            Supporting Statement for a Request for OMB Review under
                          The Paperwork Reduction Act

1.	IDENTIFICATION OF THE INFORMATION COLLECTION

      1(a)	Title of the Information Collection

      	Title: Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazards Disclosure Requirements

      	EPA ICR No.:  1710.07		OMB Control No:  2070-0151

      1(b)	Short Characterization

      Section 1018 of the Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992 (the Act) (42 U.S.C. 4852d) (see Attachment 1) directs the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to jointly issue regulations requiring disclosure of known lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazards by persons selling or leasing housing constructed before the phase-out of residential lead-based paint use in 1978.  Under that authority, EPA and HUD established the following requirements at 40 CFR 745, Subpart F and 24 CFR 35, Subpart H (see Attachments 2 and 3, respectively):  (1) Disclosure of all known lead-based paint (LBP) and LBP hazards to potential buyers and lessees by sellers and lessors before the selling or leasing of most housing built before 1978; (2) Disclosure includes any and all LBP and LBP hazard information such as LBP inspection reports, risk assessments, elevated blood lead level reports and other data; (3) Sellers and lessors must provide purchasers and lessees with a federally approved lead hazard information pamphlet; (4) Sellers must provide purchasers with a 10-day opportunity to conduct a risk assessment or inspection for the presence of lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazards before the purchaser is obligated under any purchase contract; (5) This disclosure activity is required of sellers, lessors, and their agents; (6) Records of these disclosure activities must be retained and maintained by sellers, lessors and agents for a minimum of 3 years; and (7) Records must include signed and dated disclosure forms and a list of available records and reports  (61 FR 9085, March 6, 1996).  The requirements do not apply to housing that has been found to be free of lead-based paint by a certified LBP inspector, 0-bedroom dwellings, housing for the elderly, and housing for the disabled, or short-term leases. 

      These provisions ensure that families receive both specific information on the housing's lead history and general information on lead exposure prevention.  With this information, consumers can make more informed decisions concerning home purchase, lease, and maintenance to protect their families from lead hazard exposure.

      The following is a description of the affected parties and the supplemental requirements related to each:

	Sellers of Pre-1978 Residential Housing:  The rule requires that sellers of pre-1978 housing (1) provide a lead hazard information pamphlet to contract offerors, and (2) complete and attach a disclosure form to their sales contracts.  A sample form is provided in the preamble to the regulations, but only the information elements are required, each respondent can develop its own form.  The form must be signed by the seller, purchaser, and any agent(s) acting on behalf of the seller.

      Lessors of Pre-1978 Residential Housing:  The rule requires lessors of pre-1978 housing to (1) provide a lead hazard information pamphlet to lessees, and (2) complete and attach a disclosure form to their leasing contracts.  Again, while a sample form is provided, each respondent is permitted to develop its own form.  The form must be signed by the lessor and any agent(s) acting on behalf of the lessor.  The form must then be retained by the lessor, and any agents acting on their behalf.
 
      Agents Acting On Behalf of Sellers or Lessors:  Section 1018 of the Act specifically directs EPA to require agents acting on behalf of sellers or lessors to ensure compliance with the disclosure regulations.

      EPA and HUD jointly administer and enforce the rule, and have agreed to maintain a single ICR for these information collection activities.  EPA will take the lead in preparing the necessary documentation for renewals.


2.	NEED FOR AND USE OF THE COLLECTION

      2(a)	Need/Authority for the Collection

      The third party disclosure requirements that are contained in the regulations are specifically mandated by section 1018 of the Act.  The recordkeeping requirements contained in the regulations are necessary for ensuring compliance with the provisions of the regulations.  

      2(b)	Use/Users of the Data

      The third party disclosure requirements attempt to ensure that families receive both specific information on the housing's lead history and general information on lead exposure prevention.  With this information, consumers may be able to make more informed decisions concerning home purchase, lease, and maintenance to protect families from lead hazard exposure.

      The recordkeeping requirements enable EPA and HUD, as well as tribal governments, state and local regulators and the courts, to both determine compliance and effectively enforce section 1018 and the provisions of the rule.  In addition, the Act provides a private cause of action for persons harmed by violations of section 1018, and records kept pursuant to this rule may be important evidence for these parties.


3.	NON-DUPLICATION, CONSULTATIONS, AND OTHER COLLECTION
      CRITERIA

      3(a)	Non-Duplication

      The third party disclosure and recordkeeping requirements covered by this ICR are unique and are not in any way duplicated by another information collection activity.
      3(b)	Public Notice Required Prior to ICR Submission to OMB

      Prior to submission to OMB, this ICR will be made available to the public for comment through a Federal Register notice.  The public will have 60 days to provide comments.  Any comments received will be given consideration when completing the supporting statement that is submitted to OMB.
      
      3(c)	Consultations

      In addition to the public notice and comment period, OMB regulations, at 5 CFR 1320.8(d)(1), require agencies to consult with potential ICR respondents and data users about specific aspects of an ICR before the Agency submits the ICR to OMB for review and approval.  In accordance with this regulation, EPA will pursue additional consultations with interested parties during the development of the renewal of this collection.

      3(d)	Effects of Less Frequent Collection

      The third party disclosure occurs when the regulated entities are engaged in a specific transaction, i.e., the sale or lease of target housing.  As such, it is not possible or appropriate to consider a less frequent disclosure interval.  

      3(e)	General Guidelines

      This rulemaking is consistent with OMB's General Guidelines for information collections under the PRA. Although no form is imposed by the regulations, to facilitate and simplify compliance, EPA and HUD provide a sample form for respondents to adopt or modify for their use.  Since this form is simply a sample, it does not contain a PRA Notice, OMB number or expiration date.

      3(f)	Confidentiality

      This collection does not require the disclosure or retention of confidential information. The third party disclosure requirements also comply with the provisions of the Privacy Act of 1974 and OMB Circular A-108.

      3(g)	Sensitive Questions

      This collection does not include questions of a sensitive nature.
      
      
4.	THE RESPONDENTS AND THE INFORMATION REQUESTED

      4(a)	Respondents/NAICS Codes

      EPA estimates that there are 39,645,600 annual respondents.  The respondent universe for this ICR includes sellers, purchasers, lessors, and lessees of non-exempt residential dwellings built before 1978, or real estate agents representing such parties.  Respondents affected by this collection activity primarily include those businesses that fall under NAICS code 531, Real Estate, plus private parties engaged in sale or lease transactions.


