Table
2a.
Chronic
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Chronic
Valueb
(
µ
g/
L)
EC20b
(
µ
g/
L)
ACR
Rotifer,
Brachionus
calyciflorus
LC,
T
Copper
sulfate
Intrinsic
growth
rate
85
2.5­
5.0
3.54
­
3.54
3.54
Janssen
et
al.
1994
Snail,
Campeloma
decisum
(
Test
1)
LC,
T
Copper
sulfate
Survival
35­
55
8­
14.8
10.88
8.73
9.77
9.77
191.6
Arthur
and
Leonard
1970
Snail,
Campeloma
decisum
(
Test
2)
LC,
T
Copper
sulfate
Survival
35­
55
8­
14.8
10.88
10.94
153.0
Arthur
and
Leonard
1970
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
(
New
River)
LC,
D
­
Reproduction
179
6.3­
9.9
7.90c
(
8.23)
­
19.3
19.3
3.599
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
(
Cinch
River)
LC,
D
­
Reproduction
94.1
<
19.3­
19.3
<
19.3
19.36c
(
20.17)
3.271
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
LC,
T
Copper
sulfate
Survival
and
reproduction
57
­
24.50
­
0.547
Oris
et
al.
1991
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
LC,
T
Copper
sulfate
Survival
and
reproduction
57
­
34.60
­
Oris
et
al.
1991
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
LC,
T,
D
Copper
chloride
Reproduction
12­
32
19.59
9.17
2.069
Carlson
et
al.
1986
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
LC,
T
Copper
chloride
Reproduction
85
10­
30
17.32
­
14.1
8.96
Blaylock
et
al.
1985
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
LC,
T
Copper
chloride
Carapace
length
225
12.6­
36.8
21.50
­
van
Leeuwen
et
al.
1988
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
LC,
T
Copper
chloride
Reproduction
51
11.4­
16.3
13.63
12.58
2.067
Chapman
et
al.
Manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
LC,
T
Copper
chloride
Reproduction
104
20­
43
29.33
19.89
1.697
Chapman
et
al.
Manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
magna
LC,
T
Copper
chloride
Reproduction
211
7.2­
12.6
9.53
6.06
11.39
Chapman
et
al.
Manuscript
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
LC,
T
Copper
sulfate
Survival
57.5
(
No
HA)
4.0­
6.0
4.90
2.83
5.68
9.104
Winner
1985
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
LC,
T
Copper
sulfate
Survival
115
(
No
HA)
5.0­
10.0
7.07
3.904
Winner
1985
Cladoceran,

Daphnia
pulex
LC,
T
Copper
sulfate
Survival
230
(
0.15
HA)
10­
15
12.25
9.16
3.143
Winner
1985
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Chronic
Limits
(
µ
g/
L)

Species
Testa
Chemical
Endpoint
Genus
Mean
Chronic
Value
(
Total
µ
g/
L)

Species
Mean
Chronic
Value
(
Total
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Chronic
Values
42
Table
2a.
Chronic
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Chronic
Valueb
(
µ
g/
L)
EC20b
(
µ
g/
L)
ACR
Hardness
(
mg/
L
as
CaCO3)
Chronic
Limits
(
µ
g/
L)

Species
Testa
Chemical
Endpoint
Genus
Mean
Chronic
Value
(
Total
µ
g/
L)

Species
Mean
Chronic
Value
(
Total
µ
g/
L)
Reference
Chronic
Values
Caddisfly,
Clistoronia
magnifica
LC,
T
Copper
chloride
Emergence
(
adult
1st
gen)
26
8.3­
13
10.39
7.67
7.67
7.67
Nebeker
et
al.
1984b
Rainbow
trout,
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
ELS,
T
continuous
Copper
chloride
Biomass
120
27.77
23.8
11.9
2.881
Seim
et
al.
1984
Rainbow
trout,
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
ELS,
T
Copper
sulfate
Biomass
160­
180
12­
22
16.25
20.32
Besser
et
al.
2001
Chinook
salmon,

Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
ELS,
T
Copper
chloride
Biomass
20­
45
<
7.4
<
7.4
5.92
5.92
5.594
Chapman
1975,
1982
Brown
trout,

Salmo
trutta
ELS,
T
Copper
sulfate
Biomass
45.4
20.8­
43.8
29.91
­
29.9
29.9
McKim
et
al.
1978
Brook
trout,

Salvelinus
fontinalis
PLC,
T
Copper
sulfate
Biomass
35.0
<
5
­
5
<
5
­
12.5
19.7
Sauter
et
al.
1976
Brook
trout,

Salvelinus
fontinalis
ELS,
T
Copper
sulfate
Biomass
45.4
22.3­
43.5
31.15
­
McKim
et
al.
1978
Lake
trout,

Salvelinus
namaycush
ELS,
T
Copper
sulfate
Biomass
45.4
22.0­
43.5
30.94
­
30.9
McKim
et
al.
1978
Northern
pike,

Esox
lucius
ELS,
T
Copper
sulfate
Biomass
45.4
34.9­
104.4
60.36
­
60.4
60.4
McKim
et
al.
1978
Bluntnose
minnow
Pimephales
notatus
LC,
T
Copper
sulfate
Egg
production
172­
230
<
18­
18
18.00
­
18.0
13.0
12.88
Horning
and
Neiheisel
1979
Fathead
minnow,

Pimephales
promelas
ELS,
T,
D
­
Biomass
45
9.38
9.38
11.40
Lind
et
al.
manuscript
White
sucker,

Catostomus
commersoni
ELS,
T
Copper
sulfate
Biomass
45.4
12.9­
33.8
20.88
­
20.9
20.9
McKim
et
al.
1978
Bluegill
(
larval),

Lepomis
macrochirus
ELS,
T,
D
Copper
sulfate
Survival
44­
50
21­
40
28.98
27.15
27.2
27.2
40.52
Benoit
1975
a
LC
=
life­
cycle;
PLC
=
partial
life­
cyle;
ELS
=
early
life
state;
T
=
total
copper;
D
=
dissolved
copper.

b
Results
are
based
on
copper,
not
the
chemical.

c
Chronic
values
based
on
dissolved
copper
concentration.
43
