Superfund:
Past
and
Future
Briefing
for
NACEPT
Superfund
Subcommittee
September
2002
2
Agenda
 
Superfund's
Past
 
Report
to
Congress
 
Findings
 
Conclusions
 
Thinking
About
the
Future
Agenda
Resources
for
the
Future
3
Superfund's
Past
Resources
for
the
Future
4
NPL
Final
Listings
FY
1983
­
2002
Superfund's
Past
Resources
for
the
Future
404
130
3
170
67
0
93
218
60
261924131515
37362818
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Fiscal
Year
Number
of
Sites
5
Superfund's
Past
NPL
Mega
Listings
FY
1983
­
2002
Resources
for
the
Future
52
13
2
16
10
5
9
20
423
000
32
6
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Fiscal
Year
Number
of
Sites
6
Superfund's
Past
NPL
Sites
by
Site
Type
(
as
of
the
end
of
FY
1999)
Resources
for
the
Future
050100150200250300350
Miscellaneous
Contaminated
areas
Transportation
Non­
captive
waste
handling
and
disposal
Captive
waste
handling
and
disposal
Recycling
Coal
gasification
and
other
industrial
Wood
preserving
Mining
Oil
refining
Chemical
manufacturing
Number
of
Sites
Total
Mega
7
Superfund's
Past
Type
of
Site
Chemical
manufacturing1051311.6%
12.4%

Oil
refining1421.8%
14.3%

Mining421715.2%
40.5%

Wood
preserving6987.1%
11.6%

Coal
gasification
and
other
industrial2671412.5%
5.2%

Recycling9487.1%
8.5%

Captive
waste
handling
and
disposal7876.3%
9.0%

Non­
captive
waste
handling
and
disposal3321614.3%
4.8%

Transportation2810.9%
3.6%

Contaminated
areas1142118.8%
18.4%

Miscellaneous10254.5%
4.9%

Total1245112100.0%
9.0%

Number
of
Sites
Number
of
Mega
Sites
Percent
of
All
Megas
Percent
of
Site
Type
NPL
Sites
by
Site
Type
(
as
of
the
end
of
FY
1999)
Resources
for
the
Future
8
Superfund
Appropriations
Superfund's
Past
Resources
for
the
Future
Fiscal
Year
1990$
1,551$
0$
1,551100%

1991$
1,616$
861$
75547%

1992$
1,616$
234$
1,38286%

1993$
1,574$
250$
1,32484%

1994$
1,481$
250$
1,23183%

1995$
1,431$
250$
1,18183%

1996$
1,311$
250$
1,06181%

1997$
1,394$
250$
1,14482%

1998$
1,500$
250$
1,25083%

1999$
1,500$
325$
1,17578%

2000$
1,400$
700$
70050%

2001$
1,267$
635$
63250%

2002$
1,292$
635$
65751%

2003$
1,239$
700$
53944%

Total
Appropriation
General
RevenuesTrust
Fund
Percent
Trust
Fund
9
Report
to
Congress
Resources
for
the
Future
10
Report
to
Congress
 
Requested
in
conference
report
to
FY
2000
VA­
HUD
appropriations
bill
 
Estimate
the
costs
of
Superfund
from
FY
2000
through
FY
2009
 
Costs
to
EPA
only
 
Federal
facilities,
brownfields
excluded
 
Under
current
law
and
policies
 
Final
report
requested
by
December
2000
 
Study
released
July,
2001
Resources
for
the
Future
11
Six
Elements
 
Remaining
cost
of
cleaning
up
current
NPL
 
Cost
of
sites
added
to
the
NPL
FY
2000
 
FY
2009
 
Removal
program
 
Operation
and
maintenance
("
LTRA")

 
Five­
year
reviews
 
"
Nonsite"
costs
(
the
rest
of
the
Superfund
dollars)
Resources
for
the
Future
Report
to
Congress
12
RFF
Baseline:
Status
and
Type
of
NPL
Sites,
End
of
FY
1999
Report
to
Congress
Resources
for
the
Future
Construction
Complete623
NonmegaSites1,133
Not
Construction
Complete510
Teenager250
Not
Teenager260
Not
Teenager19
Not
Construction
Complete87
Teenager68
Construction
Complete25
Mega
Sites112
Final
and
Deleted
NPL
Sites1,245
Note:
Does
not
include
federal
facilities.
Source:
RFF
site­
level
dataset.
13
Findings
Resources
for
the
Future
14
Where
Does
The
Money
Go?

