The following table provides EPA’s current estimates of the number of
applicators and applications of pesticides that fall within pesticide
use patterns that result in the application of pesticides to and over,
including near, waters of the United States. The information has not
undergone peer review, and EPA intends to update these estimates as
additional data become available. 

There are two main limitations to the data provided.  First, there is
not a direct source of information on the number of applicators and
applications made for these pesticide use patterns.  As a result, the
estimates were derived from secondary sources of information, and
generalizing assumptions were sometimes made. The second limitation is
that the definition of an application and an applicator is derived from
the best available data by use pattern.  Therefore the definition may be
different by use pattern. More detail, by pesticide use pattern, is
provided in the calculation notes.

Following the table is a listing of information sources used in EPA’s
estimation of the number of pesticide applicators and applications.
Information sources are listed by pesticide use pattern.

NPDES Applicator & Application Estimates

Use Patterns	Number of Applicators	Number of Applications	Calculation
Notes

Mosquito Adulticides	1,200	461,450	There are 400 mosquito abatement
districts and approximately 800 other public agencies that apply
mosquito control pesticides--it is assumed that each represents an
applicator.  There were 103 million acre-treatments with insecticides in
2005 (99 million for adulticides and 4 million for larvicides). Assuming
that 77% of adulticide applications are made by ground and 23% are made
by air and that an average adulticide application by ground covers 180
acres and that an adulticide application by air covers 600 acres, there
are an estimated 461,450 annual adulticide applications.

Mosquito Larvicides	1,200	18,800	There are 400 mosquito abatement
districts and approximately 800 other public agencies that apply
mosquito control pesticides--it is assumed that each represents an
applicator.  There were 103 million acre-treatments with insecticides in
2005 (99 million for adulticides and 4 million for larvicides). Assuming
that 77% of larvicide applications are made by ground and 23% are made
by air and that an average larvicide application by ground covers 180
acres and that a larvicide application by air covers 600 acres, there
are an estimated 18,800 annual larvicide applications.

Aquatic Weed Control - Lakes and Ponds 	23,200	4,524,000	OPP data show
approximately 23,200 applicators holding certification in the aquatic
category.  The estimate of applications to lakes, ponds, irrigation
systems and waterways is the result of 23,200 multiplied by 1
application per day over 195 work days (5 work days per week multiplied
by 39 weeks [9 months of the year]), which equals 4,524,000 applications
per year. EPA cannot determine what applications are made to each site,
so one overall number has been calculated for all aquatic weed control
in lakes, ponds, irrigation systems, and waterways.

Aquatic Weed Control - Irrigation Systems and Waterways 	See Aquatic
Weed Control - Lakes and Ponds	See Aquatic Weed Control - Lakes and
Ponds	See Aquatic Weed Control - Lakes and Ponds

Aquatic Weed Control – Ditchbanks	330,000	660,000	About 15%, or
330,000, of 2.2 million U.S. farms are irrigated. EPA assumes that each
farm is treated twice per year.  This does not account for types of
irrigation.

Aquatic Nuisance Animal Control	Not Available	Not Available	Includes use
of pesticides for the control of fish, lampreys, and mollusks.  EPA
currently does not have an estimate of the number of applicators and
applications within this use pattern.

Wide Area Pest Control - Insects	170	5,000	Based on grasshopper & Mormon
cricket control. Estimate of 5 million acres treated with a minimum of
1,000 acres per application.  This is a low estimate because it does not
include east of the Mississippi, and parts of west. Number of
applicators is based on NAAA survey estimate of available aircraft.

Wide Area Pest Control - Invasive Weeds	5,000	10,000	Herbicides are
usually not feasible for control of large wide area infestations. They
are most likely used to control and/or eradicate smaller newer
infestations. Applicators may be individual landowners or government
agencies. No data is available for number of applicators and
applications, but EPA estimates that there are at least 5,000
applicators and 10,000 applications, and that these estimates may be
low.   

Forestry	4,500	4,500	There are 5,175 tracts of forest in the U.S. and
2.7 million acres of forest are treated per year. Assuming that an
average pesticide application to forests is 600 acres (based on NAAA
survey), the number of applications is calculated as the number of acres
treated per year divided by the number of acres treated per application.
It is assumed that the 4,500 applications are evenly distributed across
the 5,175 forest tracts, thus it is assumed that there is one applicator
per treated tract. The estimate of the number of applications and
applicators may be low because data are not available on pesticides
applied by ground.

