COMPARISONS
OF
ASTM
METHODS
REFERENCED
IN
THE
RCRA
REGULATIONS
AT
40
CFR
261.21(
a)(
1)
WITH
NEWER
EDITIONS
OF
THE
METHODS
April
2002
Prepared
by:

Science
Applications
International
Corp.
11251
Roger
Bacon
Drive
Reston,
VA
20190
Prepared
for:

U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Office
of
Solid
Waste
1200
Pennsylvania
Avenue
Washington,
DC
20460
EPA
Contract
No.
68­
W0­
0122,
WA
No.
0­
5
SAIC
Project
No.
06­
6312­
08­
4045­
XXX
1
Introduction
The
U.
S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(
the
Agency
or
EPA)
plans
to
publish
a
proposed
rule
(
to
be
known
as
the
Methods
Innovation
Rule
or
MIR)
which
will
include
the
replacement
of
ASTM
standards
D
93­
80
and
D
3278­
78
with
D
93­
99c
and
3278­
96,
respectively,
in
the
RCRA
regulations
at
40
CFR
261.21(
a)(
1).
This
document
includes
section­
by­
section
comparisons
of
the
newer
methods
with
their
counterpart
older
versions.
Section
differences
are
summarized.
ASTM
D
3278­
78
ASTM
D
3278­
96
2
Comparison
of
ASTM
D
3278­
78,
Flash
Point
of
Liquids
by
Setaflash
Closed
Tester
and
ASTM
D
3278­
96,
Flash
Point
of
Liquids
by
Small
Scale
Closed­
Cup
Apparatus
Purpose
of
Comparison
The
Agency
is
considering
the
replacement
of
a
reference
to
ASTM
D
3278­
78,
Flash
Point
of
Liquids
by
Setaflash
Closed
Tester,
with
ASTM
D
3278­
96,
Flash
Point
of
Liquids
by
Small
Scale
Closed­
Cup
Apparatus,
in
the
RCRA
regulations
for
the
ignitability
characteristic
at
40
CFR
261.21(
a)(
1)
and
in
SW­
846
Method
1020.
ASTM
D
3278­
96
is
a
more
current
edition
of
the
procedure
than
ASTM
D
3278­
78.
The
purpose
of
this
comparison
of
ASTM
D
3278­
78
and
ASTM
D
3278­
96
is
to
document
and
summarize
section­
by­
section
differences
between
the
methods.

Summary
of
Findings
Most
of
the
new
information
found
in
the
1996
version
represents
minor
clarifications
of
the
procedure.
Test
Method
A
(
Flash/
No
Flash)
of
the
1996
version
is
essentially
the
same
as
Test
Method
A
of
the
1978
version.
New
material
was
incorporated
into
Test
Method
B
(
Finite
Flash
Point)
of
the
1996
version
to
emphasize
the
need
to
perform
duplicate
determinations
of
the
flash
point.
However,
the
method
is
essentially
the
same
test
found
in
the
1978
version.

Details
regarding
the
comparison
follow.

Results
of
Line­
by­
Line
Comparison
1.
Scope
Section
1.1
of
the
1996
version
is
similar
to
Sections
1.1
and
1.2
of
the
1978
version.

Section
1.2
of
the
1996
version
has
material
from
Section
1.4
of
the
1978
version
and
new
material
regarding
the
use
of
the
test
results
for
fire­
hazard
or
fire­
risk
assessments.

Section
1.3
of
the
1996
version
contains
new
material
that
addresses
safety
concerns.

Note
1
of
the
1996
version
is
identical
to
Note
1
of
the
1978
version.

Notes
2
through
5
of
the
1996
version
contain
new
material.

2.
Referenced
Documents
This
section
is
essentially
identical
to
Section
2
of
the
1978
version,
with
minor
editorial
changes,
and
also
includes
ISO
standards.