(
FY
1999
Expenditures)

Findings
Resources
for
the
Future
20.7%
3.8%
40.5%

21.2%

6.5%
7.4%
Removal
Program
($
317.8
million)
Remedial
Program
($
622.3
million)

Site
Assessment
($
57.8
million)

Program
Administration
($
114.1
million)

Other
Programs
and
Agencies
($
100.5
million)

Program
Staff,

Management,

and
Support
($
325.6
million)
Total
=
$
1.54
billion
Note:
Does
not
include
expenditures
for
federal
facilities
or
brownfields.
15
Remedial
Program
Breakdown
(
FY
1999
Expenditures)

Findings
Resources
for
the
Future
12%
5%

21%
60%

2%
RD
($
30.2
million)

RA
($
370.1
million)

RI/
FS
($
77.4
million)

Other
Site
Costs
($
131.8
million)

LTRA
($
1.3
million)
Total
=
$
622.3
million
16
Findings
All
sites$
1,300,000$
1,300,000$
11,000,000
Mega
sites2,500,0003,900,00030,000,000
Nonmega
sites990,000880,0005,800,000
Mega
sites$
139.6million
Nonmega
sites$
12.2million
RA
Number
of
Operable
Units
3.8
1.6
Total
Extramural
Site
Costs
RI/
FSRD
Extramural
Unit
Costs
at
Operable
Unit
Level
Extramural
Costs
of
Remedial
Pipeline
Actions
(
1999$)
Resources
for
the
Future
17
What
Work
Remains?

(
Final
NPL
Sites
as
of
the
end
of
FY
1999)

Note:
Underway
includes
actions
at
mega
sites
with
starts
in
FY
2000.

RI/
FS
RD
RA
Findings
Resources
for
the
Future
78%

5%

17%
Underway
Completed
Not
Yet
Started
41%

24%

35%
Underway
Completed
Not
Yet
Started
61%

13%
26%
UnderwayCompleted
Not
Yet
Started
18
RAs
Through
2009
(
Final
NPL
Sites
as
of
the
end
of
FY
1999)

Findings
Resources
for
the
Future
Source:
RFF
Model
Underway
24.3%
Completed
40.2%

Not
Yet
Started
35.5%
Und
22
FY
1999
erway
.8%
Completed
69.9%

Not
Yet
Started
7.4%

FY
2004
Underway
6.5%
Completed
93.0%

Not
Yet
Started
0.4%

FY
2009
19
Findings
50638366
137
199
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
RI/
FSRDRA
Number
of
Actions
FundPRP
Action
Leads
at
Mega
Sites
(
Underway
and
Future
Actions
at
Final
NPL
Sites,
as
of
end
of
FY1999)

Resources
for
the
Future
20
Findings
144
200
273
144
362
664
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
RI/
FSRDRA
Number
of
Actions
FundPRP
Action
Leads
at
Nonmega
Sites
(
Underway
and
Future
Actions
at
Final
NPL
Sites,
as
of
end
of
FY1999)

Resources
for
the
Future
21
Conclusions
Resources
for
the
Future
22
Ramp
down
not
imminent
Estimated
Total
Annual
Cost
to
EPA
of
Superfund
Program:

Three
Scenarios,
FY
2000­
FY
2009
(
billions
of
1999$)
Resources
for
the
Future
Conclusions
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2000200120022003200420052006200720082009
Fiscal
year
Billions
of
dollars
Base
Case
High
Case
Low
Case
23
Total
10­
year
cost:
$
14
B
­$
16.4
B
Resources
for
the
Future
Conclusions
Estimated
Total
Cost
to
EPA
of
Superfund
Program:
Three
Scenarios,

