Memorandum
To:
Ashley
Allen,
USEPA
From:
Elizabeth
Strange,
Stratus
Consulting
Inc.

Date:
10/
24/
2005
Subject:
Summary
Descriptions
of
Facilities
with
Impingement
and
Entrainment
Studies
Collected
Since
Proposal
of
the
Section
316(
b)
Phase
III
Rule
1.
Introduction
To
support
rule
development
efforts
under
section
316(
b)
of
the
Clean
Water
Act,
EPA's
Engineering
and
Analysis
Division
is
developing
national
estimates
of
the
impingement
and
entrainment
(
I&
E)
of
aquatic
organisms
in
and
through
cooling
water
intake
structures.
1
To
assist
in
this
effort,
Stratus
Consulting
and
Tetra
Tech,
Inc.
have
assembled
studies
of
I&
E
from
facilities
throughout
the
U.
S
with
cooling
water
intake
structures.
This
memorandum
provides
summary
descriptions
of
facilities
with
I&
E
studies
that
have
been
assembled
since
the
proposal
of
the
section
316(
b)
Phase
III
rule
in
November
2004.
The
facilities
described
in
this
memo
have
studies
that
meet
the
analytical
requirements
described
in
The
Regional
Benefits
Assessment
for
the
Proposed
Section
316(
b)
Rule
for
Phase
III
facilities.
2
2.
Facility
Descriptions
This
section
summarizes
information
on
the
study
facilities
from
the
time
periods
of
their
I&
E
studies.
The
descriptions
provided
in
this
section
are
based
on
information
available
from
facility
documents3
and
technical
data
compiled
during
EPA's
survey
of
facilities
with
cooling
water
intake
structures.
4
In
some
cases,
the
available
facility
documents
provided
a
minimal
description
of
the
facility,
and
this
is
reflected
in
the
summaries
for
those
facilities.

1
See
Part
1
of
The
Regional
Benefits
Assessment
for
the
Proposed
Section
316(
b)
Rule
for
Phase
III
Facilities
(
EDocket
Document
ID
#
OW­
2004­
0002­
0016).
2
See
Part
1
of
The
Regional
Benefits
Assessment
for
the
Proposed
Section
316(
b)
Rule
for
Phase
III
Facilities
(
EDocket
Document
ID
#
OW­
2004­
0002­
0016).
3.
See
reference
list.
4.
The
technical
data
are
provided
in
the
Section
316(
b)
Survey
Questionnaire
Database
(
DCN
#
4­
0016D).
Stratus
Consulting
Page
2
2.1
Facilities
Within
Scope
of
the
Phase
III
Rule
Delaware
City
Refinery/
Motiva
Enterprises
The
Delaware
City
Refinery,
operated
by
Motiva
Enterprises,
is
located
on
the
west
side
of
the
Delaware
River
estuary
in
New
Castle
County,
Delaware
(
Normandeau
Associates,
2000).
This
portion
of
the
estuary
is
considered
a
"
transition
zone,"
characterized
by
variable
salinity,
high
turbidity,
and
low
biological
productivity.
There
is
a
shipping
channel
in
the
deep
waters
directly
offshore
of
the
facility's
intake
structure.

The
facility
withdraws
water
from
the
Delaware
River
via
Cedar
Creek,
which
is
essentially
an
intake
canal
used
as
non­
contact
cooling
water
for
the
combined
complex
that
includes
the
refinery
and
the
Delaware
City
Power
Plant
(
Normandeau
Associates,
2000).
The
intake
is
located
at
the
inland
end
of
Cedar
Creek,
about
one
mile
from
the
Delaware
River.
Once­
through
cooling
water
is
discharged
back
into
the
Delaware
River
through
two
"
guard
basins"
upstream
of
the
mouth
of
Cedar
Creek.
Due
to
heavy
siltation,
the
canal
must
be
dredged
twice
a
year
to
maintain
adequate
flow
to
the
intake
during
low
tide
conditions.
A
trash
fence
transecting
Cedar
Creek
is
used
to
keep
large
debris
from
the
intake.