3.
Terminology
This
section
of
the
1996
version
provides
a
definition
of
flash
point,
which
was
not
included
in
the
1978
version.
ASTM
D
3278­
78
ASTM
D
3278­
96
3
4.
Summary
of
Test
Method
Sections
4.1
and
4.2
in
the
1996
version
are
similar
to
Sections
3.1
and
3.2
of
the
1978
version.
The
1996
version
replaced
the
term
"
Setaflash
Tester"
with
"
small
scale
closed­
cup
apparatus."
The
two
terms,
however,
are
used
to
describe
the
same
apparatus
depicted
in
Annex
A1.

5.
Significance
and
Use
Section
5
of
the
1996
version
contains
new
information
regarding
the
various
uses
of
the
flash
point
test.
This
section
was
not
included
in
the
1978
version.

6.
Apparatus
Sections
6.1
through
6.5
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
identical
to
Sections
4.1
through
4.5
of
the
1978
version.

7.
Reagents
and
Materials
Section
7.1
and
Sections
7.3
through
7.4
of
the
1996
version
are
nearly
identical
to
Sections
5.1
through
5.4
of
the
1978
version,
respectively.

Section
7.2
of
the
1996
version
adds
n­
butanol
as
a
second
optional
reference
standard.
The
1978
Setaflash
method
includes
one
calibration
standard,
p­
xylene.
n­
Butanol
was
added
as
a
second
standard
to
be
consistent
with
the
range
of
flash
point
used
by
"
U.
S.
regulatory
agencies
in
defining
flammable
liquids."

8.
Sampling
Section
8.1
of
the
1996
version
is
identical
to
Section
6.1
of
the
1978
version.

Note
6
of
the
1996
version
is
identical
to
Section
6.2
of
the
1978
version.

Note
7
of
the
1996
version
contains
new
material
on
sample
storage
procedures
to
prevent
the
loss
of
volatile
material
from
the
sample.

9.
Preparation
of
Apparatus
Sections
9.1
through
9.5
of
the
1996
version
are
similar
to
Sections
7.1
through
7.5
of
the
1978
version.
The
only
differences
are
that
Section
9.5
of
the
1996
version
mentions
the
use
of
nbutanol
as
a
second
option
of
a
reference
standard,
and
Section
9.2
of
the
1996
version
makes
an
editorial
correction
changing
9
E
F
to
10
E
F.
ASTM
D
3278­
78
ASTM
D
3278­
96
4
TEST
METHOD
A
­
FLASH/
NO
FLASH
10.
Procedure
­
Ambient
to
110
E
C
(
230
E
F)

Sections
10.1
through
10.7
in
the
1996
version
are
essentially
identical
to
Sections
8.1
through
8.7
of
the
1978
version.

Notes
8
and
9
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
identical
to
the
Section
8
Notes
2
and
3
of
the
1978
version.

Note
10
of
the
1996
version
is
somewhat
different
from
the
corresponding
note
(
note
4)
in
the
1978
version.
The
note
in
the
1996
version
recommends
that
the
nozzle
of
the
ignition
device
intersect
the
plane
of
the
underside
of
the
cover
when
inserted.
The
note
in
the
1978
version
states
that
the
nozzle
of
the
ignition
device
shall
be
1
±
1
mm
above
the
underside
of
the
cover
when
inserted
into
the
test
cup.

Note
11
of
the
1996
version
is
identical
to
Note
5
of
the
1978
version.

11.
Procedure
­
0
E
C
(
32
E
F)
to
Ambient
Section
11.1
through
11.4
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
the
same
as
Sections
9.1
through
9.4
of
the
1978
version,
respectively.

Notes
12
and
13
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
identical
to
Section
9.2.1
and
Note
6
of
the
1978
version,
respectively.

TEST
METHOD
B
­
FINITE
FLASH
POINT
12.
Procedure
­
Ambient
to
110
E
C
(
230
E
F)

Sections
12.1.1
and
12.1.2
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
identical
to
Sections
10.1
and
10.2
of
the
1978
version.

Sections
12.2
and
12.3
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
the
same
as
Sections
10.3
and
10.3.1
of
the
1978
version,
respectively.
Section
12.3
has
a
typographical
error,
it
refers
the
reader
to
Note
4
instead
of
Note
14.

Note
14
of
the
1996
version
is
identical
to
Note
7
of
the
1978
version.

