Plant Name (Fuel Type)	Location	Capacity (MW)	Water Intake Need	Source
Water	Intake System	Performance/Technology Evaluation	Comments	Ref

Amos (FF)	WV	NA	NA	Ohio River	Perforated pipe intakes, 43.3 mgd	Noted in
1980 report on Philip Sporn

36

Anclote  (F)	FL	1,100 	4,400 cfs	Anclote Sound (estuary)	11/95 study
specifically evaluated entrainment mortality 	Overall average
entrainment mortality of 31.8%, temperature dependant; used as measure
to use dilution pumps rather than natural draft cooling towers;
condenser/combined with dilution pump survival:  acartia tonsa
(66%/63%); amphiphode (29/58), chaetonethe (28/35), crab larvae (74/80),
carideen shrimp (45/66), isopode (70/78), pisces larvae (8/47), Pensold
shrimp (63/71), shrimp larvae (61/60) and pisces juvenile (56/62); from
EPRI report (1995 testing), fish larvae, total survival 62%, fish
juveniles (70%), amphipods (73%), chaetognaths (72%), caridean shrimp
(81%) and penaeid shrimp (75%)	Facility was required to employ a
combination of cooling towers and dilution pumps during certain periods
of the year tied to biology (occurred in 1970s); significant long-term
controversey	15, 37

Arkansas 1 (N) 	AK	NA	NA	Dardanelle Reservoir	Air bubble curtain	1974-75
data:  no effects with air curtain, 9.5 million impinged, of which 5.1
million with air curtain (38 species) in the spring which represents a
higher impingement rate with an air curtain.

5

Arthur Kill (Con Ed)	NY	875 (2 units: 20 and 30)	28.6 m3/s	Arthur Kill
strait, across from mouth of Rahway River	Sound system for bay anchovy,
blueback herring, alewife , American shad, and Atlantic herring; dual
flow traveling screens, 2 of 8 screens modified  (to Ristoph) as a
result of Consent Order, required these 2 to have fish collection
troughs, low pressure spray wash, fish flap seals, and separate fish
collection sluices, 2 screens had 0.32 cmx11.3 cm and  0.64 cmx1.3cm vs
0.32x0.32 on unmodified, velocity range 0.18 – 0.4 m/s, seasonal
operation in 1991/1992	Cage tests:  Alewife and American shad showed
consistent avoidance to high frequencies (similar to Fitzpatrick);  bay
anchovy showed no response; the full scale: sharp reductions for
impingements, similar but lower affects for alewife, American shad even
less but still 3 times lower than with system off; no effect on
impingement of gizzard shad (t?), Atlantic herring, and bay anchovy

1999 EPRI Report: 1991/92 testing (continuous rotation during testing),
most abundant species during summer and early fall (73% of total),
Atlantic herring (14%) abundant in spring, and blueback herring (9%)
during late fall, winter, and early spring;  survival calculated after
24 hours; unmodified screen had average survival of 15%, modified
screens had 79 and 92%, marked differences in survival observed for
alewife, Atlantic herring, Atlantic silverside, bay anchovy, blueback
herring, and weakfish; no difference in survival (99%) for blue crabs. 
Specific studies made to determine if handling/holding tank or
collection sluice effect survival – found significant for bay anchovy,
blueback herring, and Atlantic herring.  Larger volume tanks appeared to
improve survival; fish sluice system had higher survival than debris
sluice except for Atlantic herring 	Cited in application for repowering
of East River Station in 1999; saying overall survivability for modified
screens 83%.  Indicated would review further	21, 32

Bailly Generation Station (F)	IN	615 	1165 m3/min	Lake Michigan	Leaky
dam, cooling water intake well	1985 EPRI Report, test for alewife
(egg-adult), gizzard shad (yearling-adult), spottail shiner
(larvae-adult), and yellow perch (larvae – adult)

6

Barney Davis	Corpus Christi TX	700 	1,870 m3/min	Laguna Madre, coastal
lagoon, 30-50 ppt salinity	Shovel type lip, single entry, double exit
traveling screen (Passavant), continuous rotation 0.5 mm fine mesh, high
pressure spray, approach velocities 0.5 m/s to 0.9 m/s	High survival for
crustaceans, variable for juveniles, no larval estimates; high level of
marine grass.  Testing for bay anchovy, menhaden, atlantic croaker,
killfish, spot, silverside, and shrimp – juvenile and adult (EPRI
report), high survival 0.6 -1.2 inch bay anchovy and gulf menhaden from
fine mesh (ASCE report); overall initial survival for all individuals
86% (no larvae), lowest% mortality for mendahen during February also
most prevalent specie during that month; bay anchovy were 74% of catch
in June and had highest mortality 98%, bay anchovy mortality may be due
to large numbers of jellyfish .	Used extensively in Europe	5, 6, 20,32

BC Cobb	MI	NA	NA	Lake Michigan 	Barrier net, velocities about 0.3 fps
Reduced impingement by 50%, some biofouling	Similar write-ups for Kyger
Creek Station and Tanner Creek	49

Belle River	MI	1695 	41.7 m3/s	St. Clair River	Through flow 9.5 mm
angled screens (20 degrees) with lateral fish passage (18 inch guided
vanes); orientation of the intake structure and trash racks function as
louver system, lateral current function as wash system, approach
velocity about 0.15 m/s	1980s studies, total of only 679 fish collected
from screens, initial survival rates of impinged fish high, might be
lower than expected because still kept in nets for 24 hrs.  None of
alosa (alewives and gizzard shad) survived.  Groups of darters,
centrarchids, sculpins, and catfish exhibited 60% survival

32

Bergum Power	Netherlands 	640 	1,667 m3/min	Netherlands Lake	NA	1976
study, smelt larvae and juveniles, total survival 10-41%, increased as
function of size; percidae 39-82%, also increased as function of size.

33

Big Bend 3 and 4 (ff)	FL	1,335, Units 1-3	45.6 m3/s	Tampa Bay	Intake
canal, Units  3 and  4 - fine mesh (0.5 mm); Ristoph, low pressure spray
and troughs, initial test then installed on 4, also evaluated different
approach velocities and screen rotational speeds, 9.5 fps	1985 data:  
total invertebrate mortality: 10-35%; bay anchovy:  initial (42-84%),
latent (32-35%); bay anchovy, Atlantic tomcod, and Atlantic silverside
total mortality of 72.4%; mortality for yolk-sac larvae of mummichog,
Atlantic silverside, Atlantic tomcod, white perch, and winter flounder:
62-100%, except winter flounder at 11-62% mortality; 36-100% mortality
for larvae all species; comparable results to pilot tests.  

Fine mesh (0.5 mm) screen performance has consistently improved at Big
Bend units 3 and 4 with better surveillance and maintenance, including
bi-weekly cleaning of screens to prevent biofouling. 1988 reported
efficiency in screening fish eggs (primarily drums and bay anchovy)
exceeding 95% and fish larvae (primarily drums bay anchovies, blennies,
and gobies) about 86%.  Latent survival for fish eggs has improved to 65
– 80% for drum and to 66 – 93% for bay anchovy.  

1981 studies found approach velocity not significant factor in survival.
Biweekly cleaning of screens to prevent biofouling	1, 9, 32

Big Sandy (F)	KY	1060 	49.9 m3/min	Big Sandy River	Natural draft
cooling, cylindrical intake screens fitted with wedge wire 0.38 x 1.91
cm, screen located in deeper river channel, velocity limited to 0.05 m/s
1985 EPRI Report, no biological tests done	High loadings of sand and
silt but easy to clean because of shallow depth	6

Bowline Point	NY	1200 (2 units)	2,900 m3/min	Hudson River	3.0 mm barrier
net studies in mid 90s; previously deployed 9.5 mm barrier net during
Oct.-May, also continuously operated screens, data from mid-70s, based
on early studies. Added air bubbler to help with ice, debris boom,
facility has low and high pressure wash systems, approach velocity 0.76
fps	Mid 90s data: absence of fish abundance made unable to determine
effectiveness; some clogging and biofouling; silt caused net to sink;
later fouled by algae.

Mid 70s data showed initial survival of YOY 81-98% (white perch) and
89-98% striped bass which dropped to 55-56% perch and 52-81% for striped
bass,  (apparently similar trends at Roseton and Danskammer), apparently
significant issue for fragile gizzard shad and Alosa; net placed in
v-neck position around intake. 1976-85 data, net effectively reduces
with perch and striped bass impingement, clogging has not been a
problem; not generally stagnant water – low approach velocity,
impingement 91% lower than without net.  In April 1982 of 230,000
yearling white perch and striped bass only 1.6% impinged.  In 1976
conducted studies of various screen operational modes and screenwash
pressures on survival, looked at:  (1) continuous screen rotation with
continuous wash, 2-hour hold with 20 minutes wash and rotation every 2
hours, and (3) 4-hour hold; also considered high pressure alone compared
to high and low pressure together.  Results of tests showed initial
survival high (96-98%) for YOY white perch during all modes; highest for
continuous operation 96-98% for initial; and 55-56% survival for
96-hour; 2-hour (90 and 29), 4-hour 69-75 and 19.  Little difference
between low and high pressure systems.  Authors thought this could be
due to inability of low pressure to pull of screens.  Also looked at
continuous low and high pressure white perch survival in 1997 and saw
87% survival (low pressure) and 81% survival (high).  

Also studied entrainment survival in 1978, total survival striped bass: 
yolk sac larvae 84.1 and post yolk sac 100%, white perch: post yolk
larvae 31%, Atlantic tomcod (100 – post), gammarus sp. 92.3 and
nemysis Americana 70.5; similar results 75, 77, and 78	Different from
Surry in that not modified screens (i.e., buckets), rough sluiceways,
some exposure to high pressure screens, early nets no useful for eggs
and larvae because have to have reasonable opening size to prevent
clogging	8, 20, 27, 32

Braidwood	IL	2240 	189 m3/min (make-up) must be closed loop	Kankakee
River

1988 study of entrainment survival; only lepomis sp. larvae collected in
sufficient numbers to consider initial survival, calculated as 100%
considering control (80% w/o adjustment to control)

33

Brayton Point 4	MA	1600 total, Units 1-4 	984 m3/min	Lee River for Unit
4 (Estuary) and Taunton River for 1-3	Angled traveling screens on Unit
4, and vertical traveling screens on 1-3 leading to fish bypass.  Each
screen has fish bucket.  Unit 4 originally had fine mesh, which was
later removed; Unit 4 was also closed cycle until 1984 with 0.3 m/s
approach velocity; plant also conducted a porous dike test facility
(presumably in 70s).  Since 1997, screens on Units 1-3 have been rotated
continuously, and the plant uses piggyback operation where Units 1-3
supply cooling water for 4.	1984-1986 impingement survival data for Unit
4 showed 25% survival of fragile (bay anchovy [0%] and Atlantic
Silverside) fish and >65% survival of hardy group (winter flounder and
northern pipefish).  Diversion efficiency for all species was 76% but
increased to 90% when YOY bay anchovy was excluded.  Initial survival,
post diversion, was 58% (83% w/o bay anchovy, which had only 5.7%
initial survival); latent survival was 63% (0% for bay anchovy); higher
extended numbers due to differences in numbers of fish.