                                  Categories

                                  NAICS Codes

                   Examples of potentially-affected entities

Real Estate Operators/ Lessors

                                     53111

Lessors of residential buildings and dwellings

Offices of Real Estate Agents/ Property Managers

                                     53121
                                     53131

Real estate agents and brokers
Property managers

Private Parties/Sales Transactions

                                     None

Sellers and buyers of residential dwellings 

Private Parties/Lease Transactions

                                     None

Landlords and tenants of residential dwellings

      This listing is not intended to be exhaustive.  The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes have been provided to assist in determining whether or not this action applies to certain entities.  The applicability provisions in 40 CFR 745.100 clarify what entities are affected by this action.

      4(b)	Information Requested

      (i)	Data Items

      When engaged in the subject activity, i.e., the sale or lease of target housing, the respondent must maintain the following records:  
      
 Signed, dated, and completed disclosure forms from sales and leases involving the target housing
 Known information on LBP and LBP hazards in the target housing
      
      (ii)	Respondent Activities

      When engaged in the subject activity, i.e., the sale or lease of target housing, the respondent must perform the following activities:
      
 Read the regulation to learn the basic requirements 
 Prepare and complete the written form
 Store, file, and maintain the information for at least three years


5.	THE INFORMATION COLLECTED--AGENCY ACTIVITIES, COLLECTION METHODOLOGY, AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

      5(a)	Agency Activities

      The primary purpose of this information collection activity is the provision of certain information between two parties in a transaction, i.e., third party disclosure.  The agencies are therefore primarily engaged in the following basic activities:
 Public outreach to assist in the understanding of, and compliance with, the rule requirements
 The development and maintenance of an infrastructure for receiving tips and complaints regarding alleged violations of the regulations 
      oo Compliance monitoring and enforcement of the provisions in the regulation
 
      5(b)	Collection Methodology and Management

      This is a third party disclosure requirement that occurs on a specific occasion.  There is no information collection by the agencies.  Records are required to be retained by regulated parties and made available to the agencies as part of compliance monitoring and enforcement activities.

      5(c)	Small Entity Flexibility

      The affected population for this rule is largely comprised of small entities, and all of the requirements have been crafted to maximize flexibility.  EPA and HUD have also developed guidance and a sample form to further facilitate and assist small entities with compliance.

      5(d)	Collection Schedule

      The third party disclosure is transaction specific and only occurs when the regulated entities are engaged in a specific transaction, i.e., the sale or lease of target housing.
      

 6.	ESTIMATING THE BURDEN AND COST OF THE COLLECTION

      Burden hour and associated annual costs have been estimated for three classes of respondents identified as being affected by the lead-based paint hazard disclosure rule for real estate transfers:

      1.	Property Owners and Lessors
      2.	Offerors/Buyers and Lessees/Tenants
      3. 	Agents acting on behalf of Property Owners and Lessors, and Agents acting on behalf of Offerors/Buyers (following prior analyses, it is assumed that there are no agents acting on behalf of lessees or tenants)

Burden hours and costs were estimated for four activities:

      1.	Start-up activity
      2.	Disclosure record preparation activity
      3.	Record-keeping
      4.	Materials

      The burden hour and cost estimates are summarized in the attached tables and discussed below.  For the ICR burden analysis, burden hours per individual respondent for a given activity were estimated from the total number of annual burden hours in that activity divided by the estimated total number of respondent parties that would potentially be affected by the disclosure rule. 

      The unit burden estimates used in this analysis were developed and published in the 1995 RIA of Lead-Based Paint Hazard Disclosure Rule for Real Estate Transfers. To develop these burden estimates EPA consulted with the Massachusetts Conveyancers Association and representatives of affected parties. The Start-up burden was based on the amount of time the association dedicated to the disclosure in their lead paint law training class. Disclosure burden was based on the average amount of time real estate agents and lessors spent discussing the disclosure with their clients.

      The estimated paperwork burden on a per-event basis and the estimated number of respondents subject to the disclosure requirements are presented in Table 6.1. An assumption was made that two offers are made per sale creating multiple disclosure events but only one completed transaction. Rental events are assumed to have one disclosure per rental occurring during lease signing. A complete discussion of the annual number of sale and rental events is provided in Section 6(d).

  Table 6.1: Summary of Time Requirements for Appropriate Cost Components [a]
                                       
                           Respondent Classification
                                 Time Required
                           Total Number of Entities
                 Start-up burden for training and preparation
New real estate agents (NAICS 53121)
1 hour
                                                                         10,953
New lessors (NAICS 53111)
1 hour
                                                                         10,261
Each home seller
1 hour
                                                                      2,740,000
           Disclosure events per sale (assuming two offers per sale)
Sellers
5 minutes x 2
                                                                      2,740,000
Agent for sellers
5 minutes
                                                    2,740,000 x 88% = 2,411,200
Offerors ( x 2)
5 minutes
                                                                      5,480,000
Agents for offerors (x 2)
5 minutes 
                                                    5,480,000 x 88% = 4,822,400
                         Disclosure events per rental
Owners/lessors
5 minutes
                                                                      8,400,000
Agents for owners/lessors
5 minutes
                                                    8,400,000 x 88% = 7,392,000
Tenants/lessees
5 minutes
                                                                      8,400,000
                              Record-keeping time
Seller
0.5 minutes
                                                                      2,740,000
Agent for seller
0.5 minutes
                                                    2,740,000 x 88% = 2,411,200
Owners/lessors
0.5 minutes
                                                                      8,400,000
Agent for owners/lessors
0.5 minutes
                                                    8,400,000 x 88% = 7,392,000
      [a] assuming 88 percent of offerors, 88 percent of sellers, and 88 percent of lessors have agents
      

      6(a)-(b) 	Estimating Respondent Burden and Costs

Start-Up Burden

      The start-up burden involves the time and cost required for individuals and agents to learn the disclosure rule's requirements and set up procedures for meeting those requirements.  EPA estimates that the paperwork burden related to learning the rule and setting up compliance procedures is one hour.  This estimate assumes real estate sales agents, sellers of rental property, and property managers only incur this start-up burden once, when they initially enter the profession.  Since the rule's initial year has passed, the calculation assumes each year has an average number of new entrants incurring the start-up costs in their first year.  The methodology used to calculate new entrants is discussed in section 6(d).