Total	365,270	5,683,750

	

NPDES Applicator &Application Information Sources

Mosquito Control

CDC, 2009. Infectious disease information: Mosquito-borne diseases. U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available online at:  
HYPERLINK "http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/list_mosquitoborne.htm" 
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/list_mosquitoborne.htm 

EPA Proprietar Marketing Research Data. 

 

EPA and CDC, 2007. Joint statement on mosquito control in the United
States. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  and the U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention. Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/health/mosquitoes/mosquitojoint.htm" 
http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/health/mosquitoes/mosquitojoint.htm 

Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control, 1998. Florida mosquito
control: The

state of the mission as defined by mosquito controllers, regulators, and
environmental

managers, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL.

NAAA, 2004. Pesticide use survey report for agricultural aviation.
National Agricultural Aviation Association, Washington, DC. 

University of Florida, IFAS Extension,(undated). Integrated mosquito
management (IMM). Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory. Available
online at: 

  HYPERLINK
"http://mosquito.ifas.ufl.edu/Integrated_Mosquito_Management.htm" 
http://mosquito.ifas.ufl.edu/Integrated_Mosquito_Management.htm 

Aquatic Weed Control 

Baker Hughes Incorporated, 2004. MAGNACIDE® H herbicide: Most cost
effective aquatic weed control. Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.bakerhughesdirect.com/cgi/hello.cgi/BPC/public/agriculture/p
df/BakerPetrolie_costeffective.pdf" 
http://www.bakerhughesdirect.com/cgi/hello.cgi/BPC/public/agriculture/pd
f/BakerPetrolie_costeffective.pdf  

Bronzini, Michael S., 1997. Inland waterways: Still or turbulent waters
ahead?  Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,
Vol. 553, Transport at the Millennium (Sep., 1997), 66-74.

California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Pesticide Information
Portal, 2009. Pesticide Use Reporting. Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/purmain.htm" 
http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/purmain.htm 

EPA Proprietar Marketing Research Data. 

EPA. 2007. Survey of the Nation’s lakes: A fact sheet for communities.
 U.S. EPA, Office of Water, National Lakes Assessment. Available online
at:   HYPERLINK "http://epa.gov/owow/lakes/lakessurvey/" 
http://epa.gov/owow/lakes/lakessurvey/  

Smith, S.V., W.H. Renwick, J.D. Bartley, and R.W. Buddenmier, 2002. 
Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across
the United States landscape. The Science of The Total Environment
,Volume 299, Issues 1-3, 1 November 2002, 21-36.

University of Kentuchy, 2009. Aquatic weed control.  Univ. of Kentucky
Pesticide Education Program. Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.uky.edu/Ag/PAT/cat5/cat5.htm" 
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/PAT/cat5/cat5.htm 

U.S. Census Bureau, 2003. 2002 Census of Governments, Volume 1, Number
1, Government Organization, GC02(1)-1, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC. Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/gc021x1.pdf" 
http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/gc021x1.pdf  

USDA NASS, 2005 Census of Aquaculture, Volume 3, Special Studies, Part
2, AC-02-SP-2, 2006. Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2002/Aquaculture/index.asp" 
http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2002/Aquaculture/index.asp 

USDA NASS. 2009. 2007 Census of Agriculture. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available online
at:   HYPERLINK "http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/" 
http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/   

Wide Area Pest Control

Evans, E.W. and E.W. Hodgdon, 2008. Grasshoppers, Utah Pests Fact Sheet
ENT-125-08. Utah State U. Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic
Laboratory, June 2008.

NAAA, 2004. Pesticide use survey report for agricultural aviation.
National Agricultural Aviation Association, Washington, DC.

Plant Protection Act, Public Law 106-224 of June 20, 2000, Title IV, as
amended by Public Law 108-412, Section 1, Noxious Weed Control and
Eradication, October 30, 2004.

Roe, Alan, 2000. Grasshoppers and their control, Fact Sheet No.48. Utah
State U. Dept of Biology. 