1993 document: fine mesh only led to 6.5% reduction in winter flounder
entrainment, were apparently removed later on; considered wedgewire but
lower volumes.  With porous dike, larval densities used as measure of
avoidance; with 8-inch stones, density of bay anchovy reduced by 94-99%,
for winter flounder 23-87%.  Differences in flounder densities increased
as season progressed  Complete entrainment avoidance by juvenile and
adult finfish.

1996 annual letter indicates that, pre-continuous rotation impingement
survival for Units 1-3 was 58% and Unit 4 was 80%; and that continuous
rotation would increase survival for 1-3 by 7% (although says 62% vs.
58%?);  piggybacking was projected to eliminate impingement from Unit 4
(by eliminating intake) and thereby increase survival by 80%; subsequent
document show as much as 29% for piggybacking (reduced flow); PCS data
for discharge flows; Phil Caruso - may have started piggybacking before
94; TAC encouraged, 93 permit has flow limit but no requirement, 97 MOA
made it official, conversation 12/4; new flow limits	Bay anchovy greatly
reduced survival rates	1, 6, 9, 32

Brown Ferry (N)	TN

NA	Fresh water	Fish pump	27% improved savings of fish	Probably little
success for larvae	5

Brunswick (N)	NC	1642 	4080 m3/min	Cape Fear River (Estuary)	Traveling
screens, intake located 11.7 km upriver from facility, flows to plant
thru canal, v-shaped diversion at canal entrance with ni-cu screens (9.5
mm); 1mm screens on 2 of 4 traveling screens, only run when temperatures
<18 degrees C, copper alloy screens to limit biofouling	1985 EPRI
Report, testing for menhaden, spot, croaker, weakfish, anchovies, and
shrimp (larvae-juvenile); blue crab (juvenile-adult), Impingement study
showed that juvenile and adult mendhaden, spot and croaker were diverted
by barrier, not bay anchovy.  Comparative studies in 1984/85, total rate
of impingement ranged from 6.6 million per day mid-January to 22,000 in
mid-November; total reduction of fish entrained by the fine mesh vs.
conventional screens was 84%; study of impingement survival for juvenile
and adult fish and invertebrates on screens as well, with slow and fast
screen speeds showed bay anchovy survival at 0% and menhaden survival
at16%.  

1979 EPA report indicates loss of 3-4 billion larvae and post-larvae of
spot, croaker, menhaden, sea trout, blue crab, shrimp, flounder, and
mullet a figure that translates to 20 million finfish and shellfish,
modeling showed 15-35% of population.  EPA cited cooling towers would
provide 95% reduction, whereas the facility proposed load reductions
that would reduce impact by 26-32%	Note in EPRI Report that biological
monitoring likely condition of renewed NPDES permit, conducted larval
impingement counts but not survivability studies, intake in “estuarine
nursery area” according to EPA, estimated cost of cooling towers $108
million (1979 dollars), estimated maximum capacity loss of 70 MW	6, 32,
45

Buck Steam	NC	475 	NA	Fresh water	Location	Lower impingement due to
intake “flush” with river bank

5

Calvert Cliffs (N)	MD	1650 	151m3/s	Chesapeake Bay	Intake canal, 12
traveling screens rotated for 10 minutes every hour or when sensors
detect pressure difference, 10 mm mesh.  Original conventional replaced
with dual flow screens.  High pressure wash leads to return to
Chesapeake Bay.  Facility has learned to anticipate episodic impingement
and also maintain adequate dissolved oxygen levels in the intake canal. 
21 years of impingement monitoring. Installed barrier net, intake
velocity about 0.3 m/s, high pressure wash (with differential pressure
sensors which also leads to immediate rotation) and return to bay
through drain system	Total impingement finfish ranged from 79,081 (1992)
to 9.6 million (1984), average 1.3 million; blue crab 219,110 (1992) to
1.88 million (84), 99% survival rate for crabs. Total survival 73%,
including 99% for crabs.  Large database from 21 years of monitoring.
Most abundant species include anchoa mitchilli (68%).  Comparison of
dual flow versus conventional screens showed:  atlantic menhaden mean
survival (impinged) dual/conventional (7.8/5%), spot (41.2%/70.4%)
oyster toadfish (100/95.4%), northern searobin (44.4/48.5%), bay anchovy
(6.3/18.3%), winter flounder (78.8/46.3%), monitoring for 21 years.  

Also evaluated entrainment survival in 1978-80: bay anchovy
larvae/juveniles extended survival 3-5%, naked goby larvae 88-98%,
blenny larvae 37-79% spot juveniles 100%; studies behavioral barriers
with no effects	Royce screens (smaller mesh) tested in 1981, increased
impingement, not used, added differential pressure sensors trigger wash
and rotate, significant improvement, also improve DO levels, found ways
to predict episodic impingement, coincides with warm weather, thermal
stratification in the bay and w to sw wind effect DO pattern and fish
escape	16, 22

33

Cape Canaveral	FL	735 	791 mgd	Indian River, brackish tidal lagoons
Conventional traveling screens (9.5 mm), 2.0 fps intake velocity	1983
Region IV evaluation of intake alternatives, significant effect to
Canaveral Pool, i.e. 73% of water in pool used by this and Indian River;
estimated larvae and post-larvae entrainment for forage species such as
anchovies and gobies 6.9-9.9 billion, sport and commercial taxa: drum
(1058 million) and sole and flounder (105 million).  EPA determined
variable speed pumps would reduce entrainment by 20% with minimal
expected benefit for impingement.  Fine mesh was eliminated because
considered experimental from experience at Big Bend, i.e., fragile fish
larvae – could be updated based  on enhancements, sea water cooling
towers expected to require only 11% of once through flow.	Kaplan
concluded everything was too costly and/or ineffective	38

Cardinal (F)	OH	1180 Units 1 and 2	1,152 mgd (Units 1 and 2), 600 MW
Ohio River	Vertical traveling screens average intake velocity < 0.4 fps,
screens normally rotated once per 8 hours, unit 3 is a closed cycle unit
10.2 mgd	Conducted technology alternative evaluation circa 1980,
estimated 163,593 fish impinged annually, gizzard shad (65%), emerald
shiner (14%), and channel catfish (5%); estimated 79 million eggs and
larvae entrained annually (April through August), 52% minnows, during
this period plant circulated 2.4-11.1% of river flow, modified Ristoph
<$2.2 million, $1.6 million for Passavant screens; barrier net during
key impingement periods suggested, problem of winter conditions, only
about $10,000 for the net	$20 million estimate for wedgewire at
Muskingum, similar, no performance numbers	49

Cayuga	IN	1,000 	2014 m3/min	Wabash River

1979 study of entrainment survival, initial and 48 hour survival,
catastmodiae ysl 87% and pysl 94%, cyprinadae ysl 41 (temp. variation)
and pysl 81%, percidae, ysl 50 (highly temp dependant).

33

Cedar Bayou (F)	TX	2295 	NA	Cedar Bayou	Comparison of impingement and
impingement survival between dual flow and conventional screens - dual
flow initially 3.2 mm (changed to 9.5 same as conventional due to
clogging by ctenophores and jellyfish)	No difference in impingement
between dual flow and conventional screens; no data on mortality.	Need
actual data	22

Chalk Point (F)	MD	1880 	2862 m3/min	Patuxent River (Estuary)	Drawn thru
canal, conventional vertical traveling screens, .95 cm, approach
velocity 0.5 m/s.  2 barrier nets installed 1981 to reduce crab
impingement.  Wedgewire screens with slot sizes of 1, 2, and 3 mm
studied by State of MD in 1982-83	1985 EPRI Report, testing for 
menhaden, spot, bay anchovy (juvenile-adult),  croaker and weakfish
(juvenile), hogchoker (larvae-juvenile); blue crab (juvenile-adult),
white perch (egg thru adult);  wedgewire studied with slot sizes of 1,
2, 3 mm. 1 mm led to 80% exclusion of all species from entrainment; and
for fish greater than 10 mm, entrainment was eliminated.  2 and 3 mm not
as effective, primary lower slot size benefit to larger fish for
entrainment (mostly because neither was effective in catching fish below
(5 mm), also tested velocity effects ranging from 9.5 – 40 cm/s; four
fold increase in approach velocity had significant impacts on naked
gobies, but not for bay anchovies, no effects from screen diameter.  

Barrier net reduced impingement liability for all species from over $2
million to less than $140,000.	In 1982-83, State of Maryland conducting
small-scale wedgewire test, similar to previous work at “Oyster Pt;”
31 ref cites barrier net technology unworkable at Morgantown – works
at Chalk Point because of shallow wide entry; production losses
attributable to the facility ranged from 4-20%, also some studies show
some level of silverside survival through entrainment	6, 9, 29, 35

Clifty Creek (F)	OH	1305 	960,000 gpm	Ohio River	Vertical traveling
screens	1980 Report indicated that going to 1 pump would reduce intake
velocity by 42%, not considered further because said to be already below
EPA’s guidance of <1.0 fps; some energy penalty, over 175,000 fish
impinged, 85% gizzard shad

36

Columbia Generating (F)	WI 	1054 	1514 m3/min	Wisconsin River (Fresh
Water)	Drawn thru 1,000 m channel, then to cooling pond and Ristroph
screens, velocity 0.34 m/s	1985 EPRI Report, testing for Black bullhead,
Bluegill sunfish, walleye, and white sucker (adult only).  One year test
on fish conservation traveling screens, limited by low fish abundance

6

Connecticut Yankee (N)	CT	660 	1500 m3/min	Connecticut River	NA	Early
70s studies of entrainment survival, initial only, no species info
except 98% were pysl of clupeids (herring and alewife), 0-30% survival,
temp dependent

33

Contra Costa (PGE)	CA	1260	2718 m3/min	San Joaquin River	Fish removal
system added to traveling screens	98% survival when fish removal system
was added to travelling screens; also studied entrainment survival in
1976.  Initial survival for striped bass larvae was 0-95% - highly
variable, authors indicated threshold for increasing mortality at 30-32
degree C range.  New Unit 8 approval conditioned on study/use of
Gunderboom system.	Probably little success for larvae	5, 33

Cope Station Unit 1	SC	385 	0.3 m3/s	South Fork Edisto River	Caisson
water intake, 2 wedgewire screens	Striped bass, white perch, bay anchovy
species of concern, engineering and modeling done to show reduced I&E
w/screens; no data provided in EPRI report	Need for cross current, all
current work in fresh water	32

Crystal River (F and N – unit 3)	FL	1800, Units 1-3; 1500 MW, Units 4
–5	2,936 cfs (1-3 only)	Crystal Bay, estuarine nursery	Units 4 – 5:
natural draft; Units 1-3: once through.  Waters for once through pass
through intake canal; 1-3 have traveling screens with 9.5 mm mesh,
rotated once per 8 hours	Cooling Tower System:  10% blowdown and 80%
reduction in water needs using salt water make up; 

Kaplan noted that the Crystal Bay region is a spawning area for numerous
species of fish and shell fish, that impingement took 23 tons annually,
including 3.4 tons of shrimp and 14.3 tons of blue crab.  Estimated
entrainment/impingement loss of over 20 million/88,000adult equivalent
bay anchovy, 84,000/15,000 pinfish, over 700,000/28,000 spot,
30,000/641,000 pink shrimp, blue crab 2/640,000.  No return system,
annual entrainment in the billions of fish eggs and larvae, anchovies
and crustaceans.  Region 4 determined that cost was excessive for
cooling towers (Kaplan mentions $150 million, presumably provided by
FPL); helper cooling towers proposed by FPL would lower the thermal
discharge but not reduce intake requirement; fine mesh screens were
eliminated due to the potential for siltation.  FPL notes that 50%
reduction in entrainment of shrimp, pinfish, and bay anchovy possible
with fine mesh screens; therefore, the only requirement in renewed 1988
permit for Units 1-3 was to reduce flows during Nov. – April by 15%,
as well as comprehensive mitigation program.  New units 94 and 5) were
required to install cooling towers. 

