PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT
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William
C.
Herz
Director
of
Scientific
Programs
M
E
M
O
R
A
N
D
U
M
TO:
Product
Testing
Recipient
FROM:
William
C.
Herz,
Director,
Scientific
Programs
SUBJECT:
Potassium
Chloride
Product
Testing
Dossier
DATE:
March
15,
2003
It
is
with
great
pleasure
that
The
Fertilizer
Institute
(
TFI)
announces
the
completion
and
distribution
of
the
final
product
testing
dossier
for
Potassium
Chloride
(
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7).

As
you
are
aware,
TFI
sponsored
this
four
 
year
program
to
develop
and
summarize
screening­
level
hazard
information
for
high
production
volume
(
HPV)
chemicals.
The
data
elements
generated
represent
a
broad
overview
of
human
health
and
ecological
parameters.
These
include
a
physical
­
chemical
characterization,
environmental
fate,
mammalian
toxicity
and
ecotoxicity.
A
health
and
environmental
safety
data
summary
dossier
was
prepared
for
each
of
the
23
materials.
It
summarizes
the
available
literature
data,
new
testing
data,
category
description
and
read
across
data
as
well
as
provides
a
conclusion
regarding
the
inherent
hazards
of
the
material.

Upon
receipt
of
this
data
a
90
calendar
day
regulatory
trigger
starts
within
which
you
must
update
your
material
safety
data
sheets
(
MS­
DS).
Upon
first
product
shipment
you
must
also
notify
your
distributors
and
employers
once
the
MS­
DS
has
been
updated.
These
regulatory
requirements
are
detailed
in
29
CFR
1910.1200(
g)(
5)
and
29
CFR
1910.1200(
g)(
6)(
i).
The
requirements
are
found
in
the
Occupational
Safety
and
Health
Administration
"
Hazard
Communication
Standard"
(
29
CFR
1910.1200).

Please
note
that
by
receipt
of
this
data;
you
agree
not
to
distribute
or
sell
this
data
beyond
your
own
company.
PAGE
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HEALTH
&
ENVIRONMENTAL
SAFETY
DATA
SUMMARY
DOCUMENT
POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE
CAS
NO.
7447­
40­
7
Prepared
for:

THE
FERTILIZER
INSTITUTE
January
27,
2003
THE
WEINBERG
GROUP
INC.
1220
Nineteenth
St,
NW,
Suite
300
Washington,
DC
20036­
2400
e­
mail
science@
weinberggroup.
com
WASHINGTON
NEW
YORK
SAN
FRANCISCO
BRUSSELS
PARIS
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Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Page
EXECUTIVE
OVERVIEW...................................................................................................
1
SIDS
DATA
PROFILE..........................................................................................................
7
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARY.....................................................................................................
8
1.
GENERAL
INFORMATION....................................................................................
10
2.
PHYSICAL­
CHEMICAL
DATA..............................................................................
14
3.
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
AND
PATHWAYS.....................................................
16
4.
ECOTOXICITY.........................................................................................................
18
5.
TOXICITY.................................................................................................................
23
6.
REFERENCES
..........................................................................................................
28
APPENDICES
Appendix
A
SIDS
Data
Availability
Summary
Appendix
B
SIDS
Data
Summaries
for
the
Salt
Compounds
Category:
Calcium
Sulfate,
Potassium
Chloride,
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfate,
Potassium
Sulfate,
Potassium
Nitrate,
and
Potassium
Sodium
Nitrate
ACRONYMS
AND
ABBREVIATIONS
BCF
Bioconcentration
Factor
bw
Body
Weight
DAP
Diammonium
Phosphate
DOT
Department
of
Transportation
FDA
U.
S.
Food
and
Drug
Administration
g/
L
Grams
per
Liter
GLP
Good
Laboratory
Practices
GTSP
Granular
Triple
Super
Phosphate
g/
mL
Grams
per
Milliliter
HSDB
Hazardous
Substance
Data
Bank
IPCS
International
Programme
for
Chemical
Safety
KNO3
Potassium
Nitrate
Koc
Organic
Carbon
Partition
Coefficient
Kow
Octanol/
Water
Partition
Coefficient
LC50
Median
Lethal
Concentration
LD50
Median
Lethal
Dose
LOAEL
Lowest
Observable
Adverse
Effect
Level
LOEC
Lowest
Observable
Effect
Concentration
LOEL
Lowest
Observable
Effect
Level
M
Molar
MAP
Monoammonium
Phosphate
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
mg/
kg
Milligrams
per
Kilogram
mg/
kg/
day
Milligrams
per
Kilogram
per
Day
mg/
L
Milligrams
per
Liter
MHb
Methyl
Hemoglobin
mm
Hg
Millimeters
of
Mercury
mmol/
L
Millimoles
per
Liter
NaNo3
Sodium
Nitrate
NFPA
National
Fire
Prevention
Association
(
NH4)
2NO3
Ammonium
Nitrate
NIOSH
National
Institute
for
Occupational
Safety
and
Health
NO3
Nitrate
NOAEL
No
Observable
Adverse
Effect
Level
NOEC
No
Observable
Effect
Concentration
NOEL
No
Observable
Effect
Level
OECD
Organisation
for
Economic
Co­
operation
and
Development
Pa
Pascal
ppm
Parts
per
Million
SCAS
Semi
Continuous
Activated
Sludge
SIDS
Screening
Information
Data
Set
SSP
Single
Super
Phosphate
TLm
Median
Toxicity
Level
TLV
Threshold
Limit
Value
TFI
The
Fertilizer
Institute
UAN
Urea
Ammonia
Nitrogen
i
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
EXECUTIVE
OVERVIEW
I.
Introduction
The
Fertilizer
Institute,
on
behalf
of
its
member
companies,
initiated
a
Product
Testing
Project
to
collect,
review,
summarize,
and
where
necessary
develop
additional
health
and
environmental
safety
data
for
23
of
its
high
production
volume
inorganic
fertilizer
materials.
These
data
and
summaries
provide
valuable
information
that
can
be
used
to
update
Material
Safety
Data
Sheets,
answer
customers'
questions,
and
support
product
stewardship
efforts.
The
chemical
industry
is
also
participating
in
a
voluntary
program
of
comparable
scope
for
high
production
volume
organic
chemicals.
1
The
23
fertilizer
materials
were
divided
into
five
categories
(
i.
e.,
ammonia
compounds,
nitrate
compounds,
phosphate
compounds,
salts
and
acids)
based
on
their
primary
constituents
as
shown
in
Table
1.
The
use
of
categories
is
a
recognized
and
accepted
method
that
allows
health
and
environmental
safety
data
from
one
chemical
in
the
category
to
be
used
to
represent
one
or
more
other
related
chemicals
in
the
category
(
USEPA
1999).
The
key
is
to
find
similar,
or
at
least
predictable,
patterns
and
trends
among
the
chemicals
in
a
category.
In
this
way,
data
can
be
pooled,
resources
are
optimized,
and
fewer
animals
are
used
in
testing,
all
without
losing
the
ability
to
evaluate
the
hazards
and
safety
of
the
individual
chemicals.
Note
that
some
of
the
materials
fall
into
more
than
one
category
(
e.
g.,
diammonium
phosphate
[
DAP]
is
in
both
the
phosphate
and
ammonia
categories).

