Development
Document
for
Proposed
Effluent
Guidelines
and
Standards
for
the
Construction
and
Development
Category
June
2002
Development
Document
for
Proposed
Effluent
Guidelines
and
Standards
for
the
Construction
and
Development
Category
June
2002
United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Office
of
Water
(4303T)
1200
Pennsylvania
Avenue,
NW
Washington,
DC
20460
www.
epa.
gov/
waterscience/
guide/

[EPA­
821­
R­
02­
007]
Acknowledgments
and
Disclaimer
The
Construction
and
Development
Effluent
Guidelines
proposed
rule
and
support
documents
were
prepared
by
the
C&
D
Project
Team:
Eric
Strassler,
Project
Manager;
Jesse
Pritts,
P.
E.,
Engineer;
George
Denning,
Economist;
Karen
Maher,
Environmental
Assessor;
and
Michael
G.
Lee,
Attorney.
Technical
support
for
this
Development
Document
was
provided
by
Tetra
Tech,
Inc.

Neither
the
United
States
government
nor
any
of
its
employees,
contractors,
subcontractors
or
other
employees
makes
any
warranty,
expressed
or
implied,
or
assumes
any
legal
liability
or
responsibility
for
any
third
party's
use
of,
or
the
results
of
such
use
of,
any
information,
apparatus,
product
or
process
discussed
in
this
report,
or
represents
that
its
use
by
such
a
third
party
would
not
infringe
on
privately
owned
rights.
Mention
of
trade
names
or
commercial
products
does
not
constitute
endorsement
by
EPA
or
recommendation
for
use.
Development
Document
for
Construction
and
Development
Proposed
Effluent
Guidelines
June
2002
i
Contents
SECTION
1:
SUMMARY
AND
SCOPE
1.1
Introduction
.................................................................
1­
1
1.2
Summary
and
Scope
of
Proposal
................................................
1­
1
SECTION
2:
BACKGROUND
2.1
Legal
Authority
..............................................................
2­
1
2.2
Clean
Water
Act
.............................................................
2­
1
2.2.1
Best
Practicable
Control
Technology
Currently
Available
......................
2­
2
2.2.2
Best
Conventional
Pollutant
Control
Technology
.............................
2­
3
2.2.3
Best
Available
Technology
Economically
Achievable
.........................
2­
3
2.2.4
New
Source
Performance
Standards
.......................................
2­
3
2.2.5
Pretreatment
Standards
for
Existing
Sources
and
Pretreatment
Standards
for
New
Sources
..............................................................
2­
4
2.2.6
Effluent
Guidelines
Schedule
............................................
2­
4
2.2.7
NPDES
Phase
I
and
II
Storm
Water
Rules
..................................
2­
5
2.3
Pollution
Prevention
Act
of
1990
...............................................
2­
5
2.4
State
Regulations
............................................................
2­
6
2.5
References
..................................................................
2­
6
SECTION
3:
DATA
COLLECTION
3.1
Introduction
.................................................................
3­
1
3.2
Literature
Search
.............................................................
3­
1
3.3
Compilation
of
State
and
Municipal
Existing
Control
Strategies,
Criteria,
and
Standards
..............................................................
3­
1
3.4
Other
Data
Sources
...........................................................
3­
5
3.4.1
Phase
II
Storm
Water
Rule
Economic
Analysis
..............................
3­
5
3.4.2
USDA
National
Resource
Inventory
.......................................
3­
5
3.4.3
National
Storm
Water
BMP
Database
......................................
3­
5
3.4.4
BMP
Design
Manuals
and
Guidance
Documents
Developed
by
Governmental
and
Other
Organizations
....................................................
3­
6
3.5
References
..................................................................
3­
6
SECTION
4:
INDUSTRY
PROFILE
4.1
Introduction
.................................................................
4­
1
4.2
Industry
Description
..........................................................