Section
12.3.1
of
the
1996
version
is
similar
to
Section
10.3.2
of
the
1978
version;
the
wording
differs
slightly.

Section
12.3.1.1
of
the
1996
version
contains
new
material
requiring
the
operator
to
repeat
the
determination
of
the
flash
point
(
12.3.1)
with
a
new
specimen,
and
calculate
the
corrected
mean
temperature.
The
1978
version
of
the
method
states
the
need
for
duplicate
determinations
of
the
flash
point
in
its
Section
14.
In
that
section
the
operator
is
required
to
report
the
mean
of
duplicate
determinations
to
the
nearest
0.5
E
C,
provided
that
the
values
do
not
differ
by
>
1
E
C.
ASTM
D
3278­
78
ASTM
D
3278­
96
5
Section
12.4
of
the
1996
version
is
essentially
the
same
as
Section
10.4.1
of
the
1978
version.

Section
12.4.1
of
the
1996
version
contains
new
material
requiring
the
operator
to
repeat
the
determination
of
the
flash
point
(
12.3.1)
with
a
new
specimen,
and
calculate
the
corrected
mean
temperature.
The
1978
version
of
the
method
addresses
the
need
for
duplicate
determinations
of
the
flash
point
in
its
Section
14.
In
that
section
the
operator
is
required
to
report
the
mean
of
duplicate
determinations
to
the
nearest
0.5
E
C,
provided
that
the
values
do
not
differ
by
>
1
E
C.

13.
Procedure
­
0
E
C
(
32
E
F)
to
Ambient
Sections
13.1.1
through
13.3.1
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
the
same
as
Sections
11.1
through
11.4.2
of
the
1978
version,
respectively.

Section
13.3.1.1
of
the
1996
version
contains
new
material
requiring
the
operator
to
repeat
the
determination
of
the
flash
point
(
13.3.1)
with
a
new
specimen,
and
calculate
the
corrected
mean
temperature.
The
1978
version
of
the
method
addresses
the
need
for
duplicate
determinations
of
the
flash
point
in
its
Section
14.
In
that
section
the
operator
is
required
to
report
the
mean
of
duplicate
determinations
to
the
nearest
0.5
E
C,
provided
that
the
values
do
not
differ
by
>
1
E
C.

Section
13.4
of
the
1996
version
is
essentially
identical
to
Section
11.5.1
of
the
1978
version.

Section
13.4.1
of
the
1996
version
contains
new
material
requiring
the
operator
to
repeat
the
determination
of
the
flash
point
(
13.3.1)
with
a
new
specimen,
and
calculate
the
corrected
mean
temperature.
The
1978
version
of
the
method
states
the
need
for
duplicate
determinations
of
the
flash
point
in
its
Section
14.
In
that
section
the
operator
is
required
to
report
the
mean
of
duplicate
determinations
to
the
nearest
0.5
E
C,
provided
that
the
values
do
not
differ
by
>
1
E
C.

14.
Clean­
up
of
Apparatus
and
Preparation
for
New
Test
Sections
14.1
through
14.4
of
the
1996
version
are
identical
to
Sections
12.1
through
12.4
of
the
1978
version,
respectively.

Notes
15
and
16
of
the
1996
version
are
identical
to
Notes
8
and
9
of
the
1978
version.

15.
Correction
for
Barometric
Pressure
Sections
15.1
and
15.2
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
the
same
as
Sections
13.2
and
13.1
of
the
1978
version,
respectively.

16.
Report
Sections
16.1
and
16.2
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
identical
to
Sections
14.1
and
14.2
of
the
1978
version,
respectively.
ASTM
D
3278­
78
ASTM
D
3278­
96
6
17.
Precision
and
Bias
Section
17.1
of
the
1996
version
contains
new
material
regarding
the
precision
and
bias
of
Test
Method
A.
The
1996
version
states
that
there
are
no
precision
data
for
the
flash/
no
flash
test
since
the
result
only
indicates
whether
or
not
the
sample
flashes
at
the
required
flash
point.
No
information
about
the
precision
or
bias
of
Test
Method
A
was
given
in
the
1978
version.

Sections
17.2
through
17.4
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
identical
to
Sections
15.1
through
15.3
of
the
1978
version,
respectively.

