Table
4b.
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Saltwater
Plants
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Resultb
(
total
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Dinoflagellate,

Amphidinium
carteri
S,
U
Copper
chloride
21
14
days
83%
reduction
in
growth
<
50
Erickson
et
al.
1970
Dinoflagellate,

Gymnodinium
splendens
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
31.6­
33.3
5
days
EC50
(
growth)
20
Saifullah
1978
Dinoflagellate,

Prorocentrum
micans
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
31.6­
33.3
8
days
EC50
(
growth)
5
Saifullah
1978
Dinoflagellate,

Scrippsiella
faeroense
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
31.6­
33.3
5
days
EC50
(
growth)
5
Saifullah
1978
Dinoflagellate,

Scrippsiella
faeroense
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
31.6­
33.3
8
days
EC50
(
growth)
<
1
Saifullah
1978
Dinoflagellate,

Simbiodinium
microadriaticum
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
FSW
23
days
46%
reduction
in
growth
(
significant)
40
Goh
and
Chou
1997
Dinoflagellate,

Simbiodinium
microadriaticum
S,
M,
T
Copper
sulfate
FSW
23
days
26%
reduction
in
growth
(
not
significant)
42
Goh
and
Chou
1997
Green
alga,

Chlorella
stigmatophora
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
35
21
days
EC50
(
cell
volume)
70
Christensen
et
al.
1979
Green
alga
(
zoospores),

Enteromorpha
intestinalis
S,
U
­
­
5
days
EC50
(
development
to
2+
cell
stage)
10
Fletcher
1989
Green
alga,
Olisthodiscus
luteus
S,
U
Copper
chloride
21
14
days
74%
reduction
in
growth
<
50
Erickson
et
al.
1970
Diatom,
Nitzschia
closterium
­
­
­
96
hr
EC50
(
growth)
33
Rosko
and
Rachlin
1975
Diatom,
Nitzschia
thermalis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
35.7
Several
days
No
growth
38.1
Metaxas
and
Lewis
1991
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
21
14
days
58%
reduction
in
growth
50
Erickson
et
al.
1970
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
35.7
Several
days
LOEC
(
no
growth)
31.8
Metaxas
and
Lewis
1991
Diatom,
Skeletonema
costatum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
­
96
hr
EC50
(
growth)
45
Nassiri
et
al.
1997
Diatom,
Thalassiosira
aestevallis
S,
U
Copper
chloride
­
3­
4
days
Reduced
growth
19
Hollibaugh
et
al.
1980
Red
alga
(
tetrasporophyte),

Champia
parvula
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
30
11
days
Reduced
growth
4.6
Steele
and
Thursby
1983
Red
alga
(
tetrasporophyte),

Champia
parvula
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
30
11
days
Reduced
production
13.3
Steele
and
Thursby
1983
Red
alga
(
mature),

Champia
parvula
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
30
7
days
Reduced
female
growth
4.7
Steele
and
Thursby
1983
53
Table
4b.
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Saltwater
Plants
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Salinity
(
g/
kg)
Duration
Effect
Resultb
(
total
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Red
alga
(
mature),

Champia
parvula
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
30
7
days
Stopped
sexual
reproduction
7.3
Steele
and
Thursby
1983
Kelp
(
meiospore),

Laminaria
saccharina
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
21
days
Reduced
gametophyte
development
rate
5
Chung
and
Brinkhuis
1986
Kelp
(
1­
3
cm
sporophyte),

Laminaria
saccharina
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
9
days
LOEC
(
100%
mortality)
100
Chung
and
Brinkhuis
1986
Kelp
(
8­
10
cm
sporophyte),

Laminaria
saccharina
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
­
23%
decrease
in
blade
growth
10
Chung
and
Brinkhuis
1986
Giant
kelp,
Macrocystis
pyrifera
S,
U
­
SW
96­
hr
EC50
(
photosynthesis)
60
Clendenning
and
North
1959
Giant
kelp,
Macrocystis
pyrifera
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
19­
20
days
NOEC
(
sporophyte
production)
<
10.2
Anderson
et
al.
1990
Giant
kelp,
Macrocystis
pyrifera
R,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
33
19­
20
days
NOEC
(
sporophyte
production)
10.2
Anderson
et
al.
1990
a
S=
Static;
R=
Renewal;
F=
Flow­
through;
M=
Measured;
U=
Unmeasured;
T=
Total
metal
conc.
measured;
D=
dissolved
metal
conc.
measured.

b
Results
are
expressed
as
copper,
not
as
the
chemical.
54
