USEPA
2002e
1­
Metal
already
regulated
under
Part
503.
Page
1
of
11
The
following
table
presents
the
human
health
benchmarks
that
were
identified
for
potential
constituents
in
biosolids1.

Human
health
benchmarks
for
potential
constituents
in
biosolids.

Constituent
Name
CASRN
analyte
group
RfD
(
mg/
kg­
d)
RfD
Ref
RfC
(
mg/
m3)
RfC
Ref
CSFo
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFo
Ref
URF
(
per
µ
g/
m3)
URF
Ref
CSFi
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFi
Ref
TEF
TEF
Ref
base
Notes
Acenaphthene
83­
32­
9
PAH
6.0E­
02
I
Acetaldehyde
75­
07­
0
odor
9.0E­
03
I
2.2E­
06
I
7.7E­
03
calc
Acetophenone
98­
86­
2
pharm
1.0E­
01
I
Aldrin
309­
00­
2
pest
3.0E­
05
I
1.7E+
01
I
4.9E­
03
I
1.7E+
01
calc
Aluminum
7429­
90­
5
metal
2.0E+
00
A
intermediate
MRL
Ammonia
7664­
41­
7
odor
9.7E­
01
H
1.0E­
01
I
RfD=
34
mg/
L
Anthracene
120­
12­
7
PAH
3.0E­
01
I
Antimony
7440­
36­
0
metal
4.0E­
04
I
Antimony
trioxide
1309­
64­
4
metal
4.0E­
04
H
2.0E­
04
I
Arochlor
1016
12674­
11­
2
PCB
7.0E­
05
I
Arochlor
1254
11097­
69­
1
PCB
2.0E­
05
I
Arsenic,
inorganic1
7440­
38­
2
metal
3.0E­
04
I
3.0E­
05
C00
1.5E+
00
I
4.3E­
03
I
1.5E+
01
calc
Barium
7440­
39­
3
metal
7.0E­
02
I
5.0E­
04
H
Benz(
a)
anthracene
56­
55­
3
PAH
0.1
E93
BAP
Benzenethiol
(
thiophenol)
108­
98­
5
odor
1.0E­
05
H
Benzo(
a)
pyrene
50­
32­
8
PAH
7.3E+
00
I
1
E93
BAP
Benzo(
b)
fluoranthene
205­
99­
2
PAH
0.1
E93
BAP
Benzo(
j)
fluoranthene
205­
82­
3
PAH
1.2E+
00
C99b
1.1E­
04
C99b
3.9E­
01
C99b
Benzo(
k)
fluoranthene
207­
08­
9
PAH
0.01
E93
BAP
USEPA
2002e
Constituent
Name
CASRN
analyte
group
RfD
(
mg/
kg­
d)
RfD
Ref
RfC
(
mg/
m3)
RfC
Ref
CSFo
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFo
Ref
URF
(
per
µ
g/
m3)
URF
Ref
CSFi
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFi
Ref
TEF
TEF
Ref
base
Notes
Page
2
of
11
Beryllium
7440­
41­
7
metal
2.0E­
03
I
2.0E­
05
I
2.4E­
03
I
8.4E+
00
calc
Bidrin
141­
66­
2
pest
1.0E­
04
I
Biphenyl,
1,1­
92­
52­
4
PBB
5.0E­
02
I
Bis(
2­
ethylhexyl)
phthalate
(
DEHP;
also
di­)
117­
81­
7
other
2.0E­
02
I
1.0E­
02
C99a
1.4E­
02
I
2.4E­
06
C99b
8.4E­
03
C99b
Bisphenol
A
80­
05­
7
other
5.0E­
02
I
Boron
7440­
42­
8
metal
9.0E­
02
I
2.0E­
02
H
Butanol,
n­
(
n­
butyl
alcohol)
71­
36­
3
odor
1.0E­
01
I
Cadmium1
7440­
43­
9
metal
5.0E­
04
or
1.0E­
03
I
2.0E­
05
C00
1.8E­
03
I
6.3E+
00
calc
RfD
for
water=
5E­
4
&

