
[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 22 (Friday, February 1, 2019)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 1021-1025]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-00657]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R01-OAR-2018-0791; FRL-9988-43-Region 1]


Air Plan Approval; Massachusetts; Regional Haze Five-Year 
Progress Report State Implementation Plan

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to 
approve the Massachusetts regional haze progress report submitted as a 
State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision on February 9, 2018. This 
revision addresses the requirements of the Clean Air Act and its 
implementing regulations that states submit periodic reports describing 
progress toward reasonable progress goals established for regional haze 
and a determination of adequacy of the state's existing regional haze 
SIP. Massachusetts' progress report notes that Massachusetts has 
implemented the measures in the regional haze SIP due to be in place by 
the date of the progress report and that visibility in the federal 
Class I areas affected by emissions from Massachusetts is improving and 
has already met the applicable reasonable progress goals for 2018. The 
EPA is proposing approval of Massachusetts' determination that the 
Commonwealth's

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regional haze SIP is adequate to meet these reasonable progress goals 
for the first implementation period, which extends through 2018, and 
requires no substantive revision at this time.

DATES: Written comments must be received on or before March 4, 2019.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R01-
OAR-2018-0791 at https://www.regulations.gov, or via email to 
mcwilliams.anne@epa.gov. For comments submitted at Regulations.gov, 
follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, 
comments cannot be edited or removed from Regulations.gov. For either 
manner of submission, the EPA may publish any comment received to its 
public docket. Do not submit electronically any information you 
consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other 
information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia 
submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written 
comment. The written comment is considered the official comment and 
should include discussion of all points you wish to make. The EPA will 
generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of 
the primary submission (i.e. on the web, cloud, or other file sharing 
system). For additional submission methods, please contact the person 
identified in the ``For Further Information Contact'' section. For the 
full EPA public comment policy, information about CBI or multimedia 
submissions, and general guidance on making effective comments, please 
visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets. Publicly 
available docket materials are available at https://www.regulations.gov 
or at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Region 1 Regional 
Office, Office of Ecosystem Protection, Air Quality Planning Unit, 5 
Post Office Square--Suite 100, Boston, MA. EPA requests that if at all 
possible, you contact the contact listed in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT section to schedule your inspection. The Regional Office's 
official hours of business are Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 
p.m., excluding legal holidays.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Anne K. McWilliams, Air Quality Unit, 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Region 1, 5 Post Office 
Square--Suite 100, (Mail code OEP05-2), Boston, MA 02109--3912, tel. 
(617) 918-1697, email mcwilliams.anne@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document whenever ``we,'' 
``us,'' or ``our'' is used, we mean EPA.

Table of Contents

I. Background and Purpose
II. EPA's Evaluation of Massachusetts' SIP Revision
    A. Regional Haze Progress Report
    B. Determination of Adequacy of Existing Regional Haze Plan
III. Proposed Action
IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

I. Background and Purpose

    States are required to submit a progress report in the form of a 
SIP revision that evaluates progress towards the reasonable progress 
goals (RPGs) for each mandatory Class I federal area \1\ (Class I area) 
within the state and in each Class I area outside the state which may 
be affected by emissions from within the state. See 40 CFR 51.308(g). 
In addition, the provisions of 40 CFR 51.308(h) require states to 
submit, at the same time as the 40 CFR 51.308(g) progress report, a 
determination of adequacy of the state's existing regional haze SIP. 
The progress report SIP for the first planning period is due five years 
after submittal of the initial regional haze SIP. On December 30, 2011, 
the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) 
submitted the Commonwealth's first regional haze SIP in accordance with 
40 CFR 51.308.\2\ On February 9, 2018, MassDEP submitted, as a revision 
to its SIP, its progress report which detailed the progress made in the 
first planning period toward the implementation of the Long Term 
Strategy (LTS) outlined in the 2011 regional haze submittal, the 
visibility improvement measured at Class I areas affected by emissions 
from Massachusetts, and a determination of the adequacy of the 
Commonwealth's existing regional haze SIP. The EPA is proposing to 
approve Massachusetts' February 9, 2018 SIP submittal.
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    \1\ Areas designated as mandatory Class I federal areas consist 
of national parks exceeding 6, 000 acres, wilderness areas and 
national memorial parks exceeding 5,000 acres, and all international 
parks that were in existence on August 7, 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7472(a)). 
Listed at 40 CFR part 81, subpart D.
    \2\ On September 19, 2013, EPA approved the Massachusetts 
regional haze SIP submittal. See 78 FR 57487.
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II. EPA's Evaluation of Massachusetts' SIP Revision

