Table
3a.
Ranked
Freshwater
Genus
Mean
Acute
Values
with
Species
Mean
Acute­
Chronic
Ratios
Rank
GMAV
Species
SMAV
(
µ
g/
L)
ACR
27
101,999
Golden
shiner,
Notemigonus
crysoleucas
101,999
26
17,484
Stonefly,
Acroneuria
lycorias
17,484
25
3,027
Snail,
Campeloma
decisum
3,027
171.19
24
1,968
Bluegill
sunfish,
Lepomis
macrochirus
1,968
40.49
23
1,925
Midge,
Chironomus
decorus
1,925
22
187.5
Chiselmouth,
Acrocheilus
alutaceus
187.5
21
83.76
Fantail
darter,
Etheostoma
flabellare
130.2
Greenthroat
darter,
Etheostoma
lepidum
86.34
Johnny
darter,
Etheostoma
nigrum
187.3
Fountain
darter,
Etheostoma
rubrum
23.38
20
81.75
Razorback
sucker,
Xyrauchen
texanus
81.75
19
72.50
Shovelnose
sturgeon,
Scaphirhynchus
platorynchus
72.50
18
72.36
Bull
trout,
Salvelinus
confluentus
72.36
17
72.07
Fathead
minnow,
Pimephales
promelas
72.07
11.40
16
65.62
Bonytail
chub,
Gila
elegans
65.62
15
58.32
Gila
topminnow,
Poeciliposis
occidentalis
58.32
14
50.12
Worm,
Lumbriculus
variegatus
50.12
13
49.06
Boreal
toad,
Bufo
boreas
49.06
12
42.64
Colorado
squawfish,
Ptychocheilus
lucius
138.2
Northern
squawfish,
Ptychocheilus
oregonensis
13.15
11
35.97
Freshwater
mussel,
Utterbackia
imbecillis
35.97
10
29.11
Apache
trout,
Oncorhynchus
apache
33.70
Cutthroat
trout,
Oncorhynchus
clarki
31.28
Pink
salmon,
Oncorhynchus
gorbuscha
37.30
Coho
salmon,
Oncorhynchus
kisutch
15.98
Rainbow
trout,
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
21.60
2.88
Sockeye
salmon,
Oncorhynchus
nerka
50.83
Chinook
salmon,
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
25.68
5.59
9
18.60
Snail,
Physa
integra
18.60
8
11.36
Amphipod,
Hyalella
azteca
11.36
7
11.35
Freshwater
mussel,
Actinonaias
pectorosa
11.35
6
10.84
Snail,
Juga
plicifera
10.84
5
8.77
Cladoceran,
Scapholeberis
sp.
8.77
4
8.57
Amphipod,
Gammarus
pseudolimnaeus
8.57
3
5.75
Cladoceran,
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
5.75
2.90
2
5.75
Snail,
Lithoglyphus
virens
5.75
1
3.56
Cladoceran,
Daphnia
magna
4.98
3.42
Cladoceran,
Daphnia
pulicaria
2.54
46
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Speciesa
Organism
Age,

Size,
or
Lifestage
Methodb
Chemicalc
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
total
µ
g/
L)
d
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
Diss.
µ
g/
L)
e
BLM
Data
Label
BLM
Normalized
LC50
or
EC50
(
µ
g/
L)
f
Species
Mean
Acute
Value
(
µ
g/
L)
g
Worm,
adult
(
mixed
age)
S,
M,
T
N
130
­­­
LUVA01S
39.06
50.12
Lumbriculus
variegatus
adult
(
mixed
age)
S,
M,
T
N
270
­­­
LUVA02S
57.44
adult
(
mixed
age)
S,
M,
T
N
500
­­­
LUVA03S
56.12
Snail,
1.1­
2.7
cm
F,
M,
T
S
2000
­­­
CADE01F
3661
3027
Campeloma
decisum
1.1­
2.7
cm
F,
M,
T
S
1400
­­­
CADE02F
2502
Snail,

Juga
plicifera
adult
F,
M,
T
C
15
­­­
JUPL01F
10.84
10.84
Snail,
Lithoglyphus
virens
adult
F,
M,
T
C
8
­­­
LIVI01F
5.75
5.75
Snail,
0.4­
0.7
cm
F,
M,
T
S
41
­­­
PHIN01F
19.91
18.60
Physa
integra
0.4­
0.7
cm
F,
M,
T
S
37
­­­
PHIN02F
17.37
Freshwater
mussel,
juvenile
S,
M,
T
S
27
­­­
ACPE01S
10.47
11.35
Actinonaias
pectorosa
juvenile
S,
M,
T
S
<
29
­­­
ACPE02S
12.31
Freshwater
mussel,
1­
2
d
juv
S,
M,
T
S
86
­­­
UTIM01S
170.8
35.97
Utterbackia
imbecillis
1­
2
d
juv
S,
M,
T
S
199
­­­
UTIM02S
175.3
juvenile
S,
M,
T
N
76
­­­
UTIM03S
36.22
juvenile
S,
M,
T
N
85
­­­
UTIM04S
38.09
juvenile
S,
M,
T
N
41
­­­
UTIM05S
21.54
juvenile
S,
M,
T
S
79
­­­
UTIM06S
41.38
juvenile
S,
M,
T
S
72
­­­
UTIM07S
35.34
juvenile
S,
M,
T
S
38
­­­
UTIM08S
29.87
Cladoceran,
<
4
h
S,
M,
T
C
19
­­­
CEDU01S
9.24
5.75
Ceriodaphnia
dubia
<
4
h
S,
M,
T
C
17
­­­
CEDU02S
8.24
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
25
CEDU03S
7.25
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
17
CEDU04S
4.71
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
30
CEDU05S
8.96
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
24
CEDU06S
6.92
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
28
CEDU07S
8.26
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
32
CEDU08S
9.67
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
23
CEDU09S
6.60
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
20
CEDU10S
5.64
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
19
CEDU11S
5.33
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
26
CEDU12S
2.99
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
21
CEDU13S
2.36
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
27
CEDU14S
3.12
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
37
CEDU15S
4.51
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
34
CEDU16S
4.07
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
67
CEDU17S
5.16
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
38
CEDU18S
2.52
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
78
CEDU19S
6.35
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
81
CEDU20S
6.70
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
28
CEDU21S
3.97
26
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Speciesa
Organism
Age,