At
the
time
of
I&
E
sampling
in
1998
and
1999
the
plant
was
configured
as
follows
(
Normandeau
Associates,
2000).
Water
enters
the
intake
through
six
unscreened,
submerged,
8
foot
(
ft)
square
openings.
Water
is
pumped
through
the
refinery
using
one
half
size
and
nine
full
size
circulating
water
pumps
that
serve
both
the
refinery
and
the
power
plant
for
which
the
refinery
provides
cooling
water.
Pumping
rate
varies
with
seasonal
demand
and
operations
at
both
facilities.
Nine
vertical
traveling
screens
are
located
within
the
intake
in
front
of
the
circulating
water
pumps.
The
wire
mesh
pans
of
five
of
the
traveling
screens
have
3/
8
inch
(
in)
mesh
and
the
other
four
have
3/
16
in
mesh.
Each
screen
is
rotated
at
about
10
ft
per
minute
and
cleaned
once
every
8
hr
in
summer,
with
less
frequent
cleaning
in
winter.
Average
approach
velocity
to
the
screens
is
about
0.6
ft
per
second
at
the
full
pumping
rate
at
mean
low
tide.

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
Atlantic
croaker,
white
perch,
blueback
herring,
hogchoker,
brown
bullhead,
American
shad,
alewife,
northern
pipefish,
yellow
perch,
bluefish,
black
drum,
channel
catfish,
striped
anchovy,
silvery
minnow,
spot,
bluegill,
spotted
hake,
Atlantic
silverside,
mummichog,
spotfin
shiner,
Atlantic
herring,
crevalle
jack,
white
catfish,
green
sunfish,
summer
flounder,
spotfin
butterflyfish,
American
eel,
largemouth
bass,
rainbow
trout,
brown
trout,
rock
bass,
white
sucker,
carp,
banded
killifish,
pumpkinseed,
oyster
toadfish,
black
crappie,
tessellated
darter,
yellow
bullhead,
gizzard
shad,
white
perch,
weakfish,
alewife,
spot,
hogchoker,
American
shad,
bluefish,
yellow
perch,
summer
flounder,
largemouth
bass,
striped
anchovy,
black
drum,
channel
catfish,
Atlantic
silverside,
brown
bullhead,
silvery
minnow,
pumpkinseed,
American
eel,
northern
pipefish,
yellow
bullhead,
inland
silverside,
spotfin
shiner,
tessellated
darter,
banded
killifish,
bluegill,
sea
lamprey,
black
crappie,
rock
bass,
Stratus
Consulting
Page
3
goldfish,
redfin
pickerel,
fathead
minnow,
smallmouth
bass,
oyster
toadfish,
white
crappie,
striped
bass,
bay
anchovy,
and
weakfish.

GE
Aircraft
The
General
Electric
Aircraft
Engine
plant
(
also
known
as
GE
Lynn
or
GE
Riverworks)
is
a
manufacturing
facility
located
on
the
Saugus
River
in
Lynn,
Massachusetts
(
Marine
Research,
1997).
It
is
classified
as
an
estuary/
tidal
river
facility
for
the
purposes
of
EPA's
analyses
for
the
316(
b)
rulemaking.
The
average
intake
flow
at
the
facility
is
31.08
million
gallons
per
day
(
MGD).
At
the
time
of
I&
E
sampling
in
1995
and
1996,
the
018
intake
at
the
facility
contained
three
traveling
screens,
one
of
which
operated
on
a
continuous
basis
depending
on
which
circulating
water
pumps
were
in
use.