RfD
for
food
=
1E­
3
mkd
Captan
133­
06­
2
pest
1.3E­
01
I
3.5E­
03
H
Carbaryl
63­
25­
2
other
1.0E­
01
I
Chlordane
57­
74­
9
pest
5.0E­
04
I
7.0E­
04
I
3.5E­
01
I
1.0E­
04
I
3.5E­
01
calc
Chlorfenvinphos
470­
90­
6
pest
7.0E­
04
A
Chlorine
7782­
50­
5
odor
1.0E­
01
I
2.0E­
04
C00
Chlorobenzilate
510­
15­
6
pest
2.0E­
02
I
2.7E­
01
H
7.8E­
05
H
2.7E­
01
H
Chloronaphthalene,
beta­
91­
58­
7
chlorona
p
8.0E­
02
I
Chlorpyrifos
2921­
88­
2
pest
3.0E­
03
I
Chromium
(
III),
insoluble
salts1
16065­
83­
1
metal
1.5E+
00
I
Chromium
(
VI)
1
18540­
29­
9
metal
3.0E­
03
I
8E­
6
or
1E­
4
I
4.2E­
01
C99b
1.2E­
02
I
4.2E+
01
calc
Chromium
(
VI)
­
chromic
acid
mists
&

dissolved
Cr
aerosols1
18540­
29­
9
metal
8.0E­
06
I
Chromium
(
VI)
­
Cr
particulates1
18540­
29­
9
metal
1.0E­
04
I
Chrysene
218­
01­
9
PAH
0.001
E93
BAP
Cobalt
(
and
cmpds)
7440­
48­
4
metal
2.0E­
02
SF
2.0E­
05
SF
2.8E­
03
SF
9.8E+
00
calc
USEPA
2002e
Constituent
Name
CASRN
analyte
group
RfD
(
mg/
kg­
d)
RfD
Ref
RfC
(
mg/
m3)
RfC
Ref
CSFo
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFo
Ref
URF
(
per
µ
g/
m3)
URF
Ref
CSFi
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFi
Ref
TEF
TEF
Ref
base
Notes
Page
3
of
11
Copper1
7440­
50­
8
metal
*
MCL
only
H
Cresol,
m­
(
3­
methylphenol)
108­
39­
4
odor
5.0E­
02
I
Cresol,
p­
(
4­
methylphenol)
106­
44­
5
other
5.0E­
03
H
DDD
(
p,
p'­
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane)
72­
54­
8
pest
2.4E­
01
I
DDE
(
p,
p'­
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene)
72­
55­
9
pest
3.4E­
01
I
DDT
(
p,
p'­
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
50­
29­
3
pest
5.0E­
04
I
3.4E­
01
I
9.7E­
05
I
3.4E­
01
calc
Decabromodiphenyl
ether
1163­
19­
5
PBDE
1.0E­
02
I
Demeton
8065­
48­
3
pest
4.0E­
05
I
Di(
2­
ethylhexyl)
adipate
103­
23­
1
other
6.0E­
01
I
1.2E­
03
I
Diallate
2303­
16­
4
pest
6.1E­
02
H
Diazinon
333­
41­
5
pest
9.0E­
04
H
9.0E­
03
A
intermediate
MRL
Dibenz[
a,
h]
acridine
226­
36­
8
PAH
1.2E+
00
C99b
1.1E­
04
C99b
3.9E­
01
C99b
Dibenz[
a,
j]
acridine
224­
42­
0
PAH
1.2E+
00
C99b
1.1E­
04
C99b
3.9E­
01
C99b
Dibenzo(
a,
h)
anthracene
53­
70­
3
PAH
1
E93
BAP
Dibenzo[
a,
e]
pyrene
192­
65­
4
PAH
1.2E+
01
C99b
1.1E­
03
C99b
3.9E+
00
C99b
Dibenzo[
a,
h]
pyrene
189­
64­
0
PAH
1.2E+
02
C99b
1.1E­
02
C99b
3.9E+
01
C99b
Dibenzo[
a,
i]
pyrene
189­
55­
9
PAH
1.2E+
02
C99b
1.1E­
02
C99b
3.9E+
01
C99b
Dibenzo[
a,
l]
pyrene
191­
30­
0
PAH
1.2E+
02
C99b
1.1E­
02
C99b
3.9E+
01
C99b
Dibenzo[
c,
g]
carbazole,
7H­
194­
59­
2
PAH
1.2E+
01
C99b
1.1E­
03
C99b
3.9E+
00
C99b
Dichlorobenzene,
1,4­
106­
46­
7
odor
4.0E­
01
A
8.0E­
01
I
2.4E­
02
H
1.1E­
05
C99b
4.0E­
02
C99b
intermediate
MRL
Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4­
(
2,4­