Size,
or
Lifestage
Methodb
Chemicalc
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
total
µ
g/
L)
d
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
Diss.
µ
g/
L)
e
BLM
Data
Label
BLM
Normalized
LC50
or
EC50
(
µ
g/
L)
f
Species
Mean
Acute
Value
(
µ
g/
L)
g
<
12
h
S,
M,
D
­­­
­
84
CEDU22S
10.21
<
12
h
S,
M,
T
S
13.4
­­­
CEDU23S
6.10
<
24
h
R,
M,
T,
D
S
6.98
5.54
CEDU24R
5.06
Cladoceran,
1
d
S,
M,
T
C
9.1
­­­
DAMA01S
2.93
4.98
Daphnia
magna
1
d
S,
M,
T
C
11.7
­­­
DAMA02S
3.83
<
2
h
S,
M,
T
C
6.6
­­­
DAMA03S
2.12
<
2
h
S,
M,
T
C
9.9
­­­
DAMA04S
3.25
1
d
S,
M,
T
C
11.7
­­­
DAMA05S
12.06
<
4
h
S,
M,
T
C
6.7
­­­
DAMA06S
7.26
1
d
S,
M,
T
C
9.1
­­­
DAMA07S
3.76
<
2
h
S,
M,
T
C
5.2
­­­
DAMA08S
1.80
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
S
41.2
­­­
DAMA09S
22.21
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
S
10.5
­­­
DAMA10S
5.83
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
S
20.6
­­­
DAMA11S
11.68
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
S
17.3
­­­
DAMA12S
9.77
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
S
70.7
­­­
DAMA13S
34.71
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
S
31.3
­­­
DAMA14S
17.37
<
24
h
S,
M,
I
S
7.1
­­­
DAMA15S
2.08
<
24
h
S,
M,
I
S
16.4
­­­
DAMA16S
3.38
<
24
h
S,
M,
I
S
39.9
­­­
DAMA17S
4.16
<
24
h
S,
M,
I
S
18.7
­­­
DAMA18S
2.68
<
24
h
S,
M,
I
S
18.9
­­­
DAMA19S
1.53
<
24
h
S,
M,
I
S
39.7
­­­
DAMA20S
2.38
<
24
h
S,
M,
I
S
46
­­­
DAMA21S
7.37
<
24
h
S,
M,
I
S
71.9
­­­
DAMA22S
8.26
<
24
h
S,
M,
I
S
57.2
­­­
DAMA23S
4.65
<
24
h
S,
M,
I
S
67.8
­­­
DAMA24S
3.30
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
C
26
­­­
DAMA25S
9.24
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
C
30
­­­
DAMA26S
8.09
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
C
38
­­­
DAMA27S
8.84
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
C
69
­­­
DAMA28S
11.12
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
4.8
­­­
DAMA29S
1.08
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
7.4
­­­
DAMA30S
15.57
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
6.5
­­­
DAMA31S
2.17
Cladoceran,
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
11.4
­­­
DAPC01S
1.37
2.54
Daphnia
pulicaria
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
9.06
­­­
DAPC02S
0.87
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
7.24
­­­
DAPC03S
0.74
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
10.8
­­­
DAPC04S
0.94
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
55.4
­­­
DAPC05S
7.87
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
55.3
­­­
DAPC06S
5.33
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
53.3
­­­
DAPC07S
3.59
27
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Speciesa
Organism
Age,