Sections
17.5
and
17.6
of
the
1996
version
are
new,
specifying
two
types
of
materials
for
which
precision
date
are
not
available.

Section
17.7
of
the
1996
version
is
new,
indicating
that
it
is
inappropriate
to
estimate
the
bias
of
this
test.

18.
Keywords
This
section
contains
a
list
of
keywords
in
the
1996
version.
Keywords
are
not
given
in
the
1978
version.

19.
Annexes
Annex
A1
and
A2
of
the
1996
version
are
essentially
identical
to
the
corresponding
annexes
in
the
1978
version.

Annex
A3
of
the
1996
version
has
similar
information
to
that
in
Annex
A3
of
the
1978
version
as
well
as
new
material
regarding
the
use
of
n­
Butanol
as
a
reference
standard.

Annex
A4
of
the
1996
version
is
essentially
identical
to
the
corresponding
annex
in
the
1978
version.

Annex
A5
of
the
1996
version
contains
all
new
material
regarding
the
testing
of
organic
peroxides.
7
Comparison
of
ASTM
D
93­
80
and
ASTM
D
93­
99c
Flash
Point
by
Pensky­
Martens
Closed
Cup
Tester
Purpose
of
Comparison
The
Agency
is
considering
the
replacement
of
a
reference
to
ASTM
D93­
80
with
ASTM
D93­
99c,
Flash
Point
by
Pensky­
Martens
Closed
Cup
Tester,
in
RCRA
regulations
for
the
ignitability
characteristic
at
40
CFR
261.21(
a)(
1)
and
in
SW­
846
Method
1010.
ASTM
D93­
99c
is
a
most
more
recent
version
than
D93­
80.
The
purpose
of
a
comparison
of
ASTM
D
93­
80
and
ASTM
D
93­
99c
before
the
replacement
is
to
identify
any
substantive
differences.
Substantive
differences
might
affect
overall
how
many
wastes
are
identified
as
hazardous
based
on
the
ignitability
characteristic
and
might
make
the
procedure
significantly
much
more
costly
to
perform.

Summary
of
Findings
The
line­
by­
line
comparison
of
the
1980
(
ASTM
D
93­
80)
and
1999
(
ASTM
D
93­
99c)
versions
of
the
Flash
Point
by
Pensky­
Martens
Closed
Cup
Tester
Methods
revealed
some
differences.
Most
of
the
new
information
found
in
the
1999
version
deals
with
the
use
of
an
automated
apparatus
for
performing
the
test,
some
new
instructions
regarding
sample
collection,
and
the
verification
of
apparatus
performance
by
using
certified
reference
materials
and
secondary
working
standards.
The
rest
of
the
new
material
in
the
1999
version
offers
precautionary
information
and
additional
guidance
to
aid
the
operator
in
performing
the
test.

New
material
of
ASTM
D93­
99c
in
Procedure
A,
Determination
of
Flash
Point
of
Fuel
Oils,
Lubricating
Oils
and
Other
Homogeneous
Liquids,
requires
that
the
operator
repeat
the
test
with
a
new
specimen
at
a
lower
temperature
when
a
flash
point
is
detected
on
the
first
application.
A
test
repeat
is
not
expensive
or
time
consuming.

Similarly,
Procedure
A
requires
that
an
initial
result
be
considered
approximate
and
the
test
repeated
when
a
flash
point
is
detected
at
a
temperature
greater
than
28
E
C
or
less
than
18
E
C
above
the
temperature
of
the
first
application
of
the
ignition
source.
Its
impact
of
this
new
requirement
for
the
purpose
of
an
ignitability
determination
under
RCRA
regulations
is
moot
since
60
E
C
is
the
standard
temperature
for
such
a
determination.

The
1999
version
also
adds
the
use
of
certified
reference
materials
(
CRMs)
and
secondary
working
standards
(
SWSs)
to
check
apparatus
performance.
The
use
of
CRMs
and
SWSs
provides
some
protection
against
false
negative
and
false
positive
errors
in
the
test.