1982 study of fine mesh screens by retrofitting one screen on Unit 2
with 0.5 mm screen.  Result: screen operated at 10 ft/min except when
coal barge traffic (cause of siltation) was high, then it operated at
20ft/min and experienced severe plugging.  (ASSUME THIS IS UNIQUE
CONDITION)	Kaplan found 316(b) demonstration for 1-3 inadequate in 1986;
FPL demonstration (1985) did not evaluate technologies, FPL estimated
$20.1 million to retrofit with fine mesh screens	1, 39, 40, 41



D.C. Cook	MI	2200 	6.3 million m3/min	Lake Michigan	Currently has 9.5 mm
traveling screens, washed with jet spray to larger baskets	Annual
impingement losses from 1975-82 ranged from 53,000-2.3 million.  Peak
impingement in June and July and often secondary peak in April-May;
alewife 68%, spottail shiner 10%, yellow perch 9%, trout-perch 5%,
rainbow smelt 4%, and slimy sculpin 2%, 1,000 salmonids per year during
both unit operation, Reference 46 indicates 80% of all fish impinged
during April-July, most YOY August-October, during 2 unit operation,
average of 54% annual loss during June.  Suggested seasonal reductions
in flow; in particular, scheduling refueling and maintenance during
these months	Ref 46 suggests barrier net could be used during April-July
with projected 80% reduction in impingement; suggest fine mesh not
proven at high intake flows	46

Danskammer Test Facility (F)	NY	490 	1196 me3/min	Hudson River (Estuary)
Equipped with angled traveling screens, the plant tested 0.5 mm fine
mesh screens; in 1979 the power plant installed a modified front wash
screen with an approach 0.45 m/s 	1981 angled travelling screen data:
overall diversion efficiency at 95-100%, with the mean at 99%, including
bay anchovy, blueback herring, white perch, spottail shine, alewife
Atlantic tomcod, pumpkinseed, Amercian Shad.   Overall latent survival =
84% (mean) - 68% alewife to 99% spottail shiner.  Plant studied
effectiveness of modified screen in reducing impingement and observed no
differences between 3 approach velocities.

1, 6

Delta Fish Protection Facility	NA	NA	NA

Louver system	Found strong correlation between fish length and guidance
efficiency for striped bass and white catfish.   <80% for smaller than
1” striped bass and 1.6” for white catfish, much higher for larger
fish, i.e. >2”

20

Diablo Canyon (N)	CA	2,200	9.45 million m3/day	Pacific Ocean	Constructed
intake cove behind break water; vertical traveling screens (9.5 mm mesh)
Adult Equivalent Calculations - June 1996-1999 entrainment data, 16
taxa:  18,200 and 23,400 brown crab, 54,600 and 17,900 slender crabs;
Pacific Sardine 2,650-7,000 per year; northern anchovy  43,200
–120,000 per year;  rockfishes 164-353 per year; Painted Greenling
(larval data) 9.6 – 24.2 million; Sculpins (larval data) 36.3 million
–51.9 million; White Croaker 14,700 –21,600 per year; Monkeyface
Prickleback (larval) 61.7-83.1 million; Kelpfish 181-308 million;
Blackeye Goby 64,100 – 188,000; Flatfishes 1,450 – 6,710 (Sanddabs)
and Halibut 8.26-15.7 million; 

PGE 1988 (studies at Diablo, Moss Landing, and others) found that
impingement mortality could be reduced by as much as 75% with modified
screens and fish return sluiceways.  Studies by Tomljanovich show 1.0 mm
screens would substantially reduce entrainment and 0.5 mm mesh would
virtually eliminate entrainment.  Studies then show <1 (striped bass)
-96% (bluegill and smallmouth bass) 48h survival on fine mesh screens. 
Fine mesh could help acknowledged by PGE but necessary design
modifications could increase impingement; variable speed pumps would
only reduce flow by 2-10%.

	Tenera (1988) showed impingement at 0.32-0.73 kg/day.  Cost to widen
intake/slow velocity = $51 million; more screens needed for lower
velocity $51 million.  No impingement survival expected due to large
debris; $13 million for fish return sluiceway; $658 million cooling
tower, $10 million for fine mesh, variable speed -$7.6 million	1

Dominion Surry Plant (N)	VA	1550 	6360 m3/min	James River, some salinity
in water (Estuary)	Intake channel, continuous screen rotation, fish
compartments for each Ristoph screen, low pressure wash and return
1974-1976 impingement data indicated 93.8% survival for all fish with
anchovies lowest at 83%.  Facility has modified Ristoph screens with low
pressure wash and fish return systems.

1985 EPRI Report:  testing for  alosa spp., menhaden, spot, croaker
(juvenile), hogchoker and bay anchovy (juvenile-adult)	Pretty high
maintenance could have been reduced by alternative materials, rotations
speed, and more, smaller screens	5, 6

Dungeness A and B	England	NA	NA	Ocean	Velocity cap difference between
and A and B	62% decrease in catch, largely due to sprat, with a
contributing factor being only 1 pump running at B while 3 were running
at A.

3

Dunkirk Steam	NY	NA	NA	Lake Erie	Dual flow screens, 0.27 m/s, screen
speeds of 5.5 and 16.5 m/min considered, installed at both units with
3.2 mm mesh at .27 m/s, operated continuously; studied in 1987 and
1990/91. 1998 modified dual flow installed on Unit 1 for testing –
nose cone on upstream, solid wall to improve flow distribution, improved
fish bucket design and internal and external low pressure fish sprays 
Impingement survival about 50% for major taxa, except alewife at 3%;
data hard to interpret; interesting of 92 alewife collected at fast
speed 99% initial and 3% latent survival; emerald shiner (97/84%) both
speeds, gizzard shad most high speed (97/52%), rainbow smelt (98/39%),
spottail shiner (only high) (100/90%), white bass only high) (98/56%),
yellow perch (only high) 100/95%), data includes both juveniles and
adults.

1999 EPRI Report:  modified dual flow tested in 98/99, only winter 98/99
preliminary survival data in report; high survival for most species and
improved design leads to improved fish handling: survival of emerald
shiner initial/latent juvenile (81%/67%), adult (91/89); gizzard shad
(only juvenile) (71/16); rainbow smelt juvenile (55/22), adult (83/48);
white perch (78/64); low survival for juvenile alewife but only 25 fish
collected.

22, 32

Eddystone, Units 1 and 2	PA	1400 total	28 m3/s, units 1 and 2 only
Delaware River 	Cylindrical wedge wire, 6.4 mm mesh, located on
shoreline and backflushed with compressed air	Mesh size precluded
significant effects on entrainment; but technology has effectively
reduced impingement.  Pre-wedgewire screens showed over 3 million fish
impinged in 20-month period, EPRI indicates impingement has been
eliminated.	Relative fresh water at this point although under some tidal
influence and slightly brackish	2, 21, 32

Edgar Energy Park (F)	MA	306 (458 MW - old facility	NA	Weymouth Fore
River (tidal estuary)	Shoreline intake with traveling screens, fish
buckets, high and low pressure sprays and fish return, 0.4 – 0.7 fps
approach velocity	Entrainment data:  menhaden 278 adult equivalents
estimated to be lost, poor evaluation of local effects, rainbow smelt
4.7% in area, Atlantic tomcod 337 lost, 1.25%, Atlantic silverside
37,774, 2.5% of population, Cunner 2,648 lost, 1%, windowpane 1551 (1%),
winter flounder 24 lost, 1.7%; survival of clams expected to be high. 
Impingement:  9.39 to 25.38 flounder per day and 2.11 to 3.25 smelt per
day (based on 1976 study at old plant)	Combined cycle proposed,
evaluated angled screens (misinterpreted Brayton data) and other
technologies, very cursory	13

Edge Moor (F)	DE	710 	782 mgd	Delaware River (Estuary)	Traveling screens
with 9.5 mm mesh, not rotated continuously, fish troughs and return,
Amertap (balls) to prevent biofouling, high pressure wash	Entrainment
studies 74-75, impingement 73-75, DE DNR “I/E at Edgemoor for striped
bass and bay anchovy are significant, approach velocity 1.5 ft/s
Significant improvement in River conditions since mid 70s, plant intake
is in important striped bass spawning area	11

Edgewater	WI	820 	454 m3/min (Unit 5 only)	Lake Michigan	3 offshore
intakes (860 m), Unit 5 intake has velocity cap with Johnson Vee-wire
(0.95 cm opening), other 2 intakes no cap; all have traveling screens at
plant	1985 EPRI Report, alewife, rainbow smelt, and yellow perch
(juvenile)	Units 1 and 2 were to be retired when 5 came on line	6

El Segundo (F)	CA

	Pacific Ocean	Velocity Cap (offshore)	80-90% reduction in fish
entrapment.  Fish pumps not consistently useful because fish did not
congregate in quiet area where pump located.	Cap does nothing for eggs
and larvae (behavioral control)	4, 5

Empire Electric and N. States Power	NY	N/A (lab)	N/A (lab)	N/A (lab)
Fine mesh screens, 0.15-0.91 m/s	Early 1980s testing by Empire Electric
and Northern States Power indicate “selective larvae capable of active
diversion at a very young age.”  Recommend use of lifting buckets, low
pressure washes, fine mesh materials, and sluiceways.  Velocity and
duration of impingement key factors.  Over 3,000 tests conducted with
more than 75,000 larvae.  Striped bass exhibited high mortality under
all conditions, while winter flounder, alewife, and yellow perch
prolarvae had low mortality, especially with short exposure duration. 
Post-larvae mortality higher in some cases, but also high in controls.

1981 data:  Alewife prelarvae/postlarvae retention (30.3 - 95.9% versus
1.4 - 23.7% for the low control group); channel catfish 86.1-98.6%
retention; bluegill 73.7-98.6% retention; striped bass (0-48.8%
retention versus the control group at 52.5-96.2%; yellow perch 67.7 -
95% versus the control group at 17-68.1% retention; winter flounder
(64.4 - 92.7% retention versus control group retention at 0 -35.1% on
4.4 mm mesh screen; walleye (20.4 - 68.6% versus the control group.  

2

Fort Calhoun (N)	NE 	481 	1363 m3/min	Missouri River	NA	1977 study of
entrainment survival, initial survival freshwater drum 6-40%, mean 19%,
total larvae (drum, catostimidae, and gizzard shad 8-81%, mean 32%,
intake survival average 6 X greater than discharge, also tested macros
in 73-77, initial survival 87-92%.

33

Ginna	NY	517 	1514 m3/min	Lake Ontario	Intake 3100 ft offshore, then to
fine mesh traveling screen	1980 study of entrainment survival; initial
and 96-hour, initial survival of alewife eggs 62.5%, extended 19% after
4 days, and 16% after 8 days, intake survival also poor.