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
little
skate,
American
eel,
Atlantic
cod,
Atlantic
tomcod,
mummichog,
Atlantic
silverside,
threespine
stickleback,
northern
pipefish,
shorthorn
sculpin,
lumpfish,
tautog,
cunner,
sand
lance,
butterfish,
windowpane,
winter
flounder,
yellow
tail,
little
skate,
American
eel,
blueback
herring,
alewife,
Atlantic
herring,
chain
pickerel,
rainbow
smelt,
Atlantic
cod,
red
hake,
Atlantic
silverside,
fourspine
stickleback,
threespine
stickleback,
black
spotted
stickleback,
northern
pipefish,
northern
searobin,
lumpfish,
scup,
Atlantic
mackerel,
grubby,
fourbeard
rockling,
and
rock
gunnel.

Pfizer
Pfizer
is
a
manufacturing
facility
located
in
Groton,
Connecticut
on
the
southeastern
portion
of
the
Thames
River,
a
tidal
estuary
formed
by
the
confluence
of
the
Shetucket
and
Yantic
Rivers
(
Parsons
Engineering
Science,
1997).
All
of
the
salt
water
withdrawn
from
the
Thames
River
for
cooling
enters
the
plant
through
a
salt
water
pump
house.
The
salt
water
distribution
system
consists
of
a
series
of
18­
36
in
diameter
pipes.

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
cunner,
bay
anchovy,
tautog,
windowpane,
Atlantic
menhaden,
fourbeard
rockling,
unidentified
hake,
cunner,
Atlantic
mackerel,
hogchoker,
scup,
butterfish,
unidentified
searobin,
northern
searobin,
rock
gunnel,
grubby,
winter
flounder,
and
American
sand
lance.

Putnam
The
Putnam
facility
is
an
electric
generating
facility
located
on
the
east
side
of
the
St.
John's
River
in
Putnam
County,
Florida
(
Applied
Biology,
1979).
It
is
classified
as
a
freshwater
river
facility
for
the
purposes
of
EPA's
analyses
for
the
316(
b)
rulemaking.
At
the
time
of
I&
E
sampling
in
1979,
the
combined
cycle
units
of
the
plant
consisted
of
a
gas
turbine
portion
and
a
steam
generator
portion.
The
gas
turbine
portion
doesn't
require
cooling
water,
and
the
closed
cycle
cooling
for
the
condensers
of
the
steam
generator
portion
is
provided
by
a
six­
cell
Stratus
Consulting
Page
4
mechanical
draft
cooling
tower.
The
use
of
closed
cycle
cooling
is
reflected
in
the
facility's
low
intake
flow
of
2.6
MGD.

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
white
catfish
and
blue
crab
2.2
Facilities
Within
Scope
of
the
Phase
II
Rule
Baltimore
Refuse
Energy
Systems
Company
(
BRESCO)

The
Baltimore
Refuse
Energy
Systems
Company,
known
as
BRESCO,
is
a
generator
located
near
the
upper
middle
branch
of
Baltimore
Harbor
at
the
mouth
of
the
tidally
influenced
Gwynns
Falls
(
EA
Engineering
Science
and
Technology,
1987).
The
facility
consists
of
a
refuse­
fueled
electric
unit
and
uses
once­
through
cooling
to
transfer
waste
heat
from
the
condensers
to
the
harbor.

The
shoreline
intake
structure
of
the
BRESCO
facility
is
located
on
the
north
shore
of
Gwynns
Falls
about
900
ft
upstream
of
the
middle
branch
of
Baltimore
Harbor
(
EA
Engineering
Science
and
Technology,
1987).
At
the
time
of
I&
E
sampling
in
1985­
86,
two
vertical
turbine
pumps
circulated
water
through
the
condensers
and
other
heat
exchangers.
Cooling
water
passed
through
bar
racks
spaced
3
in
apart.
Three
8
ft
wide
vertical
traveling
screens
with
3/
8
in
wire
mesh
were
used
to
remove
debris
and
fish
before
entering
the
circulating
water
pumps
and
condensers.