D)
94­
75­
7
pest
1.0E­
02
I
Dichlorvos
62­
73­
7
pest
5.0E­
04
I
5.0E­
04
I
2.9E­
01
I
Dieldrin
60­
57­
1
pest
5.0E­
05
I
1.6E+
01
I
4.6E­
03
I
1.6E+
01
calc
USEPA
2002e
Constituent
Name
CASRN
analyte
group
RfD
(
mg/
kg­
d)
RfD
Ref
RfC
(
mg/
m3)
RfC
Ref
CSFo
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFo
Ref
URF
(
per
µ
g/
m3)
URF
Ref
CSFi
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFi
Ref
TEF
TEF
Ref
base
Notes
Page
4
of
11
Diethyl
phthalate
84­
66­
2
other
8.0E­
01
I
Diethylstilbestrol
56­
53­
1
DES
4.7E+
03
H
Dimethoate
60­
51­
5
pest
2.0E­
04
I
Dinitropyrene,
1,6­
42397­
64­
8
PAH
1.2E+
02
C99b
1.1E­
02
C99b
3.9E+
01
C99b
Dinitropyrene,
1,8­
42397­
65­
9
PAH
1.2E+
01
C99b
1.1E­
03
C99b
3.9E+
00
C99b
Dinoseb
88­
85­
7
pest
1.0E­
03
I
Disulfoton
298­
04­
4
pest
4.0E­
05
I
2.0E­
04
A
intermediate
MRL
Endosulfan
115­
29­
7
pest
6.0E­
03
I
Endrin
72­
20­
8
pest
3.0E­
04
I
Ethion
563­
12­
2
pest
5.0E­
04
I
Ethyl
p­
nitrophenyl
phenylphosphorothioacetate
2104­
64­
5
pest
1.0E­
05
I
Fluoranthene
206­
44­
0
PAH
4.0E­
02
I
Fluorene
86­
73­
7
PAH
4.0E­
02
I
Heptachlor
76­
44­
8
pest
5.0E­
04
I
4.5E+
00
I
1.3E­
03
I
4.6E+
00
calc
Heptachlor
epoxide
1024­
57­
3
pest
1.3E­
05
I
9.1E+
00
I
2.6E­
03
I
9.1E+
00
calc
Heptachlorobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,3',
4,4',
5­

(
PCB
170)
35065­
30­
6
PCB
0.0001
E98,
W94
tcdd
Heptachlorobiphenyl,
2,2',
3,4,4',
5,5'­

(
PCB
180)
35065­
29­
3
PCB
0.00001
E98,
W94
tcdd
Heptachlorobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4,4',
5,5'­

(
PCB
189)
39635­
31­
9
PCB
0.0001
W
tcdd
Heptachlorodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,4,6,7,8­
67562­
39­
4
CDF
0.01
W
tcdd
Heptachlorodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,4,7,8,9­
55673­
89­
7
CDF
0.01
W
tcdd
Heptachlorodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,