33, 50

Great Lakes Pilot	NA	NA	NA	Great Lakes	Velocity Studies	No significant
effects seen in velocity increase from 0.5 ft/s to 2.0 ft/s.

4

Green River (F)	FL	220 	404 cfs	Green River	Presumable traveling screens
with no return	In the late 1977s, Region IV indicated that the Green
River was a major tributary to the Ohio River and that during low flow
conditions the facility could take up to half of the river water; this
could entrain nearly half the population of eggs and larvae, suggested
potential reduced load operation in June (critical period); eggs only
found during Spring

44

Hinkley Plant (N)	England	NA	NA	Severn Estuary	Offshore intake
Influenced by subtidal issues.

3

Huntington Beach	CA

	Pacific Ocean	Velocity Cap (offshore) 	80-90% reduction in entrapment. 
Fish pumps not consistently useful because fish did not congregate in
quiet area where pump located.	Schuler and Larsent found that velocity
increase from 0.5 ft/s to 1.5 ft/s with modified cap, significant
increase at 2.0 ft/s (anchovy, croaker, and surfperches)

	4, 5

Indian Point (N) 	NY	1829 	6360 m3/min	Hudson River	Study using fine
mesh traveling screens (2.5 mm); also modified to operate continuously
with buckets and low pressure washes;  also evaluated air bubbles,
according to ASCE not function well; Unit 3 study of fish pulser	1977-78
studies, 0.2 to 4.1% recovery of yolk-sac and post yolk-sac striped
bases,  44% recovery of juveniles.  Survival highly dependent on return
system; larvae mean 15 mm survival 60%; juveniles 75% or more; data
comparable to survival thru entrainment – striped bass (yolk-sac
38-67%, 75-85% post yolk sac, and 83% juveniles.

Redesigned fish troughs on Unit 2 in 1986, previous results considered
unacceptable, problem with filamentous algae, low pressure wash worked
well when limited algae, initially problems when high algae, modified
and mortality reduced “appreciably,” injuries and deaths reduced
from 53 to 9% for striped bass, 64 to14% for white perch, 80 to 17% for
Atlantic tomcod, 47 to 7% for pumpkinseed.  Striped bass losses due to
the debris removal system reduced from 23 to 0%for striped bass, white
perch 33 to 1.3% and Atlantic tomcod 20 to 0.3%.  Fish pulser had some
unspecified benefit when large numbers of fish near intake; also studied
intake survival in 1977, initial:  striped bass ysl 63-85%, pysl 87%,
white perch ysl 73 and pysl 89, bay anchovy pys l18-36, clupeids 40%; 78
data too variable to use, 1979 initial data, Atlantic tomcod larvae 11
– 64 (temp dependent), striped bass eggs 74%, striped based ysl
59-76%, pysl 63-70, white perch pysl 29-32, clupeids pysl 22-31,
anchovies 3-7; 1980 initial data:  Atlantic tomcod larvae 48-88 (temp
dependent), striped bass eggs 58% (only extended), striped based ysl
57-74%, pysl 55-81, white perch pysl 50-90 (temp dependent), clupeids
pysl 62, anchovies 2-4; 1986 data: sample sizes only sufficient to
calculate anchovy survival, initial survival 24%, neither intake or
discharge survived 96 hours, therefore extended likely much lower; 

1988 data:  bay anchovy initial pysl 25%, not survival in intake or
discharge for 24-hour; striped bass ysl 60 and pysl 79; whiter perch
24-hour pysl 38, alosa spp.l pysl 22 24-hour; intake survival used to
calculate total.	Modifications that led to survival improvements in
Fletcher which showed impingement deaths to transport system not
impingement on screen	14, 20, 22, 24, 32, 33

Indian River	DE 	1435 Unit 4 (400 MW closed cycle)	989 m3/min	Indian
River (Estuary)	Intake canal, 0.46-0.64 fps, rex chainbelt vertical
traveling screens (3/8 inch mesh), not continuously washed, fish return
Entrainment studies 75-76, impingement 74-76, adult equivalent modeling;
1976 entrainment survival study:  initial and extended but unclear in
report what results are for:  bay anchoy (entrainable) 50-100% (initial
and extended survival rate) at <25 degrees going down to 0 at 35
degrees, however, limited by significant mortality in control samples,
Atlantic croaker entrainable 57-100% down to 0%, spot entrainable 100
down to 25%; Atlantic menhaden entrainable 87-100% down to 0; Atlantic
silverside entrainable 100% down to 0; entrainable means primarily
larvae; some juveniles.

11, 33

Indian River 	FL	610 	835 mgd	Indian River, brackish tidal lagoons
Conventional traveling screens (9.5 mm), 2.0 fps intake velocity	1983
Region IV evaluation of intake alternatives, significant effect to
Canaveral Pool, i.e. 73% of water in pool used by this and Canaveral;
estimated larvae and post-larvae entrainment for forage species such
anchovies and gobies 6.9-9.9 billion, sport and commercial taxa, drum
(1058 million) and sole and flounder (105 million), EPA determined
variable speed pumps would reduce entrainment by 20%, minimal expected
benefit impingement, fine mesh was eliminated because considered
experimental from experience at Big Bend, i.e., fragile fish larvae –
could be updated based  on enhancements, sea water cooling towers
expected to require only 11% of once through flow	Kaplan concluded
everything was too costly and/or ineffective	38

J.H. Campbell 3 (F)	MI	1422 total, 770 MW Unit 3	71m3/s	Lake Michigan
Cylindrical wedge wire at 9.5 mm mesh and intake at 1060 ft offshore
(Unit 3) versus Units 1 and 2 with vertical traveling screens.	Unit 3
system reduced entrainment of gizzard shad, smelt, yellow perch,
alewife, and shiner (testing on larvae thru adult); eliminated
impingement of gizzard shad, smelt, yellow perch, alewife, and shiners;
and has generally performed well – screens cleaned annually to avoid
biofouling; however, not useful to prevent entrainment of smaller fish
(eggs and larvae) but few are found at the offshore intake location. 
Wedgewire screens have eliminated impingement of gizzard shad, smelt,
yellow perch, alewife, and shiners.  Screens are cleaned annually to
prevent biofouling.	Slot size is not issue because depth of screens
avoids smaller organisms	2, 6, 21

J.P. Pulliam (F)	WI	400 	1561 m3/min	Fox River/Lake Michigan	Vertical
traveling screens (0.95 cm), dual barrier net around shoreline intakes
(6.4 mm), also tested air bubble curtain, high pressure wash, 1998 mods
to system – primarily mechanical, nets in place >37F or April 1 til
<37 or Dec 1	1985 EPRI Report:  testing for alewife, gizzard shad,
yellow perch, walleye, american shad, spottail shiner (juvenile –
adult), specific impingement studies on yellow perch; EPRI indicates no
evidence impingement reduction with air bubbles. 

TVA 1976 generally suggested some benefit for alewife; 

1970s data from ASCE indicates studies of yellow perch, impingement
survival under 2 scenarios:  (1) impingement alone/hand removal and (2)
impingement with high pressure screen wash.  Under (1), initial survival
84 –100%, 96-hour 82.1%; under (2) initial survival was 73.3% -100%
and the mean 96 hr survival was 87.1%,  with generally hardy species
present. 

1980s data show net (in place when the water temperature is greater than
37 degrees F, or from April 1 to December 1, reduced impingement overall
by 90% (ASCE suggested potential for 100% with minor mods, as at Bowline
where there is a low approach velocity (0.4 fps) and clogging is not
issue.	State approved system as BAT including barrier nets	5, 6, 20, 32

J.R. Whiting	NY	238 	0.214 gpm	Lake Erie	Intake at N. end of channel
from Maumee Bay, 3 vertical traveling screen with 3/8 inch mesh	1979
Impingement and entrainment study, using deterrent nets, 100x22 foot
nylon mesh with 3/8 inch openings.  Without use of barrier: 17,378,518
fish  impinged, estimated 629,369,381 larvae and 553,620,137 eggs were
entrained April 1979 to December 1979.  With net, subsequent sampling in
1983-84, 421,978 fish impinged (97% effective); in 1987, 82,872 fish
impinged  (99% effective), and in 1991 316,575 fish impinged  (98%
effective); no eggs or larvae data.	Need specific species info	32

James A. Fitzpatrick (n)	NY	NA	NA	NA	Sound systems	From Ross 1993, tests
of sound protection to deter fish: alewife avoid high frequency sounds,
85% reduction in impingement during peak operations, 88% during
non-operating modes when only 2 intake pumps operating, on basis of test
results installed full-scale system

Behavioral testing in 1976-77, 1983-84, and 1985-86 conducted at
Pickering Station in Ontario.  Sound (popper) found to be effective
diversion for alewife.  EPRI 1985 and 1986 results show 73 and 76%
diversion efficiency.

21

Jeffrey Energy Center	KS	2010 	3.1 m3/s	Kansas River	Closed cycle
cooling, 10 mm wedgewire screens, 0.2 m/s thru slot velocity	Clearly not
useful for entrainment, operating since 1982, considered both traveling
and wedgewire; largely selected here because of reduced wear.  Need
biological data

32

Kammer (F)	WV	675 	1029 cfs	Ohio River	Vertical traveling screens
(3/8”), once through, velocity < 1 fps, screens normally rotated once
per 8 hours	Conducted technology alternative evaluation in 1980. 
Estimated 12,520 fish impinged annually, gizzard shad (64%), emerald
shiner (14%), white crappie (8%) and channel catfish (6%); estimated 182
million eggs and larvae entrained annually (April through August), 61%
minnows, during this period plant circulated 1.6-9.4% of river flow;
technology evaluation the same as Philip Sporn, wedgewire estimated to
be $7.5 million; modified Ristoph based on Tanner <$2.2 million; not
enough room for collectors; cooling towers $50-60 million 	Very general
technology evaluation similar to Sporn, everything too expensive	48

Kewaunee (N)	WI	540	413,000 gpm	Lake Michigan	Air bubble curtain,
velocity at intake mouth 0.9 fps	Reportedly lower impingement of alewife
using air bubble curtain.  Here, no specific biological studies - more
due to less operational impacts, 50% reduction in fish entering intake
system	A number of studies on salmon show much more successful during
daylight hours; Bibko et. al found it could be successful during night
for YOY striped bass	5, 23, 50

Kintagh, originally Somerset (F)	NY	625 	12.0 m3/min	Lake Ontario
Velocity cap (0.15 cm/s), 4 modified traveling screens with either 1.0
fine or 9.5 std. mesh, low pressure spray and return system	1985 EPRI
Report:  testing for alewife, rainbow smelt, yellow perch, and white
perch (all), smallmouth bass (YOY - adult), lake, brown, and rainbow
trout and Chinook salmon (yearling-adult), EPRI report says continuous
monitoring thru 1985 with species-specific studies thereafter;
evaluation of screen size and season. 