Assuming
that
the
1980
version
of
the
procedure
is
performed
correctly
in
the
first
place,
the
addition
of
QC
steps
by
the
1999
version
is
not
significant.

Details
regarding
the
comparison
follow.
8
Results
of
Line­
by­
Line
Comparison
1.
Scope
In
general,
Section
1
of
the
1999
version
contains
similar
information
to
Section
1
of
the
1980
version
that
is
arranged
in
a
different
format.

Section
1.1
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
material,
allowing
the
use
of
either
a
manual
or
an
automated
Pensky­
Martens
closed
cup
apparatus.
In
addition,
Section
1.1
of
the
1999
version
specifies
a
temperature
range
of
40
to
360
E
C
for
determination
of
the
flash
point
of
petroleum
products.
Section
6.1
of
the
1980
version
contained
language
allowing
the
use
of
an
automated
testing
apparatus.

Note
1
of
the
1999
version
is
new
and
states
that
the
precision
of
the
procedures
above
250
E
C
(
and
100
E
C
for
residual
fuels)
has
not
been
determined.

Section
1.2
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
regarding
the
applicability
of
Procedure
A
for
flash
point
determination
of
different
types
of
substances.

Section
1.3
of
the
1999
version
is
similar
to
Section
1.1
of
the
1980
version;
it
also
contains
additional
information
regarding
the
applicability
of
Procedure
B
for
flash
point
determination
of
different
types
of
substances.

Note
2
of
the
1999
version
is
almost
identical
to
Section
1.2
of
the
1980
version.

Section
1.4
of
the
1999
version
is
similar
to
Note
2
of
the
1980
version
regarding
the
use
of
the
test
for
detection
of
material
contamination.

Section
1.5
of
the
1999
version
is
similar
to
Section
1.4
of
the
1980
version,
with
the
exception
that
in
the
1999
version
of
the
method
SI
units
(
E
C)
are
regarded
as
the
standard
and
values
are
provided
in
E
F
for
information
purposes
only.

Section
1.6
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
advising
the
user
to
establish
appropriate
safety
and
health
practices
during
use.

2.
Reference
Documents
The
1999
version
contains
a
longer
list
of
reference
documents
than
the
1980
version,
including
for
ISO
standards.

3.
Terminology
Sections
3.1.1,
3.1.1.1,
and
3.1.1.2
of
the
1999
version
are
essentially
identical
to
Sections
5.1,
5.1.1,
and
5.1.2
of
the
1980
version,
respectively.

Sections
3.1.2
and
3.1.3
of
the
1999
version
contain
additional
definitions.
9
4.
Summary
of
Test
Method
Section
4.1
of
the
1999
version
is
similar
to
Section
3.1
of
the
1980
version
of
the
method,
with
the
exception
that
the
1999
version
specifies
that
the
cup
is
to
be
filled
with
the
sample
to
the
level
indicated
by
the
filling
mark
and
fitted
with
a
cover
of
specified
dimensions.
In
addition,
Section
4.1
of
the
1999
version
specifies
that
the
test
specimen
be
heated
and
stirred
by
either
of
two
procedures,
A
or
B.

5.
Significance
and
Use
Sections
5.1
and
5.2
of
the
1999
version
are
nearly
identical
to
Sections
4.1
and
4.2
of
the
1980
version,
respectively.

Note
3
of
the
1999
version
is
nearly
identical
to
Note
3
of
the
1980
version.

Sections
5.3
of
the
1999
version
contains
similar
information
to
that
found
in
Section
1.3
of
the
1980
version.

Section
5.4
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
claiming
this
method
to
be
the
only
closed
cup
flash
point
test
for
temperatures
up
to
370
E
C.

6.
Apparatus
The
1999
version
of
the
method
discusses
two
types
of
apparatus:
Manual
Pensky­
Martens
Closed
Cup
Apparatus
(
Section
6.1)
and
Automated
Pensky­
Martens
Closed
Cup
Apparatus
(
Section
6.2).
Section
6.1
of
the
1980
version
contained
language
allowing
the
use
of
an
automated
testing
apparatus.