At
the
time
of
I&
E
sampling,
during
the
year
1985­
86,
water
quality
in
the
vicinity
of
the
BRESCO
facility
was
considered
degraded
because
of
industrial
and
urban
development
(
EA
Engineering
Science
and
Technology,
1987).
Fish
sampling
at
the
time
indicated
that
poor
water
and
substrate
quality
contributed
to
"
markedly
reduced"
abundances
of
fish
populations
in
the
upper
harbor.
In
the
middle
branch,
only
pollution
tolerant
species
were
abundant.

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
Atlantic
menhaden,
bay
anchovy,
mummichog,
inland
silverside,
Atlantic
silverside,
white
perch,
spot,
Atlantic
croaker,
winter
flounder,
blue
crab,
American
eel,
alewife,
gizzard
shad,
brown
trout,
goldfish,
spottail
shiner,
catfish
spp,
brown
bullhead,
striped
cusk
eel,
striped
killifish,
silverside
spp,
pumpkinseed,
sunfish
spp,
and
yellow
perch.

Brunswick
Brunswick
is
a
nuclear
powered
generator
located
on
Cape
Fear
River
in
North
Carolina
(
Schwartz
et
al.,
1979;
CP&
L,
1985,
1996,
1998,
1999,
2000,
2001).

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
Atlantic
menhaden,
spot,
anchovies,
Gobiosoma
spp.,
spot,
Anchoa
spp.,
pinfish,
tonguefish,
star
drum,
black
cheek
tonguefish,
Stratus
Consulting
Page
5
weakfish,
silver
perch,
bay
anchovy,
white
shrimp,
brown
shrimp,
pink
shrimp,
blue
crab,
Gobionellus
spp.,
Portunidae,
lesser
blue
crab,
Atlantic
silverside,
hardback
shrimp,
weakfish,
blue
crab,
spotted
seatrout,
striped
anchovy,
threadfin
shad,
and
striped
mullet.

Callaway
Callaway
is
a
nuclear
generator
located
on
the
Missouri
River
in
Missouri.

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
black
bullhead,
bluegill,
bigmouth
buffalo,
carp,
channel
catfish,
crappie
spp.,
freshwater
drum,
gizzard
shad,
green
sunfish,
bluntnose
minnow,
river
carpsucker,
sea
bass,
shovelnose
sturgeon,
sucker
spp.,
sunfish,
and
walleye.

Gould
Street
Gould
Street
is
an
electric
generator
located
on
the
north
shore
of
the
middle
branch
of
the
Patapsco
River
at
the
head
of
an
embayment
in
Baltimore
Harbor,
Maryland
(
Ecological
Analysts,
1979).
Water
quality
was
degraded
in
this
area
at
the
time
of
I&
E
studies
in
1978,
and
fish
populations
were
"
markedly
reduced."
Species
such
as
Atlantic
croaker
and
hogchoker
were
generally
absent,
while
white
perch
and
tidewater
silverside
were
found
in
comparatively
large
numbers.

In
1978
the
plant
consisted
of
one
oil­
fired
steam
turbine
generating
unit
(
Ecological
Analysts,
1979).
The
plant
operates
mostly
during
peak
load
hours
only,
usually
between
8
a.
m.
and
midnight,
with
frequent
periods
of
low
power
demand
in
spring
and
fall
when
the
plant
doesn't
operate.
Two
circulating
water
pumps
withdraw
cooling
water
from
the
Patapsco
River.
A
curtain
wall
extends
about
10
ft
below
the
mean
low
water
level.
Cooling
water
passes
through
3.7
in
trash
rack
openings
and
through
a
vertical
traveling
screen
with
0.14
in2
mesh
before
entering
the
circulating
water
pumps.

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
American
eel,
blueback
herring,
Atlantic
menhaden,
gizzard
shad,
bay
anchovy,
spottail
shiner,
tidewater
silverside,
Atlantic
silverside,
silverside
spp.,
white
perch,
striped
bass,
pumpkinseed,
weakfish,
spot,
Atlantic
croaker,
winter
flounder,
blue
crab,
mud
crab,
yellow
perch,
and
naked
goby.

