Technical Document:  Sectors, Chemicals and Functions in the DSW
Re-Manufacturing Exclusion         June 16, 2011

Selection of Industry Sectors, Chemicals and Functions in the
Remanufacturing Exclusion:

Background Document in Support of the Definition of Solid Waste Rule

Prepared by:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics

Economic, Exposure and Technology Division

Pollution Prevention Division

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW

Washington, DC  20460

June 16, 2011

						

Introduction

This background document provides the basis for the selection of
industries, chemicals, and functions in the Remanufacturing exclusion in
the definition of solid waste rule.  Companies within these sectors are
highly integrated.  These chemicals are used because of how they
function, and are used within these sectors in the same way – to
manufacture a specialty (organic) chemical product – such as a paint,
plastic or drug.

The Green Engineering Program within the Office of Chemical Safety and
Pollution Prevention (OCSPP) has for several years been studying
re-manufacturing scenarios for “once-used” solvents in the
pharmaceutical industry sector that use solvents as chemical
manufacturing and processing aids. By focusing on the life-cycle
(beginning and end of life) impact in their manufacture, and reviewing
Toxics Release Inventory Production Related Waste reporting, EPA has
found that a large, but often hidden footprint is from the disposal of
these solvents.  EPA has determined that the environmental impacts from
solvents used as manufacturing and processing aids could be
significantly reduced if the product life of solvents used for these
purposes were extended to more than a single use. (Extension of life)

Why these Sectors?   

As stated in the Preamble, EPA selected these sectors as candidates for
the re-manufacturing exclusion because they are manufacturing sectors
not waste handling sectors, and because they use chemicals serving as
chemical manufacturing and processing aids.  Sectors that use chemicals
in this way are limited to those that make chemicals, and these sectors
are relatively few in number.  EPA has selected most of the sectors that
fall into this group and would welcome comment on its selections.  Since
readers may well be familiar with numerous additional sectors downstream
from chemical manufacturers which combine chemicals to make various
end-products, EPA would simply note that they do not share the function
of performing actual chemical manufacturing and processing, do not use
chemicals in their capacity as manufacturing and processing aids and,
thus, cannot be considered under the re-manufacturing exclusion as
proposed.  

Regarding the sectors selected as candidates for the re-manufacturing
exclusion, EPA would like to note a few things.  The basic organic
chemicals sector makes both polymer resins and specialty chemicals. 
Polymer resins are the backbone for paints, resins and plastics, whereas
specialty chemicals are used to make the complex molecules in the
pharmaceutical industry.   TRI reporting shows that the facilities
within and among each sector are co-located by each other and are
customers of one another.  Although there are many small facilities
within each of these sectors, the highest volumes of material are
reported by a few large parent companies that manage the entire supply
chain.  Also, film-forming agents are resins, but are reported in the
paint & coatings sector.  Makers of polymers report in both basic
organic and plastic & resin sectors.  Some makers of specialty chemicals
used in and sold to pharmaceutical companies actually report in the
pharmaceutical industry. 

Why these Chemicals?

EPA has made its best estimate of those chemicals used as chemical
manufacturing and processing aides in significant volumes from the list
of all chemicals used by the four selected sectors.  As noted in the
Preamble to the Proposed Rule, “processing aid” solvents assist in
the reaction, extraction, purification, and blending of ingredients and
reactive products, but are not themselves reacted. These processing aid
solvents, once used, can then be re-manufactured to commercial grade
again. These higher-value solvents were selected because there are
existing markets for all these solvents to be re-manufactured to serve
similar purposes to those of the original commercial-grade materials.
All these chemicals are solvents (some watery, some oily, some a
specialty combination of the two), and TRI reporting indicates these
sectors use these solvents in large volumes.  EPA would welcome comments
on any additions or deletions that could be made to its list of
chemicals used as chemical manufacturing and processing aides in the
four selected sectors.   

Why these Functions? 

