USEPA,
2003c
1
Methodology
and
Results
of
the
Screening
Analysis
for
Pollutants
Managed
by
Incineration
Office
of
Water
US
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Washington,
D.
C.

Document
No.
822­
B­
03­
002
December
19,
2003
USEPA,
2003c
2
Abbreviations
APC
Air
pollution
control
CC
Critical
concentration
DF
Dispersion
factor
EF
Emission
factor
ESP
Electrostatic
precipitator
FF
Fabric
filter
HQ
Hazard
quotient
RfC
Reference
concentration
RME
Reasonable
maximum
exposure
SF
Sewage
sludge
feet
rate
USEPA,
2003c
3
Methodology
and
Results
of
the
Screening
Analysis
for
Pollutants
Managed
by
Incineration
Thirteen
chemicals
with
inhalation
critical
concentrations
(
CC)
have
been
identified
as
qualifying
for
additional
inhalation
exposure
and
hazard
screening
assessment
in
the
sewage
sludge
incineration
scenario.
For
threshold
chemicals,
the
CC
is
the
reference
concentration
(
RfC).
For
carcinogenic
chemicals,
the
CC
is
the
concentration
associated
with
an
excess
cancer
risk
of
E­
5
(
1
in
100,000).
If
a
chemical
has
both
a
RfC
and
concentration
for
E­
5
risk,
the
lower
value
of
the
two
is
the
CC
(
USEPA,
2003).

For
the
sewage
sludge
incineration
scenario,
members
of
the
subpopulation
defined
as
subject
to
reasonable
maximum
exposure
(
RME)
are
members
of
a
rural
family
living
in
proximity
to
a
sewage
sludge
incinerator.
These
individuals
were
assumed
to
be
continually
residing
and
inhaling
ambient
air
in
the
shadow
of
the
sewage
sludge
incinerator's
emissions
plume.
To
estimate
maximum
ground
level
concentrations
of
chemicals
that
would
be
experienced
by
individuals
subject
to
RME,
the
following
incineration
data
are
needed
for
the
exposure
modeling:

°
Sewage
sludge
feed
rate
(
SF)
in
the
units
of
dry
metric
tons
of
sewage
sludge
fed
into
the
incinerator
per
second.
°
An
emission
factor
(
EF)
in
the
units
of
grams
of
pollutant
emitted
at
the
incinerator
stack
per
dry
metric
ton
of
sewage
sludge
fed
into
the
incinerator.
°
A
dispersion
factor
(
DF)
obtained
by
air
modeling
in
the
units
of
micrograms
of
pollutant
per
cubic
meter
of
ambient
air
at
ground
level
per
grams
of
pollutant
emitted
at
the
incinerator
stack
per
second.

Multiplication
of
these
three
factors
together
yields
an
estimated
maximum
ground
level
concentration
of
a
pollutant
in
units
of
micrograms
of
pollutant
per
cubic
meter
of
ambient
air.
Finally,
the
ratio
of
this
estimated
ambient
air
concentration
to
the
CC
yields
hazard
quotients
(
HQs)
for
these
chemicals.
An
HQ
greater
than
one
indicates
a
potential
for
adverse
effects
to
occur
and
the
need
to
conduct
a
more
detailed
or
refined
risk
assessment
and
risk
characterization.

Of
the
13
pollutants
having
inhalation
CC,
only
two
metallic
pollutants
(
beryllium
and
manganese)
had
all
three
types
of
incineration
data
needed
to
estimate
maximum
ground
levels
concentrations.

Beryllium
SF,
EF
and
DF
were
available
for
certain
types
of
sewage
sludge
incinerators
with
and
without
various
air
pollution
control
(
APC)
devices.
In
these
cases,
the
maximum
ground
level
concentrations
were
estimated
and
are
listed
below.
The
reasons
for
not
estimating
ground
level
concentrations
are
also
indicated.
USEPA,
2003c
4
Rotary
Hearth
with
no
APC
7.60x10­
5
µ
g/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
with
a
cyclone
4.56x10­
6
µ
g/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
with
a
wet
scrubber
2.53x10­
6
µ
g/
m3
Fluidized
Bed
with
a
wet
scrubber
1.01x10­
7
µ
g/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
with
an
electrostatic
precipitator
­
No
EF
available
Not
available
Rotary
Hearth
with
a
fabric
filter
­
No
EF
available
Not
available
The
critical
concentration
for
beryllium
for
an
excess
cancer
risk
of
E­
5
is
4x10­
3
µ
g/
m3.
All
HQs
calculated
for
any
of
these
incinerator
and
APC
device
combinations
are
considerably
less
than
one.
There
is
therefore
no
need
to
conduct
a
refined
risk
assessment
for
beryllium.

Manganese
SF,
EF
and
DF
were
available
for
the
types
of
sewage
sludge
incinerators
with
and
without
various
APC
devices
indicated
below.
The
estimated
maximum
ground
level
concentrations
are
also
listed
below.

Rotary
Hearth
with
no
APC
4.76x10­
3
µ
g/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
with
a
cyclone
1.67x10­
4
µ
g/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
with
a
wet
scrubber
4.31x10­
4
µ
g/
m3
Fluidized
Bed
with
a
wet
scrubber
1.52x10­
4
µ
g/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
with
an
electrostatic
precipitator
1.62x10­
4
µ
g/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
with
a
fabric
filter
2.53x10­
6
µ
g/
m3
The
critical
concentration
for
manganese,
a
threshold
chemical,
is
5x10­
2
µ
g/
m3.
All
HQs
calculated
for
any
of
these
incinerator
and
APC
device
combinations
are
considerably
less
than
one
and,
therefore,
there
is
no
need
to
conduct
a
refined
risk
assessment
for
manganese.