Searches
were
conducted
using
on­
line
databases,
standard
scientific
data
compendia,
and
other
published
sources
for
toxicity,
ecotoxicity,
environmental
fate,
and
physicalchemical
properties.
The
collected
data
were
reviewed
for
quality
and
acceptability
and
then
summarized
according
to
the
Organization
for
Economic
Cooperation
and
Development
(
OECD)
Screening
Information
Data
Set
(
SIDS)
dossier
format
(
OECD
1997).
The
OECD
countries
(
including
the
United
States)
have
agreed
on
a
set
of
tests
and
on
types
of
data
that
are
generally
necessary
to
characterize
the
chemical
behavior
and
potential
hazards
of
chemicals
released
into
the
environment.
The
OECD
SIDS
dossier
was
chosen
as
a
standard
format
for
the
TFI
Product
Testing
Project
in
order
that
it
would
be
scientifically
defensible,
broadly
applicable
and
easily
understandable
to
a
wide
range
of
stakeholders.

The
following
sections
of
this
Executive
Overview
provide:
the
rationale
for
development
of
the
Salts
Compounds
category
(
Section
II);
a
synopsis
of
the
available
data
related
to
the
physical­
chemical
properties,
environmental
fate,
ecotoxicity
and
toxicity
of
salts
(
Section
III);
and
a
conclusion
regarding
the
adequacy
of
the
data
to
sufficiently
characterize
the
category
and
the
need
for
additional
testing
(
Section
IV).

The
data
for
potassium
chloride
are
summarized
in
the
Chemical
Profile
and
Data
Summary
tables.
Because
the
evaluation
of
data
adequacy
relies
on
a
category
approach,
the
Data
Summary
table
references
Appendix
B
when
data
are
available
for
one
or
more
1
HPV
Chemical
Challenge
Program;
USEPA
1999
(
http://
www.
epa.
gov/
opptintr/
chemrtk/
volchall.
htm)
ii
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
of
the
other
materials
in
the
category
for
those
data
elements
where
no
data
specific
to
potassium
chloride
are
available.
Appendix
B
provides
a
summary
of
the
data
for
all
of
the
salts
compounds
in
the
category.
The
individual
studies
for
potassium
chloride
itself
are
presented
in
subsequent
pages
of
this
document.
Separate
data
summary
documents
are
available
for
each
of
the
salts
compounds
in
the
category.

II.
Rationale
for
the
Salts
Compounds
Category
The
salts
compounds
category
for
fertilizer
materials
includes
calcium
sulfate,
potassium
chloride,
potassium
magnesium
sulfate,
potassium
sulfate,
potassium
nitrate,
and
potassium
sodium
nitrate.
Salts
are
grouped
together
primarily
because
of
their
similar
chemical
composition
and
physical­
chemical
properties,
including
their
propensity
to
dissociate
in
aquatic
systems.
The
compounds
have
similar
and
generally
predictable
patterns
of
behavior
in
the
environment
as
well
as
toxicological
properties.
The
toxicity
of
salts
can
vary
dependent
on
the
toxicity
of
the
individual
cations
and
anions,
although
the
available
data
indicate
that
salts
as
a
group
are
not
particularly
toxic.

III.
Summary
of
Data
Available
for
the
Salts
Compounds
Category
Detailed
data
summaries
for
potassium
chloride
are
included
in
subsequent
sections
of
this
Health
and
Environmental
Safety
Data
Summary
Document
for
Potassium
Chloride.
These
data
are
briefly
summarized
here.

Physical­
Chemical
Data
Sufficient
coverage
of
physical­
chemical
properties
exists
across
the
category,
with
the
exception
of
vapor
pressure
and
Kow.
However,
these
data
are
less
critical
for
understanding
the
behavior
of
inorganic
salts.
Melting
points
are
high,
ranging
from
334
to
over
1400
º
C.
Densities
are
in
the
range
of
about
2­
3
g/
mL.
Inorganic
salts
are
generally
highly
soluble
in
water,
with
values
ranging
from
2
to
357
g/
L
at
20­
25
º
C.
In
addition,
these
compounds
dissociate
and
exist
at
around
neutral
pHs
in
aqueous
solutions.