    MassDEP's report on progress made in the first implementation 
period toward reasonable progress goals for all Class I areas affected 
by emission from sources in Massachusetts (also known as a regional 
haze five-year progress report) was submitted to the EPA as a SIP 
revision. This progress report SIP submittal also included a 
determination that the Commonwealth's existing regional haze SIP 
requires no substantive revision to achieve the established regional 
haze visibility improvement and emission reduction goals for 2018. 
Massachusetts is a member of the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility 
Union (MANE-VU).\3\ The MANE-VU area contains seven Class I areas in 
four States: Moosehorn Wilderness Area, Acadia National Park, and 
Roosevelt Campobello International Park in Maine; Presidential Range/
Dry River Wilderness Area and Great Gulf Wilderness Area in New 
Hampshire; Brigantine Wilderness Area in New Jersey; and Lye Brook 
Wilderness Area in Vermont. There are no Class I areas in 
Massachusetts. Through source apportionment modeling, MANE-VU assisted 
states in determining their contribution to the visibility impairment 
of each Class I area in the MANE-VU region and nearby Class I areas 
outside of MANE-VU. Massachusetts emissions were found to contribute to 
visibility impairment at each of the MANE-VU Class I areas, with the 
exception of Brigantine Wilderness Area in New Jersey. See 77 FR 30932 
(May 24, 2012).
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    \3\ MANE-VU is a collaborative effort of State governments, 
Tribal governments, and various federal agencies established to 
initiate and coordinate activities associated with the management of 
regional haze, visibility and other air quality issues in the 
Northeastern United States. Member State and Tribal governments 
include: Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maine, 
Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, 
Pennsylvania, Penobscot Indian Nation, Rhode Island, St. Regis 
Mohawk Tribe and Vermont.
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    Through the consultation process, Massachusetts agreed to reduce 
emissions by at least the amount obtained by the measures in the 
coordinated course of action agreed to by MANE-VU to assure reasonable 
progress toward preventing any future, and remedying and existing, 
impairment of visibility in the mandatory Class I areas within the 
MANE-VU region. These strategies are commonly referred to as the MANE-
VU ``ask.'' The MANE-VU ``ask'' includes: A timely implementation of 
best available retrofit technology (BART) requirements, 90 percent or 
more reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO2) at 167 electrical 
generating units (EGUs) ``stacks'' identified by MANE-VU (or comparable 
alternative measures), lower sulfur fuel oil (with limits specified for 
each state) and continued evaluation of other control measures.\4\ In 
summary, Massachusetts is on track to fulfill the

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MANE-VU ``ask'' by adopting and implementing an alternative to the 
BART,\5\ reducing SO2 emissions at identified stacks, and 
implementing the low sulfur in fuel strategy.
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    \4\ The MANE-VU ``ask'' was structured around the finding that 
SO2 emissions were the dominate visibility impairing 
pollutant at Northeastern Class I areas and electrical generating 
units comprised the largest SO2 emission sector. See 
``Regional Haze and Visibility in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic 
States,'' January 31, 2001.
    \5\ The Massachusetts alternative to BART strategy is comprised 
of a combination of source retirements, emission limits for various 
EGUs, and sulfur in fuel requirements. For more details see 77 FR 
30932 (May 24, 2012).
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A. Regional Haze Progress Report