As noted in the Preamble, EPA has selected two chemical functions that a
sector would need to be engaged in to make its chemical(s) eligible for
re-manufacturing under the exclusion: (1) the chemical would need to be
serving as a chemical manufacturing aid (reacting, extracting, blending
and/or purifying chemicals); or, (2) the chemical would need to be
serving as a chemical processing aid (extracting, blending and purifying
chemicals).  EPA chose these functions because solvents used for these
functions, when chosen to, can be easily separated readily from the
other reaction components.  Easy separation can occur because these
solvents serve to dissolve other chemicals without bonding to them, in a
contaminant-free processing step, after which they are removed as
quickly and completely as possible.  This is in contrast to a solvent
serving in an alternate function as a cleaner or degreaser, where the
solvent gets contaminated, is more difficult to separate from grease or
other contaminants, and is more likely to be discarded. 

EPA is able to discern the functional footprint of the selected solvents
in sector facility TRI reports.  Sectors that use a chemical in
significant volumes as a manufacturing and processing aid have a
significantly higher waste-to-release ratio for that chemical
(discernable even in aggregate chemical reporting) than sectors that use
a chemical for other functions. (See  Table 1)

Table 1.  2009 TRI Rank by Waste Reporting 

A TRI-reporting facility has a high waste-to-release ratio when
relatively little is being released on site and relatively more of it is
being managed as a waste.  Its management as a waste could involve
disposal onsite (e.g., burning for energy recovery or flaring) or
offsite (e.g., incineration or burning at a cement kiln for energy
recovery).  By contrast, if a solvent were being used as a degreaser
onsite, there would be a higher proportion of releases, since a solvent
in use as a degreaser releases fugitive volatile emissions.   

The primary reason for this footprint is clear in the analysis.  Of the
billion pounds reported of the 16 TRI chemicals by these 4 sectors, over
half is recycled onsite.   The largest ‘waste’ reporting submissions
are in the basic organic chemical industry.  When they choose to
recycle, virtually all of chemical is recovered.  (>99% of total
production related waste).  So there are no other releases or wastes
associated with over 500 million of the billion pounds reported.  TRI
Production Related Waste is reported as a transfer, such as to landfill,
underground injection, POTW, energy recovery, treatment and recycling. 
Any onsite or offsite recycling is reported within the Total Production
Related Waste number.  So the footprint is clear to discern but not
clear in it’s meaning, as the top waste submitters are also the top
solvent recyclers.  A facility in Hopewell VA, (Map 1), has the 2nd and
3rd largest waste submissions in all of TRI reporting.  2008TRI
reporting shows that this facility recycles 99.38% of its methanol, over
56,000 tons.   

As Map 1 illustrates, Hopewell also reports 168 tons of methanol being
transferred  to the local wastewater treatment facility.  The methanol 
could be used as a wastewater facility treatment chemical.  The use of
methanol as a wastewater treatment chemical for reducing nitrate levels
in POTWs has been successfully applied.  

Map 1.

Sectors

The following sections further provide the rationale for the selection
of the sectors and chemicals.

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Sector (Pharma):  There are 208 submissions
of the 16 chemicals accounting for 10% of the billion pounds reported
for the 4 sectors.  As confirmed by this sector’s waste to release
ratio, this industry uses, conservatively, 100 kg solvents to make just
one kg of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient.  It appears that these
companies outsource their ‘waste’ management.  The highest
percentage of the waste reported, 35% is going to offsite energy
recovery.  In the current environment, nearly half of these cleanest
materials end up in a cement kiln or incinerator.  There is both on-site
recycling (29%) and off-site recycling (9%), with a combined total
recycling rate of 38%.  (See Table 2 below and Tables 1.1 and 1.2 in
Appendix 1)   

		Table 2.  Pharmaceutical Sector Offsite and Onsite Recycling

Paint & Coating Manufacturing Sector (P&C):  There are 991 submissions
of the 16 chemicals accounting for 9% of the billion pounds reported for
the 4 sectors.  As confirmed by the high number of TRI submissions to a
relatively low volume, the Paint & Coatings industry has 1000’s of
products and must be able to turn around an order in a short period of
time.  As such, they keep a variety of monomers on hand.  These monomers
are stored in the processing aid solvents so they do not react before
their time.  The highest percentage of the waste reported, 62%, is
onsite recycling.  Off-site recycling account for 23% of the total
reported waste, and, when combined with onsite recycling, this industry
has the highest percentage of total waste that is recycled:  85%.   
(See Table 3 below and Tables 2.1 and 2.2 in Appendix 1)  

