TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
No.

8.
LIFETIME
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8.1.
KEY
STUDY
ON
LIFETIME
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8.2.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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8.3.
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
8
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1
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
8
­
Lifetime
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
8­
1
8.
LIFETIME
8.2.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The
length
of
an
individual's
life
is
an
important
Current
data
suggest
that
75
years
would
be
an
factor
to
consider
when
evaluating
cancer
risk
because
the
appropriate
value
to
reflect
the
average
life
expectancy
of
dose
estimate
is
averaged
over
an
individual's
lifetime.
the
general
population
and
is
the
recommended
value.
If
Since
the
averaging
time
is
found
in
the
denominator
of
the
gender
is
a
factor
considered
in
the
assessment,
note
that
the
dose
equation,
a
shorter
lifetime
would
result
in
a
higher
average
life
expectancy
value
for
females
is
higher
than
for
potential
risk
estimate,
and
conversely,
a
longer
life
males.
It
is
recommended
that
the
assessor
use
the
expectancy
would
produce
a
lower
potential
risk
estimate.
appropriate
value
of
72.1
years
for
males
or
78.9
years
for
8.1.
KEY
STUDY
ON
LIFETIME
Statistical
data
on
life
expectancy
are
published
years
longer
for
Whites
than
for
Blacks.
It
is
recommended
annually
by
the
U.
S.
Department
of
Commerce
in
the
that
the
assessor
use
the
values
of
73
years
and
64.7
years
publication:
"
Statistical
Abstract
of
the
United
States."
The
for
White
males
and
Black
males,
respectively.
Table
8­
3
latest
year
for
which
statistics
are
available
is
1993.
presents
the
confidence
rating
for
life
expectancy
Available
data
on
life
expectancies
for
various
recommendations.
subpopulations
born
in
the
years
1970
to
1993
are
This
recommended
value
is
different
than
the
70
presented
in
Table
8­
1.
Data
for
1993
show
that
the
life
years
commonly
assumed
for
the
general
population
in
EPA
expectancy
for
an
average
person
born
in
the
United
States
risk
assessments.
Assessors
are
encouraged
to
use
values
in
1993
is
75.5
years
(
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census,
1995).
which
most
accurately
reflect
the
exposed
population.
The
table
shows
that
the
overall
life
expectancy
has
When
using
values
other
than
70
years,
however,
the
averaged
approximately
75
years
since
1982.
The
average
assessors
should
consider
if
the
dose
estimate
will
be
used
life
expectancy
for
males
in
1993
was
72.1
years,
and
78.9
to
estimate
risk
by
combining
with
a
dose­
response
years
for
females.
The
data
consistently
show
an
relationship
which
was
derived
assuming
a
lifetime
of
70
approximate
7
years
difference
in
life
expectancy
for
males
years.
If
such
an
inconsistency
exists,
the
assessor
should
and
females
from
1970
to
present.
Table
8­
1
also
indicates
adjust
the
dose­
response
relationship
by
multiplying
by
that
life
expectancy
for
white
males
(
73.0
years)
is
(
lifetime/
70).
The
Integrated
Risk
Information
System
consistently
longer
than
for
Black
males
(
64.7
years).
(
IRIS)
does
not
use
a
70
year
lifetime
assumption
in
the
Additionally,
it
indicates
that
life
expectancy
for
White
derivation
of
RfCs
and
RfDs,
but
does
make
this
females
(
79.5
years)
is
longer
than
for
Black
females
(
73.7),
assumption
in
the
derivation
of
some
cancer
slope
factors