Cost of Respondents' Time

      The method of estimating the cost of a respondent's time depends on whether he or she is a paid employee acting as an agent for some other party, or is an unpaid individual acting on his or her own behalf.  The cost of an employed agent's time is the fully loaded hourly cost, including wages, benefits, and overhead.  The cost of time for an individual acting for oneself is estimated to be the value that they would place on a marginal unit of leisure or, conversely, the net income they would receive from a marginal unit of additional work.  Thus their time is valued at their after-tax wage rate. 

      The hourly wage rate for the agents for sellers and offerors used in this analysis is $22.46 per hour, which is the most recently reported (released May 2012) annual mean hourly wage from the Bureau of Labor Statistics National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for NAICS 5312, offices of real estate agents and brokers.  Similarly, the hourly wage rate for the agents for lessors used in this analysis is $18.64 (same source) for NAICS 5311, lessors of real estate.  Non-wage benefits were estimated at 28.4% of wages, based on benefits data specifically for real estate agents and lessors Employer Cost for Employee Compensation  -  December 2013. An additional 17 percent of the hourly wage rate has been added for overhead costs.  This gives an estimated total hourly labor cost of $32.66 for the agents of sellers and offerors and $27.10 for the agents of lessors (Table 6.2). 

      The agents discussed above are affected by this rule as part of their occupation.  It is assumed that sellers, buyers, lessors and lessees/tenants engage in these activities on their own behalf and not as part of their occupations.  Time that is not part of the person's occupation is valued at its opportunity cost, which is value that the individual would place on his or her next best alternative activity.  Economists generally assume that the opportunity cost marginal value of an individual's time is best estimated by their marginal earnings, net of taxes and social insurance deductions.  This analysis uses an estimate of $14.56 per hour for the cost or value of time for those respondents acting on their own behalf, not as paid employees (Table 6.2).

      The current marginal federal income tax rate for most workers is either 15 percent or 25 percent, so 20 percent was chosen to represent the typical or average rate.  The average employee's FICA contribution is 6.2 percent of their wage, and their Medicare contribution is 1.45 percent according to the Office of the Chief Actuary.  As stated in the 2013 Bureau of Labor Statistics National Current Employment Statistics, the mean hourly earnings rate over all non-farm occupations is $20.13.    This value was reduced by 27.65 percent to $14.56 to account for income tax, the employee's share of FICA, and the Medicare tax payment.
                Table 6.2: Economic Cost of Respondent's Time

                           Respondent Classification
                                  Hourly Wage
Real estate agents, NAICS 5312
                                    $32.66
Lessors of real estate, NAICS 5311
                                    $27.10
Individuals acting on their own behalf
                                    $14.56

	Assuming the start-up burden is one hour as previously stated, the start-up burden and cost per respondent is shown in Table 6.3.

             Table 6.3: Annual Start-up Burden Hours and Cost for 
            Training and Preparation per Respondent Classification
                                       
Respondent Classification
                                 Burden Hours
                                  Hourly Cost
                                  Total Cost
New agents for sellers (NAICS 53121)
                                       1
                                    $32.66
                                    $32.66
New agents for owners/lessors (NAICS 53111)
                                       1
                                    $27.10
                                    $27.10
Each home seller
                                       1
                                    $14.56
                                    $14.56

Disclosure Record Preparation Burden

      The disclosure record preparation burden involves the time and cost for performing the disclosure activities in conjunction with the sale or rental of target housing as specified by the rule (Table 6.4).  Each instance is estimated to take five minutes for each of the parties.  For each sale handled by an agent on the seller's side, the agent is expected to explain the rule to the seller.  For each offer in each sale handled by an agent on the offeror's side, the agent is expected to explain the rule to the offeror.  Thus for each sale without an agent the analysis assumes a total burden of twenty minutes (five minutes on each of two sides, for two offers), and a total burden of thirty five minutes when the sale has an agent for each offeror and for the seller (twenty minutes plus five minutes for each of three agents).

  Table 6.4: Disclosure and Record Preparation Burden and Cost per Respondent
                                       
Respondent Classification
Minutes per Sale or Rental
Burden in Minutes
Burden in Hours
Hourly Cost
Total Cost
                                    Sellers
                                     5 x 2
                                      10
                                    0.16667
                                    $14.56
                                     $2.43
                               Agent for sellers
                                       5
                                       5
                                    0.08333
                                    $32.66
                                     $2.72
                                   Offerors
                                       5
                                       5
                                    0.08333
                                    $14.56
                                     $1.21
                              Agents for offerors
                                       5
                                       5
                                    0.08333
                                    $32.66
                                     $2.72
                                Owners/lessors
                                       5
                                       5
                                    0.08333
                                    $14.56
                                     $1.21
                           Agents for owners/lessors
                                       5
                                       5
                                    0.08333
                                    $27.10
                                     $2.26
                                Tenants/lessees
                                       5
                                       5
                                    0.08333
                                    $14.56
                                     $1.21

Record-Keeping Burden

      The record-keeping burden involves the time and cost for meeting the disclosure rule's record-keeping requirements.
      
      The record-keeping provisions of this rule require the seller and the selling agent (or in the case of rentals, both the owners/lessors and their agents) maintain records of the signed disclosure.  The record-keeping requirement causes them to spend time in filing the specified documents.  In all likelihood, some type of filing system already exists for each party. The incremental filing time that may reasonably be attributed to the disclosure rule itself should be very small, or approximately 0.5 minutes (0.0083 hours) per record (Table 6.5).
      
           Table 6.5: Record-Keeping Burden and Cost per Respondent

                           Respondent Classification
                               Hours Per Record
                                  Hourly Cost
                                  Total Cost
Sellers
                                    0.0083
                                    $14.56 
                                    $0.12 
Agents for sellers
                                    0.0083
                                    $32.66 
                                    $0.27 
Owners/lessors
                                    0.0083
                                    $14.56 
                                    $0.12 
Agent for owners/lessors
                                    0.0083
                                    $27.10 
                                    $0.22 

 Materials Burden

      The materials burden involves the cost of materials required for rule compliance.  Materials costs include the lead hazard information pamphlets, filing materials, and copies to be made.  The sellers and lessors may choose to provide these materials themselves or to have their agents manage these materials.  But for simplicity, this analysis assumes that these costs are borne by the principals, the sellers and the lessors.  
      