FY
2000­
FY
2009
(
billions
of
1999$)

Base
case
Low
case
High
case
Removal
program
$
3.18
$
3.18
$
3.18
Remedial
program
$
6.55
$
5.71
$
7.55
Site
assessment
$
0.58
$
0.58
$
0.58
Program
staff,
management,
and
support
$
2.69
$
2.51
$
2.89
Program
administration
$
1.10
$
1.02
$
1.20
Other
programs
and
agencies
$
1.01
$
1.01
$
1.01
Total
(
1999$)*
$
15.10
$
13.99
$
16.40
Total
(
Inflation­
Adjusted
Dollars)
$
16.85
$
15.58
$
18.33
*
Note:
Totals
may
not
add
due
to
rounding
24
Current
NPL
major
driver
of
costs
Resources
for
the
Future
Conclusions
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2000200120022003200420052006200720082009
Fiscal
year
Millions
of
dollars
(

1999$
Current
NPL
Future
NPL
Estimated
Total
Cost
of
Fund­
Lead
Actions
at
Current
and
Future
NPL
Sites:

Base
Case,
FY
2000­
FY
2009
25
Predicting
future
NPL
sites
is
difficult
 
Little
information
about
sites
"
coming
down
the
pike"
 
and
what
information
there
is,

closely
held.

 
Sites
generally
listed
on
the
NPL
when:

 
States
want
Trust
Fund
money
 
PRPs
are
recalcitrant
or
not
financially
viable
 
Relocation
is
involved.

 
Governor's
concurrence
complicates
listing.

Resources
for
the
Future
Conclusions
26
 
States
with
strong
programs
(
N.
J,
NY,

CA,
PA)
are
big
listers.

 
Weak
states
list
few
if
any
NPL
sites.

 
State
cost
share
of
Fund­
lead
remedial
actions
(
10%
of
cleanup
and
100%
of
operation
and
maintenance)
a
big
issue.

Resources
for
the
Future
Conclusions
Predicting
future
NPL
sites
is
difficult
27
Other
Conclusions
 
More
work
is
needed
to
assess
staff
and
program
management
needs.

 
Post­
construction
activities
are
crucial.

Conclusions
Resources
for
the
Future
28
Thinking
About
the
Future
Resources
for
the
Future
29
Recent
NPL
listings
 
FY
2000
 
 
36
final
nonfederal
NPL
sites,
2
mega
sites:

°
Leviathan
Mine,
California,
Region
9
°
MidniteMine,
Washington,
Region
10
 
FY
2001
 
28
final
nonfederal
NPL
sites,
including
6
mega
sites:

°
Indian
Refinery­
Texaco
Lawrenceville,
Illinois,
Region
5
°
Malone
Service
Company,
Inc.,
Texas,
Region
6
°
Gilt
Edge
Mine,
South
Dakota,
Region
8
°
CasmaliaResources,
California,
Region
9
°
Portland
Harbor,
Oregon,
Region
10
°
Lower
Duwamish
Waterway,
Washington,
Region
10
Thinking
About
the
Future
Resources
for
the
Future
30
Recent
NPL
Listings
(
cont'd)

 
FY
2002
 
18
final
nonfederal
NPL
sites,
including
1
mega
site:

°
Del
Amo.
California,
Region
9
Thinking
About
the
Future
Resources
for
the
Future
31
Lead
by
Site
Type
Thinking
About
the
Future
Resources
for
the
Future
Type
of
Site
Fund­

lead
PRP­

lead
Fund­

lead
PRP­

lead
Fund­

lead
PRP­

lead
Chemical
manufacturing45%
55%
32%
68%
35%
65%

Oil
refining67%
33%
25%
75%
21%
79%

Mining40%
60%
83%
17%
67%
33%

Wood
preserving78%
22%
57%
43%
44%
56%

Coal
gasification
and
other
industrial55%
45%
31%
69%
29%
71%

Recycling58%
42%
18%
82%
19%
81%

Captive
waste
handling
and
disposal38%
62%
14%
86%
11%
89%

Non­
captive
waste
handling
and
disposal25%
75%
12%
88%
11%
89%

Transportation88%
13%
11%
89%
29%
71%

Contaminated
areas73%
27%
36%
64%
37%
63%

Miscellaneous86%
14%
49%
51%
41%
59%

Note:
Percentages
may
not
add
to
100%
because
of
rounding.