    This section includes the EPA's analysis of MassDEP's progress 
report SIP submittal and an explanation of the basis of our proposed 
approval.
    The 2011 Massachusetts regional haze SIP included the following key 
measures: BART determinations for two municipal waste combustors, an 
EGU alternative to BART strategy, SO2 emission reductions 
from ten targeted EGU stacks, and an adopted regulation which reduces 
the sulfur content of #2 distillate oil and #4/#6 residual oil. EPA's 
analysis of the Massachusetts regional haze SIP for the first planning 
period can be found at 77 FR 30932 (May 24, 2012) and will not be 
restated here.
    Table 3.1 of the Massachusetts progress report details the status 
of units subject to BART and the alternative to BART. All units have 
either been retired or have adopted permit revisions to implement BART 
or Alternative to BART. Table 3.2 of the Massachusetts progress report 
shows that the actual 2017 SO2 and NOX reductions 
are 99% and 97%, respectively, of the 2018 alternative to BART 
reduction target. Similarly, Table 3.3 shows a 99% reduction in 
SO2 from the targeted EGUs, far surpassing the expected 90% 
reduction.
    Massachusetts also adopted the MANE-VU low sulfur strategy. EPA 
approved the Massachusetts low sulfur in fuel regulation concurrent 
with EPA's approval of the Massachusetts regional haze SIP. See 78 FR 
57487 (September 19, 2013).
    EPA is proposing to find that MassDEP has adequately addressed the 
applicable provisions under 40 CFR 51.308(g) with the demonstrated 
implementation of measures within Massachusetts, including implementing 
the alternative to BART.
    During the development of the regional haze SIP for the first 
planning period, MANE-VU and MassDEP determined that SO2 was 
the greatest contributor to anthropogenic visibility impairment at 
nearby Class I areas. Therefore, the bulk of the visibility improvement 
achieved in the first planning period was expected to be from 
reductions in SO2 emissions. Table 4.1 of the 2018 progress 
report presents data from statewide Massachusetts emission inventories 
developed for the years 2002, 2011, 2014, and projected inventories for 
2018 for SO2, nitrogen oxides (NOX), and fine 
particulates with diameters that are generally less than 2.5 
micrometers (PM2.5). From 2002 through 2014, the 
Commonwealth's overall SO2 emission were reduced from 
134,824 tons to 19,882 tons of SO2, below the 2018 
projection of 60,061 tons SO2. For NOX, from 2002 
to 2014, the Commonwealth achieved an overall 54% reduction in 
NOX from 266,098 tons to 120,054 tons. The 2018 
NOX projection for 2018 was 126,510 tons. Finally, from 2002 
to 2014, PM2.5 emissions were reduced from 53,000 tons to 
39,000 tons, once again surpassing the 40,956 tons PM2.5 
projection for 2018.
    EPA finds that Massachusetts has adequately addressed the 
applicable provisions under 40 CFR 51.308(g). MassDEP compared the most 
recently updated emissions inventory data available at the time of 
development of the progress report with the baseline emissions 
inventory data from its regional haze SIP. The progress report 
appropriately details the 2014 SO2, NOX, and 
PM2.5 reductions achieved, by sector, thus far in the 
regional haze planning period.
    The provisions under 40 CFR 51.308(g) also require that states with 
Class I areas within their borders to provide information on current 
visibility conditions and the difference between current visibility 
conditions and baseline visibility conditions expressed in terms of 
five-year averages of these annual values. Massachusetts has no Class I 
areas, but the Class I areas affected by emissions from Massachusetts 
have visibility conditions better than baseline conditions and 
conditions predicted for 2018. The Interagency Visual Environmental 
monitoring program (IMPROVE) provides data on the air pollutants that 
constitute regional haze. The MassDEP progress report includes data 
from the IMPROVE sites at Class I areas affected by emissions from 
Massachusetts. Tables 1 and 2 below show the progress from the baseline 
2000-2004 five-year average visibility through the most recent 2012-
2016 five-year period for the 20% haziest days and 20% cleanest days.