Size,
or
Lifestage
Methodb
Chemicalc
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
total
µ
g/
L)
d
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
Diss.
µ
g/
L)
e
BLM
Data
Label
BLM
Normalized
LC50
or
EC50
(
µ
g/
L)
f
Species
Mean
Acute
Value
(
µ
g/
L)
g
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
97.2
­­­
DAPC08S
3.59
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
199
­­­
DAPC09S
2.70
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
213
­­­
DAPC10S
7.02
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
165
­­­
DAPC11S
5.28
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
35.5
­­­
DAPC12S
1.45
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
78.8
­­­
DAPC13S
2.29
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
113
­­­
DAPC14S
0.98
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
76.4
­­­
DAPC15S
1.89
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
84.7
­­­
DAPC16S
6.27
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
184
­­­
DAPC17S
6.78
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
9.3
­­­
DAPC18S
0.93
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
17.8
­­­
DAPC19S
1.69
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
23.7
­­­
DAPC20S
2.13
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
27.3
­­­
DAPC21S
2.17
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
25.2
­­­
DAPC22S
3.40
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
25.1
­­­
DAPC23S
3.93
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
25.1
­­­
DAPC24S
4.66
Cladoceran,
Scapholeberis
sp.
adult
S,
M,
T
C
18
­­­
SCSP01S
8.77
8.77
Amphipod,
1­
3
d
F,
M,
T
S
22
­­­
GAPS01F
9.31
8.57
Gammarus
pseudolimnaeus
1­
3
d
F,
M,
T
S
19
­­­
GAPS02F
7.88
Amphipod,
7­
14
d
S,
M,
T
N
17
­­­
HYAZ01S
12.50
11.36
Hyalella
azteca
7­
14
d
S,
M,
T
N
24
­­­
HYAZ02S
10.24
7­
14
d
S,
M,
T
N
87
­­­
HYAZ03S
16.20
<
7
d
S,
M,
T
S
24.3
­­­
HYAZ04S
7.19
<
7
d
S,
M,
T
S
23.8
­­­
HYAZ05S
7.03
<
7
d
S,
M,
T
S
8.2
­­­
HYAZ06S
13.79
<
7
d
S,
M,
T
S
10
­­­
HYAZ07S
16.83
Stonefly,
Acroneuria
lycorias
­­­
S,
M,
T
S
8300
­­­
ACLY01S
17484
17484
Midge,
Chironomus
decorus
4th
instar
S,
M,
T
S
739
­­­
CHDE01S
1925
1925
Shovelnose
sturgeon,

Scaphirhynchus
platorynchus
fry,
6.01
cm,
0.719
g
S,
M,
T
S
160
­­­
SCPL01S
72.50
72.50
Apache
trout,
Oncorhynchus
apache
larval,
0.38
g
S,
M,
T
S
70
­­­
ONAP01S
33.70
33.70
Lahontan
cutthroat
trout,
larval,
0.34
g
S,
M,
T
S
80
­­­
ONCL01S
35.50
31.28
Oncorhynchus
clarki
henshawi
larval,
0.57
g
S,
M,
T
S
60
­­­
ONCL02S
25.55
28
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Speciesa
Organism
Age,

Size,
or
Lifestage
Methodb
Chemicalc
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
total
µ
g/
L)
d
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
Diss.
µ
g/
L)
e
BLM
Data
Label
BLM
Normalized
LC50
or
EC50
(
µ
g/
L)
f
Species
Mean
Acute
Value
(
µ
g/
L)
g
Cutthroat
trout,
7.4
cm,
4.2
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
398.91
367
ONCL03F
69.79
Oncorhynchus
clarki
6.9
cm,
3.2
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
197.87
186
ONCL04F
42.67
8.8
cm,
9.7
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
41.35
36.8
ONCL05F
19.52
8.1
cm,
4.4
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
282.93
232
ONCL06F
47.53
6.8
cm,
2.7
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
186.21
162
ONCL07F
109.1
7.0
cm,
3.2
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
85.58
73.6
ONCL08F
36.29
8.5
cm,
5.2
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
116.67
91
ONCL09F
17.19
7.7
cm,
4.4
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
56.20
44.4
ONCL10F
16.79
8.9
cm,
5.7
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
21.22
15.7
ONCL11F
9.80
Pink
salmon,
alevin
(
newly
hatched)
F,
M,
T
S
143
­­­
ONGO01F
38.75
37.30
Oncorhynchus
gorbuscha
alevin
F,
M,
T
S
87
­­­
ONGO02F
18.46
fry
F,
M,
T
S
199
­­­
ONGO03F
72.52
Coho
salmon,
6
g
R,
M,
T,
I
­­­
164
­­­
ONKI01R
91.75
15.98
Oncorhynchus
kisutch
parr
F,
M,
T
C
33
­­­
ONKI02F
18.70
adult,
2.7
kg
F,
M,
T
C
46
­­­
ONKI03F
29.13
fry
F,
M,
T,
D,
I
­­­
61
49
ONKI04F
11.42
smolt
F,
M,
T,
D,
I
­­­
63
51
ONKI05F
11.90
fry
F,
M,
T,
D,
I
­­­
86
58
ONKI06F
10.76
parr
F,
M,
T,
D,
I
­­­
103
78
ONKI07F
20.95
Rainbow
trout,
larval,
0.67
g
S,
M,
T
S
110
­­­
ONMY01S
43.37
21.60
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
larval,
0.48
g
S,
M,
T
S
50
­­­
ONMY02S
26.12
larval,
0.50
g
S,
M,
T
S
60
­­­
ONMY03S
30.49
swim­
up,
0.25
g
R,
M,
T,
D
C
46.7
40
ONMY04R
10.21
swim­
up,
0.25
g
R,
M,
T,
D
C
24.2
19
ONMY05R
9.04
swim­
up,
0.20­
0.24
g
R,
M,
T,
D
C
0
3.4
ONMY06R
5.49
swim­
up,
0.20­
0.24
g
R,
M,
T,
D
C
0
8.1
ONMY07R
10.29
swim­
up,
0.20­
0.24
g
R,
M,
T,
D
C
0
17.2
ONMY08R
14.63
swim­
up,
0.20­
0.24
g
R,
M,
T,
D
C
0
32
ONMY09R
20.86
alevin
F,
M,
T
C
28
­­­
ONMY10F
18.16
swim­
up,
0.17
g
F,
M,
T
C
17
­­­
ONMY11F
11.06
parr,
8.6
cm,
6.96
g
F,
M,
T
C
18
­­­
ONMY12F
8.63
smolt,
18.8
cm,
68.19
g
F,
M,
T
C
29
­­­
ONMY13F
20.04
1
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
169
ONMY14F
22.60
4.9
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
85.3
ONMY15F
9.77
6.0
cm,
2.1
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
83.3
ONMY16F
9.50
6.1
cm,
2.5
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
103
ONMY17F
12.21
2.6
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
274
ONMY18F
42.87
4.3
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
128
ONMY19F
15.91
9.2
cm,
9.4
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
221
ONMY20F
32.16
9.9
cm,
11.5
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
165
ONMY21F
21.91
11.8
cm,
18.7
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
197
ONMY22F
27.61
29
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Speciesa
Organism
Age,

