Appendix
A
Literature
Search
Regarding
Detection
and
Quantitation
Limit
Approaches
Introduction
Beginning
in
2001,
DynCorp
staff
conducted
a
search
of
published
literature
to
identify
articles
that
discuss
detection
and
quantitation
limit
approaches.
This
literature
search
effort
was
conducted
under
EPA
Contract
No.
68­
C­
01­
091
to
support
an
evaluation
of
detection
and
quantitation
limit
approaches
by
the
EPA
Office
of
Water.

The
principal
goal
of
this
literature
search
effort
was
to
determine
if
any
new
detection
or
quantitation
limit
approaches
had
been
published
in
the
literature
since
an
earlier
search
conducted
for
EPA
by
Science
Applications
International
Corporation
(
SAIC)
in
1997
and
1998.
That
search
resulted
in
an
annotated
bibliography
developed
by
SAIC
and
delivered
to
EPA
in
1998.

In
August
2002,
EPA
included
the
literature
search
results
in
a
draft
Technical
Support
Document
(
TSD)
that
was
submitted
for
formal
peer
review.
As
part
of
the
charge
to
the
peer
reviewers,
EPA
asked
them
to
identify
any
additional
references.
Following
EPA's
review
of
the
suggested
additional
references,
DynCorp
included
those
relevant
to
the
TSD
in
the
literature
search
results
summarized
in
Attachment
1.

How
the
search
was
conducted
This
search
was
conducted
using
two
major
techniques:

 
a
search
of
an
on­
line
citation
index
(
an
index
of
articles
cited
by
other
authors),
and
 
a
general
on­
line
search
of
literature.

On­
line
citation
index
search
Because
the
search
was
intended
to
identify
detection
and
quantitation
limit
approaches
and
not
specific
numeric
limits
associated
with
a
particular
analytical
method,
DynCorp
began
by
searching
for
references
to
the
major
approaches
known
to
EPA.
These
included
the
Agency s
method
detection
limit
(
MDL)
and
any
other
terms
that
have
been
suggested
to
the
Agency
as
alternative
detection
or
quantitation
limit
approaches.
In
addition
to
searching
for
these
approaches,
DynCorp
also
searched
the
citation
index
to
identify
references
to
the
original
authors
of
these
approaches
and
for
any
other
authors
who
either
cited
the
original
approaches,
the
original
papers
underlying
those
approaches,
or
the
authors
of
those
approaches.
DynCorp
used
a
similar
approach
to
find
any
papers
that
cited
the
references
identified
in
the
earlier
literature
search
by
SAIC.

DynCorp
staff
evaluated
the
full
title
of
each
identified
citation
to
determine
its
relevance
to
EPA s
objective.
Where
available
electronically
and
at
no
additional
cost,
DynCorp
staff
also
reviewed
the
abstract
and/
or
full
paper
to
further
characterize
relevance.
All
papers
that
were
determined
to
be
relevant,
or
even
possibly
relevant,
were
obtained
in
hardcopy
or
electronic
format
for
evaluation
by
EPA.

After
reviewing
all
papers
determined
to
be
relevant
to
EPA s
objective,
DynCorp
examined
all
of
the
references
cited
in
those
papers
to
identify
additional
papers
of
interest.
These,
too,
were
obtained
in
hardcopy
or
electronic
format
for
evaluation
by
EPA,
except
where
noted
below.

February
2003
A­
1
Assessment
of
Detection
and
Quantitation
Approaches
General
on­
line
literature
search
DynCorp
performed
an
on­
line
direct
search
of
published
literature
(
e.
g.,
a
literature
database
of
published
articles,
not
a
citation
index)
using
general
terms
such
as
"
detection
limit,"
"
quantitation
limit,"
or
"
calibration."
As
expected,
this
approach
returned
a
very
large
numbers
of
papers
that
mention
these
terms,
even
if
the
focus
of
the
paper
was
on
something
far
removed
from
the
development
or
assessment
of
approaches
about
detection
and
quantitation,
and
proved
to
be
of
limited
value
in
serving
EPA s
objectives
for
the
search.
Therefore,
DynCorp
discontinued
this
effort
and
narrowed
our
on­
line
literature
search
to
a
search
for
additional,
uncited
works
by
authors
of
the
approaches
known
to
EPA
or
identified
through
the
citation
index
approach.

Papers
determined
to
be
relevant
to
EPA s
objective
were
obtained
in
electronic
or
hardcopy
format
for
evaluation
by
EPA,
except
where
noted
below.