      It is assumed that there is one copy of a signed acknowledgment and disclosure statement for every offer or rental contract.  It is assumed that each statement will require no more than one side of a single sheet of paper.  For sales and rentals involving an agent, three sets of the contract must be generated by the agent (one for the buyer/lessee, one for the seller/lessor and one for the agent) for a total of three copies.  Sales transactions will also require a one-page lead-based paint inspection contingency clause for each party.  Those are not required for rentals.  The following table summarizes the number of pages required for each sale or rental.  This analysis assumes two offers per sale. Copy costs are assumed to be an average of $0.06 per page the standard price per page at copy centers for black and white copies (February 2014). Not all sales transactions will involve two agents since 12 percent of sellers and offerors each are assumed to not use and agent. Of the 12 percent of sales not involving two agents, half the sales are assumed to occur with no agents and half are assumed to occur with one agent. A similar assumption was not made for rental transactions because only owner/lessors are assumed to use agents and all tenants are acting on their own behalf (Table 6.6).
      
                    Table 6.6: Copying and Filing Costs [a]

                           Respondent Classification
                           Pages per Sale or Rental
                        Copying Cost at $0.06 per Page
                                  Filed Pages
                        Filing Cost at $0.01 per Sheet
Sales without agents (6%)
                                       8
                                     $0.48
                                      n/a
                                       
Sales with 1 agent (6%)
                                      10
                                     $0.60
                                       1
                                     $0.01
Sales with 2 agents (88%)
                                      12
                                     $0.72
                                       1
                                     $0.01
Rental without agents (12%)
                                       2
                                     $0.12
                                      n/a
                                       
Rental with agents (88%)
                                       4
                                     $0.24
                                       1
                                     $0.01
      [a] disclosure/acknowledgment and paint inspection contingency clause which are only kept for completed sale transactions

      Filing-related material costs include the cost of storing the signed disclosure and acknowledgment statements that result from a completed transaction.  Filing costs for individual buyers and sellers and owners and renters are considered a negligible incidental expense.  The filing costs are assumed to only for agents.  For filing materials, it is assumed a four drawer, 26.5-inch deep filing cabinet can hold 26,500 sheets of paper and costs approximately $250 (average price at large office supply stores, February 2014).  This translates into a $0.009 cost per sheet of paper which was rounded to an even $0.01.  For each sale or rental transaction, agents are assumed to retain one sheet of paper containing a signed disclosure and acknowledgment statement (Table 6.6).
      
      6(c)	Estimating Agency Burden and Costs

      The primary purpose of this information collection activity is the provision of certain information between two parties in a transaction, and constitutes a third party disclosure under the PRA.  The Agency burden and costs associated with this activity are, therefore, limited to the provision of guidance and program oversight or enforcement.  As such, there is no need to estimate the related Agency burden and costs under the PRA.


	6(d) 	Estimating the Respondent Universe and Total Burden and Costs

Target Housing Sales and Rental Events

      The estimated number of target housing sales per year is based on an estimate of the share of owner-occupied housing units built prior to the ban of the use of lead-based paint in residences, multiplied by an estimate of the number of existing home sales per year.  The number of target housing rental events is based on the number of households occupying target rental housing who report having moved during a one-year period.

      Based on data in the 2013 National Association of Realtor Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers, 88 percent of offerors and 88 percent of sellers are assumed to use agent representation.  The remaining 12 percent both of offerors and sellers are assumed to conduct transactions on their own. Lessor agent specific data could not be located; therefore it is assumed the same percentage of lessors will use paid agents as sellers. The number of lessors assumed to use agent representation is 88 percent with the remaining 12 percent acting without the assistance of paid agents. As in previous analyses, this report maintains the assumption that 100 percent of tenants/lessees are acting on their own behalf.  

      Data on owner-occupied and rental housing, including age, are available from the American Housing Survey for the United States: 2011 (henceforth the 2011 Housing Survey), issued jointly by the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development and the U.S. Census Bureau in August 2012.  An estimate of the expected number of existing home sales in 2014 is available in the National Association of Realtors' forecast titled U.S. Economic Outlook: October 2013, accessed on-line from www.realtor.org/research/index.html.

      Since 1018 notification regulations are designed to provide awareness of the potential presence and hazards of lead based paint (use banned in all housing constructed in 1978 and beyond), target housing is built prior to 1978 and meets other conditions.  At the time of the 2011 Housing Survey, the existing U.S. owner-occupied housing stock consisted of 36.8 million units built prior to 1975, 7.3 million units built from 1975 to 1979, and 32.0 million units built after 1979. Calculating from those numbers (and assuming that 60 percent of the units built from 1975 to 1979 were built before 1978), an estimated 54.1 percent of owner-occupied housing stock is target housing.  The estimates from the National Association of Realtors project 5.073 million existing home sales in 2014. Multiplying 5.073 million by 54.1 percent gives an estimate of 2.74 million target housing sales per year (Table 6.8). 

      There are no available data that report directly on the number of housing rental events per year. However, the 2011 Housing Survey does report on the number of renter occupied units, at the time of the survey, occupied by households who had moved in the past year.  This number can be used as a proxy to estimate the number of new rentals, with a caveat.  This procedure will produce an underestimate, to the degree that some of those households may have moved more than once during that one-year period. 

      The data reported in the survey indicate that there 7.5 million units built prior to 1975 and occupied by households who had moved in the year prior to the survey, 1.5 million such units built from 1975 to 1979, and 4.3 million units built after 1979.  Assuming that 60% of the units dating from 1975 to 1979 are pre-1978, we estimate approximately 8.4 million target housing rentals existed during the year preceding the survey.  Thus, this analysis will assume 8.4 million additional target housing rentals per year, for each year over the course of this ICR renewal. 
Number of Respondents

      As mentioned previously, only new agent entrants and sellers are assumed to have start-up costs as the rule's initial year has passed.  All others in the respondent universe are assumed to have already incurred the start-up costs.  The number of new entrants is based on two factors: the turnover associated with replacement of retirees and others leaving the industry and growth rate of this employment category over time. 