  		Table 3.  Paint & Coating Sector Offsite and Onsite Recycling

Plastic & Resin Manufacturing Sector (P&R):  There are 438 submissions
of the 16 chemicals accounting for 17% of the billion pounds reported
for the 4 sectors.  Petroleum refining and synthetic organic chemical
manufacturing facilities produce the raw materials used to make plastic
resin.  Because of integration between the industries, the development
of the petrochemical industry has contributed strongly to the growth of
the plastic resin industry.  The highest percentage of the waste
reported, 41%, is onsite recycling.  Off-site recycling accounts for
just 1% of the total reported waste.  When combined with onsite
recycling, this industry has a total recycling rate of 42%.    (See
Table 4 below and Tables 3.1 and 3.2 in Appendix 1)   

Table 4.  Plastic & Resin Sector Offsite and Onsite Recycling

Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Sector (BOM):   There are 765
submissions of the 16 chemicals accounting for 63% of the billion pounds
reported for the 4 sectors.  The organic chemicals industry is broken
down into two categories:  bulk and specialty.  The final product for
this sector is an actual chemical so it is inherent within this industry
to more effectively manage their chemicals on site.  Organic Chemicals
facilities, large and small volumes, report over 99% of their total
production related waste being recycled on site.   These submissions are
of high enough volumes to be able to consume all pharmaceutical solvents
currently being disposed of in a cement kiln. The highest percentage of
the waste reported, 60%, is onsite recycling.  There is no off-site
recycling reported for this industry.    (See Table 5 below and Tables
4.1 and 4.2 in Appendix 1)   

Table 5.  Basic Organic Sector Onsite Recycling

All Four Manufacturing Sectors Combined:  There are 2402 submissions of
the 16 chemicals accounting for the billion pounds reported for all 4
sectors.  Only 15% of this total mass is going to off-site Energy
Recovery (cement kiln) and off-site Thermal Treatment (incinerator). 
The highest percentage of the waste reported, 53% is onsite recycling. 
Off-site recycling account for 4% of the total reported waste.  When
combined with onsite recycling, all four sectors combined have a total
recycling rate of 57%.   On-site recycling and off-site energy recovery
seem to be an ‘all’ of ‘nothing’ choice.  Pharma facilities,
having the highest off-site energy recovery,  typically have 100% of
their total production related waste going to the cement kiln.  When BOM
chooses to recycle, it is typically at rates of 100% of their total
reported waste.  (See Table 6 below and Tables 5.1 and 5.2 in Appendix) 
 

Table 6.  All Four Sectors Combined: Offsite and Onsite Recycling 

Chemicals

Solvents can be broadly classified into two categories: polar and
non-polar, with polar being ‘water-loving’ and non-polar being
‘water-hating’.  Non-Polar Solvents facilitate in the addition and
removal of Hydrogen (+H) and / or a methyl group (-CH3).  Polar Protic
Solvents facilitate in the addition and removal of a Hydroxide group
(-OH) and / or the addition or removal of a methyl group (-CH3).   Polar
Aprotic Solvents facilitate the addition of substances other than the
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.  

The Polarity Index of the solvent provides a measure of a solvent's
polarity. Water has a Polarity Index of 10.  Solvents with a polarity
index of less than 3 are generally considered to be non-polar.  As a
rule of thumb, polar solvents dissolve polar compounds best and
non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds best: "like dissolves
like". Strongly polar compounds like salt dissolve only in very polar
solvents like water, while strongly non-polar compounds like oil
dissolve only in very non-polar organic solvents like hexane. Similarly,
water and hexane (or vinegar and vegetable oil) do not mix with each
other and will quickly separate into two layers even after being shaken
well. 

Non-Polar Solvents:  Non-polar chemicals are made of carbon and
hydrogen.  Hexane, derived directly from crude oil, has a polarity index
of 0.  Reactions using these solvents must be in water and oxygen free
environments as components from these materials interfere with the
chemical reaction.  Primary functions facilitate in the addition and
removal of Hydrogen (+H) (hydrogenation / dehydrogenation) and the
addition or removal of a methyl group (-CH3) (alkylation /
dealkylation).   There are 6 non-polar solvents:   hexane, (1, 2, 4)
trimethylbenzene, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene.  