    Table 1--20% Haziest Days Baseline, Reasonable Progress Goals, and Observed Visibility in Deciviews (dv)
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                                                           Reasonable    5-Year average
      Class I Area IMPROVE * site        Baseline (2000-  progress goal  observed (2012-  Met the 2018 progress
                                              2004)          (2018)           2016)               goal?
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Acadia National Park (ME)..............            22.9            19.4            17.4  Yes.
Great Gulf Wilderness (NH).............            22.8            19.1            16.4  Yes.
Presidential Range-Dry River Wilderness  ..............  ..............  ..............
 (NH).
Lye Brook Wilderness (VT)..............            24.4            20.9            18.0  Yes.
Moosehorn Wilderness (ME)..............            21.7            19.0            16.3  Yes.
Roosevelt Campobello International Park  ..............  ..............  ..............
 (ME).
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    Table 2--20% Cleanest Days Baseline, Reasonable Progress Goals, and Observed Visibility in Deciviews (dv)
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                                                           Reasonable    5-Year average
       Class I Area IMPROVE* site        Baseline (2000-  progress goal  observed (2012-  Met the 2018 progress
                                              2004)          (2018)           2016)               goal?
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Acadia National Park (ME)..............            8.78             8.3             6.6  Yes.
Great Gulf Wilderness (NH).............             7.7             7.2             6.7  Yes.

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Presidential Range-Dry River Wilderness  ..............  ..............  ..............
 (NH).
Lye Brook Wilderness (VT)..............             6.4             5.5             5.1  Yes.
Moosehorn Wilderness (ME)..............             9.2             8.6             6.7  Yes.
Roosevelt Campobello International Park  ..............  ..............  ..............
 (ME).
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*Data from Tracking Visibility Progress 2004-2016, as posted at http://www.maine.gov/dep/ftp/MVTSC/RH_METRICS_TRENDS/ on January 30, 2018.

    EPA notes the substantial improvement in visibility at Class I 
Areas impacted by Massachusetts emissions. These Class I areas have met 
the RPGs for the first regional haze planning period.
    EPA proposes to find Massachusetts provided the required 
information regarding visibility conditions to meet the applicable 
requirements under 40 CFR 51.308(g), specifically providing baseline 
visibility conditions (2000-2004) and current conditions based on 
IMPROVE monitoring data (2012-2016), and an assessment of the change in 
visibility impairment at nearby Class I areas.
    In its progress report SIP, MassDEP presents data from statewide 
emissions inventories developed for the years 2002, 2011, and 2014 with 
projected inventories for 2018 for SO2, NOX, and 
PM2.5. Massachusetts' emission categories include the 
following source categories: EGU point, non-EGU point, point, area, on-
road mobile, and non-road mobile. The 2014 emissions for all pollutants 
of concern and all source sectors were below the projections for 2018 
contained in the regional haze SIP. Reductions achieved by 2014 are 54% 
for NOX, 85% for SO2, and 25% for 
PM2.5.
    EPA is proposing to find that MassDEP adequately addressed the 
provisions of 40 CFR 51.308(g). The progress report compared the most 
recent updated emission inventory data available at the time of the 
development of the progress report with baseline emissions used in the 
modeling for the regional haze SIP.
    In its progress report SIP, Massachusetts did not find any 
significant changes in emissions of SO2, NOX, and 
PM2.5 which might impede or limit progress during the first 
planning period. As noted earlier, haze at Class I areas affected by 
Massachusetts emissions has improved to levels to meet or exceed the 
RPG. EPA therefore proposes to approve MassDEP's 2018 SIP submission.
    In its progress report SIP, Massachusetts concludes the elements 
and strategies relied on in its original regional haze SIP are 
sufficient to enable Massachusetts and neighboring states to meet all 
established RPGs. As shown in Table 1 above, visibility on the most 
impaired days from 2000 through 2016 has improved at all Class I areas 
affected by emissions from Massachusetts (and all RPGs have already 
been met.)
    EPA proposes to agree with MassDEP's conclusion that Massachusetts 
has adequately addressed the provisions for the first planning period 
progress report. EPA views this requirement as an assessment that 
should evaluate emissions and visibility trends and other readily 
available information. In its progress report, MassDEP described the 
improving visibility trends using data from the IMPROVE network and the 
downward emission trends in key pollutants in the Commonwealth. MassDEP 
determined its regional haze SIP is sufficient to meet the RPGs for the 
Class I areas impacted by the Commonwealth's emissions.
    Massachusetts does not have any Class I areas and is not required 
to monitor for visibility-impairing pollutants. The Massachusetts 
visibility monitoring strategy relies upon Class I area participation 
in the IMPROVE network. EPA proposes to find that Massachusetts has 
adequately addressed the requirements for a monitoring strategy for 
regional haze and proposes to determine no further modifications to the 
monitoring program are necessary.