      The estimated compound annual growth rate of agents is calculated using the number of employees for NAICS code 53121 (real estate agents and brokers) using U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns survey data over the period 1998 to 20011, the years for which NAICS code based data are currently available.  The Census reports a total of 241,082 employees in that category in 1998, and 266,503 as of 2011.  Therefore the calculated annual geometric growth rate in employees from 1998 to 2011 is 0.81 percent.
      
      The Agency currently does not have information on the employee turnover rate for NAICS industry sectors.  Assuming that a typical worker might retire after thirty years, and if the age distribution were uniform, then the retirement rate (and thus the retirement replacement rate) would be about 3.3 percent.  In a growing industry (positive geometric growth rate), one would expect a smaller proportion retirement-age workers than younger cohorts.  On the other hand, some unknown number of workers undoubtedly leaves the industry before retirement.  For purposes of this analysis, we assume that 3.3 percent represents a reasonable estimate of the turnover rate.  

      The 0.81 percent growth rate combined with the 3.3 percent turnover rate equals a new-agent training rate of 4.11 percent.  Applying this rate to the 266,503 NAICS code 53121 employees in 2011, an estimated 10,953 new agents incur start-up costs each year (Table 6.8).
	
      Individual sellers and lessors who act as their own agents also incur this start-up burden, when they first encounter the disclosure rule.  The analysis assumes that each seller is encountering the disclosure rule for the first time.  This may lead to an over-count, since individuals may sell their current home and move on multiple occasions.  The owner/lessor of rental property may be more likely to encounter the disclosure rule more than once, if the lessor handles more than one target housing property or rents the same property more than once.  Thus, to prevent possible multiple counting of start-up costs this analysis assumes that the owner/lessor has already encountered the rule and is therefore not a new entrant.  While there may be some lessors who are first encountering this rule, there also may be some sellers who have encountered this rule previously, so that an undercount on lessors may be matched by an over-count on sellers.

      While this analysis does not count owner/lessors as new entrants, it does consider that the agents acting on their behalf incur this start-up burden when they enter the profession.  This portion of the start-up burden is captured through data on employment in NAICS code 53111 (lessors of residential buildings and property).  As for real estate agents, the number of new entrants among lessors is based on two factors: the turnover associated with replacement of retirees and other departing workers, and growth rate of this employment category over time. 

      The estimated compound annual growth rate is calculated using the number of employees for NAICS code 53111 (lessors of residential buildings and dwellings) using U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns survey data over the period 1998 to 2011, the years for which NAICS code based data are currently available.  The Census reports a total of 276,449 employees in 1998 and 286,627 as of 2011.  Therefore the annual geometric growth rate in employees over this period is an estimated 0.28 percent. 

      As noted above, the Agency currently does not have information on the employee turnover rate for NAICS industry sectors.  Assuming that a typical worker might retire after thirty years, and if the age distribution were uniform, then the retirement rate (and thus the retirement replacement rate) would be about 3.3 percent.  For purposes of this analysis, we assume that 3.3 percent represents a reasonable estimate of the turnover rate.  

      The 0.28 percent growth rate combined with the 3.3 percent turnover rate equals a new-agent training rate of 3.58 percent.  Applying this rate to the 286,627 NAICS code 53111 employees in 2011, an estimated 10,261 new lessors incur start-up costs each year (Table 6.7).
      
Table 6.7: Total Annual Start-up Burden Hours and Cost for Training and Preparation
                                       
                           Respondent Classification
                                 Burden Hours
                                  Hourly Cost
                                  Total Cost
New agents for sellers (NAICS 53121)
                                    10,953
                                    $32.66 
                                   $357,725 
New agents for owners/lessors (NAICS 53111)
                                    10,261
                                    $27.10 
                                   $278,073 
Each home seller
                                   2,740,000
                                    $14.56 
                                 $39,894,400 
Total for Sales
                                   2,750,953
                                       
                                 $40,252,125 
Total for Rentals
                                    10,261
                                       
                                   $278,073 
Grand Total
                                   2,761,214
                                       
                                 $40,530,198 

	The annual individual disclosure burden for both sales and rental agents is based on the annual number of sales and rental transactions handled by agents, the estimated amount of time required to perform each disclosure, and the total number of respondents (Table 6.8).

   Table 6.8: Total Disclosure and Record Preparation Burden and Cost [a,b]

                           Respondent Classification
                          Minutes per Sale or Rental
                               Burden in Minutes
                                Burden in Hours
                                  Hourly Cost
                                  Total Cost
Sellers
                                     5 x 2
                                  27,400,000
                                    456,667
                                    $14.56
                                  $6,649,067
Agent for sellers
                                    5 x 88%
                                  12,056,000
                                    200,933
                                    $32.66
                                  $6,562,483
Offerors
                                     5 x 2
                                  27,400,000
                                    456,667
                                    $14.56
                                  $6,649,067
Agents for offerors
                                  5 x 2 x 88%
                                  24,112,000
                                    401,867
                                    $32.66
                                  $13,124,965
Owners/lessors
                                       5
                                  42,000,000
                                    700,000
                                    $14.56
                                  $10,192,000
Agents for owners/lessors
                                    5 x 88%
                                  36,960,000
                                    616,000
                                    $27.10
                                  $16,693,600
Tenants/lessees
                                       5
                                  42,000,000
                                    700,000
                                    $14.56
                                  $10,192,000
Total for sales
                                   1,516,133
                                       
                                 $ 32,985,581
Total for rentals
                                   2,016,000
                                       
                                 $ 37,077,600
Grand Total
                                   3,532,133
                                       
                                 $ 70,063,181
     a Sales disclosure burden based on an estimated 2,740,000 target housing unit sales per year
    [b] Rentals disclosure burden based on an estimated 8,400,000 target housing unit rentals per year

      The annual individual record-keeping burden for both sales and rental agents is based on the annual number of sales and rental transactions handled by agents, the estimated amount of time required, per event, to comply with the record-keeping requirement, and the total number of respondents (Table 6.9).
      