Polar Protic Solvents:  On the opposite scale of the non-polar solvents
are the polar protic solvents.  Water (H-O-H) is a polar protic solvent.
   Polar protic solvents contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.  They
differ from non-polar as their primary function is the addition and
removal of a hydroxide group, (–OH).  Similar to non-polar is the
addition and removal of the methyl group (-CH3).  Methanol is CH3-OH. 
There are 3  polar protic solvents: methanol, ethanol and n-butyl
alcohol.

Polar Aprotic Solvents:   These solvents have a broad range of
polarities and are used in reactions with both polar protic and
non-polar solvents.  These are specialty chemicals made in batch
processes several stages downstream from the starting building blocks
and intermediate materials.  Polar aprotics involve addition of other
non-organic substances, such as ammonia / nitrogen and salt / chlorine
used to make acetonitrile and chloromethane.  Chemical formulations
contain carbons and hydrogen, often contains oxygen, and often contains
another element such as nitrogen or chlorine.  There are 9 polar protic
solvents: acetonitrile, chlorobenzene, chloroform, chloromethane,
dichloromethane, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), Methyl isobutyl ketone
(MIK), n,n- dimethylformamide, and tetrahydrofuran (THF).  

Functions

Dow Chemical describes the function of these chemicals as. . “A
special task in that they merely provide assistance during the
processing of....[chemical] materials.  When this task is done, they
should be removed again as quickly and completely as possible.”   
This is what allows these materials to be readily remanufactured.  

Two primary categories are manufactured using processing aid solvents in
this function:  

1 - Specialty Chemicals:  Multi–stage batch processing reactions where
a chemical is ‘built’ onto a backbone, and

2 – Resins: The monomer, polymers, and film forming agents that must
be dissolved before they can be reacted.

Used in making another Chemical:  High temperatures break or ‘crack’
the carbon double bond, allowing component, x---y to be reacted onto the
backbone.  

  

Functions include enabling x-y to attach with the molecule, removing x
or y from the reacted molecule, and removing x or y from the solvent
itself so that it may be reused.  The more complex the chemical, such as
a specialty chemical or a pharmaceutical, the more steps it takes to get
there.  These solvents are used in each step.

Used in making a (polymer) Resin  Dow Chemicals terms the types of
monomers used in chemical reactions to make polymers as ‘functional
monomers’.  A functional monomer will continue to create its own
polymer chain, as aided by the solvent, by feeding in more of the
functional monomer.  Illustrated, again, with ethylene (C2H4) (
polyethylene (C2nH4n):

  

The studied solvents are universally used to control the reaction
conditions, i.e. – keep the chemical from reacting and controlling the
reaction of the chemical.  There are a relatively small subset of
solvents used for this function that correspond with a broad range of
double-carbon bonded functional groups and functional monomers.  

Health Effects

Risk is a function of hazard and exposure, and, from a hazard
perspective, all of these chemicals have suspected or recognized
hazardous health effects associated with their manufacture, processing,
and use. (Table 7)  Although EPA and industry have been working to find
substitutes for the more hazardous of these solvents, or find ways to
use less of them, this has not yet been achieved.  In addition, some of
these solvents are building block and primary intermediate chemicals,
making them difficult to replace.  Until lower-risk substitutes for
these solvents are found, it is helpful from a health risk standpoint to
minimize the volume of solvents manufactured and to limit exposure to
those already manufactured.  

The exclusion can help reduce exposure to these solvents in three ways. 
First, the exclusion would extend the useful life of existing solvents,
which would reduce the health risks associated with their manufacture by
slowing the rate at which they are manufactured. Second, the exclusion
would reduce exposure to solvents already manufactured by reducing the
fuel blending of spent solvent.   Re-manufacturing a spent solvent will
eliminate the need for blending it with another spent solvent to satisfy
the fuel-ratio requirements of incinerators and cement kilns. This, in
turn, will reduce the fugitive emissions associated with unloading and
loading containers of volatile solvents at fuel-blending facilities. All
solvents are volatile, and virtually all spent solvents must go through
the fuel-blending process prior to disposal. Third and finally, the
exclusion can reduce the potential exposure from any transportation
incidents, since it is likely spent solvents can be transported shorter
distances for re-manufacturing purposes than they can for disposal
purposes.   