1,2,3,4,6,7,8­
35822­
46­
9
CDD
0.01
W
tcdd
Hexachlorobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4,4',
5­
(
PCB
156)
38380­
08­
4
PCB
0.0005
W
tcdd
USEPA
2002e
Constituent
Name
CASRN
analyte
group
RfD
(
mg/
kg­
d)
RfD
Ref
RfC
(
mg/
m3)
RfC
Ref
CSFo
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFo
Ref
URF
(
per
µ
g/
m3)
URF
Ref
CSFi
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFi
Ref
TEF
TEF
Ref
base
Notes
Page
5
of
11
Hexachlorobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4,4',
5'­
(
PCB
157)
69782­
90­
7
PCB
0.0005
W
tcdd
Hexachlorobiphenyl,
2,3',
4,4',
5,5'­
(
PCB
167)
52663­
72­
6
PCB
0.00001
W
tcdd
Hexachlorobiphenyl,
3,3',
4,4',
5,5'­
(
PCB
169)
32774­
16­
6
PCB
0.01
W
tcdd
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
alpha­
319­
84­
6
pest
8.0E­
03
A
6.3E+
00
I
1.8E­
03
I
6.3E+
00
calc
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
beta­
319­
85­
7
pest
6.0E­
04
A
1.8E+
00
I
5.3E­
04
I
1.9E+
00
calc
Hexachlorocyclohexane,
gamma­

(
lindane)
58­
89­
9
pest
3.0E­
04
I
1.3E+
00
H
3.1E­
04
C99b
1.1E+
00
C99b
Hexachlorodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,4,7,8­
70648­
26­
9
CDF
0.1
W
tcdd
Hexachlorodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,6,7,8­
57117­
44­
9
CDF
0.1
W
tcdd
Hexachlorodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,7,8,9­
72918­
21­
9
CDF
0.1
W
tcdd
Hexachlorodibenzofuran,
2,3,4,6,7,8­
60851­
34­
5
CDF
0.1
W
tcdd
Hexachlorodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,

1,2,3,4,7,8­
39227­
28­
6
CDD
0.1
W
tcdd
Hexachlorodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,

1,2,3,6,7,8­
57653­
85­
7
CDD
0.1
W
tcdd
Hexachlorodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,

1,2,3,7,8,9­
19408­
74­
3
CDD
0.1
W
tcdd
Hydrogen
sulfide
7783­
06­
4
odor
3.0E­
03
I
1.0E­
03
I
Ideno[
1,2,3­
cd]
pyrene
193­
39­
5
PAH
0.1
E93
BAP
Iodine
7553­
56­
2
metal
1.0E­
02
A
Lead
and
cmpds
(
inorganic)
1
7439­
92­
1
metal
8.5E­
03
C99b
1.2E­
05
C99b
4.2E­
02
C99b
Malathion
121­
75­
5
pest
2.0E­
02
I
Manganese
7439­
96­
5
metal
1.4E­
01
I
5.0E­
05
I
Mercuric
chloride
7487­
94­
7
metal
3.0E­
04
H
9.0E­
05
C00
Mercury
(
elemental)
1
7439­
97­
6
metal
3.0E­
04
I
USEPA
2002e
Constituent
Name
CASRN
analyte
group
RfD
(
mg/
kg­
d)
RfD
Ref
RfC
(
mg/
m3)
RfC
Ref
CSFo
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFo
Ref
URF
(
per
µ
g/
m3)
URF
Ref
CSFi
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFi
Ref
TEF
TEF
Ref
base
Notes
Page
6
of
11
Methoxychlor
72­
43­
5
pest
5.0E­
03
I
Methyl
mercury
22967­
92­
6
metal
1.0E­
04
I
Methyl
parathion
298­
00­
0
pest
2.5E­
04
I
Methylchrysene,
5­
3697­
24­
3
PAH
1.2E+
01
C99b
1.1E­
03
C99b
3.9E+
00
C99b
Mirex
2385­
85­
5
pest
2.0E­
04
I
Molybdenum1
7439­
98­
7
metal
5.0E­
03
I
Naled
300­
76­
5
pest
2.0E­
03
I
Naphthalene
91­
20­
3
PAH
2.0E­
02
I
3.0E­
03
I
Nickel
oxide1
1313­
99­
1
metal
1.0E­
04
C00
Nickel,
soluble
salts1
7440­
02­
0
metal
2.0E­
02
I
5.0E­
05
C00
2.6E­
04
C99b
9.1E­
01
C99b
Nitrochrysene,
6­
7496­
02­
8
PAH
1.2E+
02
C99b
1.1E­
02
C99b
3.9E+
01
C99b
Nitrofluorene,
2­
607­
57­
8
PAH
1.2E­
01
C99b
1.1E­
05
C99b
3.9E­
02
C99b
Nitropyrene,
1­
5522­
43­
0
PAH
1.2E+
00
C99b
1.1E­
04
C99b
3.9E­
01
C99b
Nitropyrene,
4­
57835­
92­
4
PAH
1.2E+
00
C99b
1.1E­
04
C99b
3.9E­
01
C99b
Octabromodiphenyl
ether
32536­
52­
0
PBDE
3.0E­
03
I
Octachlorodibenzofuran,