1989 screening system improvements, specifically washing system
upgrades.  Ref 19 data: alewife 96 hr survival improved from 15% to 44%
after improvements in 1989, gizzard shad from 54% to 65%, and other
species generally greater than 80%:  summer survival (1986); rainbow
smelt 1.5% (summer, small number) and 95% (fall) (1985); rock bass 95%
survival 1985; spottail shiner 84-100% survival (1985 – 1986), white
bass fall 1985 96% survival, white perch winter 85 72% survival; yellow
perch winter 85 81% survival; estimated number entrapped by 1-mm screen
ranged from 123,391-780,361, except in 1986 2 to 35 times more than 9.5
mm mesh

6, 19

Lasalle Station (N)	IL	2156 	114-228 m3/min to pond	Illinois River
(Fresh water)	Shoreline intake with 2 Passavant center-flow traveling
screens	1985 EPRI Report, no testing to date

6

Logan Generating	NJ	NA	1 m3/s	Delaware River	Closed cycle cooling tower,
intake has 1 mm wedgewire	Wedgewire screened entrainment = 0.003% of
striped bass larvae in area, compared to 0.03% with unscreened intake.
Area where striped bass spawn and rear	18

Lovett	NY	463 total	Unit 3 flow, 2.7 m3/s	Hudson River	Gunderboom,
nominal filtration capacity of 0.02 mm.  Testing initially performed on
entire Unit 3 flow, installed on 3, 4, and 5; modified system installed
at Unit 3 in 1998 with nominal mesh opening of 0.212 mm (0.5 mm
perforations), air burst cleaning system modified, high degree of algae
growth, average flow through screen velocity at 0.02 fps	Susceptible to
clogging and water flowing over the top.  1995 initial testing showed
82% effective in reducing entrainment among primary species - herring,
bay anchovy, striped bass, and naked goby.  Tested from June thru August
(summertime) showed a reduction in performance to a level comparable
with a travelling screen, largely due to operational difficulties.  1999
– 2000 testing had the same difficulties.  

Testing of modified boom installation in 1999 generally found no obvious
mortality associated with impingement on the Gunderboom material. 
Impingement data similar to control; somewhat general findings;
according to gunderboom technology lead, lower performance during 2000
(do not actually have data).	Not shown to be long-term effective	3, 21,
32, 34

Marshall and Allen Plants (Duke) (F)	NC	1155 – Allen, 2000 - Marshall 
NA	Fresh water	Location	Higher impingement rates than Buck due to intake
location at the end of cove (Marshall) and at the end of shoreline
depression (Allen) – better fish habitat.

5

Michigan City (F)	IN	680 	NA	NA	Air bubble curtain	Reportedly lower
impingement of 50% for alewife using air bubble curtain.  ASCE also
noted some alewife impingement reduction at J.P. Pulliam and Michigan
City during air bubble curtain test but saw no such benefits at Arkansas
Nuclear.  Plant also use electric screens for larger fish

5

Milliken Station (F)	NY	NA	NA	Lake Cayuga	Test of strobe light
deterrence, offshore intake, no physical barriers	37% less of all fish
entrained when strobe lights operating; individual species results
mixed; most effective in December, April, May, and June when intake
water cooler; significantly effective for repelling YOY rainbow smelt,
yellow perch, white sucker, and trout perch during entire study period;
alewife and total fish as measured by numbers and biomass significantly
repelled in winter and spring, juvenile smelt unaffected while adults
collected in greater number with lights on;  in July and August alewife
also appeared attracted to lights.

25

Millstone (N)	CT	2672 	7055 m3/min	Niantic Bay, Long Island Sound	Unit
3, shoreline intake at 8.5 m depth, 6 traveling screens (originally 4.8
mm then increased to 9.5 mm due to clogging) with 0.6-0.7 m/s velocity
and fish conveyance; Unit 1 and 2 similar but smaller.  Unit 1 has fish
conveyance	1985 EPRI Report:  testing for anchovy (adult), winter
flounder (larvae-adult), Lady crab (adult), squid (juvenile-adult),
lobster (adult) stickleback (adult), grubby (larvae-adult), tautog
(larvae), sand lance (larvae), silversides (adult). 

1993 doc, primary effects on winter flounder larvae where annual
entrainment estimates ranged 31-219 million.  Approximately 8-20% of the
annual production entrained with entrained larvae survival <1%. 
Wedgewire screens not proven due to higher flow than most other
facilities (better for closed cycle); looked at extending intake
offshore into Long Island sound.  Cooling tower would decrease intake
need by 95%.  Moving offshore for Unit 3 only was estimated to reduce
overall winter flounder larvae entrainment by 25% – may increase other
species (grubby). 

Unit 2 1976-87 data: 8,610-60,410 fish impinged (not including 480,000
sand lance impingement in 84), also looked at timing (spring key time
for larvae entrainment) – significant capacity issue.	1985-1986
continued impingement monitoring was expected, Unit 3 was to be
completed in 1986; some monitoring back to 1971 for Unit 1 – studies
led to rejection of behavioral controls for Unit 1; 1993 document
indicates that dual flow not usable where freezing occurs	6, 9

Mitchell (FF)	WV	NA	NA	Ohio River	Perforated pipe intakes, 25 mgd 	Noted
in 1980 report on Philip Sporn

36

Monroe Plant (F)	MI	3150 	5520 m3/min	Raisin River and Lake Erie	Fish
pump/removal system added to traveling screen, 70s studies focused on
use of pumps to safely remove fish from screenwells, physical/light
techniques for guiding fish to pans, also considered air bubbles	70-80%
survival, gizzard shad and yellow perch (focus on adults and perch and
YOY), largely as a result of pumping system for fish return added to
travelling screen.  Latent mortality low; air bubble curtain not
successful according to ASCE. 

1982 study of entrainment; survival calculated using intake level,
clupeidaes prolarvae initial 1.2% survival, prolarvae 3-hour 15.3%, post
larvae 3-hour 38%, juveniles 25% 3-hour; cyprinidae, post larvae 24-hour
75%; white bass, post larvae initial, 93%; yellow perch: pro larvae
3-hour 2.6 and post-larvae initial 2.7%; freshwater drum: prolarvae
initial 100%, postlarvae 94%; from ref 47, total impingement 75-76 4.7
million fish, including 626,000 yellow perch, 20.7 million larvae and
27.5 million eggs	Probably little success for larvae because non-motile
– fish have to move to pans.  Apparently times of year when entire
flow of Raisin River diverted through plant	5, 20, 33,47

Morgantown	MD 	1,150 	2,230 cfs	Potomac River (mesahaline estuary)	BTA
improvements consist of curtain net and fish return, barrier net found
not to work, could not operate behind curtain

	35

Moss Landing 6 and 7 and proposed 2 additions (replacing 1-5)	CA	1530,
Units 6 and 7 (propose to add 2 units at 530 MW) 	2,270 m3/min (6/7);
946 m3/min for new units over original 1,441 m3/min for 1-5	Pacific
Ocean, Moss Landing	Continuously rotating screens were studied versus
intermittent rotation; new units (530 MW) would be combined cycle,
proposed inclined with 0.8 cm mesh, approach velocity 0.5 fps	6/7
demonstration numbers:  no change for hardy species such as plainfin
midshipman and crabs; “substantial increase” in survival for
surfperch and rockfish (11% of fish impinged); potentially no increase
(vague) for pacific herring, bay anchovy, smelt, and silversides – due
to fragile nature of species.

Adult Equivalent Calculations – 1999-2000 entrainment data for new
units: unidentified gobies – 97,000-927,000 females; bay goby 1.046
million; 17,000 black eye goby; 185-1,300 longjaw mudsucks; combtooth
blenny 11,000; 80-692 Pacific herring; white croaker larvae (8.6
million); pacific sculpin (4-12% of water source);  crab >20 million

1, 8

Mountaineer (FF)	WV	NA	NA	Ohio River	Wedgewire screens (21.7 mgd)	Noted
in 1980 report on Philip Sporn

36

Mystic Unit 7 (F)	MA	1050 (Unit 7 @ 600 MW)	1097 m3/min	Mystic River
(Estuary)	Unit 7 – shoreline intake with vertical traveling screens,
modified with smooth mesh screens and fish buckets, low and high
pressure wash, bottom sills on each screenbay.  Evaluated impingement at
operating speeds ranging from 1 to 4.6 m/min	1985 EPRI Report:  testing
for winter flounder, alewife, smelt, and blueback herring (all adult),
impingement monitoring since 1975.  Unit 7 retrofitted in 1983. 
Survival testing in 1980-81, which showed 96% survival for winter
flounder during peak abundance period; survival rate for smelt, alewife,
and blue back herring at 23-67%, dependant on species and screen
rotation speeds; adult herring had low survival rates under all
conditions.  Increased survival seems tied to rotation speed.  50%
survival at 4.6 m/min for all species.  Alosa (alewife and blueback
herring) had high initial survival but low latent survival at all speeds
(about 25%).  Overall, survival for winter flounder was 95% for
continuous rotation, reduced to 46% for 8 hr rotation, with similar
results for smelt.

1981 Stone and Webster recommends limiting continuous operations to key
time periods (October-December).  Most abundant species were smelt,
followed by alosa (alewife and blueback herring), then winter flounder.
Increased survival observed seemed tied to rotation speed; alosa high
initial survival but low latent survival at all speeds; there was a 50%
survival rate at 4.6 m/min for all species; overall survival for winter
flounder was 95% with continuous operation, 56% at 2 hours, 34% at 4
hours, and 46% at 8 hour.  Similarly, greatest survival for smelt at
higher speeds	Unit 7 is one of 4 operational units	6, 12

Nanticoke (F)	Ontario	4096 	88m3/s	Lake Erie	2 submerged intakes,
velocity caps, one 5 cm barrier net one of the intake; reduced intake by
50%; some testing of air bubbles 	1985 EPRI Report:  testing for alewife
and rainbow smelt (egg-adult); gizzard shad (adult).  Monitoring since
1976 indicates 64-84% reduction in impingement losses (1981 original
reference).  Technology worked for emerald shiner, rock bass, spottail
shiner, rock bass, spottail shiner, trout-perch, white bass, and yellow
perch, but not alewife and other species	Not apparently used due because
vulnerable to wave action and ice scour, 46 suggests could be used
seasonally	6, 46

Nine Mile Pt (N)	NY	620 MW (on); 1080 (scheduled)	Unit 1 – 1014
m3/min, Unit 2 – 226 m3/min	Lake Ontario	Unit 1 – once thru with
velocity cap and 0.61 m/s velocity, vertical traveling screens, no fish
return; Unit 2 – velocity cap, closed cycle, angled screen diversion
with bypass	1985 EPRI Report:  testing for alewife and rainbow smelt
(larvae-adult); gizzard shad, yellow perch, smallmouth bass, and white
perch (YOY - adult); impingement monitoring since 1973 at Unit 1.  Unit
2 not on-line as of 1986

6

Northport	NY 	1500 	3465 m3/min	Long Island Sound	NA	1980 study of
entrainment survival; total survival (with 48-hour), American sand lance
pysl 2%, winter flounder psyl 10%, northern pipefish 51%

33

Northside (F)	FL 	1159 	NA	St Johns River	Traveling screens with fish
return system	Required fish return system in 1995	Need more information
43

Oswego Steam 6 (F)	NY	2187 total, Units 1-6  (now 1980 MW w/o 1-2)	1-5
2379 m3/min; 6 1230 m3/min	Lake Ontario	Units 1-4 : wooden cap with 0.4
– 0.6 velocity; Units 5-6: velocity cap with 0.3 m/s velocity; Unit 6
has angled traveling screens, Units 1-5 have conventional vertical
traveling screens	1981 – 1984 data:  diversion efficiencies: 79%
(alewife) and 74% (rainbow smelt), combined all species 78%; initial
survival was 45% (rainbow smelt) to 87% (gizzard shad); latent survival
at 22% (alewife) to 94% (mottle sculpin).