How
the
results
are
presented
DynCorp
identified
a
total
of
161
relevant
publications
using
the
approach
described
above.
Thirty­
three
(
33)
of
these
publications
were
also
identified
in
the
earlier
search
by
SAIC.
Of
the
128
remaining
publications,
35
were
published
since
the
SAIC
search
was
completed.

The
peer
reviewers
suggested
additional
publications
covering
a
variety
of
topics,
including:
quality
control,
analysis
of
mercury,
and
approaches
to
dealing
with
censored
data.
EPA
reviewed
the
citations
from
the
peer
reviewers
and
determined
that
20
directly
addressed
detection
or
quantitation
approaches.
In
particular,
EPA
noted
that
the
issue
of
censored
data
applies
regardless
of
the
specific
detection
or
quantitation
limit
associated
with
the
data,
so
those
citations
dealing
with
censored
data
were
not
included.

Each
of
the
181
publications
identified
in
the
search
is
listed
in
Attachment
1,
which
provides
the
title,
year
of
publication,
authors,
and
source
citation.
The
citations
for
the
33
papers
identified
in
the
earlier
search
by
SAIC
are
included
in
the
attachment,
and
can
be
identified
by
the
phrase
"
annotated
only"
in
parentheses
after
the
title
of
the
paper.

The
final
column
of
the
attached
spreadsheet
is
labeled
"
Category."
All
of
the
citations
identified
in
the
SAIC
literature
search
and
the
current
search
conducted
by
DynCorp
were
placed
in
one
of
the
six
following
categories,
based
on
the
principal
characteristic
of
the
article:

 
Background
­
The
citation
discusses
background
information
(
including
early
works
by
Currie,
Kaiser,
and
others).
 
Calibration
concept
­
The
citation
primarily
deals
with
calibration
of
analytical
instrumentation
 
Critique
­
The
major
thrust
of
the
citation
is
to
critique
one
or
more
approaches,
as
opposed
to
introducing
a
new
approach
 
Multi­
laboratory
approach
­
The
citation
describes
an
approach
to
developing
detection
and/
or
quantitation
limits
that
relies
on
multi­
laboratory
measurements
 
Single­
laboratory
approach
­
The
citation
describes
an
approach
to
developing
detection
and/
or
quantitation
limits
that
relies
on
single­
laboratory
measurements
 
Single­
laboratory,
multi­
level
approach
­
The
citation
describes
an
approach
to
developing
detection
and/
or
quantitation
limits
that
relies
on
single­
laboratory
measurements
but
explicitly
includes
multiple
concentrations.

A­
2
February
2003
Appendix
A
Although
there
is
some
degree
of
overlap
between
categories,
and
some
papers
could
probably
be
classified
in
more
than
one
category,
each
citation
was
classified
into
only
one
category
for
the
purposes
of
this
search.

A
seventh
category
called
"
Not
found"
was
used
for
three
papers
that
were
identified
in
the
literature
search,
but
copies
of
which
could
not
readily
be
obtained.
One
paper
is
from
a
German
journal
that
was
not
available
via
interlibrary
loan.
A
second
article
was
also
not
available
via
interlibrary
loan.
The
third
citation
is
an
abstract
by
Currie,
from
1983.
Given
that
the
work
of
Currie
is
well­
represented
in
the
other
citations
and
the
fact
that
this
citation
appears
to
be
only
an
abstract,
additional
efforts
were
not
expended
to
obtain
a
copy.

The
20
publications
suggested
by
the
peer
reviewers
were
all
included
at
the
end
of
the
list,
under
an
eighth
category
called
"
Suggested
by
a
peer
reviewer."

The
references
presented
in
the
table
were
sorted
by
category
and
year
of
publication
and
are
displayed
with
the
most
recent
citations
in
each
category
first.

Summary
The
principal
goal
of
this
literature
search
effort
was
to
determine
if
any
new
detection
or
quantitation
limit
approaches
had
been
published
in
the
literature
since
the
search
by
SAIC
in
1997
­
1998.
As
anticipated,
citations
were
identified
that
relate
to
the
recent
efforts
of
the
International
Organization
for
Standardization
(
ISO),
the
International
Union
of
Pure
and
Applied
Chemists
(
IUPAC),
and
the
ASTM
International.
Additional
articles
critiquing
various
approaches
were
identified
as
well.

However,
no
previously
unknown
detection
or
quantitation
limit
approaches
were
uncovered
as
a
result
of
this
effort.

Likewise,
the
references
suggested
by
the
peer
reviewers
provided
additional
details
and
applications
of
existing
detection
and
quantitation
approaches,
but
did
not
suggest
any
approaches
that
had
not
already
been
identified.