Source:
Data
provided
to
RFF
by
EPA
in
October
2000.
RI/
FSRDRA
32
Extramural
Unit
Costs
of
Remedial
Pipeline
Actions
by
Site
Type
(
Nonmegasites
only;
at
operable
unit
level;
1999$)
Resources
for
the
Future
Thinking
About
the
Future
Type
of
Site
Chemical
manufacturing$
710,000
$
830,000
$
5,200,000
Oil
refining550,000
910,000
4,500,000
Mining2,200,000
1,200,000
10,000,000
Wood
preserving750,000
1,000,000
11,000,000
Coal
gasification
and
other
industrial1,100,000
810,000
5,700,000
Recycling1,200,000
1,100,000
4,400,000
Captive
waste
handling
and
disposal440,000
780,000
3,700,000
Noncaptive
waste
handling
and
disposal1,000,000
1,200,000
5,900,000
Transportation560,000
450,000
10,000,000
Contaminated
areas970,000
650,000
4,100,000
Miscellaneous1,200,000
610,000
3,200,000
RI/
FSRDRA
33
Available
Funding
for
State­
Lead
Cleanup
Thinking
About
the
Future
Florida
Subject
to
annual
appropriations
Massachusetts
$
3
million
­
5
million
Missouri
Capable
of
funding
only
small
emergency
response
cleanups
New
Jersey
$
20
million
­
30
million
(
should
stay
in
this
range
for
next
six
years)

New
York
$
193
million
Pennsylvania
$
45
million
Ohio
Capable
of
funding
only
small
emergency
response
cleanups
Texas
$
24
million
Source:
RFF
State
Interviews,
July
2000.
Resources
for
the
Future
StateFY
2000
resources
California$
8
million
34
Background
Slides
Resources
for
the
Future
Thinking
About
the
Future
35
Future
NPL
Scenarios
Background
Resources
for
the
Future
Base
caseLow
caseHigh
case
Number
of
sites
listed
each
year
Total352349
Mega213
Nonmega332246
RI/
FS80%
80%
80%

Remedial
Design35%
35%
35%

Remedial
Action25%
25%
35%

RI/
FS75%
75%
75%

Remedial
Design40%
30%
40%

Remedial
Action40%
30%
40%

Percent
of
Fund­
lead
actions
at
non­
mega
sites
Percent
of
Fund­
lead
actions
at
mega
sites
36
General
Approach
 
Worked
closely
with
EPA
and
large
group
of
external
experts
 
Hill,
states,
industry,
enviros
 
Relied
mostly
on
CERCLIS
and
IFMS
data
 
Modeled
workload
of
Fund
and
PRP­
lead
actions
at
NPL
sites
 
Baseline
is
end
of
FY
1999
 
Developed
three
future
scenarios
 
Estimates
are
projected
annual
expenditures
in
constant
1999
dollars
Report
to
Congress
Resources
for
the
Future
37
Estimating
Cost
of
Fund­
Lead
Actions
 
Separated
out
"
mega"
sites
 
Used
historical
data
of
actual
EPA
expenditures
to
develop
average
costs
 
Addressed
differences
in
site
types
 
Calculated
average
durations
for
categories
of
sites
(
mega
and
nonmega,
teenager
and
nonteenager)
Resources
for
the
Future
Report
to
Congress
38
Durations
Findings
Resources
for
the
Future
0246810121416
Years
NPL
proposal
date
to
RI/
FS
startRI/
FS
RI/
FS
completion
to
RD
startRemedial
design
Remedial
action
8.1
years
RFF
(
excluding
long
RAs)

RFF
(
including
long
RAs)
EPA
11.2
years
11.8
years