1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9­
39001­
02­
0
CDF
0.0001
W
tcdd
Octachlorodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,

1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9­
3268­
87­
9
CDD
0.0001
W
tcdd
Parathion
56­
38­
2
pest
6.0E­
03
H
Pentabromodiphenyl
ether
32534­
81­
9
PBDE
2.0E­
03
I
Pentachlorobiphenyl,
2,3,3',
4,4'­
(
PCB
105)
32598­
14­
4
PCB
0.0001
W
tcdd
Pentachlorobiphenyl,
2,3,4,4',
5­
(
PCB
114)
74472­
37­
0
PCB
0.0005
W
tcdd
Pentachlorobiphenyl,
2,3',
4,4',
5­
(
PCB
118)
31508­
00­
6
PCB
0.0001
W
tcdd
USEPA
2002e
Constituent
Name
CASRN
analyte
group
RfD
(
mg/
kg­
d)
RfD
Ref
RfC
(
mg/
m3)
RfC
Ref
CSFo
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFo
Ref
URF
(
per
µ
g/
m3)
URF
Ref
CSFi
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFi
Ref
TEF
TEF
Ref
base
Notes
Page
7
of
11
Pentachlorobiphenyl,
2',
3,4,4',
5­
(
PCB
123)
65510­
44­
3
PCB
0.0001
W
tcdd
Pentachlorobiphenyl,
3,3',
4,4',
5­
(
PCB
126)
57465­
28­
8
PCB
0.1
W
tcdd
Pentachlorodibenzofuran,
1,2,3,7,8­
57117­
41­
6
CDF
0.05
W
tcdd
Pentachlorodibenzofuran,
2,3,4,7,8­
57117­
31­
4
CDF
0.5
W
tcdd
Pentachlorodibenzo­
p­
dioxin,
1,2,3,7,8­
40321­
76­
4
CDD
1
W
tcdd
Pentachloronitrobenzene
82­
68­
8
pest
3.0E­
03
I
2.6E­
01
H
Phenol
108­
95­
2
other
3.0E­
01
I
Phorate
298­
02­
2
pest
2.0E­
04
H
Phosmet
732­
11­
6
pest
2.0E­
02
I
Phthalic
anhydride
85­
44­
9
other
2.0E+
00
I
2.0E­
02
C00
Polybrominated
biphenyls
67774­
32­
7
PBB
7.0E­
06
H
8.9E+
00
H
Polychlorinated
biphenyls
1336­
36­
3
PCB
2.0
(
food),