or
a
difference
of
almost
6
years.
Table
8­
2
presents
data
for
unit
risks.
expectation
of
life
for
persons
who
were
at
a
specific
age
in
year
1990.
These
data
are
available
by
age,
gender,
and
race
and
may
be
useful
for
deriving
exposure
estimates
based
on
the
age
of
a
specific
subpopulation.
The
data
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census.
(
1995)
Statistical
abstracts
of
show
that
expectation
of
life
is
longer
for
females
and
for
the
United
States.
Whites.
females.
If
race
is
a
consideration
in
assessing
exposure
for
male
individuals,
note
that
the
life
expectancy
is
about
8
8.3.
REFERENCES
FOR
CHAPTER
8
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
8
­
Lifetime
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
8­
2
August
1997
Table
8­
1.
Expectation
of
Life
at
Birth,
1970
to
1993,
and
Projections,
1995
to
2010
(
years)
a
YEAR
TOTAL
WHITE
BLACK
AND
OTHER
BLACK
b
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
1970
70.8
67.1
74.7
71.7
68.0
75.6
65.3
61.3
69.4
64.1
60.0
68.3
1975
72.6
68.8
76.6
73.4
69.5
77.3
68.0
63.7
72.4
66.8
62.4
71.3
1980
73.7
70.0
77.4
74.4
70.7
78.1
69.5
65.3
73.6
68.1
63.8
72.5
1981
74.1
70.4
77.8
74.8
71.1
78.4
70.3
66.2
74.4
68.9
64.5
73.2
1982
74.5
70.8
78.1
75.1
71.5
78.7
70.9
66.8
74.9
69.4
65.1
73.6
1983
74.6
71.0
78.1
75.2
71.6
78.7
70.9
67.0
74.7
69.4
65.2
73.5
1984
74.7
71.1
78.2
75.3
71.8
78.7
71.1
67.2
74.9
69.5
65.3
73.6
1985
74.7
71.1
78.2
75.3
71.8
78.7
71.0
67.0
74.8
69.3
65.0
73.4
1986
74.7
71.2
78.2
75.4
71.9
78.8
70.9
66.8
74.9
69.1
64.8
73.4
1987
74.9
71.4
78.3
75.6
72.1
78.9
71.0
66.9
75.0
69.1
64.7
73.4
1988
74.9
71.4
78.3
75.6
72.2
78.9
70.8
66.7
74.8
68.9
64.4
73.2
1989
75.1
71.7
78.5
75.9
72.5
79.2
70.9
66.7
74.9
68.8
64.3
73.3
1990
75.4
71.8
78.8
76.1
72.7
79.4
71.2
67.0
75.2
69.1
64.5
73.6
1991
75.5
71.0
78.9
76.3
72.9
79.6
71.5
67.3
75.5
69.3
64.6
73.8
1992
75.8
72.3
79.1
76.5
73.2
79.8
71.8
67.7
75.7
69.6
65.0
73.9
1993
75.5
72.1
78.9
76.3
73.0
79.5
71.5
67.4
75.5
69.3
64.7
73.7
Projections
1995
76.3
72.8
79.7
77.0
73.7
80.3
72.5
68.2
76.8
70.3
65.8
74.8
c
2000
76.7
73.2
80.2
77.6
74.3
80.9
72.9
68.3
77.5
70.2
65.3
75.1
2005
77.3
73.8
80.7
78.2
74.9
81.4
73.6
69.1
78.1
70.7
65.9
75.5
2010
77.9
74.5
81.3
78.8
75.6
81.0
74.3
69.9
78.7
71.3
66.5
76.0
Excludes
deaths
of
nonresidents
of
the
United
States.
a
Racial
descriptions
were
not
provided
in
the
data
source.
b
Based
on
middle
mortality
assumptions;
for
details,
see
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census,
Current
Population
Reports,
Series
P­
25,
No.
1104.
c
Source:
Bureau
of
the
Census,
1995.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
8
­
Lifetime
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
8­
3
Table
8­
2.
Expectation
of
Life
by
Race,
Sex,
and
Age:
1992
Age
in
1990
(
years)
Expectation
of
Life
in
Years
Total
White
Black
Male
Female
Male
Female
At
birth
75.8
73.2
79.8
65.0
73.9
1
75.4
72.8
79.3
65.2
74.1
2
74.5
71.8
78.3
64.3
73.1
3
73.5
70.9
77.3
63.4
72.2
4
72.5
69.9
76.3
62.4
71.2
5
71.6
68.9
75.4
61.4
70.3
6
70.6
67.9
74.4
60.5
69.3
7
69.6
66.9
73.4
59.5
68.3
8
68.6
65.9
72.4
58.5
67.3
9
67.6
65.0
71.4
57.5
66.3
10
66.6
64.0
70.4
56.5
65.4
11
65.6
63.0
69.4
55.5
64.4
12
64.6
62.0
68.4
54.6
63.4
13
63.7
61.0
67.4
53.6
62.4
14
62.7
60.0
66.5
52.6
61.4
15
61.7
59.1
65.5
51.7
60.4
16
60.7
58.1
64.5
50.7
59.5
17
59.8
57.2
63.5
49.8
58.5
18
58.8
56.2
62.5
48.9
57.5
19
57.9
55.3
61.6
48.1
56.6
20
56.9
54.3
60.6
47.2
55.6
21
56.0
53.4
59.6
46.3
54.6
22
55.1
52.5
58.7
45.5
53.7
23
54.1
51.6
57.7
44.6
52.7
24
53.2
50.6
56.7
