Table
4a.
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Plants
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Resultb
(
Total
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Blue­
green
alga,

Anabaena
flos­
aqua
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
65.2
96
hr
EC75
(
cell
density)
200
Young
and
Lisk
1972
Bllue­
green
alga,

Anabaena
variabilis
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
65.2
­
EC85
(
wet
weight)
100
Young
and
Lisk
1972
Blue­
green
alga,

Anabaena
strain
7120
­
­
­
­
Lag
in
growth
64
Laube
et
al.
1980
Blue­
green
alga,

Chroococcus
paris
S,
U
Copper
nitrate
54.7
10
days
Growth
reduction
100
Les
and
Walker
1984
Blue­
green
alga,

Microcystis
aeruginosa
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
54.9
8
days
Incipient
inhibition
30
Bringmann
1975;
Bringmann
and
Kuhn
1976,
1978a,
b
Alga,
Ankistrodesmus
braunii
­
­
­
­
Growth
reduction
640
Laube
et
al.
1980
Green
alga,
Chlamydomonas
sp.
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
68
10
days
Growth
inhibition
8,000
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Green
alga,
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
S,
M,
T
­
90
­
133
72
hr
NOEC
(
deflagellation)
12.2­
49.1
Winner
and
Owen
1991a
Green
alga,
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
S,
M,
T
­
90
­
133
72
hr
NOEC
(
cell
density)
12.2­
43.0
Winner
and
Owen
1991a
Green
alga,
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
F,
M,
T
­
24
10
days
EC50
(
cell
density)
31.5
Schafer
et
al.
1993
Green
alga,

Chlorella
pyrenoidosa
S,
U
­
­
96
hr
ca.
12
hr
lag
in
growth
1
Steeman­
Nielsen
and
Wium­
Andersen
1970
Green
alga,

Chlorella
pyrenoidosa
S,
U
­
54.7
­
Growth
inhibition
100
Steeman­
Nielsen
and
Kamp­
Nielsen
1970
Green
alga,

Chlorella
pyrenoidosa
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
365
14
days
EC50
(
dry
weight)
78­
100
Bednarz
and
Warkowska­
Dratnal
1985
Green
alga,

Chlorella
pyrenoidosa
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
36.5
14
days
EC50
(
dry
weight)
78­
100
Bednarz
and
Warkowska­
Dratnal
1985
Green
alga,

Chlorella
pyrenoidosa
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
3.65
14
days
EC50
(
dry
weight)
78­
100
Bednarz
and
Warkowska­
Dratnal
1983/
1984
Green
alga,

Chlorella
saccharophila
S,
U
Copper
chloride
­
96
hr
96­
h
EC50
550
Rachlin
et
al.
1982
Green
alga,

Chlorella
vulgaris
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
2,000
96
hr
Growth
inhibition
200
Young
and
Lisk
1972
Green
alga,

Chlorella
vulgaris
S,
U
Copper
chloride
33
days
EC20
(
growth)
42
Rosko
and
Rachlin
1977
Green
alga,

Chlorella
vulgaris
F,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
EC50
or
EC50
(
cell
numbers)
62
Ferard
et
al.
1983
Green
alga,

Chlorella
vulgaris
S,
M,
D
Copper
sulfate
­
96
hr
IC50
270
Ferard
et
al.
1983
Green
alga,

Chlorella
vulgaris
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
­
96
hr
EC50
(
cell
density)
200
Blaylock
et
al.
1985
50
Table
4a.
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Plants
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Resultb
(
Total
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Green
alga,

Chlorella
vulgaris
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
17.1
7
days
15%
reduction
in
cell
density
100
Bilgrami
and
Kumar
1997
Green
alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
68
10
days
Growth
reduction
8,000
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Green
alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
181
7
days
LOEC
(
growth)
1,100
Bringmann
and
Kuhn
1977a,
1978a,
b,

1979,
1980a
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
14.9
14
days
EC50
(
cell
volume)
85
Christensen
et
al.
1979
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
14.9
7
days
LOEC
(
growth)
50
Bartlett
et
al.
1974
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
M,
T
Copper
chloride
24.2
96
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
400
Blaylock
et
al.
1985
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
9.3
96
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
48.4
Blaise
et
al.
1986
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
9.3
96
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
44.3
Blaise
et
al.
1986
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
9.3
96
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
46.4
Blaise
et
al.
1986
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
chloride
15
2­
3
wk
EC50
(
biomass)
53.7
Turbak
et
al.
1986
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
14.9
5
days
Growth
reduction
58
Nyholm
1990
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
9.3
96
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
69.9
St.
Laurent
et
al.
1992
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
9.3
96
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
65.7
St.
Laurent
et
al.
1992
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
24.2
96
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
54.4
Radetski
et
al.
1995
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
R,
U
Copper
sulfate
24.2
96
hr
EC50
(
cell
count)
48.2
Radetski
et
al.
1995
Green
alga,
Selenastrum
capricornutum
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
16
96
hr
EC50
(
cell
density)
38
Chen
et
al.
1997
Algae,

mixed
culture
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
­
Significant
reduction
in
blue­
green
algae
and
nitrogen
fixation
5
Elder
and
Horne
1978
Diatom,
Cyclotella
meneghiniana
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
68
10
days
Growth
inhibition
8,000
Cairns
et
al.
1978
Diatom,
Navicula
incerta
S,
U
Copper
chloride
­
96
hr
EC50
10,429
Rachlin
et
al.
1983
Diatom,
Nitzschia
linearis
­
­
­
5
day
EC50
795­
815
Academy
of
Natural
Sciences
1960;

Patrick
et
al.
1968
Diatom,
Nitzschia
palea
­
­
­
­
Complete
growth
inhibition
5
Steeman­
Nielsen
and
Wium­
Andersen
1970
51
Table
4a.
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Plants
Species
Methoda
Chemical
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Duration
Effect
Resultb
(
Total
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Duckweed,

Lemna
minor
F
­
­
7
day
EC50
119
Walbridge
1977
Duckweed,

Lemna
minor
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
­
28
days
Significant
plant
damage
130
Brown
and
Rattigan
1979
Duckweed,

Lemna
minor
S,
U
­
0
96
hr
EC50
(
frond
number)
1,100
Wang
1986
Duckweed,

Lemna
minor
S,
U
Copper
sulfate
78
96
hr
EC50
(
chlorophyll
a
reduction)
250
Eloranta
et
al.
1988
Duckweed,

Lemna
minor
R,
M,
T
Copper
nitrate
39
96
hr
Reduced
chlorophyll
production
24
Taraldsen
and
Norberg­
King
1990
Eurasian
watermilfoil,

Myriophyllum
spicatum
S,
U
­
89
32
days
EC50
(
root
weight)
250
Stanley
1974
a
S=
Static;
R=
Renewal;
F=
Flow­
through;
M=
Measured;
U=
Unmeasured;
T=
Total
metal
conc.
measured;
D=
dissolved
metal
conc.
measured.

b
Results
are
expressed
as
copper,
not
as
the
chemical.
52