Sections
6.1
and
6.2
of
the
1999
version
provide
more
detailed
information
about
the
apparatus
than
Section
6.1
of
the
1980
version,
but
they
all
refer
the
reader
to
Annex
A1
for
description
of
apparatus,
which
is
essentially
identical
to
Annex
A1
of
the
1980
version.

Section
6.3
of
the
1999
version
contains
similar
information
to
Section
6.2
of
1980
version,
but
presented
in
tabular
format.

Section
6.4
of
the
1999
version
presents
new
material
describing
the
ignition
source.
This
section
refers
the
reader
to
Figure
A1.4,
which
is
the
same
figure
found
in
the
1980
version.

Note
4
of
the
1999
version
provides
new
information
regarding
gas
pressure.

7.
Reagents
and
Materials
This
is
a
new
section
in
the
1999
version
and
it
contains
information
on
cleaning
solvents.

8.
Sampling
Section
8.1
of
the
1999
version
presents
new
material
regarding
how
to
obtain
a
sample.
10
Section
8.2
of
the
1999
version
has
new
material
regarding
how
much
sample
is
required
for
each
test,
and
regarding
the
fullness
of
the
sample
container.

Section
8.3
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
describing
how
to
avoid
the
loss
of
volatile
material
from
the
sample.

Sections
8.4
of
the
1999
version
is
similar
to
Section
8.3
of
the
1980
version
with
the
exception
that
Section
8.4
of
the
1999
version
notes
that
samples
in
leaky
containers
are
suspect.

Section
8.5
of
the
1999
version
is
similar
to
Section
8.1
of
the
1980
version,
but
includes
additional
information
regarding
the
handling
of
very
viscous
materials.

Section
8.6
of
the
1999
version
is
nearly
identical
to
Section
8.2
of
the
1980
version
of
the
method,
except
that
the
temperature
given
is
1
degree
C
higher.

Note
6
of
the
1999
version
contains
precautionary
information
about
the
loss
of
volatile
vapors.

Note
7
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
precautionary
information
about
the
loss
of
volatile
vapors
during
heating
of
viscous
samples.

Note
8
of
the
1999
version
is
nearly
identical
to
Note
5
of
the
1980
version.

9.
Preparation
of
Apparatus
Sections
9.1
and
9.2,
and
Note
9
of
the
1999
version
are
similar
to
Section
7.1
of
the
1980
version.

Note
10
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
material
on
performing
the
test
under
a
hood
for
those
samples
whose
vapors
or
products
of
pyrolysis
are
objectionable.

Section
9.3
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
material
regarding
the
preparation
of
the
apparatus
for
operation.

Note
11
of
the
1999
version
provides
new
information
regarding
gas
pressure.

Section
9.4
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
material
regarding
the
cleaning
of
the
test
cup
and
its
accessories
before
the
test.

Note
12
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
material
on
the
use
of
cleaning
solvents.

Note
13
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
precautionary
information
on
the
flammability
of
cleaning
solvents.

10.
Verification
of
Apparatus
(
Calibration
and
Standardization)

Section
10
of
the
1999
version
contains
all
new
information
regarding
the
verification
of
the
apparatus'
performance.
The
1980
version
of
the
method
had
no
quality
control
procedures.
11
11.
Procedure
A
Sections
11.1
through
11.1.4
of
the
1999
version
are
similar
to
Section
9.1
of
the
1980
version.
The
1999
version
specifies
that
the
temperature
of
the
test
cup
and
test
specimen
need
to
be
at
least
18
E
C
or
32
E
F
below
the
expected
flash
point
before
starting
the
test.

Notes
14
through
17
of
the
1999
version
contain
new
precautionary
information
for
the
operator
performing
the
test.

Sections
11.1.5.1
and
11.1.5.2
of
the
1999
version
are
similar
to
Sections
9.2
and
9.3
of
the
1980
version,
respectively,
with
some
minor
differences
in
the
temperature
range
specified.
In
the
1980
version
of
the
method,
the
flame
is
applied
when
the
temperature
is
between
17
E
C
and
28
E
C
below
expected
flash
point,
while
the
new
version
specifies
a
temperature
range
of
18
E
C
to
28
E
C.

Section
11.1.6
of
the
1999
version
is
nearly
identical
to
Note
6
of
the
1980
version.