43.8
51.8
25
52.2
49.7
55.7
42.9
50.8
26
51.3
48.8
54.8
42.1
49.9
27
50.4
47.8
53.8
41.2
48.9
28
49.4
46.9
52.8
40.4
48.0
29
48.5
46.0
51.8
39.5
47.1
30
47.5
45.1
50.9
38.7
46.1
31
46.6
44.1
49.9
37.8
45.2
32
45.7
43.2
48.9
37.0
44.3
33
44.7
42.3
48.0
36.2
43.4
34
43.8
41.4
47.0
35.3
42.4
35
42.9
40.5
46.0
34.5
41.5
36
42.0
39.6
45.1
33.7
40.6
37
41.0
38.7
44.1
32.9
39.7
38
40.1
37.8
43.2
32.1
38.8
39
39.2
36.9
42.2
31.3
37.9
40
38.3
36.0
41.2
30.5
37.1
41
37.4
35.1
40.3
29.7
36.2
42
36.5
34.2
39.3
28.9
35.3
43
35.6
33.3
38.4
28.2
34.4
44
34.7
32.4
37.5
27.4
33.6
45
33.8
31.5
36.5
26.7
32.7
46
32.9
30.6
35.6
25.9
31.9
47
32.0
29.7
34.7
25.2
31.0
48
31.1
28.8
33.7
24.4
30.2
49
30.2
28.0
32.8
23.7
29.3
Table
8­
2.
Expectation
of
Life
by
Race,
Sex,
and
Age:
1992
(
continued)
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
8
­
Lifetime
Page
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
8­
4
August
1997
Age
in
1990
(
years)
Expectation
of
Life
in
Years
Total
White
Black
Male
Female
Male
Female
50
29.3
27.1
31.9
23.0
28.5
51
28.5
26.3
31.0
22.3
27.7
52
27.6
25.4
30.1
21.5
26.8
53
26.8
24.6
29.2
20.8
26.0
54
25.9
23.7
28.3
20.1
25.3
55
25.1
22.9
27.5
19.5
24.5
56
24.3
22.1
26.6
18.8
23.7
57
23.5
21.3
25.7
18.2
23.0
58
22.7
20.6
24.9
17.6
22.2
59
21.9
19.8
24.1
16.9
21.5
60
21.1
19.1
23.2
16.3
20.8
61
20.4
18.3
22.4
15.8
20.1
62
19.7
17.6
21.6
15.2
19.4
63
18.9
16.9
20.8
14.6
18.7
64
18.2
16.2
20.0
14.1
18.0
65
17.5
15.5
19.3
13.5
17.4
70
14.2
12.4
15.6
11.0
14.3
75
11.2
9.6
12.2
8.9
11.4
80
8.5
7.2
9.2
6.8
8.6
85
and
over
6.2
5.3
6.6
5.1
6.3
Source:
U.
S.
Bureau
of
Census,
1995.
Volume
I
­
General
Factors
Chapter
8
­
Lifetime
Exposure
Factors
Handbook
Page
August
1997
8­
5
Table
8­
3.
Confidence
in
Lifetime
Expectancy
Recommendations
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study
Elements
°
Level
of
peer
review
Data
are
published
and
have
received
extensive
peer
review.
High
°
Accessibility
The
study
was
widely
available
to
the
public
(
Census
data).
High
°
Reproducibility
Results
can
be
reproduced
by
analyzing
Census
data.
High
°
Focus
on
factor
of
interest
Statistical
data
on
life
expectancy
were
published
in
this
study.
High
°
Data
pertinent
to
US
The
study
focused
on
the
U.
S.
population.
High
°
Primary
data
Primary
data
were
analyzed.
High
°
Currency
The
study
was
published
in
1995
and
discusses
life
expectancy
trends
from
High
1970
to
1993.
The
study
has
also
made
projections
for
1995
until
the
year
2010.

°
Adequacy
of
data
collection
period
The
data
analyzed
were
collected
over
a
period
of
years.
High
°
Validity
of
approach
Census
data
is
collected
and
analyzed
over
a
period
of
years.
High
°
Study
size
This
study
was
based
on
U.
S.
Census
data,
thus
the
population
study
size
is
High
expected
to
be
greater
than
100.

°
Representativeness
of
the
population
The
data
are
representative
of
the
U.
S.
population.
High
°
Characterization
of
variability
Data
were
averaged
by
gender
and
race
but
only
for
Blacks
and
Whites;
no
Medium
other
nationalities
were
represented
within
the
section.

°
Lack
of
bias
in
study
design
(
High
rating
is
There
are
no
apparent
biases.
High
desirable)

°
Measurement
error
Measurement
error
may
be
attributed
to
portions
of
the
population
that
Medium
avoid
or
provide
misleading
information
on
census
surveys.

Other
Elements
°
Number
of
studies
Data
presented
in
the
section
are
from
the
U.
S.
Bureau
of
the
Census
Low
publication.

°
Agreement
between
researchers
Recommendation
was
based
on
only
one
study,
but
it
is
widely
accepted.
High
Overall
Rating
HIGH