4­
1
4.2.1
Industry
Definition
and
Classification
of
Subsectors
by
NAIC
and
SIC
Codes
......
4­
1
4.2.2
Residential
Building
Construction
Group
...................................
4­
6
4.2.3
Nonresidential
Building
Construction
Group
..............................
4­
13
Development
Document
for
Construction
and
Development
Proposed
Effluent
Guidelines
June
2002
ii
4.2.4
Heavy
Construction
Subsector
...........................................
4­
21
4.3
Industry
Practices
and
Trends
..................................................
4­
23
4.3.1
Overview
of
Construction
Land­
disturbing
Activities
........................
4­
23
4.3.2
Construction
Site
Size
Categories
and
Estimates
of
Amount
of
Disturbed
Land
....
4­
26
4.3.2.1
National
Estimates
of
Disturbed
Acreage
............................
4­
26
4.3.2.2
Distribution
of
Acreage
by
Project
Type
............................
4­
28
4.3.2.3
Distribution
of
Developed
Acreage
by
Project
Size
and
Geography
.......
4­
34
4.4
References
.................................................................
4­
39
SECTION
5:
TECHNOLOGY
ASSESSMENT
5.1
Construction
Erosion
and
Sediment
Controls
.......................................
5­
1
5.1.1
Introduction
..........................................................
5­
1
5.1.2
Procedure
for
Technology
Assessment
.....................................
5­
2
5.1.2.1
Identification
of
Performance
Goals
.................................
5­
2
5.1.2.2
Goals,
Environmental
Impact
Areas,
and
Assessment
Scales
.............
5­
3
5.1.2.3
Qualitative
Versus
Quantitative
Assessment
..........................
5­
5
5.1.3
Review
of
Historical
Approaches
to
Erosion
and
Sediment
Control
..............
5­
5
5.1.4
Goals,
Control
Strategies,
Criteria,
and
Standards
............................
5­
8
5.1.4.1
Goals,
Control
Strategies,
Criteria,
And
Standards:
How
They
Relate
......
5­
8
5.1.4.2
Levels
of
Performance
or
"How
Well
Do
The
Strategies
Work?"
.........
5­
10
5.1.4.3
Strategies,
Criteria,
Standards,
And
Enforcement
.....................
5­
10
5.1.5
Control
Techniques,
BMP
Systems
.............................................
5­
14
5.1.5.1
Erosion
Control
and
Prevention
...................................
5­
14
5.1.5.1.1
Planning,
Staging,
Scheduling
.......................
5­
14
5.1.5.1.2
Vegetative
Stabilization
............................
5­
17
5.1.5.1.2.1
Grass­
lined
Channels
.................
5­
21
5.1.5.1.2.2
Seeding
............................
5­
24
5.1.5.1.2.3
Sodding
............................
5­
27
5.1.5.1.2.4
Mulching
...........................
5­
29
5.1.5.1.2.5
Geotextiles
.........................
5­
33
5.1.5.1.2.6
Vegetated
Buffer
Strips
...............
5­
35
5.1.5.1.2.7
Erosion
Control
Matting
..............
5­
37
5.1.5.1.2.8
Topsoiling
.....................
5­
40
5.1.5.2
Water
Handling
Practices
........................................
5­
42
5.1.5.2.1
Earth
Dike
.......................................
5­
42
5.1.5.2.2
Temporary
Swale
.................................
5­
44
5.1.5.2.3
Temporary
Storm
Drain
Diversion
...................
5­
51
5.1.5.2.4
Pipe
Slope
Drain
..................................
5­
53
5.1.5.2.5
Stone
Check
Dam
................................
5­
57
5.1.5.2.6
Lined
Waterways
.................................
5­
59
5.1.5.3
Sediment
Trapping
Devices
.......................................
5­
63
5.1.5.3.1
Silt
Fence
.......................................
5­
64
5.1.5.3.2
Super
Silt
Fence
..................................
5­
71
5.1.5.3.3
Straw
Bale
Dike
..................................