0.4
(
H2O)
I
0.0001
(
evap
congenr)
I
2.0
(
dust,

aerosol),

0.4
(
evap
c)
calc
Pyrene
129­
00­
0
PAH
3.0E­
02
I
Pyridine
110­
86­
1
odor
1.0E­
03
I
Selenium1
7782­
49­
2
metal
5.0E­
03
I
2.0E­
02
C00
Silver
7440­
22­
4
metal
5.0E­
03
I
Strontium
7440­
24­
6
metal
6.0E­
01
I
Sulfuric
acid
7664­
93­
9
condition­
ing
1.0E­
03
C00
TCDD,
2,3,7,8­
1746­
01­
6
CDD
1.5E+
05
H
3.3E+
01
H
1.5E+
05
H
1
W
tcdd
Terbufos
13071­
79­
9
pest
2.5E­
05
H
Tetrachlorobiphenyl,
3,3',
4,4'­
(
PCB
77)
32598­
13­
3
PCB
0.0001
W
tcdd
Tetrachlorobiphenyl,
3,4,4',
5­
(
PCB
81)
70362­
50­
4
PCB
0.0001
W
tcdd
USEPA
2002e
Constituent
Name
CASRN
analyte
group
RfD
(
mg/
kg­
d)
RfD
Ref
RfC
(
mg/
m3)
RfC
Ref
CSFo
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFo
Ref
URF
(
per
µ
g/
m3)
URF
Ref
CSFi
(
per
mg/
kg­
d)
CSFi
Ref
TEF
TEF
Ref
base
Notes
Page
8
of
11
Tetrachlorodibenzofuran,
2,3,7,8­
51207­
31­
9
CDF
0.1
W
tcdd
Tetrachloroethylene
(
perchloroethylene)
127­
18­
4
other
1.0E­
02
I
3.0E­
01
A
5.2E­
02
HAD
5.8E­
07
HAD
2.0E­
03
HAD
RfC=
0.04
ppm
Tetrachlorovinphos
961­
11­
5
pest
3.0E­
02
I
2.4E­
02
H
Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate
3689­
24­
5
pest
5.0E­
04
I
Thallium
(
I)
chloride
7791­
12­
0
metal
8.0E­
05
I
Tin
and
compounds
metal
6.0E­
01
H
Titanium
tetrachloride
7550­
45­
0
metal
1.0E­
04
A
Toxaphene
8001­
35­
2
pest
1.1E+
00
I
3.2E­
04
I
1.1E+
00
calc
Trichloro­
2­
hydroxydiphenyl
ether,

2,2,4­
3380­
34­
5
other
4.0E+
00
H
Trichlorophenoxy)
propionic
acid,
2
(
2,4,5­
93­
72­
1
pest
8.0E­
03
I
Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid,
2,4,5­
93­
76­
5
pest
1.0E­
02
I
Triethylamine
121­
44­
8
odor
7.0E­
03
I
Trifluranlin
1582­
09­
8
pest
7.5E­
03
I
7.7E­
03
I
Trimethyl
phosphate
512­
56­
1
pest
3.7E­
02
H
Uranium,
insoluble
forms
metal
8.0E­
03
A
intermediate
MRL
Uranium,
soluble
salts
7440­
61­
1
metal
3.0E­
03
I
3.0E­
04
A
Vanadium
7440­
62­
2
metal
7.0E­
03
H
7.0E­
05
AC
Warfarin
81­
81­
2
pharm
3.0E­
04
I
Zinc1
7440­
66­
6
metal
3.0E­
01
I
USEPA
2002e
Page
9
of
11
Key
to
Table.

CASRN
=
Chemical
Abstract
Service
registry
number.

CSFi
=
Inhalation
cancer
slope
factor.

CSFo
=
Oral
cancer
slope
factor.

RfC
=
Reference
concentration.

RfD
=
Reference
dose.

TEF
=
Toxicity
equivalency
factor.

URF
=
Unit
risk
factor.

a
Sources:

A
=
ATSDR
MRLs
(
ATSDR,
2002)

C99a
=
CalEPA
chronic
RELs
(
CalEPA,
1999a)

C99b
=
CalEPA
cancer
potency
factor
(
CalEPA,
1999b)

C00
=
CalEPA
chronic
RELs
(
CalEPA,
2000)

E93
=
EPA
TEFs
for
PAHs
(
U.
S.
EPA,
1993)

E98
=
EPA
TEFs
for
dioxins
and
furans
(
U.
S.
EPA,
1998)

I
=
IRIS
(
U.
S.
EPA,
2002)

H
=
HEAST
(
U.
S.
EPA,
1997)