Size,
or
Lifestage
Methodb
Chemicalc
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
total
µ
g/
L)
d
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
Diss.
µ
g/
L)
e
BLM
Data
Label
BLM
Normalized
LC50
or
EC50
(
µ
g/
L)
f
Species
Mean
Acute
Value
(
µ
g/
L)
g
13.5
cm,
24.9
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
514
ONMY23F
95.34
13.4
cm,
25.6
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
­
243
ONMY24F
36.51
6.7
cm,
2.65
g
F,
M,
T
C
2.8
­­­
ONMY25F
5.83
parr
F,
M,
T,
D,
I
­­­
90
68
ONMY26F
17.96
swim­
up,
0.29
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
19.6
18
ONMY27F
8.85
swim­
up,
0.25
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
12.9
12
ONMY28F
34.48
swim­
up,
0.23
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
5.9
5.7
ONMY29F
23.48
swim­
up,
0.23
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
37.8
35
ONMY30F
15.35
swim­
up,
0.26
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
25.1
18
ONMY31F
35.69
swim­
up,
0.23
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
17.2
17
ONMY32F
24.39
0.64
g,
4.1
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
101
­­­
ONMY33F
42.35
0.35
g,
3.4
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
308
­­­
ONMY34F
94.18
0.68
g,
4.2
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
93
­­­
ONMY35F
100.8
0.43
g,
3.7
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
35.9
­­­
ONMY36F
52.78
0.29
g,
3.4
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
54.4
­­­
ONMY37F
49.46
Sockeye
salmon,
alevin
(
newly
hatched)
F,
M,
T
S
190
­­­
ONNE01F
65.95
50.83
Oncorhynchus
nerka
alevin
F,
M,
T
S
200
­­­
ONNE02F
73.27
alevin
F,
M,
T
S
100
­­­
ONNE03F
22.28
alevin
F,
M,
T
S
110
­­­
ONNE04F
25.68
alevin
F,
M,
T
S
130
­­­
ONNE05F
33.19
fry
F,
M,
T
S
150
­­­
ONNE06F
42.32
smolt,
5.5
g
F,
M,
T
S
210
­­­
ONNE07F
80.98
smolt,
5.5
g
F,
M,
T
S
170
­­­
ONNE08F
53.26
smolt,
5.5
g
F,
M,
T
S
190
­­­
ONNE09F
65.95
smolt,
4,8
g
F,
M,
T
S
240
­­­
ONNE10F
104.3
Chinook
salmon,
alevin,
0.05
g
F,
M,
T
C
26
­­­
ONTS01F
12.84
25.68
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
swim­
up,
0.23
g
F,
M,
T
C
19
­­­
ONTS02F
9.11
parr,
9.6
cm,
11.58
g
F,
M,
T
C
38
­­­
ONTS03F
25.34
smolt,
14.4
cm,
32.46
g
F,
M,
T
C
26
­­­
ONTS04F
17.95
3
mo,
1.35
g
F,
M,
T,
I
C
10.2
­­­
ONTS05F
17.68
3
mo,
1.35
g
F,
M,
T,
I
C
24.1
­­­
ONTS06F
30.37
3
mo,
1.35
g
F,
M,
T,
I
C
82.5
­­­
ONTS07F
33.95
3
mo,
1.35
g
F,
M,
T,
I
C
128.4
­­­
ONTS08F
21.38
swim­
up,
0.36­
0.45
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
0
7.4
ONTS09F
35.81
swim­
up,
0.36­
0.45
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
0
12.5
ONTS10F
28.39
swim­
up,
0.36­
0.45
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
0
14.3
ONTS11F
31.17
swim­
up,
0.36­
0.45
g
F,
M,
T,
D
C
0
18.3
ONTS12F
44.51
30
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Speciesa
Organism
Age,

Size,
or
Lifestage
Methodb
Chemicalc
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
total
µ
g/
L)
d
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
Diss.
µ
g/
L)
e
BLM
Data
Label
BLM
Normalized
LC50
or
EC50
(
µ
g/
L)
f
Species
Mean
Acute
Value
(
µ
g/
L)
g
Bull
trout,
0.130
g,
2.6
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
228
­­­
SACO01F
75.20
72.36
Salvelinus
confluentus
0.555
g,
4.0
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
207
­­­
SACO02F
69.33
0.774
g,
4.5
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
66.6
­­­
SACO03F
77.73
1.520
g,
5.6
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
50
­­­
SACO04F
66.12
1.160
g,
5.2
cm
F,
M,
T,
D
C
89
­­­
SACO05F
74.05
Chiselmouth,

