Drinking
Water
Criteria
Document
for
Haloacetonitriles
EPA/
OW/
OST/
HECD
i
Final
Draft
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Table
of
Contents.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
i
Chapter
I.
Executive
Summary
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I­
1
Chapter
II.
Physical
and
Chemical
Properties
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II­
1
Chapter
III.
Toxicokinetics
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III­
1
A.
Absorption
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III­
1
B.
Distribution
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III­
3
C.
Metabolism.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III­
9
D.
Excretion
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III­
18
E.
Bioaccumulation
and
Retention
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III­
20
F.
Summary
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III­
20
Chapter
IV.
Human
Exposure
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IV­
1
Chapter
V.
Health
Effects
in
Animals
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V­
1
A.
Short­
Term
Exposure
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V­
1
B.
Long­
Term
Exposure
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V­
16
C.
Reproductive
and
Developmental
Effects
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V­
26
D.
Mutagenicity
and
Genotoxicity
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V­
49
E.
Carcinogenicity
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V­
60
F.
Summary
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V­
65
Chapter
VI.
Health
Effects
in
Humans
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VI­
1
.
Mechanisms
of
Toxicity
and
Sensitive
Subpopulations
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VII­
1
A.
Biochemical
Basis
of
Toxicity
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VII­
1
B.
Mechanisms
of
Carcinogenesis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VII­
11
C.
Interactions
and
Suceptibilities
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VII­
14
D.
Summary
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VII­
16
Chapter
VIII.
Quantification
of
Toxicological
Effects
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VIII­
1
A.
Introduction
to
Methods
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VIII­
1
B.
Noncarcinogenic
Effects
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VIII­
8
C.
Carcinogenic
Effects
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VIII­
42
D.
Characteristics
of
Uncertainties
and
Data
Groups
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VIII­
44
Chapter
IX.
References
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IX­
1
Appendix
A.
Benchmark
Dose
Modeling
Results
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A­
1
Appendix
B.
Benchmark
Dose
Modeling
Output
(
Available
only
in
electronic
form)
Drinking
Water
Criteria
Document
for
Haloacetonitriles
EPA/
OW/
OST/
HECD
ii
Final
Draft
Acknowledgements
This
document
is
an
update
and
expansion
of
the
Rough
Final
Draft
for
the
Drinking
Water
Criteria
Document
on
Haloacetonitriles,
Chloropicrin
and
Cyanogen
Chloride
(
U.
S.
EPA,
1987)
and
the
1993
Draft
Drinking
Water
Health
Advisory
for
Haloacetonitriles,
from
EPA's
Office
of
Water.
This
document
includes
an
evaluation
of
literature
on
the
HANs
resulting
from
a
full
literature
search
for
toxicity
data
conducted
in
December
1999,
and
exposure
data
in
May
2002.
Key
newer
studies
identified
after
the
literature
search
date
have
been
included
as
available
at
the
time
of
document
preparation.

Chemical
Manager:

Nancy
Chiu,
Ph.
D.

Contractor
Authors:

Andrew
Maier,
Ph.
D.,
C.
I.
H.
(
TERA)
Claudine
Kasunic
(
GRAM,
Inc.)
Lynne
T.
Haber,
Ph.
D.
(
TERA)
Joan
S.
Dollarhide,
M.
S.,
M.
T.
S.
C.,
J.
D.
(
TERA)
Bruce
Allen,
M.
S.
(
ENVIRON)
Nathan
Bowles
(
GRAM,
Inc.)

External
Peer
Reviewers
Patricia
McGinnis,
Ph.
D.,
DABT,
Syracuse
Research
Corporation
John
Reif,
M.
Sc.
(
Med),
D.
V.
M.,
Colorado
State
University
Alan
Stern,
Dr.
P.
H.,
DABT,
New
Jersey
Department
of
Environmental
Protection