Riverside
Riverside
is
an
electric
generating
facility
located
in
Baltimore
Harbor,
Maryland
(
Ecological
Analysts,
1980).
During
the
time
of
I&
E
sampling
in
1978­
1979,
the
plant
operated
from
6
a.
m.
to
10
p.
m.
only,
and
was
not
operated
at
all
during
low
demand
periods.

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
American
eel,
blueback
herring,
alewife,
Atlantic
menhaden,
gizzard
shad,
bay
anchovy,
goldfish,
brown
bullhead,
channel
catfish,
red
Stratus
Consulting
Page
6
hake,
mummichog,
rough
silverside,
tidewater
silverside,
Atlantic
silverside,
silverside
spp.,
northern
pipefish,
white
perch,
striped
bass,
pumpkinseed,
weakfish,
spot,
Atlantic
croaker,
winter
flounder,
hogchoker,
blue
crab,
blue
crab
peeler,
mud
crab,
bay
anchovy,
spottail
shiner,
yellow
perch,
and
naked
goby.

St.
Lucie
St.
Lucie
is
a
nuclear
powered
electric
generating
facility
on
Hutchinson
Island,
about
midway
between
the
Ft.
Pierce
and
St.
Lucie
inlets
on
Florida's
lower
east
coast
(
Applied
Biology,
1978).
The
plant
is
bounded
on
the
east
by
the
Atlantic
Ocean
and
on
the
west
by
the
Indian
River,
a
shallow
lagoonal
estuary.

The
facility
withdraws
cooling
water
from
the
Atlantic
Ocean
through
a
vertical
intake
structure
located
about
1,200
ft
offshore.
The
intake
is
covered
with
a
concrete
velocity
cap,
the
top
of
which
is
about
8
ft
below
the
water's
surface.
Cooling
water
is
drawn
into
an
intake
canal
through
a
pipe
buried
under
sand
dunes,
and
then
the
canal
carries
the
water
another
5,000
ft
to
the
plant.

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
shrimp,
blue
crab,
stone
crab,
spiny
lobster,
herring,
anchovy,
jack,
mojarra,
grunt,
croaker,
cutlassfish,
and
flatfish.

Three
Mile
Island
Three
Mile
Island
is
a
nuclear
generator
located
on
the
Susquehanna
River
in
Pennsylvania
(
Nardacci,
1978).

Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
stoneroller,
river
chub,
creek
chub,
fallfish,
carp,
comely
shiner,
spottail
shiner,
spotfin
shiner,
quillback,
white
sucker,
redbreast
sunfish,
pumpkinseed,
bluegill,
tessellated
darter,
banded
darter,
shield
darter,
walleye,
channel
catfish,
swallowtail
shiner,
bluntnose
minnow,
northern
hog
sucker,
shorthead
redhorse,
yellow
bullhead,
brown
bullhead,
margined
mudtom,
rock
bass,
smallmouth
bass,
white
crappie,
and
black
crappie.