February
2003
A­
3
Results
of
the
2001
Literature
Search
Title
Year
Author
Source
Category
L.
A.
Currie
Fresenius
Journal
of
Analytical
Chemistry
370:
705­
718
BackgroundSome
Case
Studies
of
Skewed
(
and
other
ab­
normal)
Data
Distributions
Arising
2001
in
Low­
Level
Environmental
Research
Legislative
Limits
Below
Detection
Capability
2000
S.
L.
R.
Ellison,
V.
J.
Barwick,
A.
Williams
Accreditation
Quality
Assurance
5:
308­
313
Background
International
Recommendations
Offered
on
Analytical
Detection
and
Quantification
Concepts
and
Nomenclature
1999
L.
A.
Currie
Analytica
Chimica
Acta
391:
103
Background
Detection
and
Quantitation
Limits:
Origins
and
Historical
Overview
1999
L.
A.
Currie
Analytica
Chimica
Acta
391:
127­
134
Background
1996
ASMS
Fall
Workshop:
Limits
to
Confirmation,
Quantitation,
and
Detection
1997
R.
Baldwin,
R.
A.
Bethem,
R.
K.
Boyd,
W.
L.

Budde,
T.
Cairns,
R.
D.
Gibbons,
J.
D.

Henion,
M.
A.
Kaiser,
Journal
of
the
American
Society
for
Mass
Spectrometry
8:

1180­
1190
Background
Measurement
precision
and
1/
f
Noise
in
Analytical
Instruments
1996
Y.
Hayashi,
R.
Matsuda,
R.
B.
Poe
Journal
of
Chromatography
A
722:
157­
167
Background
Fossil­
and
Bio­
mass
Combustion:
C­
14
for
Source
Identification,
Chemical
Tracer
Development,
and
Model
Validation
1994
L.
A.
Currie,
G.
A.
Klouda,
D.
B.
Klinedinst,

A.
E.
Sheffield,
A.
J.
T.
Jull,
D.
J.
Donahue,

M.
V.
Connolly
Nuclear
Instr.
And
Methods
in
Physics
Res.
B
92:
404­
409
Background
Interlaboratory
Comparison
of
Instruments
Used
for
the
Determination
of
Elements
in
Acid
Digestates
of
Solids
1994
D.
E.
Kimbrough,
J.
Wakakuwa
Analyst
119:
383­
388
Background
Throwaway
Data
1994
L.
H.
Keith
Environmental
Science
&
Technology
28:
389A­
390A
Background
EPA's
Office
of
Water
Surges
Toward
MDL
Solution
1994
Larry
Keith
Radian
Background
In
Pursuit
of
Accuracy:
Nomenclature,
Assumptions,
and
Standards
1992
L.
A.
Currie
Pure
&
Applied
Chemistry
64:
455­
472
Background
Interlaboratory
Aspects
of
Detection
Limits
Used
for
Regulatory
and
Control
1988
L.
B.
Rogers
ACS
Symposium
Series
361:
94­
108
Background
Purposes
Noise
and
Detection
Limits
in
Signal­
Integrating
Analytical
Methods
1988
Effects
of
Analytical
Calibration
Models
on
Detection
Limit
Estimates
1988
H.
C.
Smit,
H.
Steigstra
ACS
Symposium
Series
361:
126­
148
Background
K.
G.
Owens,
C.
F.
Bauer,
C.
L.
Grantr
ACS
Symposium
Series
361:
194­
207
Background
Real­
World
Limitations
to
Detection
1988
D.
Kurtz,
J.
Taylor,
L.
Sturdivan,
W.

Crummett,
C.
Midkiff,
R.
Watters
Jr,
L.

Wood,
W.
Hanneman,
W.
Horwitz
ACS
Symposium
Series
361:
288­
316
Background
Detection
Limits
­
A
Systematic
Approach
to
Detection
Limits
is
Needed
When
Trace
Determinations
are
to
be
Performed
1986
S.
A.
Borman
Analytical
Chemistry
58:
A986
Background
Chemometrics
and
Analytical
Chemistry
1984
L.
A.
Currie
Chemometrics
56:
115­
146
Background
Quality
Control
in
Water
Analyses
1983
C.
Kirchmer
ES&
T
17:
174A­
181A
Background
Validation
of
Analytical
Methods
1983
J.
K.
Taylor
Analytical
Chemistry
55:
600A­
602A,
608A
Background
Trace
Analyses
for
Wastewaters
­
Author's
response
1982
D.
Foerst
Envir.
Sci.
&
Tech.
16:
430A
­
431A
Background
A­
4
A­
5
Title
Year
Author
Source
Category
Zur
Theorie
der
Eichfunktion
bei
der
spektrochemischen
Analyse
1982
V.
H.
Kaiser
DK
535:
309­
319
Background
The
Reliability
of
Detection
Limits
in
Analytical
Chemistry
1980
J.
D.
Winefordner,
J.
L.
Ward
Analytical
Letters
13:
1293­
1297
Background
A
Review
and
Tutorial
Discussion
of
Noise
and
Signal­
to­
Noise
Ratios
in
Analytical
Spectrometry
­
I.
Fundamental
Principles
of
Signal­
to­
Noise
Ratios
1978
C.
T.
J.
Alkemade,
W.
Snelleman,
G.
D.