5­
73
5.1.5.3.4
Sediment
Trap
...................................
5­
76
Development
Document
for
Construction
and
Development
Proposed
Effluent
Guidelines
June
2002
iii
5.1.5.3.5
Sediment
Basin
...................................
5­
81
5.1.5.4
Other
Control
Practices
.........................................
5­
88
5.1.5.4.1
Stone
Outlet
Structure
.............................
5­
88
5.1.5.4.2
Rock
Outlet
Protection
............................
5­
90
5.1.5.4.3
Sump
Pit
........................................
5­
93
5.1.5.4.4
Sediment
Tank
...................................
5­
95
5.1.5.4.5
Stabilized
Construction
Entrance
....................
5­
96
5.1.5.4.6
Land
Grading
....................................
5­
98
5.1.5.4.7
Temporary
Access
Waterway
Crossing
...............
5­
100
5.1.5.4.8
Dust
Control
...................................
5­
103
5.1.5.4.9
Storm
Drain
Inlet
Protection
.......................
5­
106
5.1.5.4.10
Polyacrylamide
(PAM)
............................
5­
108
5.1.6
Summary
..........................................................
5­
112
5.2
References
................................................................
5­
124
SECTION
6:
REGULATORY
DEVELOPMENT
AND
RATIONALE
6.1
Identification
of
Industry
Impacts
................................................
6­
1
6.1.1
Pollutant
Indicators
....................................................
6­
1
6.1.2
Physical/
habitat
Indicators
...............................................
6­
4
6.2
Development
of
Regulatory
Options
.............................................
6­
5
6.3
Regulatory
Options
Developed
for
the
Proposed
Rule
................................
6­
7
6.3.1
Option
1
Inspection
and
Certification
......................................
6­
7
6.3.2
Option
2
Codify
EPA
CGP
Requirements
with
Site
Inspection
and
Certification
Provisions
............................................................
6­
9
6.3.3
Option
3
No
Regulation
................................................
6­
15
6.4
References
.................................................................
6­
15
SECTION
7:
APPROACH
TO
ESTIMATING
COSTS
7.1
Overview
...................................................................
7­
1
7.2
Methods
for
Estimating
Erosion
and
Sediment
Control
Costs
..........................
7­
1
7.2.1
Overview
............................................................
7­
1
7.2.2
Erosion
and
Sediment
Control
Costs
.......................................
7­
4
7.3
Methods
for
Estimating
Administrative
Costs
.....................................
7­
13
7.3.1
Overview
...........................................................
7­
13
7.3.2
Administrative
Costs
to
Permittees
.......................................
7­
13
7.3.3
Administrative
Costs
for
General
Permit
Revisions
..........................
7­
14
7.4
References
.................................................................
7­
15
Appendices
A.
State
Regulations
on
the
Control
of
Construction
Storm
Water
.......................
A­
1
B.
Supporting
Cost
Data
........................................................
B­
1
Development
Document
for
Construction
and
Development
Proposed
Effluent
Guidelines
June
2002
iv
Tables
Table
3­
1.
State
or
Regional
Planning
Authority
Requirements
for
Water
Quality
Protection
...
3­
3
Table
3­
2.
Municipal
or
Regional
Planning
Authority
Requirements
......................
3­
4
Table
4­
1.
1997
NAICS
Subsectors,
Industry
Groups,
and
Industries
Performing
Construction
Activities
That
Might
Disturb
Land
.......................................
4­
3
Table
4­
2.
1987
SIC
Industry
Groups
Performing
Construction
Activities
That
May
Disturb
Land
.................................................
4­
5
Table
4­
3.
Annual
Housing
Construction
Starts
by
Type
and
Region
......................
4­
7
Table
4­
4.
Residential
Construction
Industry
Profile
for
1997
............................
4­
9
Table
4­
5.
Busiest
Markets
for
Single­
Family
Housing
Permits
for
1999
..................