Section
11.1.7
of
the
1999
version
has
new
information
on
performing
the
test
on
those
samples
where
the
expected
flash
point
temperature
is
not
known.
This
new
material
provides
more
guidance
to
the
operator.

Notes
18
and
19
of
the
1999
version
contain
additional
guidance
for
the
operator.

Sections
11.1.8
and
11.1.9
of
the
1999
version
are
essentially
the
same
as
Section
9.4
of
the
1980
version.

Note
20
of
the
1999
version
a
description
regarding
the
point
at
which
the
sample
is
deemed
to
have
flashed.

Section
11.1.10
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
advising
the
user
to
repeat
the
test
with
a
new
specimen
when
a
flash
point
is
detected
on
the
first
application.

Section
11.1.11
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
specifying
that
an
initial
result
be
considered
approximate
and
the
test
repeated
when
a
flash
point
is
detected
at
a
temperature
greater
than
28
E
C
or
less
than
18
E
C
above
the
temperature
of
the
first
application
of
the
ignition
source.

Section
11.1.12
of
the
1999
version
contains
more
guidance
for
the
operator
performing
the
test.

Note
21
of
the
1999
version
contains
additional
guidance
for
the
operator.

Section
11.2
of
the
1999
version
contains
information
on
performing
the
test
using
the
automated
apparatus.
This
information
is
similar
to
the
information
presented
for
the
manual
apparatus
in
Sections
11.1.1
through
11.1.8
in
the
1999
version.
12
12.
Procedure
B
Sections
12.1.1
and
12.1.2
of
the
1999
version
contain
more
detailed
information
on
the
use
of
the
manual
apparatus
in
Procedure
B
than
Section
10
of
the
1980
version.
This
new
material
is
similar
to
that
in
Sections
11.1.1
and
11.1.2
of
the
1999
version
for
Procedure
A.

Notes
22
through
25
of
the
1999
version
contain
precautionary
information
for
the
operator
similar
to
Notes
14
through
17
of
the
Procedure
A
1999
version.

Sections
12.1.3
through
12.1.5
of
the
1999
version
are
essentially
identical
to
Section
10.1
of
the
1980
version.

Sections
12.2
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
on
performing
Procedure
B
using
the
automated
apparatus.
This
information
is
similar
to
the
information
presented
for
performing
Procedure
A
using
the
automated
apparatus
in
Sections
11.2
of
the
1999
version.

13.
Calculation
Sections
13.1
and
13.2
of
the
1999
version
are
similar
to
Sections
11.1
and
11.2
of
the1980
version,
respectively.

Note
26
of
the
1999
version
is
essentially
the
same
as
Note
7
of
the
1980
version.

14.
Report
Section
14.1
of
1999
version
is
essentially
identical
to
Section
11.3
of
1980
version
15.
Precision
and
Bias
Sections
15.1.1
and
15.1.2
of
the
1999
version
contain
new
values
for
repeatability
and
reproducibility
for
Procedure
A.

Section
15.1.3
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
regarding
bias.

Section
15.1.4
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
about
relative
bias
for
Procedure
A.
The
1999
version
specifically
states
that
statistical
data
did
not
reveal
significant
differences
between
the
reproducibility
variances
of
manual
and
automated
Pensky­
Martens
flash
point
results.

Note
27
of
the
1999
version
contains
additional
information
regarding
precision
data.

Section
15.1.5
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
regarding
a
1994
cooperative
test
program
to
obtain
test
precision
data
for
Procedure
A.

Sections
15.2.1
and
15.2.2
of
the
1999
version
are
similar
to
Sections
12.2.1
and
12.2.2
of
the
1980
version
regarding
the
repeatability
and
reproducibility
of
Procedure
B.
13
Sections
15.2.3
of
the
1999
version
contain
new
information
regarding
bias
for
Procedure
B.
The
1999
version
specifically
states
that
no
bias
has
been
determined
for
Procedure
B.

Sections
15.2.4
and
15.2.5
of
the
1999
version
contain
new
information
regarding
the
development
of
test
precision
data
for
Procedure
B.