B. Determination of Adequacy of Existing Regional Haze Plan

    In its progress report, MassDEP submitted a negative declaration to 
EPA regarding the need for additional actions or emission reductions in 
Massachusetts beyond those already in place and those to be implemented 
by 2018 according to the Massachusetts regional haze plan.
    In the 2018 SIP submittal, MassDEP determined the existing regional 
haze SIP requires no further substantive revision at this time to 
achieve the RPGs for the Class I areas affected by the Commonwealth's 
sources. The basis for the Commonwealth's negative declaration is the 
finding that visibility has improved at all Class I areas in the MANE-
VU region. In addition, SO2 and PM2.5 emissions 
for the latest emission inventory for Massachusetts have decreased to 
levels below projections for 2018.
    EPA proposes to conclude that MassDEP has adequately addressed the 
provisions under 40 CFR 51.308(h) because visibility and emission 
trends indicate that Class I areas impacted by Massachusetts sources 
are meeting or exceeding the RPGs for 2018.

III. Proposed Action

    EPA is proposing to approve Massachusetts' regional haze progress 
report as meeting the requirements of 40 CFR 51.308(g) and (h). EPA is 
soliciting public comments on the issues discussed in this notice or on 
other relevant matters. These comments will be considered before taking 
final action. Interested parties may participate in the Federal 
rulemaking procedure by submitting written comments to this proposed 
rulemaking by following the instructions listed in the ADDRESSES 
section of this Federal Register.

IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Under the Clean Air Act, the Administrator is required to approve a 
SIP submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and 
applicable Federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). 
Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state 
choices, provided that they meet the criteria of the Clean Air Act. 
Accordingly, this proposed action merely approves state law as meeting 
Federal requirements and does not impose additional requirements beyond 
those imposed by state law. For that reason, this proposed action:
     Is not a significant regulatory action subject to review 
by the Office of Management and Budget under

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Executive Orders 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 
3821, January 21, 2011);
     This action is not expected to be an Executive Order 13771 
regulatory action because this action is not significant under 
Executive Order 12866;
     Does not impose an information collection burden under the 
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
     Is certified as not having a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
     Does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded 
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
     Does not have Federalism implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
     Is not an economically significant regulatory action based 
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 
19885, April 23, 1997);
     Is not a significant regulatory action subject to 
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
     Is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the 
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent 
with the Clean Air Act; and
     Does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to 
address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental 
effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under 
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
    In addition, the SIP is not approved to apply on any Indian 
reservation land or in any other area where EPA or an Indian tribe has 
demonstrated that a tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of Indian 
country, the rule does not have tribal implications and will not impose 
substantial direct costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law as 
specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000).

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Carbon monoxide, 
Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Lead, Nitrogen 
dioxide, Ozone, Particulate matter, Regional haze, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Sulfur oxides, Volatile organic compounds.

    Dated: December 21, 2018.
Alexandra Dunn,
Regional Administrator, EPA Region 1.
[FR Doc. 2019-00657 Filed 1-31-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6560-50-P