From 1999 EPRI Report, most recent study of post-impingement survival on
Unit 5 with conventional travelling screens, with alewife as the
predominant (75%) species: initial/latent survival (47/1%) (very low
latent survival for the predominant specie), rainbow smelt (15/7),
mottled sculpin (92/87), spottail shine (48/34), threepine stickleback
60/33, gizzard shad (63/0), emerald shiner (28/21), others (23 species)
62/45.  Latent survival is total survival after 24 hours.  This data is
consistent with earlier results from mid 70s/early 80s.

1, 6, 32

Oyster Creek (N)	NJ	630 	28.9 m3/s	Barnegat Bay	Intake canal, 6 vertical
traveling screens with 10 mm mesh, 4 circulating pumps, intermittent
wash system; continuous operation traveling screens	Sampling from Sept
1975-August 1977; bay anchovy 72% next menhaden, spot, Atlantic
silverside, small mouth flounder, and striped searobin; initial survival
ranged from 90% for northern pipefish to 7% for bay anchovy; limited
latent survival due to low numbers of testfish, ranged from 98% striped
searrobin to 5% Atlantic menhaden; EPRI report, continuous operation of
the traveling screens increased immediate survival for Atlantic
mendahen, Atlantic silverside, and winter flounder, most dramatic for
fishes with low survival, survival highly variable based on the species,
season, and size of impinged organisms; 

1985 entrainment survival study:  total survival (except bay anchovy
larvae survival, none survived through 96 hours, holding blamed):  bay
anchovy eggs less than 27 degrees C 83% down and 17% down at greater
than 33 degrees C; bay anchovy, initial only, larvae 68% survival at up
to 35 degrees, 0.1% survival at greater than 35 degrees, winter flounder
larvae 84% for below 15 degrees C and 15% above 18 degrees C

32, 33

Palisades Power Plant (N)	MI	715 	80,000 gpm	Lake Michigan	Offshore
(1,000 ft) intake,  mechanical draft cooling towers	Crayfish inhabit the
intake and greater impingement occurs when volume is reduced.	Redondo
Beach?	3

Philip Sporn (F)	WV	1050 	1038 mgd	Ohio River	Vertical traveling
screens, 1980 assessment of alternative technologies, plant circulates
estimated 2-11.7% of river flow when ichthyoplankton are present, 5
units, 1-4 avg. velocity <0.5 fps, unit 5 <1.0 fps, 1-4 rotated every 8
hours, 5 is linked to pressure sensor	1980 Report:  annual estimates of
52,136 fish impinged (including gizzard shad (39%), freshwater drum,
channel catfish (27%), emerald shiner (5%), white crappie (5%), and
bluegill (4%); estimated 113.9 million fish eggs and larvae entrained;
looked at wedgewire screens as option but said based on experience at
Mitchell, Amos, Big Sandy, and Mountaineer would be too expensive
because flow was 10 times greater than other plants and costs would be
prohibitive (estimated at $7.5 million).	Noted AEPCo commitment to
wedgewire based use at other 4 plants	36

Pickering (N)	Ontario	1280 	2600 m3/min	Lake Ontario	Screenwells,
prototype diversion, mostly with behavioral devices	1985 EPRI Report: 
testing for alewife, rainbow smelt, gizzard shat (larvae-adult);
impingement monitoring since 1974, behavioral test in 1976-77 and
1983-84; behavioral test showed sound to be effective for alewife;
follow up alewife testing by EPRI in 1985-86.  Popper shown to be
effective for alewife, diverted 73% (1985) and 76%, (1986) away from
intake; some suggestion that air bubble and strobes work also.  Data too
sporadic to draw conclusions, same with combinations of techniques.

6, 22, 28

Pittsburg (F)	CA	1320	2,712 m3/min	Bay	Continuously rotating screens
studies versus intermittent rotation	In 1978 study, no improvement in
survival for invertebrates such as bay shrimp, crabs, and oriental
shrimp; impingement 96h survival increased from 19-32 to 26-56% for YOY
white perch; striped bass latent survival increased from 26 to 62% 

Also studied entrainment for striped bass larvae – initial survival
ranged from 11.8-93.5% (lowest survival rate was at 36-37 degrees C);
earlier tests in 1976, 12.8 mm length initial 21 and 54, 21.6 mm 94 down
to 12 at 37 degrees C, all striped bass larvae.

1, 33

Point Beach (N)	WI	990 	2838 m3/min	Lake Michigan	Leaky dam technology,
offshore intake; reference to traveling screen	1985 EPRI Report: 
alewife (egg-adult) and rainbow trout (larvae-adult); testing in late
1970s as part of 316(b) demonstration; part of general studies done by
Wisconsin Electric Power in the late 70s/early 80s at several plants;
generally lower I&E than at other nearby plants with onshore intake
structures.  Accuracy of results limited by varied species density and
other environmental factors – no numeric data.

6, 32

Port Jefferson	NY 	490 	NA	Long Island Sound	NA	1978 study of
entrainment survival; total survival (with 96-hour results), winter
flounder pysl 65%, sand lance pysl 25 and 86%: American eel juveniles
100%, fourbeard rockling eggs 73.1 and 100%

33

Portsmouth (F)	VA	362 	984 m3/min	Elizabeth River (Estuary)	Intake
canal, curtain wall then to Royce traveling screens; buckets and low
pressure spray wash	1985 EPRI Report:  testing for alosa spp., menhaden,
spot, croaker (juvenile), hogchoker and bay anchovy (juvenile-adult).

6

Prairie Island (N)	MN	1000 	22,396 m3/min	Mississippi

River	Thru canal, 8 vertical traveling screens at canal mouth, velocity
10 cm/sec, screen mesh 9 mm during 9/1 – 4/15 normally, 0.5 mm during
remainder of year, fish return ; air bubble curtain studies in 1974; can
operate as once thru, closed loop, or helper system	1985 EPRI Report: 
channel catfish, emerald shiner, gizzard shad, sauger, walleye, and
white bass (larvae adult), freshwater drum (egg-adult), performance
testing “began in 1984”.

1974 data: air curtain actually caused net increase of fish entering
(plus 7.1%);  however, decrease was significant during April, May, and
July, continuing use was recommended during these periods.  

3-year study (1984-87) showed latent survival of most post larval fish
0-10%, except suckers (31-50%) and walleye (>50%), gizzard shad <0.1%
post larvae, carp prolarvae 24, postlarvae 13, juvenile 71; cyprinidae
prolarve 0.1, postlarvae 1.5, juvenile 46, adult 38, catostomidae
prolarvae 44, postlarvae 38, juvenile 65; channel catfish prolarvae 59,
juvenile 57;  white basss prolarvae 0, postlarvae 2, and juvenile 31;
lepomis spp. Postlarvae 1; pomoxis postlarve 2.5; percidae prolarvae 5,
postlarvae 3; freshwater drum, prolarvae 0.4, postlarvae 5, juvenile 34;
in general, juvenile had higher survival rates, data from 88 and 91
references, may be underestimated due to high control mortality;
according to ASCE, air bubble curtain did not function well

5, 6, 9, 20, 32

Protrero Power Plant (FF)	CA	332, proposed exp to 540	1,008 m3/min,
proposed 1222	San Francisco Bay	Vertical traveling screens, proposed new
system with fine mesh (5/32) screens, CEC has recommended dry cooling
1979 study of entrainment survival for Pacific herring larva, initial
74%, 96-hour 95, total survival = 70% (18-19 degrees C)

1999-2000 - study to support proposed expansion showed total
estimate/AEL and/or 2 x female adult (2FH) losses due to entrainment of:
 unidentified gobies (80 million/58,000 AEL), yellowfin goby (64
million/7,984 FH), bay goby (48 million/222 AEL), Pacific herring (44
million/1,120 FH and 6910 AEL), northern anchovy (32 million/5,216 FH
and 6,994 AEL), white croaker (6.9 million/154 FH)	2FH loss estimated
value $1,385, AEL loss $620	33, 53

Quad Cities	IL	1242 	3793 m3/min	Mississippi River

1978 study of entrainment survival, initial survival only, freshwater
drum larvae and juveniles 62% at 30 degrees and down to 2% above 38
degrees C, cyprinidae larvae and juveniles 63% and down to 7 at above 38
degrees C.  Additional work in 1984, initial survival only; buffalo sp.
Larvae 94%, carp larvae 92/97% and freshwater drum 63%, all temps below
34 degrees C

33

Quad-Cities (Com Ed)	NA	NA	NA	Mississippi River	Studies air bubble
curtains, deployed 2 barrier nets in 1985	According to ASCE 1977, did
not function well; barrier nets had significant operational problems due
to freezing and debris.  Showed some decrease in impingement, but EPRI
report suggests results seen were due to fish abundance not net
performance

20

Redondo Beach (F)	CA	1,602 	1770 m3/min	Pacific Ocean (1-6), King Harbor
(7-8)	Offshore intakes, Units 7-8 have vertical cable array ( 46 cm
spacing and velocity cap; performed initial testing of louver systems
1985 EPRI Report:  testing for  northern anchovy, white croaker, and
queenfish (YOY-adult), walleye surfperch and kelp bass (adult); 1979-81
studies of larval exclusion studies, including testing of velocity cap.

In 70s, louvers placed at angles ranging from 90 to 20 degree to
direction of flow at velocities ranging from 0.5 to 4 ft/s.  Species
tested included northern anchovy, queenfish, white croaker, walleye,
surfperch, and shiner perch.  Max guidance (96-100%) occurred with
louvers 25 mm apart at 20 degree angle to flow and approach velocity 0.6
m/s.  Found that there must not be turbulence in bypass channel, and
channel velocity should be 3 times approach velocity.  Worked equally
well in light and darkness.

6, 30, 32

Roseton Station	NY	1200 	40 m3/s	Hudson River	3.2 mm x 12.7 mm on newer
screens, conducted seasonal, EPRI evaluation of behavioral methods,
sound, lights, air bubble.  In 1990 installed dual flow/single exit
screens to replace 2 of 8 conventional band-type vertical screens,
primarily for debris flow, but also with fish enhancements – water
retaining lift buckets, dual pressure cleaning, flattened wire mesh and
faster operating speed, 9.5 mm mesh on older screens, velocity
approaching 0.23 m/s older	Blueback herring, alewife, American shad,
white perch, bay anchovy, striped bass - behavioral measures had low
deterrent capability and did not work for impingement (EPRI study). 
More diverse species than Pickering (concurrent study), post-impingement
survival program May – August and October-November 1990.  Although
survival slightly higher for dual flow screens – not considered
statistically higher; latent survival in order of occurrence: blue back
herring (dual/conventional), Spring/Summer (0/0), Fall (0.1/0), white
perch (32.7/8.8) and (47.6/33.3); bay anchovy (0/0), (0/0); American
shad (0.5/0.2), (0/0); alewife (0.3/0.1), (0/0); striped bass
(42.9/23.8); gizzard shad (12.1/0), (23.6/5.4); spottail shiner
(45.9/13.5), (74.2/51.8); brown bullhead (82.8/61.1), (89.6/100);
hogchoker (95.7/91.4), (98.2/90.4); bay anchovy and hogchoker most
common species.  