Organic
Chemicals
Of
the
13
chemicals
with
CCs,
only
two
organic
chemicals,
mixed
xylenes
and
methyl
isobutyl
ketone
(
MIBK),
both
threshold
chemicals,
had
any
incineration
data.
EFs
were
obtained
on
mixed
xylenes
for
a
rotary
hearth
with
no
APC
device
and
a
rotary
hearth
with
a
scrubber.
USEPA,
2003c
5
However,
neither
a
SF
nor
a
DF
were
obtained
for
any
combination
of
sewage
sludge
incinerators
and
APC
devices
as
listed
above
for
beryllium
and
manganese.
Therefore
the
same
SF
and
DF
used
for
beryllium
and
manganese
were
applied
to
the
incineration
of
sewage
sludge
containing
mixed
xylenes.
Estimated
maximum
ground
level
concentrations
for
mixed
xylenes
were
subsequently
calculated
for
the
above
two
combinations
of
incinerator
and
APC
device
and
their
values
are
4.81x10­
4
µ
g/
m3
and
7.09x10­
4
µ
g/
m3,
respectively.
The
CC
for
mixed
xylenes
is
100
µ
g/
m3.
The
HQs,
therefore,
for
mixed
xylenes
are
considerably
less
than
one.
There
is
therefore
no
need
to
conduct
a
refined
risk
assessment
for
mixed
xylenes.

An
EF
was
obtained
on
MIBK
for
a
rotary
hearth
with
a
scrubber.
However,
neither
a
SF
nor
a
DF
were
obtained
for
any
combination
of
sewage
sludge
incinerators
and
APC
devices
as
listed
above
for
beryllium
and
manganese.
Therefore,
the
same
SF
and
DF
used
for
beryllium
and
manganese
were
applied
to
the
incineration
of
sewage
sludge
containing
MIBK.
An
estimated
maximum
ground
level
concentration
for
MIBK
for
incineration
in
a
rotary
hearth
with
a
scrubber
was
calculated
and
its
value
is
5.07x10­
6
µ
g/
m3.
The
CC
for
MIBK
is
3000
µ
g/
m3.
The
HQ,
therefore,
for
MIBK
is
considerably
less
than
one.
There
is
therefore
no
need
to
conduct
a
refined
risk
assessment
for
MIBK.

The
incineration
data
and
calculations
used
for
this
screening
are
given
in
Annex
1.

References
USEPA,
2003.
Technical
Background
Document
for
the
Sewage
Sludge
Exposure
and
Hazard
Screening
Assessment
(
Appendix
O).
Office
of
Water.
RTI
Project
No.
08317.001.024.005.
USEPA,
2003c
6
Annex
1
Incineration
Data
and
Calculations
Used
in
the
Screening
Analysis
Beryllium
Incinerator
Design
Type
Control
Device
Emission
Factor
(
g/
mg)
Sludge
Feed
Rate
(
Mg/
sec)
Dispersion
Factor
ug/
m3/
g/
sec
Highest
Concentration
ug/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
0.15
0.000149
3.4
7.60
x
10­
5
Rotary
Hearth
Cyclone
0.009
0.000149
3.4
4.56
x
10­
6
Rotary
Hearth
ESP
0.000149
3.4
Rotary
Hearth
FF
0.000149
3.4
Rotary
Hearth
Wet
Scrubber
0.005
0.000149
3.4
2.53
x
10­
6
Fluidized
Bed
Wet
Scrubber
0.0002
0.000149
3.4
1.01
x
10­
7
Manganese
Incinerator
Design
Type
Control
Device
Emission
Factor
(
g/
mg)
Sludge
Feed
Rate
(
Mg/
sec)
Dispersion
Factor
ug/
m3/
g/
sec
Highest
Concentration
ug/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
9.4
0.000149
3.4
4.76
x
10­
3
Rotary
Hearth
Cyclone
0.33
0.000149
3.4
1.67
x
10­
4
USEPA,
2003c
Manganese
Incinerator
Design
Type
Control
Device
Emission
Factor
(
g/
mg)
Sludge
Feed
Rate
(
Mg/
sec)
Dispersion
Factor
ug/
m3/
g/
sec
Highest
Concentration
ug/
m3
7
Rotary
Hearth
ESP
0.32
0.000149
3.4
1.62
x
10­
4
Rotary
Hearth
FF
0.005
0.000149
3.4
2.53
x
10­
6
Rotary
Hearth
Wet
Scrubber
0.85
0.000149
3.4
4.31
x
10­
4
Fluidized
Bed
Wet
Scrubber
0.3
0.000149
3.4
1.52
x
10­
4
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone
Incinerator
Design
Type
Control
Device
Emission
Factor
(
g/
mg)
Sludge
Feed
Rate
(
Mg/
sec)
Dispersion
Factor
ug/
m3/
g/
sec
Highest
Concentration
ug/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Rotary
Hearth
Cyclone/
Venturi
Rotary
Hearth
ESP
Rotary
Hearth
Impingement
Wet
Scrubber
1.4
0.000149
3.4
5.07
x
10­
6
USEPA,
2003c
8
Mixed
xylenes
Incinerator
Design
Type
Control
Device
Emission
Factor
(
g/
mg)
Sludge
Feed
Rate
(
Mg/
sec)
Dispersion
Factor
ug/
m3/
g/
sec
Highest
Concentration
ug/
m3
Rotary
Hearth
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
0.95
0.000149
3.4
4.81
x
10­
4
Rotary
Hearth
Cyclone
Rotary
Hearth
ESP
Rotary
Hearth
Wet
Scrubber
1.4
0.000149
3.4
7.09
x
10­
4