Yorktown
The
Yorktown
Power
Station
is
located
on
the
south
bank
of
the
tidal
York
River,
about
4
miles
upstream
of
the
river
mouth
and
directly
downstream
from
the
mouth
of
Wormley
Creek
(
Virginia
Electric
and
Power
Company,
1979).
Cooling
water
is
withdrawn
from
York
River
via
an
intake
canal
bounded
by
jetties
that
extend
about
1,200
ft
into
the
river.
During
the
time
of
I&
E
sampling
in
1977,
the
shoreline
intake
structure
consisted
of
a
series
of
eight
separate
embayments,
each
with
a
stationary
trash
rack,
a
traveling
water
screen,
and
a
circulating
water
pump.
Stratus
Consulting
Page
7
Species
impinged
and
entrained
include:
bay
anchovy,
hogchoker,
Atlantic
silverside,
northern
pipefish,
green
goby,
goby
spp.,
spot,
mummichog,
blueback
herring,
spotted
hake,
Atlantic
menhaden,
feather
blenny,
red
drum,
summer
flounder,
harvestfish,
weakfish,
sheepshead
minnow,
oyster
toadfish,
smallmouth
flounder,
dusky
pipefish,
alewife,
rough
silversides,
silver
perch,
skilletfish,
Atlantic
croaker,
white
perch,
northern
searobin,
spotted
seatrout,
striped
killifish,
northern
stargazer,
butterfish,
inshore
lizardfish,
windowpane,
bluefish,
banded
killifish,
tidewater
silversides,
Atlantic
needlefish,
American
eel,
northern
puffer,
lined
seahorse,
American
shad,
threespine
stickleback,
winter
flounder,
seaboard
goby,
fourspine
stickleback,
striped
bass,
orange
filefish,
naked
goby,
crevalle
jack,
black
sea
bass,
Atlantic
spadefish,
white
mullet,
banded
drum,
striped
mullet,
and
southern
kingfish.

3.
Summary
Table
1
summarizes
key
technical
information
about
each
of
the
facilities
profiled
in
Section
2
above.
Stratus
Consulting
Page
8
Facility
Name
Phase
of
Rulemaking
Location
a
Waterbody
Type
a
Design
Intake
Flow
(
MGD)
a
Average
Intake
Flow
(
MGD)
a
Years
of
I&
E
Datab
Manufacturer
or
Generatorc
Delaware
Refinery
/
Motiva
Enterprises
3
Delaware
River,

DE
Estuary/
tidal
river
492
354.67
1998,
1999
Mfgr
GE
Aircraft
3
Saugus
River,

Lynn,
MA
Estuary/
tidal
river
301
31.08
1995,
1996
Mfgr
Pfizer
3
Thames
River,

CT
Estuary/
tidal
river
161
52.67
1977­
1978
Mfgr
Putnam
3
St.
John's
River,
FL
Freshwater
river/
stream
7.11
2.6
1979
Gen
BRESCO
2
Baltimore,
MD
near
the
upper
Middle
Branch
of
Baltimore
Harbor
Estuary/
tidal
river
61.63
26.6
1985­
1986
Gen
Brunswick
2
Cape
Fear
River,
NC
Estuary/
tidal
river
1,911.23
1,426.89
1974,
1975,

1976,
1977,1996,

1998,
1999,

2000
Gen
Callaway
2
Missouri
River,

MO
Freshwater
river/
stream
52.01
24.5
1984,
1985
Gen
Gould
Street
2
Baltimore
Harbor,
MD
Estuary/
tidal
river
607.94
99.9
1978
Gen
Riverside
2
Patapsco
River,

MD
Estuary/
tidal
river
84
0.17
1978­
79
Gen
St.
Lucied
2
Atlantic
Ocean,

FL
Ocean
1977
Gen
Stratus
Consulting
Page
9
Three
Mile
Island
2
Susquehanna
River,
PA
Freshwater
river/
stream
51.35
24.15
1977
Gen
Yorktownd
2
York
River,
VA
Estuary/
tidal
river
1977
Gen
Sources:

a.
Section
316(
b)
Survey
Questionnaire
Database
(
DCN
#
4­
0016D).

b.
Facility
316(
b)
study
(
see
reference
list
for
complete
citations).

c.
Phase
III_
SBREFA_
Determinations
to
TT_
101205.
xls
assembled
by
Abt
Associates
Inc.,
Cambridge,
MA,
and
provided
to
Stratus
Consulting
Inc.,
Boulder,
CO,
by
Tetra
Tech,
Fairfax,
VA,
on
10/
12/
05.

d.
Intake
flow
is
not
provided
because
the
facility
considers
this
information
to
be
"
confidential
business
information"
(
CBI).
Stratus
Consulting
Page
10
4.
References
Applied
Biology.
1978.
Ecological
Monitoring
at
the
Florida
Power
&
Light
Co.
St.
Lucie
Plant.
Annual
Report
1977,
Volume
1.
Prepared
for
Florida
Power
&
Light
Company.
March.