                Table 6.9: Total Record-Keeping Burden and Cost

                           Respondent Classification
                                 Total Records
                               Hours Per Record
                                  Total Hours
                                  Hourly Cost
                                  Total Cost
Sellers
                                   2,740,000
                                    0.0083
                                    22,742
                                    $14.56 
                                   $331,124 
Agents for sellers
                                   2,411,200
                                    0.0083
                                    20,013
                                    $32.66 
                                   $653,623 
Owners/lessors
                                   8,400,000
                                    0.0083
                                    69,720
                                    $14.56 
                                  $1,015,123 
Agent for owners/lessors
                                   7,392,000
                                    0.0083
                                    61,354
                                    $27.10 
                                  $1,662,683 
Total for Sales
                                    42,755
 
                                   $984,747
Total for Rentals
                                    131,074
 
                                  $2,677,806
Grand Total
                                    173,829
 
                                  $3,662,553

      The lead hazard information pamphlets developed by the federal government are 16 pages in length, printed front and back, folded sheet format (i.e., four sheets of standard-sized paper per document), at $0.54 per pamphlet.  The total cost of the pamphlet is calculated using the cost per pamphlet, the total number of offers per sale of target housing (two offers/sale), and the number of sales and rentals of target housing that involve an agent (Table 6.10).
                       Table 6.10: Total Pamphlet Costs
                                       
                          Transaction Classification
                          Number of Sales or Rentals
                              Number of Pamphlets
                               Cost Per Pamphlet
                                  Total Cost
Sales
                                   2,740,000
                                                                      5,480,000
                                     $0.54
                                                                    $2,959,200 
Rentals
                                   8,400,000
                                                                      8,400,000
                                     $0.54
                                                                    $4,536,000 
Total
                                                                     13,880,000
 
                                                                    $7,495,200 

	The total copy and filing costs take per transaction costs and aggregate over the number of events experienced by each category of respondent (Table 6.11).

                  Table 6.11: Total Copy and Filing Costs [a]

                           Respondent Classification
                           Pages per Sale or Rental
                               Number of Events
                                  Total Pages
                        Copying Cost at $0.06 per Page
                                  Filed Pages
                        Filing Cost at $0.01 per Sheet
Sales without agents (6%)
                                       8
                                    164,400
                                   1,315,200
                                    $78,912
                                      n/a
                                       
Sales with 1 agent (6%)
                                      10
                                    164,400
                                   1,644,000
                                    $98,640
                                    164,400
                                    $1,644 
Sales with 2 agents (88%)
                                      12
                                   2,411,200
                                  28,934,400
                                  $1,736,064
                                   4,822,400
                                   $48,224 
Rental without agents (12%)
                                       2
                                   1,008,000
                                   2,016,000
                                   $120,960
                                      n/a
                                       
Rental with agents (88%)
                                       4
                                   7,392,000
                                  29,568,000
                                  $1,774,080
                                   7,392,000
                                   $73,920 
Total
                                  63,477,600
                                  $3,808,656
                                  12,378,800
                                   $123,788 
     a disclosure/acknowledgment and paint inspection contingency clause

      Copies are assumed to cost $0.06 per copy.  For 63.4 million pages the total copying cost will be $3.8 million. Filing costs incurred by agents total an estimated $123,788.
      
      Table 6.12 provides a summary of material costs by type.

                      Table 6.12: Materials Costs Summary

                                 Material Type
                                     Sales
                                    Rentals
Pamphlet costs
                                  $2,959,200 
                                  $4,536,000 
Copy costs
                                  $1,913,616 
                                  $1,895,040 
Filing costs
                                   $49,868 
                                   $73,920 
Total
                                  $4,922,684 
                                  $6,504,960 
Overall Total
                                 $11,427,644 
Summary Burden and Costs

               Table 6.13: Burden and Cost for Real Estate Sales

                              Cost Classification
                                 Burden Hours
                                     Cost
Start-up
                                   2,750,953
                                 $40,252,125 
Disclosure event
                                   1,516,133
                                 $ 32,985,581 
Record keeping
                                    42,755
                                   $984,747 
Materials
                                      n/a
                                  $4,922,684 
Total
                                   4,309,841
                                 $79,145,137 

                    Table 6.14: Burden and Cost for Rentals

                              Cost Classification
                                 Burden Hours
                                     Cost
Start-up
                                    10,261
                                   $278,073 
Disclosure event
                                   2,016,000
                                 $ 37,077,600 
Record keeping
                                    131,074
                                  $2,677,806 
Materials
                                      n/a
                                  $6,504,960 
Total
                                   2,157,335
                                 $46,538,439 

Table 6.15: Aggregate burden and costs for the residential lead-based paint hazard disclosure ICR

                          Transaction Classification
                                 Burden Hours
                                     Cost
Sales
                                   4,309,841
                                 $79,145,137 
Rentals
                                   2,157,335
                                 $46,538,439 
Total
                                   6,467,176
                                 $125,683,576 

      For a real estate agent or firm (NAICS 53121) to be classified as a small business, they must have less than 7 million dollars in average annual sales over the past three years based on standards set by the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA).  Lessors of real estate (NAICS 53111) average annual sales must be less than 25.5 million dollars to meet SBA standards.  According to the 2013 National Association of Realtors Member Profile, eight in ten agents are independent contractors at their firm and the average sales volume per agent was 1.5 million dollars.  Based on these data an assumption was made that only 20 percent of agents are not classified as a small business.  Separate data was not available for lessors of real estate so the same percentage was applied to both NAICS categories. Table 6.16 provided the detailed burden summary by respondent classification.