SF
=
Superfund
Risk
Issue
Papers
surr
=
surrogate
W
=
World
Health
Organization
TEFs
(
Van
den
Berg
et
al.,
1998).
USEPA
2002e
Page
10
of
11
References
ATSDR
(
Agency
for
Toxic
Substances
and
Disease
Registry).
2002.
Minimal
Risk
Levels
(
MRLs)
for
Hazardous
Substances.
http://
www.
atsdr.
cdc.
gov/
mrls.
html
CalEPA
(
California
Environmental
Protection
Agency).
1999a.
Air
Toxics
Hot
Spots
Program
Risk
Assessment
Guidelines:
Part
III.
Technical
Support
Document
for
the
Determination
of
Noncancer
Chronic
Reference
Exposure
Levels.
SRP
Draft.
Office
of
Environmental
Health
Hazard
Assessment,
Berkeley,
CA.
Available
online
(
in
two
sections)
at
http://
www.
oehha.
org/
air/
chronic_
rels/
ragsii.
html,
http://
www.
oehha.
org/
air/
chronic_
rels/
RAGSp3draft.
html.

CalEPA
(
California
Environmental
Protection
Agency).
1999b.
Air
Toxics
Hot
Spots
Program
Risk
Assessment
Guidelines:
Part
II.
Technical
Support
Document
for
Describing
Available
Cancer
Potency
Factors.
Office
of
Environmental
Health
Hazard
Assessment,
Berkeley,
CA.
Available
online
at
http://
www.
oehha.
org/
air/
cancer_
guide/
hsca2.
html.

CalEPA
(
California
Environmental
Protection
Agency).
2000.
Air
Toxics
Hot
Spots
Program
Risk
Assessment
Guidelines:
Part
III.
Technical
Support
Document
for
the
Determination
of
Noncancer
Chronic
Reference
Exposure
Levels.
Office
of
Environmental
Health
Hazard
Assessment,
Berkeley,
CA.
Available
online
(
in
four
sections)
at
http://
www.
oehha.
org/
air/
chronic_
rels/
22RELS2k.
html,
http://
www.
oehha.
org/
air/
chronic_
rels/
42kChREL.
html,
http://
www.
oehha.
org/
air/
chronic_
rels/
Jan2001ChREL.
html,
http://
www.
oehha.
org/
air/
chronic_
rels/
1201Crels.
html.

U.
S.
EPA
(
Environmental
Protection
Agency).
1993.
Provisional
Guidance
for
Quantitative
Risk
Assessment
of
Polycyclic
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons.
EPA/
600/
R­
93­
089.
Office
of
Health
and
Environmental
Assessment,
Cincinnati,
OH.

U.
S.
EPA
(
Environmental
Protection
Agency).
1997.
Health
Effects
Assessment
Summary
Tables
(
HEAST).
EPA­
540­
R­
97­
036.
FY
1997
Update.
Office
of
Solid
Waste
and
Emergency
Response,
Washington,
DC.

U.
S.
EPA
(
Environmental
Protection
Agency).
1998.
The
U.
S.
EPA
TEF
Values.
Office
of
Research
and
Development,
Washington,
DC.
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
nceawww1/
dchem.
htm
U.
S.
EPA
(
Environmental
Protection
Agency).
2000.
Exposure
and
Human
Health
Reassessment
of
2,3,7,8­
Tetrachlorodibenzo­
p­
Dioxin
(
TCDD)
and
Related
Compounds.
Part
I:
Estimating
Exposure
to
Dioxin­
Like
Compounds.
Volume
3:
Properties,
USEPA
2002e
Page
11
of
11
Environmental
Levels,
and
Background
Exposures.
EPA/
600/
P­
00/
001Bc.
National
Center
for
Environmental
Assessment,
Office
of
Research
and
Development,
Washington,
DC.

U.
S.
EPA
(
Environmental
Protection
Agency).
2002.
Integrated
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(
IRIS).
National
Center
for
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Office
of
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and
Development,
Washington,
DC.
Available
online
at
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
iris/

Van
den
Berg,
M.,
L.
Birnbaum,
A.
T.
C.
Bosveld,
et
al.
1998.
Toxic
equivalency
factors
(
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