Acrocheilus
alutaceus
4.6
cm,
1.25
g
F,
M,
T
C
143
­­­
ACAL01F
187.5
187.5
Bonytail
chub,

Gila
elegans
larval,
0.29
g
S,
M,
T
S
200
­­­
GIEL01S
65.62
65.62
Golden
shiner,

Notemigonus
crysoleucas
­­­
F,
M,
T
C
84600
­­­
NOCR01F
101999
101999
Fathead
minnow,
adult,
40
mm
S,
M,
T
S
310
­­­
PIPR01S
236.3
72.07
Pimephales
promelas
adult,
40
mm
S,
M,
T
S
120
­­­
PIPR02S
95.02
adult,
40
mm
S,
M,
T
S
390
­­­
PIPR03S
193.6
­­­
S,
M,
T
C
55
­­­
PIPR04S
34.74
­­­
S,
M,
T
C
85
­­­
PIPR05S
63.41
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
N
15
­­­
PIPR06S
11.54
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
N
44
­­­
PIPR07S
18.53
<
24
h
S,
M,
T
N
>
200
­­­
PIPR08S
25.04
<
24
h,
0.68
mg
S,
M,
T
S
4.82
­­­
PIPR09S
7.75
<
24
h,
0.68
mg
S,
M,
T
S
8.2
­­­
PIPR10S
14.86
<
24
h,
0.68
mg
S,
M,
T
S
31.57
­­­
PIPR11S
22.35
<
24
h,
0.68
mg
S,
M,
T
S
21.06
­­­
PIPR12S
15.66
<
24
h,
0.68
mg
S,
M,
T
S
35.97
­­­
PIPR13S
18.72
<
24
h,
0.68
mg
S,
M,
T
S
59.83
­­­
PIPR14S
14.72
<
24
h,
0.68
mg
S,
M,
T
S
4.83
­­­
PIPR15S
5.06
<
24
h,
0.68
mg
S,
M,
T
S
70.28
­­­
PIPR16S
11.66
<
24
h,
0.68
mg
S,
M,
T
S
83.59
­­­
PIPR17S
6.98
<
24
h,
0.68
mg
S,
M,
T
S
182
­­­
PIPR18S
11.99
larval,
0.32
g
S,
M,
T
S
290
­­­
PIPR19S
76.77
larval,
0.56
g
S,
M,
T
S
630
­­­
PIPR20S
165.4
larval,
0.45
g
S,
M,
T
S
400
­­­
PIPR21S
107.6
larval,
0.39
g
S,
M,
T
S
390
­­­
PIPR22S
169.2
3.2­
5.5
cm,
0.42­
3.23
g
S,
M,
T
S
450
­­­
PIPR23S
161.2
2.8­
5.1
cm,
0.30­
2.38
g
S,
M,
T
S
297
­­­
PIPR24S
81.18
1.9­
4.6
cm,
0.13­
1.55
g
S,
M,
T
S
311
­­­
PIPR25S
70.03
3.0­
4.8
cm,
0.23­
1.36
g
S,
M,
T
S
513
­­­
PIPR26S
78.68
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
62.23
53.96
PIPR27S
23.42
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
190.5
165.18
PIPR28S
72.39
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
68.58
59.46
PIPR29S
26.01
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
168.91
146.46
PIPR30S
74.50
31
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Speciesa
Organism
Age,

Size,
or
Lifestage
Methodb
Chemicalc
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
total
µ
g/
L)
d
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
Diss.
µ
g/
L)
e
BLM
Data
Label
BLM
Normalized
LC50
or
EC50
(
µ
g/
L)
f
Species
Mean
Acute
Value
(
µ
g/
L)
g
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
94.62
82.04
PIPR31S
44.23
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
143.51
124.43
PIPR32S
91.55
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
120.65
103.76
PIPR33S
76.77
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
196.85
167.32
PIPR34S
100.2
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
133.35
120.02
PIPR35S
114.0
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
184.15
169.42
PIPR36S
192.6
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
304.8
268.22
PIPR37S
119.2
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
292.1
242.44
PIPR38S
161.1
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
133.35
113.35
PIPR39S
91.76
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
92.71
77.88
PIPR40S
66.17
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
152.4
128.02
PIPR41S
108.5
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
177.8
151.13
PIPR42S
133.0
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
203.2
166.62
PIPR43S
137.0
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
190.5
163.83
PIPR44S
125.8
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
196.85
157.48
PIPR45S
148.8
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
234.95
199.71
PIPR46S
161.2
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
146.05
128.52
PIPR47S
109.2
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
171.45
150.88
PIPR48S
129.0
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
152.4
131.06
PIPR49S
95.81
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
184.15
160.21
PIPR50S
107.2
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
203.2
182.88
PIPR51S
105.7
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
203.2
180.85
PIPR52S
85.58
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
203.2
176.78
PIPR53S
104.4
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
222.25
188.91
PIPR54S
119.3
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
146.05
125.60
PIPR55S
99.21
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
139.7
117.35
PIPR56S
78.65
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
139.7
114.55
PIPR57S
72.30
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
152.4
126.49
PIPR58S
76.77
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
203.2
172.72
PIPR59S
103.1
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
196.85
167.32
PIPR60S
91.87
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
266.7
226.70
PIPR61S
119.7
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
99.06
84.20
PIPR62S
127.2
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
111.13
97.79
PIPR63S
151.0
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
78.74
70.08
PIPR64S
103.9
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
92.71
81.58
PIPR65S
108.4
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
85.09
77.43
PIPR66S
93.19
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
123.19
110.87
PIPR67S
105.3
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
165.1
151.89
PIPR68S
93.38
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
190.5
175.26
PIPR69S
72.74
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
165.1
145.29
PIPR70S
122.1
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
127
111.76
PIPR71S
88.62
32
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Speciesa
Organism
Age,