                     Table 6.16: Respondent Burden Summary

Respondent Classification
                          Number of Small Businesses
Total Number of Respondents
Responses per Respondent
Burden per Response (hour)
Total Burden
Total Number of Responses
                                   Start-up
New Real Estate Agents (NAICS 53121)
                                     8,762
                                    10,953
                                       1
                                       1
                                    10,953
                                    10,953
New Lessor Agents (NAICS 53111)
                                     8,209
                                    10,261
                                       1
                                       1
                                    10,261
                                    10,261
Seller
                                      n/a
                                   2,740,000
                                       1
                                       1
                                   2,740,000
                                   2,740,000
                               Disclosure, Sales
Seller
                                      n/a
                                   2,740,000
                                       2
                                     0.083
                                   456,667 
                                   5,480,000
Seller Agents
                                   1,928,960
                                   2,411,200
                                       1
                                     0.083
                                   200,933 
                                   2,411,200
Offerors
                                      n/a
                                   5,480,000
                                       1
                                     0.083
                                   456,667 
                                   5,480,000
Offeror Agents
                                   3,857,920
                                   4,822,400
                                       1
                                     0.083
                                   401,867 
                                  4,822,400 
                              Disclosure, Rentals
Owner/Lessor
                                      n/a
                                   8,400,000
                                       1
                                     0.083
                                    700,000
                                   8,400,000
Owner/Lessor Agents
                                   5,913,600
                                   7,392,000
                                       1
                                     0.083
                                    616,000
                                   7,392,000
Tenants/Lessee
                                      n/a
                                   8,400,000
                                       1
                                     0.083
                                    700,000
                                   8,400,000
                                Record Keeping
Seller
                                      n/a
                                   2,740,000
                                       1
                                    0.0083
                                    22,742
                                       
Seller Agents
                                   1,928,960
                                   2,411,200
                                       1
                                    0.0083
                                    20,013
                                       
Owner/Lessor
                                      n/a
                                   8,400,000
                                       1
                                    0.0083
                                    69,720
                                       
Owner/Lessor Agents
                                   5,913,600
                                   7,392,000
                                       1
                                    0.0083
                                    61,354 
                                       
Total
                                                                     11,700,480
                                                                     39,645,600
 
 
                                                                      6,467,176
                                                                     45,146,814
Note: Record Keeping is only included in the total in the `Total Burden' column to avoid double counting. Record keeping is performed as part of the disclosure response and is only performed when a housing unit is officially leased or sold.  Records on offers not finalized are not kept. The Start-up values for `Number of Small Businesses' and "Total Number of Respondents' are not included in the Total because New Real Estate and Lessor Agents are a subset of the various agent categories and including the values under Start-up and Disclosure sections would result in double counting. The same Sellers are listed under Start-up and Disclosure, Sales but should only be counted once in the `Total number of Respondents' column since they are the same people.

      Due to the volatility in the housing sale and rental market, EPA considered the potential impact on estimated paperwork burden and cost if the sales or rentals were 5 percent greater than or five percent less than projected in the Supporting Statement. The total burden and cost could not simply be increased or decreased by five percent because not all burden and cost estimates are impacted by either sales or rentals. For example the number of new entrants for Real Estate Agents is based on growth in the NACIS code, not on the number of sales or leases. Also while sale and rental trends of housing are related there is not always a one to one relationship; therefore the increases and decreases were calculated separately instead of together.
      
      A five percent change in housing sales results in the target housing changing by 140,000 units, creating a range from 2.6 million housing units to 2.88 million housing units. The Supporting Statement assumed target housing sales were 2.74 million units. Total Burden in the Supporting Statement was an estimated 6,467,176 hours at a cost of $125,683,576. The five percent change would result in a change of 230,000 hours and $4.3 million dollars.  The total burden would range from 6,237,176 to 6,697,176 hours and the cost from $121,383,576 to $129,983,576. These ranges were calculated assuming no change in the rental estimate presented in the Supporting Statement.
      
      A five percent change in target housing rentals results in a change of 400,000 units, creating a range from 8.0 million units to 8.8 million units. The Supporting Statement assumed new housing rentals were 8.4 million units. Total Burden in the Supporting Statement was an estimated 6,467,176 hours at a cost of $125,683,576. The 5 percent change would result in a change of 170,000 hours and $3.4 million dollars.  The total burden would range from 6,297,176 to 6,637,176 hours and the cost from $122,283,576 to $129,083,576. These ranges were calculated assuming no change in the sales estimate presented in the Supporting Statement.
      
      Burden and Cost by Respondent Class

      Table 6.17 presents the burden and costs by respondent class:  real estate sales and rental agents; property owners and lessors; and offerors/buyers and lessees/tenants.  The filing-related materials costs are assumed to fall on agents, with the remainder of materials costs falling on sellers and owners/lessors.
                  Table 6.17: Burden by Respondent and Class
                                       
                           Respondent Class Activity
                                 Burden Hours
                                  Hourly Cost
                                  Annual Cost
Start-up burden for NAICS 5312
                                                                         10,953
                                                                       $ 32.66 
                                                                     $ 357,725 
Start-up burden for NAICS 5311
                                                                         10,261
                                                                       $ 27.10 
                                                                     $ 278,073 
Sales disclosure event burden for sellers agents
                                                                        200,933
                                                                       $ 32.66 
                                                                   $ 6,562,483 
Sales disclosure event burden for offerors' agents
                                                                        401,867
                                                                       $ 32.66 
                                                                  $ 13,124,965 
Rental disclosure event burden for agents
                                                                        616,000
                                                                       $ 27.10 
                                                                  $ 16,693,600 
Record keeping burden for sales agents
                                                                         20,013
                                                                       $ 32.66 
                                                                     $ 653,623 
Record keeping burden for rental agents
                                                                         61,354
                                                                       $ 27.10 
                                                                   $ 1,662,683 
Total burden and costs for all agents
                                                                      1,321,381
                                                                              
                                                                  $ 39,333,152 
Start-up burden for sellers
                                                                      2,740,000
                                                                       $ 14.56 
                                                                  $ 39,894,400 
Sales disclosure event burden for sellers
                                                                        456,667
                                                                       $ 14.56 
                                                                   $ 6,649,067 
Rental disclosure event burden for owners/lessors
                                                                        700,000
                                                                       $ 14.56 
                                                                  $ 10,192,000 
Record keeping burden for sellers
                                                                         22,742
                                                                       $ 14.56 
                                                                     $ 331,124 
Record keeping burden for owners/lessors
                                                                         69,720
                                                                       $ 14.56 
                                                                   $ 1,015,123 
Materials costs for sellers
                                                                            n/a
                                                                            n/a
                                                                   $ 4,922,684 
Materials costs for owners/lessors
                                                                            n/a
                                                                            n/a
                                                                   $ 6,504,960 
Total burden and costs for sellers and owners/lessors
                                                                      3,989,129
                                                                              
