%

Rule Effectiveness = 80%

 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions( summer work
weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00277  NOTEREF _Ref60652619 \f
\h  \* MERGEFORMAT  4 

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 127.5341 ( 0.00277 = 0.3539 tons VOC
per day

APPENDIX A:  REFERENCES

 PAGE   

  PAGE  9 

 PAGE   

  PAGE  67 

A-  PAGE  4 

A-  PAGE  1 

 Eastern Research Group, Inc., “Emission Inventory Improvement
Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 1,
Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development (Revised
Final),” prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission Inventory
Improvement Program, January 2001. (Note: Because this inventory was
prepared prior to November 2005, the Commonwealth did not apply the rule
effectivness guidance found in EPA-454/P-05-001)

 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, County Business
Patterns 2001, Pennsylvania, available from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/view/cbpview.html. 2003" 
http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/view/cbpview.html. 2003 , accessed
October 2003.

 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics,
available from   HYPERLINK "http://www.bls.gov/cew/home.htm" 
http://www.bls.gov/cew/home.htm , accessed November 2003.

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Temporal Allocation Data,”
Emissions Modeling Clearinghouse, available from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/temporal/" 
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/temporal/ , accessed November 2003.

 63 FR 48848, 1998:  Federal Register, "National Volatile Organic
Compound Emission Standards for Architectural Coatings, Final Rule,
Volume 63, Number 176, September 11, 1998.

 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Table 2: 2002
Architectural Coating Shipments,” Current Industrial Reports, Paint
and Allied Products:  2002, available from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.census.gov/industry/1/ma325f02.pdf" 
http://www.census.gov/industry/1/ma325f02.pdf ), accessed October 2003.

 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “County Population
Estimates Data Sets,” available from   HYPERLINK
"http://eire.census.gov/popest/estimates_dataset.php" 
http://eire.census.gov/popest/estimates_dataset.php , accessed November
2003.

 Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program,
Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources,  Chapter 3, Architectural
Surface Coating,” prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission
Inventory Improvement Program, November 1995.

 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support
Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission Model Rules, prepared for the
Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.

 Glen Heilman, Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt Material Applicators,
personal communication with Andrea Ramsey, E.H. Pechan & Associates,
Inc., February 2004.

 Eastern Research Group, Inc., “Emission Inventory Improvement
Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 17, Asphalt
Paving (Revised Final),” prepared for the Area Sources Committee,
Emission Inventory Improvement Program, January 2001. 

 Dan Szekeres, Michael Baker Corporation, personal communication with
Andy Bollman, E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 2003.

 25 Pa. Code Section 129.64, “Cutback Asphalt Paving,” available
from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.64.html" 
http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.64.html , accessed
February 2004.

 Dan Szekeres, Michael Baker Corporation, personal communication with
Andy Bollman, E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 2003.

 Steve Fulk, Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt Material Applicators,
personal communication with Andrea Ramsey, E. H. Pechan & Associates,
Inc., February, 2004.

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories
for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Volume 1, General Guidance
for Stationary Sources, EPA-450/4-91-016, May 1991.

 25 Pa. Code Section 129.75, “Mobile Equipment Repair and
Refinishing.” available from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.75.html" 
http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.75.html , accessed
January 2004.

 63 FR 48806, 1998: Federal Register, “National Volatile Organic
Compound Emission Standards for Automobile Refinish Coatings, Final
Rule,” Volume 63, Number 176, September 11, 1998.

 Lucy Adams, Radian Corporation, memorandum to SIP inventory preparers
and EPA Regions, “VOC Emissions from Bakeries,” prepared under
contract to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Contract No. 68-D0-0125), April 24,
1992.

 Monthly statewide beer production data from Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and
Trade Bureau, available from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.ttb.gov/alcohol/stats/02stats/02beerstats.htm" 
http://www.ttb.gov/alcohol/stats/02stats/02beerstats.htm , accessed
December 2003.