Size,
or
Lifestage
Methodb
Chemicalc
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
total
µ
g/
L)
d
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
Diss.
µ
g/
L)
e
BLM
Data
Label
BLM
Normalized
LC50
or
EC50
(
µ
g/
L)
f
Species
Mean
Acute
Value
(
µ
g/
L)
g
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
92.08
79.18
PIPR72S
52.68
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
66.68
60.01
PIPR73S
34.17
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
393.70
370.08
PIPR74S
156.7
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
317.50
292.10
PIPR75S
233.0
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
107.95
101.47
PIPR76S
153.7
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
67.95
62.51
PIPR77S
129.3
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
45.72
42.06
PIPR78S
108.4
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
177.80
172.47
PIPR79S
170.7
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
13.97
12.43
PIPR80S
25.34
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
304.80
271.27
PIPR81S
138.7
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
71.12
71.12
PIPR82S
97.64
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
83.82
79.63
PIPR83S
99.81
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
104.78
99.54
PIPR84S
105.8
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
139.70
132.72
PIPR85S
126.7
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
152.40
137.16
PIPR86S
106.1
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
260.35
182.25
PIPR87S
105.9
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
488.95
268.92
PIPR88S
112.4
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
203.20
188.98
PIPR89S
135.6
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
704.85
662.56
PIPR90S
172.0
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
952.50
904.88
PIPR91S
183.0
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
1244.60
995.68
PIPR92S
174.9
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
1485.90
891.54
PIPR93S
126.5
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
781.05
757.62
PIPR94S
170.0
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
476.25
404.81
PIPR95S
161.2
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
273.05
262.13
PIPR96S
175.3
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
22.23
20.45
PIPR97S
51.55
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
24.13
23.16
PIPR98S
57.82
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
36.83
34.99
PIPR99S
89.18
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
27.94
27.94
PIPR100S
69.87
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
26.67
26.67
PIPR101S
65.31
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
20.32
20.32
PIPR102S
44.85
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
26.67
26.67
PIPR103S
58.92
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
190.50
182.88
PIPR104S
134.8
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
109.86
96.67
PIPR105S
85.13
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
203.20
182.88
PIPR106S
121.76
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
209.55
190.69
PIPR107S
109.6
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
146.05
127.06
PIPR108S
94.04
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
165.10
148.59
PIPR109S
115.0
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
254.00
223.52
PIPR110S
122.7
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
311.15
283.15
PIPR111S
122.3
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
165.10
150.24
PIPR112S
98.55
33
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Speciesa
Organism
Age,

Size,
or
Lifestage
Methodb
Chemicalc
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
total
µ
g/
L)
d
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
Diss.
µ
g/
L)
e
BLM
Data
Label
BLM
Normalized
LC50
or
EC50
(
µ
g/
L)
f
Species
Mean
Acute
Value
(
µ
g/
L)
g
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
920.75
644.53
PIPR113S
121.8
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
1073.15
697.55
PIPR114S
112.5
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
1003.30
752.48
PIPR115S
107.9
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
933.45
653.42
PIPR116S
116.9
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
742.95
646.37
PIPR117S
128.2
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
1879.60
939.80
PIPR118S
111.3
<
24
h
S,
M,
T,
D
S
266.70
253.37
PIPR119S
161.4
­­­
F,
M,
T
S
114.00
­­­
PIPR120F
16.27
­­­
F,
M,
T
S
121.00
­­­
PIPR121F
17.88
­­­
F,
M,
T
S
88.50
­­­
PIPR122F
11.98
­­­
F,
M,
T
S
436.00
­­­
PIPR123F
69.67
­­­
F,
M,
T
S
516.00
­­­
PIPR124F
46.18
­­­
F,
M,
T
S
1586.00
­­­
PIPR125F
61.17
­­­
F,
M,
T
S
1129.00
­­­
PIPR126F
67.41
­­­
F,
M,
T
S
550.00
­­­
PIPR127F
41.03
­­­
F,
M,
T
S
1001.00
­­­
PIPR128F
31.96
30
d,
0.15
g
F,
M,
T,
D
N
96.00
88.32
PIPR129F
35.79
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
31.75
27.94
PIPR130F
7.72
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
117.48
105.73
PIPR131F
32.23
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
48.26
40.06
PIPR132F
18.97
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
73.03
64.26
PIPR133F
19.48
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
59.06
49.02
PIPR134F
18.47
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
78.74
67.72
PIPR135F
16.80
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
22.23
18.67
PIPR136F
12.29
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
6.99
6.15
PIPR137F
9.83
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
22.23
20.45
PIPR138F
16.03
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
107.32
93.36
PIPR139F
59.69
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
292.10
245.36
PIPR140F
4.33
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
81.28
72.34
PIPR141F
37.18
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
298.45
229.81
PIPR142F
3.79
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
241.30
195.45
PIPR143F
8.56
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
133.35
109.35
PIPR144F
8.64
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
93.98
78.00
PIPR145F
45.63
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
67.95
45.52
PIPR146F
21.06
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
4.76
4.38
PIPR147F
35.59
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
13.97
12.43
PIPR148F
40.38
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
29.85
26.86
PIPR149F
52.53
<
24
h
F,
M,
T,
D
S
59.69
51.33
PIPR150F
51.59
Northern
squawfish,
larval,
0.32
g
S,
M,
T
S
380
­­­
PTLU01S
92.13
138.2
Ptychocheilus
oregonensis
larval,
0.34
g
S,
M,
T
S
480
­­­
PTLU02S
207.4
34
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Speciesa
Organism
Age,