Applied
Biology.
1979.
Report
on
Studies
Conducted
in
Compliance
with
Condition
21
of
the
Putnam
Plant
Site
Certification.
Prepared
for
Florida
Power
&
Light
Company,
Miami,
Florida.
November.
Atlanta,
GA.

CP&
L.
1985.
Brunswick
Steam
Electric
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Fear
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Interpretive
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Carolina
Power
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Light
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August.

CP&
L.
1996.
Brunswick
Nuclear
Plant
1996
Environmental
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Carolina
Power
&
Light
Company.

CP&
L.
1998.
Brunswick
Steam
Electric
Plant
1997
Biological
Monitoring
Report.
Carolina
Power
&
Light
Company.

CP&
L.
1999.
Brunswick
Steam
Electric
Plant
1998
Biological
Monitoring
Report.
Carolina
Power
&
Light
Company.

CP&
L.
2000.
Brunswick
Steam
Electric
Plant
1999
Biological
Monitoring
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Carolina
Power
&
Light
Company.

CP&
L.
2001.
Brunswick
Steam
Electric
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2000
Biological
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Carolina
Power
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EA
Engineering
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RESCO
Facility
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and
Hydrothermal
Studies
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Report
July
1985
­
June
1986.
Prepared
for
Baltimore
Refuse
Energy
Systems
Company.
April.

Ecological
Analysts
Inc.
1979.
Gould
Street
Power
Plant
Impingement,
Entrainment,
and
Hydrothermal
Studies
Final
Report,
August
1978
­
August
1979.
Prepared
for
Baltimore
Gas
and
Electric
Company.
November.
http://
www.
esm.
versar.
com/
pprp/
bibliography/
sec14.
htm.

Ecological
Analysts.
1980.
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Power
Plant
Impingement,
Entrainment
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August
1973
­
August
1979.
Prepared
for
Baltimore
Gas
and
Electric
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January.
http://
www.
esm.
versar.
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pprp/
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sec14.
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Stratus
Consulting
Page
11
Marine
Research.
1997.
Impingement
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Entrainment
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General
Electric
River
Works
Facility,
Lynn,
Mass.
Final
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November
1994
­
October
1996.
January
17.
Revised
August
22,
1997.
Falmouth,
MA.

Nardacci,
G.
A.
1978.
An
Ecological
Study
of
the
Susquehanna
River
in
the
Vicinity
of
the
Three
Mile
Island
Nuclear
Station.
Annual
Report
for
1977.
Prepared
by
Ichthyological
Associates,
Inc.
for
Metropolitan
Edison
Company.
April.
Ithaca,
NY.

Normandeau
Associates.
2000.
Impingement
and
Entrainment
at
the
Cooling
Water
Intake
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of
the
Delaware
City
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April
1998
­
March
2000.
Prepared
for
Motiva
Enterprises
LLC,
Delaware
City
Refinery,
Delaware
City,
DE.
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Parsons
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1997.
Cooling
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Inc
­
Groton,
Connecticut.
Prepared
for
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Groton,
Connecticut.
September.
Revised
March
1998.
Canton,
MA.

Schwartz,
F.
J.,
P.
Pershbacher,
L.
Davidson,
C.
Simpson,
M.
McAdams,
K.
Sandoy,
J.
Duncan,
and
D.
Mason.
1979.
A
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Report
1973­
1977:
An
Ecological
Study
of
Fishes
and
Invertebrate
Macrofauna
Utilizing
the
Cape
Fear
River
Estuary,
Carolina
Beach
Inlet,
and
Adjacent
Atlantic
Ocean.
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Prepared
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Carolina
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Raleigh,
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Union
Electric
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the
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Virginia:
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Richmond,
Virginia.