Also 1975 study of entrainment survival, total survival (with 96-hour)
striped bass pysl  38%, clupeids (initial only since no extended
survival in intake or discharge), pysl 40 and juveniles 45; white perch,
initial only, pysl 41%; cyprinidae pysl 100, tessellated darter 100%. 
1976 data initial striped bass pysl  58% at below 31 degrees C and 19%
at 31-37 degrees C, juveniles 80% at higher temps; clupeids pysl 59% at
below 31 degrees C and 10% at 31-37 degrees C, juveniles 16, white
perch, 79% at below 31 degrees C and 11% at 31-37 degrees C, juveniles
60%; cyprinidae pysl 69; extended survival pooled for striped bass and
white perch <20% at intake and discharge for pysl, high for juveniles,
for clupeids, zero at intake and discharge; 1977 data (initial only): 
striped bass pysl 58% at below 30 degrees C and 6% at 33-36 degrees C,
juveniles 100%; clupeids pysl 19 at below 30 degrees C down to 0% at
33-36 degrees C, juveniles 24 at below 30, 0 above, white perch pysl ,
52% at below 30 degrees C and 0% above 33 degrees C, Atlantic tomcod ysl
41% at low temperatures. 

1978 data (total survival with 96-hour test):  striped bass pysl 46%,
clupeids pysl and juveniles0%, white perch pysl 56 and 96%, juveniles
55%, Atlantic tomcod ysl 31-67% and pysl 39%; 1980 data striped bass ysl
88%, pysl 88%, juveniles 71%, clupeids pysl  23% and 0% juveniles, white
perch pysl 67 and juveniles 100%	Find Lawler, Matusky, and Skelly.
Intake Debris Screen Post Impingement Survival Evaluation Study 1990,
need to find out why so low survival for certain species	17, 22, 28, 32

33

Salem (N)	NJ	2200, Units 1 and 2 (3 is peaking only.  Unit 1 began in
1977 and Unit 2 in 1981)	8390 m3/min	Delaware River/Bay (Estuary)
Modified Ristoph with fish returns studied versus traveling screens;
most recent revisions in 1995 to comply with 1994 permit requirements.
1996 data: 48 h survival for juvenile weakfish – 79.3% survival for
modified Ristoph versus 57.8% for old traveling screens.  

1997-98 data Units 1 and 2:  white perch (93-98% survival); bay anchovy
(20-72%), Atlantic Croaker (58-98%), Spot (93%), herrings (78-82%),
weakfish (18-88%), comparing to original screens showed mortality rates
lower with modified screens for white perch, bay anchovy, Atlantic
croaker, spot, and herring;  According to Delaware Riverkeeper, annual
loss, Herrings alewife & blueback: 281,746; Atlantic croaker: 61,100; 
American Shad: 468;  Spot: 305,000; Striped bass: 3,239; White perch:
375,000; Bay anchovy: 842,000,000; Weakfish: 1,120,000; 

Kahn 2000 estimated conditional mortality for striped bass during
1980-1989 (low abundance) at less than 1%, and at 32% during a period of
high abundance 1989-99. 	ESSA (2000) issues with facilities estimates of
mortality, sound generally not show to be helpful (may be for a few
species with air bubble), too large flow for wedgewire (ESSA), high
debris prevents fine mesh (ESSA),	1, 6, 7, 10, 11

San Onofre 2 and 3 (N)	CA	2636 total, 2200 at 2 and 3	101 m3/s (50 m3/s
each unit)	Pacific Ocean	Unit 1 – offshore (1 km) intake with velocity
cap and traveling screens.  Units 2 and 3, offshore intake with improved
velocity cap to angled traveling louver screens well, bypass, fish
return	In 1970s, pilot louver system tested at Redondo Beach Station
(California predecessor to full scale at San Onofre).  Louvers placed at
angles ranging from 90 to 20 degrees to the direction of the flow at
velocities ranging from 0.5 to 4 fps.  Species tested included northern
anchovy, queenfish, white croaker, walleye, surfperch, and shiner perch.
 Maximum guidance (96-100%) occurred with louvers 25 mm apart at 20
degree angel to flow and approach velocity of 0.6 m/s.

San Onofre Units 2 and 3 have offshore intake with velocity cap and
louver system.  1984 data: 196,978 entered system with 188,583 diverted
(96% effective) 1985 data: 407,755 fish entering and 306,200 returned
(75% effective) and 101,555 impinged; however 96 hour survival was less
than or equal to 50% for anchoa compressa, anchoa delicatissima,
genyonemus lineatus, and seriphus politus, and predators are often
waiting for returned and/or compromised fish.  Operator also tested 45
degree angled 16 mm screens at the same time it was considering the
louver system.  For northern anchovies, the angled screens showed poor
to good guidance (0 – 70%), while for other species, moderate to good
guidance (60 – 90%).  No survivability data are available. 

According to 1985 EPRI Report testing for queenfish, white croaker,
northern anchovy (larvae-adult), walleye surfperch (adult) with angled
16 mm (45 degree) screen:  for northern anchovy, poor to good guidance
(0-70%)was achieved, while for other species, moderate to good guidance
(60-90%) was achieved with an approach velocity at 0.6 m/s and bypass
velocity at 0.45 to 1.2 m/s.  Testing in mid 70s was dropped when
louvers were installed.	Unclear if total 84 and 86 data are just Units 2
and 3, Find Love 1989, impingement studies reported to have been done at
Unit 1, NPDES requires impingement monitoring	3, 6, 32

Seabrook (N)	NH	1,150 	NA	Atlantic Ocean	1.5 km offshore intake,
velocity cap, 1993 NPDES permit limited velocity to 1.0 ft/s	1993 report
data:  1985 (970 fish impinged), 1986 (1212), 1987 (502), 1990
(499),1991 (1019).  Species include sculpins, snailfishes, lumpfish,
windowpane, and winter flounder, few pelagic fish impinged except
Pollock suggesting cap working as planned.

9

Seminole 1 and 2 (F)	FL	1200 	NA	St. John’s River	Cooling tower
system, testing of wedgewire screens (in situ, pre-construction for
316(b), 1mm and 2 mm tested, evaluated biofouling, low approach velocity
(0.5 fps)	1979 testing: no impingement of fish eggs, larvae or
juveniles, 134 entrainment collections; just larvae and eggs off 1 mm;
larvae, eggs, and juveniles off 2 mm; all off 9.5 mm; 1 mm offered 99%
reduction larvae entrainment over 9.5 mm; 2 mm had 62% reduction;
primary species for 1 and 2 mm: medina beryllins, gobiosoma bosci,
microgobius; unscreened (9.5 mm) anchoa mitchilli, m. beryllina, lepomis
sp., g. bosci, and m. gulosus; did not find statistical differences in
densities of fish entrained between 1 and 2 mm; fouling may have
increased entrainment on fine mesh screens at end of study – due
potentially to biofouling (Aug. highest); however, no drop off in flow
rate beyond 25% (tested).  No impingement of fish eggs, larvae, or
juveniles.

27

Shoreham (N)	NY	820 	2271 m3/min	Long Island Sound (Ocean)	Intake canal
with 20 cm/s intake velocity to traveling screens fitted with fish trays
and a trough, low pressure spray, conveyance	1985 EPRI Report: testing
for bay anchovy (egg- adult), winter flounder (egg-adult),  lobster
(larvae-adult), tautog (egg-adult), sand lance (egg-adult), Atlantic
menhaden (egg-adult), windowpane flounder (egg-adult), searobin
(egg-adult), scup (egg-adult), whelk (egg-adult), biological tests were
scheduled for first year of operation (anticipated to begin operations
in late 1985

6

Sizewell A and B (N)	England	NA	NA	Ocean	B has velocity cap, well
offshore, intake minimized, and fish return	50% reduction in impingement
over Unit A.  Survival for white flounder, plaice, sole dab, and bass is
>80%; however, whiting, sprat, herring, and pout survival is much lower
and negligible for sprat and herring, which are susceptible to pressure
change.

3

St. Lucie (N)	FL	1700 	1150 cfs	Atlantic Ocean	Intake moved from Indian
River to Atlantic Ocean 1200 feet from shore, velocity caps with buried
pipeline to intake canal then to traveling screens	Impacts considered
minimal compared to Big Bend or Crystal River; original proposed
location in Indian River was moved after objections	No detailed 316b
determination	42, 45

Summit Power (N)	DE	1540 	NA	Chesapeake and Delaware Canal	Test
performed on wedgewire for proposed plant	Circa 1977 testing at Delmarva
Research facility in Middletown found, study showed entrainment of fish
eggs (including striped bass) can effectively be prevented with slot
widths of l mm or less and velocity at 0.5 fps.  Some impingement
mortality at exposure durations of 0.5 – 2.0 min, however expected to
be less than 5%.  Actual field testing in Brackish water of canal, had
to remove and clean screens as much as once per three weeks
(backflushing became ineffective at warmer water temperatures).	Canal
between Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay, testing performed pre final
decision to build, find out if built	30

TVA Plants – 13 plants	TN

NA	Freshwater	Fine mesh screen, impingement timing, and velocity, mostly
lab tests	Impingement Duration:  1977 data (Tomljanovich), see attached
table 1- generally showed best survival rates at impingement durations
less than 8 minutes.  With duration of 0.5 minutes, all species had
latent mortalities of less than 50 percent, except for striped bass,
which was about 80%: looked at location including 9 channel intakes: 5
showed low impingement, 4 showed high impingement; of 5 shoreline
intakes, 4 had low impingement and 1 showed high impingement; all
locations did nothing for larvae and eggs.  Looked at feasibility of
protecting larval fish with fine mesh screen and found: 0.5 mm needed
for 99% retention of striped bass (reduced to 30% with 0.97 mm), for
largemouth bass 75 and 70% at 0.97 mm and 1.3 mm with similar results
for small mouth.  Immediate and delayed mortality was variable with best
survival at impingement duration of <8 minutes for striped bass with
mortality mostly greater than 90% for large and small mouth, channel
catfish, and bluegill at 8 minutes.  Mortality was greater than 99% at
16 minutes for striped bass and 98% for walleye.  Survival for walleye
at 0.5 – 2 minutes  = 48-63% and 22-27% for striped bass with the
control group exhibiting some mortality but not as great.  0.5 mm mesh
was needed for 99% retention of striped bass, e.g., retention was
reduced to 30% with 0.97 mm mesh.  Similar results for large and small
mouth bass.  At Sevier Plant in a full-scale test, twice as many larval
fish were retained with 0.5 mm mesh as with 1.0 and 2.0 mm combined, at 
velocities of 24-38 cm/s.

2, 5, 30, 

Washington Power (now presumable Avista) (N)	WA	NA	NA	Columbia River
Escape rout between trash racks and screens

	5

Zion (N)	IL

	Lake Michigan	Traveling screens, may have net?	Ref 46 indicates that
net was tried with some apparent success, mid-70s original reference,
net used mid-March through mid-November

46

 F = Fossil Fuel, N = Nuclear

	 

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U.S. EPA Region 4.  August 1976.  Findings of Fact.  Green River Steam.