.  

Table 7: Solvents by Polarity Index with Health Effects

Solvent	  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula" \o
"Chemical formula"  Chemical formula 	Polarity Index	Health Hazard – 

-C≡N	5.8	Sus: BT, DT, GT, KT, HT, RepT, ResT

  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylformamide" \o
"Dimethylformamide"  Dimethylformamide  (DMF)	H-C(=O)N(CH3)2	6.4	Sus:
DT, GT, KT, NT, RepT, ResT, ST

Polar protic solvents



	Butyl Alcohol	CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH	3.9	Sus: BT, GT, NT, ResT, ST

  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol" \o "Methanol" 
Methanol 	CH3-OH	5.1	Sus: DT, GT, KT, NT, ResT, ST

  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" \o "Ethanol"  Ethanol
	CH3-CH2-OH	5.2	Sus: CT, BT, DT, ET, GT, NT, RepT, ResT, ST

  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)" \o "Water
(molecule)"  Water 	H-O-H	10	Sus:  GT, NT



Carcinogen:				CT	

Cardiovascular or blood Toxicant:     		BT

Developmental Toxicant:	 		DT

Endocrine Toxicant:			ET

Gastrointestinal or liver Toxicant:   		GT

Immunotoxicant:  				IT

Kidney Toxicant:				KT

Muscular Skeletal Toxicant:			MT

Neurotoxicant:  				NT								

Reproductive Toxicant			RepT

Respiratory Toxicant			ResT

Skin or Sense Organ Toxicant		ST

MAP 2

APPENDIX 1:  Sector Characterization:  Each Sector and All 4 Sectors
Combined

Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Sector

Table 1.1    Production Related Waste (PRW) Offsite Reporting

Table 1.2    Production Related Waste (PRW) Onsite Reporting & Summary

Figure 1.1   US Sector Map

Paint & Coatings Manufacturing Sector					 		

Table 2.1    Production Related Waste (PRW) Offsite Reporting

Table 2.2    Production Related Waste (PRW) Onsite Reporting & Summary

Figure 2.1   US Sector Map

Plastic & Resin Manufacturing Sector 					

Table 3.1    Production Related Waste (PRW) Offsite Reporting

Table 3.2    Production Related Waste (PRW) Onsite Reporting & Summary

Figure 3.1   US Sector Map

Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Sector   					

Table 4.1    Production Related Waste (PRW) Offsite Reporting

Table 4.2    Production Related Waste (PRW) Onsite Reporting & Summary

Figure 4.1   US Sector Map, Toluene Subset

Table 4.3    Top Waste Reporters / Top Recyclers  - By % of Total Waste

Table 4.4    Top Waste Reporters / Top Recyclers  - By Total Waste

Table 4.5    Top Waste Reporters / Top Recyclers  - By Chemical

Figure 4.2   Top Waste Reporter of Toluene:  Henry Map

Figure 4.3   Top Waste Reporter of Methanol:  Hopewell Map

   All 4 Sectors Combined 					

Table 5.1    All 4 sector summary w/ RTKNET.org and OECA Sector Profile
Notebook Links

Table 5.2    Production Related Waste (PRW) Offsite Reporting

Table 5.3    Production Related Waste (PRW) Onsite Reporting & Summary

Figure 5.1   US Sector Map:  All 4 sectors combined with cement kilns

APPENDIX 2:  Regional Maps: Transportation and co-located 

Potential Remanufacturing Facilities

	

Figure 6.1   Pharmaceutical:  Elkton, VA 

Figure 6.2   Pharmaceutical:  Florence, SC

Figure 6.3   Pharmaceutical:  Albany, OR			

        	Figure 6.4   Basic Organic:  Willow Island, WV

Figure 6.5   Basic Organic:  Elgin SC

Figure 6.6   Basic Organic:    Georgetown, IL	

	Figure 6.6   Basic Organic Willow Island  & Pharmaceutical Elkton

Figure 6.7   Basic Organic Elgin & Pharmaceutical Florence 

Figure 6.8   Basic Organic Georgetown & Pharmaceutical Kalamazoo (Sector
Anlysis, Map 2)

APPENDIX 3:  New Chemicals Assessment:  Release and Exposure from 

Toluene Fuel Blending

 