Size,
or
Lifestage
Methodb
Chemicalc
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
total
µ
g/
L)
d
Reported
LC50
or
EC50
(
Diss.
µ
g/
L)
e
BLM
Data
Label
BLM
Normalized
LC50
or
EC50
(
µ
g/
L)
f
Species
Mean
Acute
Value
(
µ
g/
L)
g
Northern
squawfish,
5.0
cm,
1.33
g
F,
M,
T
C
23
­­­
PTOR01F
15.23
13.15
Ptychocheilus
oregonensis
7.2
cm,
3.69
g
F,
M,
T
C
18
­­­
PTOR02F
11.36
Razorback
sucker,
larval,
0.31
g
S,
M,
T
S
220
­­­
XYTE01S
66.16
81.75
Xyrauchen
texanus
larval,
0.32
g
S,
M,
T
S
340
­­­
XYTE02S
101.0
Gila
topminnow,

Poeciliposis
occidentalis
2.72
cm,
0.219
g
S,
M,
T
S
160
­­­
POAC01S
58.32
58.32
Bluegill,
3.58
cm,
0.63
g
R,
M,
D
C
­
2200
LEMA01R
2026
1968
Lepomis
macrochirus
12
cm,
35
g
F,
M,
T
S
1100
­­­
LEMA02F
1965
2.8­
6.8
cm
F,
M,
T
C
1000
­­­
LEMA03F
3512
3.58
cm,
0.63
g
F,
M,
D
C
­
1300
LEMA04F
1073
Fantail
darter,
3.7
cm
S,
M,
T
S
330
­­­
ETFL01S
123.2
130.2
Etheostoma
flabellare
3.7
cm
S,
M,
T
S
341
­­­
ETFL02S
126.6
3.7
cm
S,
M,
T
S
373
­­­
ETFL03S
128.5
3.7
cm
S,
M,
T
S
392
­­­
ETFL04S
143.1
Greenthroat
darter,

Etheostoma
lepidum
2.26
cm,
0.133
g
S,
M,
T
S
260
­­­
ETLE01S
86.34
86.34
Johnny
darter,
3.9
cm
S,
M,
T
S
493
­­­
ETNI01S
175.5
187.3
Etheostoma
nigrum
3.9
cm
S,
M,
T
S
483
­­­
ETNI02S
172.5
3.9
cm
S,
M,
T
S
602
­­­
ETNI03S
210.4
3.9
cm
S,
M,
T
S
548
­­­
ETNI04S
193.2
Fountain
darter,

Etheostoma
rubrum
2.02
cm,
0.062
g
S,
M,
T
S
60
­­­
ETRU01S
23.38
23.38
Boreal
toad,

Bufo
boreas
tadpole,
0.012
g
S,
M,
T
S
120
­­­
BUBO01S
49.06
49.06
a
Species
appear
in
order
taxonomically,
with
invertebrates
listed
first,
fish,
and
an
amphibian
listed
last.
Species
within
each
genus
are
ordered
alphabetically.
Within
each
species,
tests
are
orde
test
method
(
static,
renewal,
flow­
through)
and
date.

b
S
=
static,
R
=
renewal,
F
=
flow­
through,
U
=
unmeasured,
M
=
measured,
T
=
exposure
concentrations
were
measured
as
total
copper,
D
=
exposure
concentrations
were
measured
as
dissolved
copper.

c
S
=
copper
sulfate,
N
=
copper
nitrate,
C
=
copper
chloride.

d
Values
in
this
column
are
total
copper
LC50
or
EC50
values
as
reported
by
the
author.

e
Values
in
this
column
are
dissolved
copper
LC50
or
EC50
values
either
reported
by
the
author
or
if
the
author
did
not
report
a
dissolved
value
then
a
conversion
factor
(
CF)
was
applied
to
the
total
copper
LC50
to
estimate
dissolved
copper
values.

