______________________________________________________________________________________________

Science
for
Solutions
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NOAA'S
COASTAL
OCEAN
PROGRAM
Decision
Analysis
Series
No.
12
Guidelines
for
the
Conservation
and
Restoration
of
Seagrasses
in
the
United
States
and
Adjacent
Waters
Mark
S.
Fonseca,
W.
Judson
Kenworthy,
and
Gordon
W.
Thayer
November
1998
U.
S.
DEPARTMENT
OF
COMMERCE
National
Oceanic
and
Atmospheric
Administration
Coastal
Ocean
Office
Cover
photographs
(
clockwise
from
top
right):
Propeller
scarring
in
the
Florida
Keys
National
Marine
Sanctuary
(
courtesy
C.
Kruer);
250
­
day
old
eelgrass
(
Zostera
marina)
plantings
on
a
wave­
swept
shoal
near
Beaufort,
NC
(
M.
Fonseca);
Alaskan
eelgrass
bed
adjacent
to
a
restoration
site
(
courtesy
US
Army
Corps
of
Engineers);
eelgrass
planting
in
San
Diego
Bay,
California
(
courtesy
G.
Robilliard).
DECISION
ANALYSIS
SERIES
The
Decision
Analysis
Series
has
been
established
by
NOAA's
Coastal
Ocean
Program
(
COP)
to
present
documents
for
coastal
decision
makers
which
contain
analytical
treatments
of
major
issues
or
topics.
The
issues,
topics,
and
principle
investigators
have
been
selected
through
an
extensive
peer
review
process.
To
learn
more
about
the
COP
or
the
Decision
Analysis
Series,
please
write:

NOAA
Coastal
Ocean
Office
1315
East­
West
Highway
Silver
Spring,
Maryland
20910
phone:
301­
713­
3338
fax:
301­
713­
4044
web:
http://
www.
cop.
noaa.
gov
OTHER
TITLES
IN
THE
DECISION
ANALYSIS
SERIES
No.
1.
Able,
Kenneth
W.
and
Susan
C.
Kaiser.
1994.
Synthesis
of
Summer
Flouder
Habitat
Parameters.

No.
2.
Matthews,
Geoffrey
A.
and
Thomas
J.
Minello.
1994.
Technology
and
Success
in
Restoration,
Creation
and
Enhancement
of
Spartina
Alterniflora
Marshes
in
the
United
States.
2
vols.

No.
3.
Collins,
Elaine
V.,
Maureen
Woods,
Isobel
Sheifer,
and
Janice
Beattie.
1994.
Bibliography
of
Synthesis
Documents
on
Selected
Coastal
Topics.

No.
4.
Hinga,
Kenneth
R.,
Heeseon
Jeon,
and
Noelle
F.
Lewis.
1995.
Marine
Eutrophication
Review.

No.
5.
Lipton,
Douglas
W.,
Katherine
Wellman,
Isobel
C.
Sheifer,
and
Rodney
F.
Weiher.
1995.
Economic
Valuation
of
Natural
Resources:
A
Handbook
for
Coastal
Policymakers.

No.
6.
Vestal,
Barbara,
Alison
Reiser,
et
al.
1995.
Methodologies
and
Mechanisms
for
Management
of
Cumulative
Coastal
Environmental
Impacts.
Part
I
 
Synthesis
with
Annotated
Bibliography,
Part
II
 
Development
and
Application
of
a
Cumulative
Impacts
Assessment
Protocol.

No.
7.
Murphy,
Michael
L.
1995.
Forestry
Impacts
on
Freshwater
Habitat
of
Anadromous
Salmonids
in
the
Pacific
Northwest
and
Alaska
 
Requirements
for
Protection
and
Restoration.

No.
8.
William
F.
Kier
Associates.
1995.
Watershed
Restoration
 
A
Guide
for
Citizen
Involvement
in
California.

No.
9.
Valigura,
Richard
A.,
Winston
T.
Luke,
Richard
S.
Artz,
and
Bruce
B.
Hicks.
1996.
Atmospheric
Nutrient
Inputs
to
Coastal
Areas
 
Reducing
the
Uncertainties.

No.
10.
Boesch,
Donald
F.,
et
al.
1997.
Harmful
Algal
Blooms
in
Coastal
Waters:
Options
for
Prevention,
Control
and
Mitigation.

No.
11.
McMurray,
Gregory
R.,
and
Robert
J.
Bailey,
editors.
1998.
Change
in
Pacific
Northwest
Coastal
Ecosystems.
U.
S.
Department
of
Commerce
National
Oceanic
and
Atmospheric
Administration
Coastal
Ocean
Office
1315
East­
West
Highway
Silver
Spring,
Maryland
20910