      	7.1   Premanufacture Notice (PMN) Process Flow Chart

7.2   New Chemical assessment as it relates to the Remanufacturing
Exclusion

7.3   ChemSTEER Worksheet:  Manufacture and use (destroyed) as an
intermediate

Figure 7.1   Puerto Rico Map:  Transport of Toluene from Pfizer to
disposal

7.5   ChemSTEER worksheet:  Fuel Blending (unload, blend, load) Activity

7.6   ChemSTEER:  Fuel Blending:  ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES ESTIMATE
SUMMARY

7.7   ChemSTEER:  Fuel Blending:  OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES ESTIMATE
SUMMARY

             Figure 7.2   Cement Kiln US Sector Map

	

APPENDIX 4:  Mass Balance Model and Embedded Emissions Modules      

	

Table 8.1  Mass Balance Model

	Table 8.2  Modules Embedded in Mass Balance Model

 Mass Balance Model is available to estimate emissions reductions from a
process change of disposal to recycling.  See Tables 8.1 and 8.2,
Appendix 4

 See discussion and table on “Why these functions?” one page below
for TRI evidence of sector-function relationship.

 See Map 2, and Figures 6.1 – 6.8, Appendix 2.

 Adapted from RTKNET.org, 2009TRI Rank by Waste Reporting

 See Table 4.4, Appendix 1:  Top Waste Reporters / Top Recyclers  - By %
of Total Waste  

 Id

 Nearly 200 wastewater treatment facilities across the US are currently
using methanol in their denitrification process.  Blue Plains Wastewater
Treatment Facility is the single largest point source of nitrogen for
the Bay, at 20 tons of nitrogen per day. Methanol denitrification helped
to reduce that number to 10 tons per day, half its original nitrogen
discharge. The use of methanol denitrification at Blue Plains has
resulted in a 30% drop in nitrogen levels in the Chesapeake Bay, from
just one treatment plant.   HYPERLINK
"http://www.methanol.ru/fotos/File/MethanolDenitrification.pdf" 
www.methanol.ru/fotos/File/MethanolDenitrification.pdf 

 Preamble footnote 21

 Goldschmidt, A., Streitberger, H., BASF handbook of Coating Technology,
Typical Composition of Coatings, Figure 2.1.1, pg 28, 2003.

 Dan Crowl, H. Dow Professor for Chemical Process Safety, Michigan
Technical University, email from 4/20 /11

 OECA sector profile notebook on Plastic and Manmade resins. EPA’s
OECA Sector Notebook:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/assistance/sectors
/notebooks/index.html" 
http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/assistance/sectors/
notebooks/index.html 

 See  Table 4.4, Appendix 1:  Top Waste Reporters / Top Recyclers  - By
% of Total Waste  

 See Table 7:  Solvent Polarity with Health Effects

 Yocum and Nyquist, (ed), Functional Monomers: Their Preparation,
Polymerization, and Application, 1973.

 The theory and application of breaking a double carbon bond of a
smaller molecule to make other chemicals is very broad.  A series of
books on chemistry edited by Patai include a double volume (1343 pgs) on
“The chemistry of double-bonded functional groups”, John Wiley &
Sons, 1978.

 Allen, D., Shonnard, D, Green Engineering:  Environmentally Conscious
Design of Chemical Processes, Risk Concepts, chapter 2, pgs 35-62,
Austin, S., US EPA Editor, Published by Prentice-Hall, 2001.

 See 7.6 & 7.7, Appendix 3: Environmental Release and Exposure from Fuel
Blending   

 See Map 2 and Figures 6.1 – 6.8, Appendix 2, Regional Maps. 

 A Charles M. Hansen   HYPERLINK
"http://books.google.com/books?id=gprF31cvT2oC&printsec=frontcover" 
Hansen solubility parameters: a user's handbook  CRC Press, 2007,  
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0849372488" 
ISBN 0849372488 

 Scorecard.org / chemical profiles / health hazards

 US Sector Maps:  Facilities in United States reporting Toluene > 25,000
lbs waste.

 Regional Maps:  Facilities in Region reporting toluene > 25,000 lbs
waste.  Includes current offsite disposal routes and locations of
potential remanufacturing facilities.

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