4­
10
Table
4­
6.
Busiest
Markets
for
Multifamily
Housing
Permits
for
1999
....................
4­
10
Table
4­
7.
Changes
in
Housing
Starts
by
Region
(1989
and
1999)
.......................
4­
12
Table
4­
8.
Value
of
Construction
Work
for
Manufacturing
and
Industrial
Building
Construction
Establishments
With
Payroll
by
Type
of
Construction
........................
4­
15
Table
4­
9.
Value
of
Manufacturing
and
Industrial
Building
Construction
Work
for
Establishments
With
Payroll
by
Location
of
Construction
Work,
1997
...........
4­
16
Table
4­
10.
Value
of
Construction
Work
for
Commercial
and
Institutional
Building
Construction
Establishments
With
Payroll
by
Type
of
Construction,
1997
...................
4­
18
Table
4­
11.
Value
of
Commercial
and
Institutional
Building
Construction
Work
for
Establishments
With
Payroll
by
Location
of
Construction
Work,
1997
..........
4­
20
Table
4­
12.
Overview
of
Heavy
Construction
Industry,
1992
and
1997
....................
4­
22
Table
4­
13.
Acres
Converted
from
Undeveloped
to
Developed
State,
1992­
1997
............
4­
27
Table
4­
14.
New
Single­
Family
and
Multifamily
Housing
Units
Authorized,
1995­
1997
.......
4­
28
Table
4­
15.
Average
and
Median
Lot
Size
for
New
Single­
Family
Housing
Units
Sold,
1995­
1997
..........................................
4­
29
Table
4­
16.
Average
Building
Square
Footage
........................................
4­
31
Table
4­
17.
Typical
Building
Sizes
and
Size
Ranges
by
Type
of
Building
..................
4­
32
Table
4­
18.
National
Estimates
of
Land
Area
Developed
Per
Year,
Based
on
Building
Permit
Data
.........................................................
4­
33
Table
4­
19.
National
Estimates
of
Land
Area
Disturbed
Based
on
National
Resources
Inventory
Totals
..............................................................
4­
34
Table
4­
20.
Distribution
of
14
Community
Survey
Permits
by
Site
Size
....................
4­
36
Table
4­
21.
Distribution
of
National
Construction
by
Site
Size
and
Development
Type
........
4­
38
Table
5­
1.
Description
of
Levels
of
Performance
of
Three
Control
Strategies
..............
5­
10
Table
5­
2.
Descriptions
of
Levels
of
Difficulty
in
Enforcement
.........................
5­
11
Table
5­
3.
Scheduling
Considerations
for
Construction
Activities
Enforcement
.............
5­
16
Table
5­
4.
Conditions
Where
Vegetative
Streambank
Stabilization
Is
Acceptable
...........
5­
20
Table
5­
5.
Maximum
Permissible
Velocities
for
Individual
Site
Conditions
for
Grass
Swales
.....................................................
5­
22
Table
5­
6.
Typical
Mulching
Materials
and
Application
Rates
..........................
5­
31
Table
5­
7.
Measured
Reductions
in
Soil
Loss
for
Different
Mulch
Treatments
.............
5­
32
Table
5­
8.
Cubic
Yards
of
Topsoil
Required
for
Application
to
Various
Depths
............
5­
41
Table
5­
9.
Grassed
Swale
Pollutant
Removal
Efficiency
Data
...........................
5­
49
Table
5­
10.
Average
Annual
Operation
and
Maintenance
Costs
for
a
Grass
Swale
...........
5­
51
Development
Document
for
Construction
and
Development
Proposed
Effluent
Guidelines
June
2002
v
Table
5­
11.
Recommended
Pipe/
Tubing
Sizes
for
Slope
Drains
..........................
5­
54
Table
5­
12.
Slope
Drain
Characteristics
.............................................
5­
55
Table
5­
13.