USDA/APHIS. 2002. Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket Suppression
Program, Final  Environmental Impact Statement--2002. Available online
at:    HYPERLINK
"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/domestic/downloa
ds/eis.pdf" 
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/domestic/download
s/eis.pdf 

Forestry

Baker, J. and S. Bambara, 2001. White pine weevil. North Carolina
Cooperative Extension, NC State University, retrieved 3/12/09. Available
online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/O&T/trees/note33/note33.html" 
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/O&T/trees/note33/note33.html 

Christopherson J., (no date). Mountain pine beetle. Nevada Division of
Forestry, Forest Health Program, retrieved 3/12/09 at
http://www.forestry.nv.gov/main/health_pine.htm

Day, E. and S. Salom, 2003. White pine weevil. Virginia State
University, Cooperative Extension. Publication Number 444-270, retrieved
3/12/09. Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/entomology/444-270/444-270.html" 
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/entomology/444-270/444-270.html 

Duddles, R.E. and M. Cloughesy, 2002. Introduction to conifer release.
The Woodland Workbook: Reforestation, retrieved 3/12/09. Available
online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1388.pdf" 
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1388.pdf 

Dun and Bradstreet, 2009. Query, retrieved 2/14/09. Available online at:
  HYPERLINK "https://pdp.dnb.com/pdpepa/PDPLogin.asp" 
https://pdp.dnb.com/pdpepa/PDPLogin.asp 

Fitzgerald. S.A.,1998. Site preparation: an Introduction for the
woodland owner. The Woodland Workbook: Reforestation, retrieved 3/12/09.
Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1188.pdf" 
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1188.pdf 

Jackson, D., 2007. Herbicides and forest vegetation management:
Controlling unwanted trees, brush, and other competing forest
vegetation, Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural
Research Cooperative Extension, retrieved 3/12/09. Available online at: 
 HYPERLINK "http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/freepubs/pdfs/UH174.pdf" 
http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/freepubs/pdfs/UH174.pdf 

Kelley, T., 2007. Gypsy moth infestation may kill 17,000 acres of trees
in New Jersey. New York Times, July 20, 2007, retrieved 3/12/09.
Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/20/nyregion/20gypsy.html?fta=y" 
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/20/nyregion/20gypsy.html?fta=y 

Kucera, D. and P. Orr, (no date). Spruce budworm in the Eastern United
States, Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 160. U.S Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. retrieved 3/12/09. Available online at:  
HYPERLINK "http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/sbw/budworm.htm" 
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/sbw/budworm.htm 

Leatherman, D.A., J.W. Brewer, and R.E. Stevens, 2009. Western spruce
budworms. Colorado State University, retrieved 3/12/09. Available online
at:   HYPERLINK "http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05543.html" 
http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05543.html 

McManus, M, N. Schneeberger, R. Reardon, and G. Mason, (no date). Gypsy
moth, Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 162, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, retrieved 3/12/09. Available online at:  
HYPERLINK "http://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/fidls/gypsymoth/gypsy.htm" 
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/fidls/gypsymoth/gypsy.htm 

Michael, J., 2004. Best management practices for silvicultural chemicals
and the science behind them. Water, Air, and Pollution: Focus. 4(1),
95-117.

NAAA, 2004. Pesticide use survey report for agricultural aviation.
National Agricultural Aviation Association, Washington, DC.

Robbins, J., 2008. Bark beetles kill millions of acres of trees in West.
New York Times, November 17, 2008, retrieved 3/12/09. Available online
at:   HYPERLINK "http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/science/18trees.html"
 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/science/18trees.html 

USDA APHIS, 2008. Gypsy moth program manual. United States Department of
Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, retrieved
3/16/09. Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/domestic/downloa
ds/gypsy_moth.pdf" 
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/domestic/download
s/gypsy_moth.pdf  

USDA FS, 2008. The cooperative state-county-landowner gypsy moth
suppression program in West Virginia. West Virginia Cooperative
Extension Service/United States Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, retrieved 3/12/09. Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://home.comcast.net/~wvdanewcreek/2008_2009_CSCL_Program_Brochure.p
df" 
http://home.comcast.net/~wvdanewcreek/2008_2009_CSCL_Program_Brochure.pd
f 

Wickman, B.E., R.R. Mason, and G.C. Trostle. Douglas-fir Tussock moth,
Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 86. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, retrieved 3/12/09. Available online at:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/tussock/fidl-tuss.htm" 
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/tussock/fidl-tuss.htm 

September 23, 2009 -  Draft 