g
Underlined
LC50s
or
EC50s
not
used
to
derive
SMAV
because
considered
extreme
value.
35
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Reference
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Arthur
and
Leonard
1970
Arthur
and
Leonard
1970
Nebeker
et
al.
1986b
Nebeker
et
al.
1986b
Arthur
and
Leonard
1970
Arthur
and
Leonard
1970
Keller
unpublished
Keller
unpublished
Keller
and
Zam
1991
Keller
and
Zam
1991
Keller
unpublished
Keller
unpublished
Keller
unpublished
Keller
unpublished
Keller
unpublished
Keller
unpublished
Carlson
et
al.
1986
Carlson
et
al.
1986
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
et
al.
1989
Belanger
and
Cherry
1990
36
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Reference
Belanger
and
Cherry
1990
Oris
et
al.
1991
Diamond
et
al.
1997b
Nebeker
et
al.
1986a
Nebeker
et
al.
1986a
Nebeker
et
al.
1986a
Nebeker
et
al.
1986a
Nebeker
et
al.
1986a
Nebeker
et
al.
1986a
Nebeker
et
al.
1986a
Nebeker
et
al.
1986a
Baird
et
al.
1991
Baird
et
al.
1991
Baird
et
al.
1991
Baird
et
al.
1991
Baird
et
al.
1991
Baird
et
al.
1991
Meador
1991
Meador
1991
Meador
1991
Meador
1991
Meador
1991
Meador
1991
Meador
1991
Meador
1991
Meador
1991
Meador
1991
Chapman
et
al.
Manuscript
Chapman
et
al.
Manuscript
Chapman
et
al.
Manuscript
Chapman
et
al.
Manuscript
Long's
MS
Thesis
Long's
MS
Thesis
Long's
MS
Thesis
Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

37
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Reference
Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Carlson
et
al.
1986
Arthur
and
Leonard
1970
Arthur
and
Leonard
1970
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Welsh
1996
Welsh
1996
Welsh
1996
Welsh
1996
Warnick
and
Bell
1969
Kosalwat
and
Knight
1987
Dwyer
et
al.
1999
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
38
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Reference
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Buckley
1983
Chapman
1975
Chapman
and
Stevens
1978
Mudge
et
al.
1993
Mudge
et
al.
1993
Mudge
et
al.
1993
Mudge
et
al.
1993
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Cacela
et
al.
1996
Cacela
et
al.
1996
Welsh
et
al.
2000
Welsh
et
al.
2000
Welsh
et
al.
2000
Welsh
et
al.
2000
Chapman
1975,
1978
Chapman
1975,
1978
Chapman
1975,
1978
Chapman
1975,
1978
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
39
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Reference
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Chakoumakos
et
al.
1979
Cusimano
et
al.
1986
Mudge
et
al.
1993
Cacela
et
al.
1996
Cacela
et
al.
1996
Cacela
et
al.
1996
Cacela
et
al.
1996
Cacela
et
al.
1996
Cacela
et
al.
1996
Hansen
et
al.
2000
Hansen
et
al.
2000
Hansen
et
al.
2000
Hansen
et
al.
2000
Hansen
et
al.
2000
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Servizi
and
Martens
1978
Chapman
1975,
1978
Chapman
1975,
1978
Chapman
1975,
1978
Chapman
1975,
1978
Chapman
and
McCrady
1977
Chapman
and
McCrady
1977
Chapman
and
McCrady
1977
Chapman
and
McCrady
1977
Welsh
et
al.
2000
Welsh
et
al.
2000
Welsh
et
al.
2000
Welsh
et
al.
2000
40
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Reference
Hansen
et
al.
2000
Hansen
et
al.
2000
Hansen
et
al.
2000
Hansen
et
al.
2000
Hansen
et
al.
2000
Andros
and
Garton
1980
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Hartwell
et
al.
1989
Birge
et
al.
1983
Birge
et
al.
1983
Birge
et
al.
1983;
Benson
&
Birge
Carlson
et
al.
1986
Carlson
et
al.
1986
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Schubauer­
Berigan
et
al.
1993
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Welsh
et
al.
1993
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Richards
and
Beitinger
1995
Richards
and
Beitinger
1995
Richards
and
Beitinger
1995
Richards
and
Beitinger
1995
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
41
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Reference
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
42
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Reference
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
43
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Reference
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Lind
et
al.
Manuscript
(
1978)

Spehar
and
Fiandt
1986
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Erickson
et
al.
1996a,
b
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
44
Table
1a.
Acute
Toxicity
of
Copper
to
Freshwater
Animals
Reference
Andros
and
Garton
1980
Andros
and
Garton
1980
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Dwyer
et
al.
1995
Dwyer
et
al.
1999
Blaylock
et
al.
1985
Benoit
1975
Cairns
et
al.
1981
Blaylock
et
al.
1985
Lydy
and
Wissing
1988
Lydy
and
Wissing
1988
Lydy
and
Wissing
1988
Lydy
and
Wissing
1988
Dwyer
et
al.
1999
Lydy
and
Wissing
1988
Lydy
and
Wissing
1988
Lydy
and
Wissing
1988
Lydy
and
Wissing
1988
Dwyer
et
al.
1999
Dwyer
et
al.
1999
rdered
by
45
Temp
pH
Diss
Cu
DOC
%
HA
Ca
Mg
Na
K
SO4
Cl
HCO3
S
Deg
C
ug/
L
mg/
L
mg/
L
mg/
L
mg/
L
mg/
L
mg/
L
mg/
L
mg/
L
mg/
L
20.00
7.50
1.00E+
00
5.00E­
01
10.00
1.40E+
01
1.21E+
01
2.63E+
01
2.10E+
00
1.90E+
00
8.14E+
01
6.50E+
01
3.00E­
04
f
Normalization
Chemistry