Note
28
of
the
1999
version
contains
additional
information
regarding
precision
data.

16.
Keywords
This
section
of
the
1999
version
contains
a
list
of
keywords.
Keywords
are
not
given
in
the
1980
version.

17.
Annexes
Annexes
A.
1,
and
A.
2
of
the
1999
version
are
essentially
identical
to
the
corresponding
annexes
in
the
1980
version.
Annex
A.
1
of
the
1999
version
contains
more
detailed
information
about
the
stirring
device
than
the
corresponding
annex
in
the
1980
version.
However,
both
annexes
refer
the
reader
to
figure
A1.4,
which
is
identical
in
both
versions
of
the
method.
Annex
A.
1
of
the
1999
version
also
contains
new
information
regarding
the
use
of
electric
ignitors.

Annex
A3
provides
slightly
different
thermometer
specifications
from
those
in
the
1980
version,
and
a
new
"
Table
A3.4
Specifications
for
Medium­
Range
Pensky
Martins".

Annex
4
of
the
1999
version
contains
new
information
regarding
certified
reference
materials
and
secondary
working
standards.

Annexes
are
newly
identified
as
"(
Mandatory
Information)"
14
Comparison
of
ASTM
D
93­
99c
and
ASTM
D
93­
00
Flash
Point
by
Pensky­
Martens
Closed
Cup
Tester
The
following
is
a
summary
of
the
main
differences
between
ASTM
D
93­
99c
and
D
93­
00.

1.
In
section
2.
Referenced
Documents,
the
following
document
was
added
to
the
'
00
version:
E
502
Test
Method
for
Selection
and
Use
of
ASTM
Standards
for
the
Determination
of
Flash
Point
of
Chemicals
by
Closed
Cup
Methods.

2.
Paragraph
8.2
was
revised
to
describe
the
different
volumes
required
in
the
containers
for
each
sample
type.
The
sentence
in
99c
"
The
sample
container
shall
be
at
least
85%
full"
was
replaced
with
"
When
obtaining
a
sample
of
residual
fuel
oil,
the
sample
container
shall
be
from
85
to
95%
full.
For
other
types
of
samples,
the
size
of
the
container
shall
be
chosen
such
that
the
container
is
not
more
than
85%
full
or
less
than
50%
full
prior
to
any
sample
aliquot
being
taken."

3.
Text
was
added
was
added
to
the
'
00
version
as
paragraph
8.3,
allowing
successive
specimens
from
the
sample
container
and
minimum
sample
container
volumes.
The
new
text
reads:
"
Successive
test
specimens
can
be
taken
from
the
same
sample
container.
Repeat
tests
have
been
shown
to
be
within
the
precisions
of
the
method
when
the
second
specimen
is
taken
with
the
sample
container
at
least
50%
filled.
The
results
of
flash
point
determinations
can
be
affected
if
the
sample
volume
is
less
than
50%
of
sample
container
capacity."

4.
Paragraph
11.1.1
was
revised
to
ensure
that
the
sample
container
volumes
are
as
specified
in
8.2.
The
following
sentence
now
precedes
the
original
paragraph:
"
Ensure
that
the
sample
container
is
filled
to
the
volume
capacity
requirement
specified
in
8.2."

5.
A
warning
note
was
added
to
version
'
00
after
paragraph
11.1.8
about
halogenated
hydrocarbons
and
the
flash
point
interference.

6.
Paragraph
12.1.1
was
revised
to
ensure
that
the
sample
container
volumes
are
as
specified
in
8.2.
The
following
sentence
now
precedes
the
original
paragraph:
"
Ensure
that
the
sample
container
is
filled
to
the
volume
capacity
requirement
specified
in
8.2."

7.
Table
A3.2,
column
14
(
which
refers
to
Bulb/
OD
E)
,
Row
2
(
which
refers
to
ASTM
9C­
62)
states
"[
gnE]
stem"
while
the
'
00
version
states
"
not
greater
than
stem".

8.
Appendix
X1
Flash
Point
Masking
Phenomenon
was
added.

9.
Appendix
X2
Flash
Point
Test
and
Flammability
of
Mixtures
was
added.