U.S. EPA Region IV.  September 1979.  Brunswick Nuclear Steam Electric
Generating Plant.  Historical Summary and Review of Section 316(b)
Issues

University of Michigan.  1985.  Impingement Losses at the D.C. Cook
Nuclear Power Plant During 1975-1982 with a Discussion of Factors
Responsible and Possible Impact on Local Populations

Taft et. al.  1981.  Laboratory Evaluation of the Larval Fish
Impingement and Diversion Systems

AEPCo. 1980.  Kammer Plant Demonstration Document.

AEPCo. 1980.  Cardinal Plant Demonstration Document.

Argonne National Laboratory.  March 1977.   Survey of Fish Impingement
at Power Plants in the U.S., Volume I.  The Great Lakes

New England Power.  December 4, 1996.  Letter from Andrew Aitken, NEP to
EPA Region I Responding to 308 Information Request for Brayton Point.

PG&E.  September 1999.  Brayton Point Power Station 1998 Annual Report

(53) 	Mirant Potrero, LLC.  September 2001.  Potrero Power Six-month
Report

Additional Impingement and Entrainment Performance Data/Notes

From 20, Lake Ontario power plant studies showed 25 degree orientation
at approach and bypass velocities ranging from 0.5 – 3.0 fps 100%
effective in diverting 1-6 inch long fish to bypass.  Similar results
for Hudson river power plants for striped bass, white perch, and
Atlantic tomcod) 2-6”, survival of bypassed fish >96%.  Also
recommended 1 fps approach velocity and approach:bypass velocity ratio
1:1.

From 21, sound barriers probably only have effects within a few feet of
the intakes.  Cited strobe light/air bubble as viable options for Salem.
 0.5 mm wedgewire not tested.  Ludington (Consumers Power) is pumped
storage plant with 2.5 mile long barrier net, successfully reduced
entrainment, deployed from mid-April to mid-October, storms and icing
prevent rest of year, net effectiveness for target species (5 salmonid,
yellow perch, rainbow smelt, alewife, and chub) over 80% since 91, 96%
95/96.  Pumped storage volume 19,000 m3/s.  Haywood hydroelectric was
studying in 99.  Also studied at Pine Hydro electric (no size) reduced
passage of rock bass, bluegill, yellow perch, black bullhead, black
crappie, and other riverine species by 85-100%.  Based on success at
Pine, to be installed at Brule Hydroelectric, testing to have been done
in 99.  Fletcher 1996 found that most of the mortality with modified
Ristoph screens is due conditions in trough not being caught on screens.
 Fine mesh traveling also increases impingement, trade-off.

Also from 21, EPRI tested modular incline screen (MIS) in lab in early
90s, trash rack, dewatering stop logs, inclined screen at shallow angle,
and bypass, can operate at 2 – 10 ft/s,  most fish 47-88, not useful
for large, diversion efficiency greater than 98% for channel catfish,
golden shiner, brown trout, coho and Chinook salmon, trout fry and
juveniles, and Atlantic salmon smolts.  Lower diversion efficiency and
higher mortality for American shad  and blueback herring but comparable
to control.  For other species, latent mortality 0-5%, EPRI 1986
indicates that louvers can 80-95% effective in diverting fish.  Louvers
tested by Northeast Utilities Service Company in the Holyoke Canal on
the Connecticut River for juvenile clupeids (American shad and blueback
herring).  Overall guidance efficiency found to be 85-90%.

From 30, provides conceptual design for 20,000-30,000 gpm wedgewire,
shoreline intake for 1,200 MW nuclear

From 32, to date cylindrical wedge screens only installed at 2
installations and have incorporated slot openings that will physically
exclude larger juvenile and adult fish, but not fish eggs, larvae, and
juveniles, EPRI cites need to evaluate fine mesh screens

From 32, Alden Research Laboratory conducted testing of angled screens
for three utilities in the 1970s.  Large-scale flume found angled screen
(25 degrees) found to be 100% effective in diverting all test species
(alewife, white perch, striped bass, and tomcod).  Latent mortality mean
mortality 35.7% for alewives and 3.3% for Hudson River species.  Higher
mortality for alewives due to handling fragile species.  Subsequently
combined testing of diversion with fish transportation, showed total 12%
mortality.  This testing provided the basis for Niagara Mohawk
installing a full-scale angled screen and fish transportation system at
the Oswego Station.  Also performed, fine-mesh angled screen diversion
tests were also conducted at Alden.  In 1978, tests conducted on striped
bass larvae.  Screen sizes were 1.5 and 2.5 mm metallic and synthetic
screens. 1.5 mm synthetic screen yield greatly (and statistically
higher) diversion efficiency and survival, consistently above 70%.  1978
follow-up testing only included synthetic with some larger sizes. For
winter flounder only tests with small larvae (4.1 and 6.1 mm), no
diversion effects noted.  Similar for alewife, no ability to guide for
small prolarvae and early post larvae (up to 9.5 mm), diversion
efficiencies of 84 and 77 for 11.2 and 84, 84, and 60 for 14.7 mm. 
However, 96 hour mortalities high, therefore, total efficiency low (all
less than 27%).  Similar for smaller yellow perch, no ability to guide
for (6.0 and 9.3 mm), 16 and 72 diversion efficiency for 14.3 mm with 96
hour mortalities of 11.1 and 1%.  Authors suggest mortalities due to
damage from impingement of many larvae from some period against 1.0 mm
screen 

From 32, EPRI tested new modified incline screen in mid 1990s.  No full
scale use although planned for pilot study at Niagara Mohawk’s Green
Island Hydroelectric Project.  Used juvenile walleye, bluefill, channel
catfish, American shad, blueback herring, golden shiner, rainbow trout,
brown trout, Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and Atlantic salmon, testing
at water velocities from 0.6 to 3.0 m/s.  Mean length of all species
between 47 and 88 mm.  Diversion rates reached 98 or greater at water
velocities up to 2.4 m/s for walleye and 1.8 m/s for bluegills. 
Diversion efficiencies for channel catfish, golden shiner and brown
trout exceeded 98% for all water velocities.  Diversion efficiencies for
rainbow trout fry and juveniles exceeded 99% at velocities up to 1.8 m/s
and 2.4 m/s.  Diversion rates >99% for coho for all velocities and
Chinook up to 2.4 m/s.  Atlantic salmon 100% diversion.  Diversion
efficiencies lower and latent mortality higher for American shad and
blueback herring, however, latent mortality comparable to control
indicating stress from capture.  Generally, latent mortality adjusted
for control was low (0-5%) for all species tested.

From 32, numerous studies have demonstrated that louvers can be
effective on the order of 80-95% over a wide range of conditions.

From 32, “recent” studies on fish passage at Tracy fish collection
facility.  Louver system set up in San Joaquin River.  Two systems,
primarily and secondary (primary 97.5 long, secondary 9.3 m long). 
Originally installed in 1950s.  Angled 15 degrees to flow, primarily
intended for juvenile Chinook and striped bass >25 mm long.  1993
testing, secondary diversion efficiency 72-100% for Chinook and 30-90%
for striped bass.  Primary system efficiency 13-82% for Chinook and
0-96% striped bass.  Lowest diversion efficiencies for Chinook during
low flow/low velocity conditions (striped bass not tested during these
conditions) and for all species, when louvers clogged with debris. 
Lower efficiency during low flow/low velocity conditions may be due to
fish being able to swim upstream from collection facility.  Follow-up
studies during 93 to 95 for green and white sturgeon, American shad,
splittail, white catfish, delta smelt, Chinook salmon, and striped bass.
 Splittail over 50% fish collected, for species collected adequate #’s
(not green and white sturgeon and delta smelt), mean efficiency of
secondary louvers ranged from 63 (splittail) to 89% (white catfish).

From 32, Alden labs tested louvers in 1970s on alewives and smelt for
Niagara Mohawk.  Separate studies for ConEd with striped bass, white
perch, and tomcod  With Niagara, test velocities of 0.31, 0.41, and 0.61
m/s with bypass to approach velocity ratios of 1.5/1.  Louver array
angles of 90, 60, and 25 and slat spacings of 25 mm, 51 mm, and 82.6 mm.
 At 90 and 60 angles, average guidance efficiency <80%.  With 25 degree
orientation and 25 mm spacing, average efficiencies 90 and 93%.  For
ConEd,  25 mm spacings and 25 degree angle, approach velocities of 0.31
m/s, 0.61 m/s, and 0.91 m/s with again 1.5:1 ration.  Efficiency
species-specific 50-80% white perch, 56-97 Hudson River striped bass,
68-99% hatchery reared bass, and 96-99% tomcod.  Average for all species
85%.  Tests also done more recently (published 1997) at USGS Conte
Anadromous Fish Research Center.  Angle=20 degrees to flow 97-100%
diversion efficiency for Connecticut River fish, including American
shad.

From 33, entrainment survival rates vary considerably within and among
species, and among power plants.   Survival of young of life striped
bass 28-90% with a mean of 61%.  Atlantic tomcod and minnows produced
similar results with means of 57 and 64%.  Young perch, winter flounder,
and freshwater drum were lower with means of 48 and 51%.  One plant
showed larvae sucker survival of 88-98%  Larval and juvenile spot
survival at 2 estuarine plants was just over 75%.  Larvae of striped
bass and perch also >50%.  Larvae and juveniles of herring (alewife,
blueback, and menhaden) low 0-50% with mean of 25%.  For macros, mean
survival 75%.  Size of fish important factor, survival of 3-5.9 mm
striped bass 10-30%, increased with growth to 65-90+% for 12 mm or
longer.  Biocides can limit survival.  Major influence discharge
temperature – when less 30 degrees C survival striped bass and with
perch young 60-70%, 30-33 degrees survival white perch dropped to 50%,
above 35 degrees C survival of both dropped to 30%.  Herring and anchovy
same pattern, but lower, dropping to 0 at above 33 degrees C.  Most
studies, 1970s.

From 45 (1979), it has generally been required for nuclear facilities to
have closed cycle cooling, 22 new facilities cited, 16 with closed cycle
and 6 with modified intake to reduce entrainment.

From 47 (circa 1981), lab tests performed by Empire Electric and
Northern States Power, indicate “selected larvae capable of active
diversion at very young age.” Recommend uses of lifting buckets, low
pressure washes, fine mesh materials, and sluiceways.  Velocity and
duration of impingement key factors.  Over 3,000 tests with more than
75,000 larvae.  Striped bass:  relatively high mortality even under
short duration and low velocity, however, control also had high
mortality (57%).  For 2 minute duration, all velocities survival >88%. 
Relatively high survival under many conditions.  Winter flounder,
velocity key factor not impingement duration.  Higher mortality
anticipated in 4.4 post-larvae.  Reduced at 6.1 mm.  Still generally
pretty high mortality.  Alewife, mortality variable based on both
velocity and duration, although generally high for both.  Yellow perch
same as alewife.  Walleye, high mortalities throughout.  Channel catfish
mortality low under most test conditions.  Bluegill similar to channel
catfish, except high mortality at 8 and 16 min. duration.  Conclusions: 
striped bass exhibited high mortality under all conditions, while winter
flounder, alewife, and yellow perch prolarvae had low mortality. 
Post-larvae mortality higher in some cases, also high in controls

From 50, Waukergan apparently used 1 inch mesh net from April through
October (Lake Michigan), Dean Mitchell in Indiana uses electric screen.

Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

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