Boutilier,
B.
D.
Pollard,
J.
D.
Winefordner,

T.
L.
Chester,
N.
Omenetto
Spectrochimica
Acta
33B:
383­
399
Background
A
Review
and
Tutorial
Discussion
of
Noise
and
Sign­
to­
Noise
Ratios
in
Analytical
Spectrometry
­
II.
Fundamental
Principles
of
Signal­
to­
Noise
Ratios
1978
G.
D.
Boutilier,
B.
D.
Pollard,
J.
D.

Winefordner,
T.
L.
Chester,
N.
Omenetto
Spectrochimica
Acta
33B:
401­
415
Background
A
Tutorial
Review
of
Some
Elementary
Concepts
in
the
Statistical
Evaluation
of
Trace
Element
Measurements
1978
P.
W.
J.
M.
Boumans
Spectrochimica
Acta
33B:
625­
634
Background
Analysis
of
Lead
in
Polluted
Coastal
Seawater
1976
C.
Patterson,
D.
Settle,
B.
Glover
Marine
Chemistry
4:
305­
319
Background
Multielement
Analysis
with
an
Inductively
Coupled
Plasma/
Optical
Emission
System
1976
R.
M.
Ajhar,
P.
D.
Dalager,
A.
L.
Davison
American
Laboratory
72­
78
Background
Interlaboratory
Lead
Analyses
of
Standardized
Samples
of
Seawater
1974
P.
Brewer,
N.
Frew,
N.
Cutshall,
J.
J.

Wagner,
R.
A.
Duce,
P.
R.
Walsh,
G.
L.

Hoffman,
J.
W.
R.
Dutton,
W.
F.
Fitzgerald
Marine
Chemistry
2:
69­
84
Background
Statistical
and
Mathematical
Methods
in
Analytical
Chemistry
1972
L.
A.
Currie,
J.
J.
Filliben,
J.
R.
DeVoe
Anal.
Chem.
44:
497R­
512R
Background
Studies
of
Flame
and
Plasma
Torch
Emission
for
Simultaneous
Multi­
Element
Analysis­
I.
Preliminary
Investigations
1972
P.
W.
J.
M.
Boumans,
F.
J.
De
Boer
Spectrochimica
Acta
27B:
391­
414
Background
Quantitative
Determination:
Application
to
Radiochemistry
1968
Lloyd
Currie
Anal.
Chem.
40:
586­
593
Background
Qualitative
and
Quantitative
Sensitivity
in
Flame
Photometry
1966
J.
Ramirez­
Munoz
Talanta
13:
87­
101
Background
The
Limit
of
Detection
of
Analytical
Methods
1962
J.
B.
Roos
Analyst
87:
832­
833
Background
A
Careful
Consideration
of
the
Calibration
Concept
2001
S.
D.
Phillips,
W.
T.
Estler,
T.
Doiron,
K.
R.

Eberhardt,
M.
S.
Levenson
Journal
of
Research
of
the
National
Institute
of
Standards
and
Technology
106:
371­
379
Calibration
Weighted
Random­
Effects
Regression
Models
with
Application
to
Interlaboratory
Calibration
2001
R.
D.
Gibbons,
D.
K.
Bhaumik
Technometrics
43:
192­
198
Calibration
Guidelines
for
Calibration
in
Analytical
Chemistry­
Part
I.
and
Single
Component
Calibration
(
IUPAC
recommendations
1998)
1998
K.
Danzer,
L.
A.
Currie
Pure
and
Applied
Chemistry
70:
993­
1014
Calibration
A
Comparison
of
Uncertainty
Criteria
for
Calibration
1996
R.
W.
Mee,
K.
R.
Eberhardt
Technometrics
38:
221­
229
Calibration
Constant­
Width
Calibration
Intervals
for
Linear
Regression
1994
K.
R.
Eberhardt,
R.
W.
Mee
Journal
of
Quality
Technology
26:
21­
29
Calibration
Regression
and
Calibration
with
Nonconstant
Error
Variance
1990
M.
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1
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