Maximum
Slope
Lengths
for
Silt
Fences
..................................
5­
65
Table
5­
14.
Typical
Requirements
for
Silt
Fence
Fabric
................................
5­
68
Table
5­
15.
Slope
Lengths
for
Super
Silt
Fences
......................................
5­
71
Table
5­
16.
Minimum
Requirements
for
Super
Silt
Fence
Geotextile
Class
F
Fabric
..........
5­
72
Table
5­
17.
Maximum
Land
Slope
and
Distances
Above
a
Straw
Bale
Dam
................
5­
74
Table
5­
18.
Weir
Length
for
Sediment
Traps
.........................................
5­
78
Table
5­
19.
Range
of
Measured
Long­
Term
Pollutant
Removal
for
Sediment
Detention
Basins
.
5­
79
Table
5­
20.
Common
Concerns
Associated
with
Sediment
Traps
.........................
5­
80
Table
5­
21.
Common
Concerns
Associated
with
Sediment
Basins
........................
5­
86
Table
5­
22.
Riprap
Sizes
and
Thicknesses
(SHA
Specifications)
.........................
5­
91
Table
5­
23.
Application
Rates
for
Spray­
On
Adhesives
................................
5­
105
Table
5­
24.
Turbidity
Reduction
Values
from
PAM
..................................
5­
110
Table
5­
25.
Summary
of
Information
on
Erosion
Control
and
Prevention
BMPs
(Sub­
section
5.1.5.1)
............................................
5­
112
Table
5­
26.
Summary
of
Information
on
Erosion
Control
and
Prevention
BMPs
(Sub­
section
5.1.5.2)
............................................
5­
116
Table
5­
27.
Summary
of
Information
on
Erosion
Control
and
Prevention
BMPs
(Sub­
section
5.1.5.3)
............................................
5­
119
Table
5­
28.
Summary
of
Information
on
Erosion
Control
and
Prevention
BMPs
(Sub­
section
5.1.5.4)
............................................
5­
122
Table
7­
1.
Total
Costs
of
Proposed
Rule
Options
.....................................
7­
1
Table
7­
2.
Regional
compliance
Cost
Adjustment
Factors
...............................
7­
4
Table
7­
3.
Construction
Site
ESC
BMP
Descriptions
and
Site
Thresholds
..................
7­
5
Table
7­
4.
Components
of
Existing
State
Erosion
and
Sediment
Control
Requirements
........
7­
7
Table
7­
5.
State
Acreage
Equivalent
to
Proposed
Option
2
..............................
7­
9
Table
7­
6.
Construction
ESC
BMP
Design
and
Operation
and
Maintenance
Costs
as
a
Percentage
of
Capital
Costs
.............................................
7­
10
Table
7­
7.
Evaluated
construction
Site
BMPs
that
Augment
the
Suite
of
Baseline
BMPs
......................................................
7­
11
Table
7­
8.
BMP
Quantity
Adjustment
Factors
for
Baseline
and
Proposed
Options
...........
7­
12
Table
7­
9.
National
Cost
Estimates
for
Proposed
Rule
Options
..........................
7­
13
Table
7­
10.
One­
Time
Hours
and
Costs
to
Incorporate
Erosion
and
Sediment
Control
Effluent
Guidelines
Requirements
into
General
Permits
......................
7­
14
Figures
Figure
4­
1.
Annual
Housing
Starts
..................................................
4­
8
Figure
4­
2.
Bureau
of
Census
Housing
Regions
......................................
4­
11
Figure
4­
3.
Annual
Housing
Starts
by
Region
........................................
4­
13
Figure
4­
4.
Value
of
Heavy
construction
work
by
region,
1997
..........................
4­
23
Figure
5­
1.
Flow
Diagram
Showing
Relationship
Among
Goals,
Strategies,
Criteria,
and
Standards
.........................................................
5­
9
Figure
7­
1.
EPA
Ecoregions
.......................................................
7­
3