                                                                  $ 69,509,357 
Sales disclosure event burden for offerors
                                                                        456,667
                                                                       $ 14.56 
                                                                   $ 6,649,067 
Rental disclosure event burden for tenants/lessees
                                                                        700,000
                                                                       $ 14.56 
                                                                  $ 10,192,000 
Total burden and costs for offerors and tenants/lessees
                                                                      1,156,667
                                                                              
                                                                  $ 16,841,067 
Total burden and costs for all respondents
                                                                      6,467,176
                                                                              
                                                                 $ 125,683,576 

Unit Burden Hours

      The burden of the disclosure rule affects six groups.  Four of those groups consist of the individuals involved in sale and rental transactions, and two groups are agents acting on behalf of some of those individuals (Table 6.18).  The individuals are assumed to bear their burden as individuals, but the burden on agents falls on the establishments at which they are employed or associated with as an independent contractor.  Those establishments are in NAICS code 53121 (offices of real estate agents and brokers) and NAICS code 53111 (lessors of residential buildings and dwellings).  To determine the burden on those establishments, the total burden on those groups is divided by the number of establishments as estimated in the 2007 County Business Pattern Survey (Table 6.19).

                Table 6.18: Unit Burden Summary for Individuals
                                       
 
                                Start-Up Burden
                            Disclosure Event Burden
                             Recordkeeping Burden
                          Total Burden Per Individual
Sellers
                                                                         1 hour
                                                                     10 minutes
                                                                    0.5 minutes
70.5 minutes
Offerors
                                                                              
                                                                      5 minutes
                                                                              
5 minutes
Owners/lessors
                                                                              
                                                                      5 minutes
                                                                    0.5 minutes
5.5 minutes
Tenants/lessees
                                                                              
                                                                      5 minutes
                                                                              
5 minutes

              Table 6.19: Unit Burden Summary for Establishments
                                       
 
                  Agents for sellers and offerors NAICS 5312
                     Agents for owners/lessors NAICS 5311
Aggregate start up burden
                                                                   10,953 hours
                                                                  10,261  hours
Aggregate disclosure event burden
                                                                  602,800 hours
                                                                  616,000 hours
Aggregate record-keeping burden
                                                                   20,013 hours
                                                                   61,354 hours
Total aggregate burden
                                                                  633,766 hours
                                                                 687,615  hours
Number of establishments
                                                          85,607 establishments
                                                          60,477 establishments
Unit burden
                                                   7.40 hours per establishment
                                                  11.37 hours per establishment
                                       
      6(e)	Reasons for the Change in Burden

      There is a decrease of 470,154 hours (from 6,937,330 hours to 6,467,176 hours) in the total estimated respondent burden compared with that identified in the ICR currently approved by OMB.  This decrease reflects a gradual reduction in the annual number of real estate sales involving target housing subject to the rule's requirements and an overall decrease in real estate sales.  There has also been a notable decrease in the overall growth of the real estate agent profession which reduces the number of new entrants who have start up burden and cost related to this ICR activity.  While the number of property rentals increased over the past year, fewer parties are involved in those transactions so the increases in the rental market were not enough to offset the decrease in the sales market in terms of burden and cost related to this ICR. This change reflects an adjustment to the Agency's burden estimates arising from changes in the housing market.
      
      6(f)	Burden Statement
      
      The annual public burden for this collection of information, which is approved under OMB Control No. 2070-0151, is estimated to average about 0.14 hours per response. Burden is defined in 5 CFR 1320.3(b).  An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a current and valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations in title 40 of the CFR, after appearing in the Federal Register, are listed in 40 CFR part 9 and included on the related collection instrument or form, if applicable.
      
      The Agency has established a public docket for this ICR under Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2013-0811, which is available for online viewing at www.regulations.gov, or in-person viewing at the Pollution Prevention and Toxics Docket in the EPA Docket Center (EPA/DC).  The EPA/DC Public Reading Room is located in the EPA West Building, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, DC.  The EPA/DC Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays.  The telephone number for the EPA/DC Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the Pollution Prevention and Toxics Docket is (202) 566-0280.
      
      You may submit comments regarding the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including the use of automated collection techniques. Submit your comments, referencing Docket ID No. EPA-HQ- OPPT-2013-0811 and OMB Control No. 2070-0151, to (1) EPA online using www.regulations.gov (our preferred method), or by mail to: Pollution Prevention and Toxics Docket, Environmental Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/DC), Mailcode: 28221T, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20460, and (2) OMB by mail to: Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Attention: Desk Officer for EPA, 725 17th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20503.

                    ATTACHMENTS TO THE SUPPORTING STATEMENT

Attachments to the supporting statement are available in the public docket established for this ICR under docket identification number EPA-HQ-OPPT-2010-0801.  These attachments are available for online viewing at www.regulations.gov or otherwise accessed as described in section 6(f) of the supporting statement.

Attachment 1:	42 USC 4852d - Section 1018 of the Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard 
			Reduction Act of 1992. Also available at online at the US House of 
			Representatives' US Code website

Attachment 2:	40 CFR part 745, Subpart F - Disclosure of Known Lead Based Paint and/or 
			Lead Based Paint Hazards Upon Sale or Lease of Residential Property. Also 
			available online at the National Archives and Records Administration's
            Electronic CFR Website

Attachment 3:	24 CFR part 35, Subpart H - Project-Based Assistance. Also available online 
			at the National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic CFR Website

Attachment 4:	Seller's Disclosure of Information on Lead-Based Paint and/or Lead-Based 
			Paint Hazards (Sample Form). Also available at online at 
                  http://www2.epa.gov/lead/sellers-disclosure-information-lead-based-paint-andor-lead-based-paint-hazards 

Attachment 5:	Lessor's Disclosure of Information on Lead-Based Paint and/or Lead-Based 
			Paint Hazards (Sample Form). Also available at online at 
                  http://www2.epa.gov/lead/lessors-disclosure-information-lead-based-paint-andor-lead-based-paint-hazards 

Attachment 6:	Lead Hazard Information Pamphlet - "Protect Your Family from Lead In 
			Your Home" (EPA747-K-99-001). Also available at online at 
			http://www2.epa.gov/lead/protect-your-family-lead-your-home