 Brewery emission factor is the sum of individual brewery process
emission factors found in Table 4-2 of Emission Factor Documentation for
AP-42 Section 9.12.1: Malt Beverages, Final Report, prepared by Midwest
Research Institute October 1996 and available from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/bgdocs/b9s12-1.pdf" 
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/bgdocs/b9s12-1.pdf , accessed
February 2004.

 Brewery emission factor is the sum of individual brewery process
emission factors found in Table 4-3 of Emission Factor Documentation for
AP-42 Section 9.12.1: Malt Beverages, Final Report, prepared by Midwest
Research Institute October 1996 and available from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/bgdocs/b9s12-1.pdf" 
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/bgdocs/b9s12-1.pdf , accessed
February 2004.

 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Climatological Data: 
Pennsylvania July-December 2002 (Volume 107, Numbers 07-12), published
by National Climatic Data Center, 2003.

 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Table H40 - House
Heating Fuel Type", Census 2000: Summary File 3, [Data file], March
2003.

 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, State
Energy Data, Pennsylvania, available from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/main_pa.html. 2003" 
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/main_pa.html. 2003 , accessed November 2003.

 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual
Coal Report 2002, DOE/EIA-0584 (2002), 2003.

 Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., “Final Summary of the
Development and Results of a Methodology for Calculating Area Source
Emissions from Residential Fuel Combustion,” prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, September 2002.

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Factor Information Retrieval Data
System (FIRE) 6.23, October 2000.

 63 FR 48819, 1998: Federal Register, “National Volatile Organic
Compound Emission Standards for Consumer Products, Final Rule,” Volume
63, Number 176, September 11, 1998.

 Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program,
Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 6, Solvent
Cleaning,” prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission Inventory
Improvement Program, September 1997.

 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., “Documentation for the 2002 Nonpoint
Source National Emission Inventory for Criteria and Hazardous Air
Pollutants ,” prepared for Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html" 
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html , (forthcoming).

 Public Research Institute, “Charbroiling Activity Estimation, Draft
Report,” prepared for California Environmental Protection Agency,
California Air Resources Board, March 2003.

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, “Methods for Developing a National Emission Inventory
for Commercial Cooking Processes:  Technical Memorandum,” prepared by
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., September 2003.

 BioCycle, 2000. “2000 BioCycle National Survey – Solid Waste
Composting Trends in the U.S.”, BioCycle, November 2000.

 Eastern Research Group, ““Emission Inventory Improvement Program,
Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 5, Consumer and
Commercial Solvent Use,” prepared for the Area Sources Committee,
Emission Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996.

 25 Pa. Code Section 129.63, “Degreasing Operations,” available
from   HYPERLINK
"http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.63.html" 
http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.63.html , accessed
January 2004.

 Federal Register, “Subpart T—National Emission Standards for
Halogenated Solvent Cleaning,” Volume 59, Number 2331, December 2,
1994.

 The Pennsylvania Dry Cleaners Association disclosed that 1.8 million
pounds of VOCs were emitted in Pennsylvania in 1990 from dry cleaning
operations.

Emission Factor = Total VOC emitted ÷ Pennsylvania Population

	= 1.8 million lbs VOC ÷ 11.88 million people (1990 census)

	= 0.15 lbs VOC/person/year

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I:
Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, Fifth Edition, January 1995.

 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., “Documentation for the Draft 1999
National Emissions Inventory (Version 3.0) for Criteria Air Pollutants
and Ammonia: Area Sources,” prepared for Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, March 2003.  Available from   HYPERLINK
"ftp://ftp.epa.gov/pub/EmisInventory/draftnei99ver3/criteria/documentati
on/area/ardoc_99nei_draftv3_0303.pdf" 
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/pub/EmisInventory/draftnei99ver3/criteria/documentatio
n/area/ardoc_99nei_draftv3_0303.pdf , accessed February 2004.

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