Environmental
Fate
and
Pathway
Specific
environmental
fate
and
transport
studies
are
rarely
conducted
for
these
specific
compounds.
This
is
because
salts
are
well­
known
to
dissociate
in
the
environment.
The
sulfur
and
nitrogen
cycles
are
well
understood,
and
the
available
data
for
calcium
sulfate
and
potassium
nitrate
support
this
understanding.
Similarly,
the
fate
and
behavior
of
the
cations
(
potassium,
magnesium,
calcium,
sodium)
are
equally
understood.
These
chemicals
are
neither
bioaccumulative
nor
persistent
in
the
environment.

Ecotoxicity
Substantial
data
are
available
to
describe
the
acute
toxicity
of
these
salts
to
fish,
Daphnia,
and
aquatic
plants.
Data
from
the
literature
indicate
LC50
values
ranging
from
about
680
iii
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
to
over
3,500
mg/
L
for
fish,
337
to
over
1,970
mg/
L
for
Daphnia,
and
about
1,300
to
3,200
mg/
L
for
algae.
Additional
acute
fish
studies
were
conducted
using
OECD
protocols
under
Good
Laboratory
Practice
(
GLP)
conditions
on
the
two
combinations
of
salts
(
potassium
magnesium
sulfate
and
potassium
sodium
nitrate).
Results
of
these
two
studies
demonstrated
no
observable
toxic
effects
at
the
highest
concentrations
tested.
Based
on
the
standard
Federal
Insecticide
Fungicide
and
Rodenticide
Act
(
FIFRA)
acute
toxicity
ratings
for
fish
and
Daphnia
(
below),
the
compounds
in
this
category
are
considered
practically
non­
toxic.

EC/
LC50
(
mg/
L)
Toxicity
Description
<
0.1
Very
Highly
Toxic
0.1­
1
Highly
Toxic
1­
10
Moderately
Toxic
10­
100
Slightly
Toxic
>
100
Practically
Non­
Toxic
Mammalian
Toxicity
Acute
toxicity
Acute
oral
toxicity
has
been
well
studied
in
the
discrete
compounds
of
the
category.
The
data
indicate
an
absence
of
acute
toxicity,
with
literature
LD50
values
ranging
from
about
1,500
to
over
6,600
mg/
kg
bw.
The
lack
of
significant
acute
toxicity
was
confirmed
in
studies
conducted
on
the
two
salt
combinations
(
potassium
magnesium
sulfate
and
potassium
sodium
nitrate),
which
were
tested
via
the
oral
exposure
route,
and
potassium
nitrate,
which
was
tested
via
dermal
exposure.
Results
of
these
studies
indicate
no
toxicity
at
the
highest
doses
tested
(
2,000
and
5,000
mg/
kg
bw
for
the
oral
and
dermal
routes,
respectively).
Similarly,
the
limited
dermal
irritation
data
indicate
an
absence
of
skin
irritation
and
toxicity.
Inhalation
data
are
not
available,
but
this
is
not
expected
to
be
a
significant
exposure
route
for
inorganic
salts.
Based
on
the
standard
FIFRA
acute
toxicity
ratings
for
mammals
(
below),
the
compounds
in
this
category
are
considered
to
be
of
low
to
very
low
toxicity
(
40
CFR
156.62).

Toxicity
Category
I
II
III
IV
Toxicity
Rating
High
Moderate
Low
Very
Low
Oral
LD50
 
50
mg/
kg
>
50­
500
mg/
kg
>
500­
5000
mg/
kg
>
5000
mg/
kg
Dermal
LC50
 
200
mg/
kg
>
200­
2000
mg/
kg
>
2000­
20,000
mg/
kg
>
20,000
mg/
kg
Inhalation
LC50
 
0.2
mg/
L
>
0.2­
2
mg/
L
>
2­
20
mg/
L
>
20
mg/
L
iv
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Genotoxicity
Some
genotoxicity
data
were
available
in
the
literature,
with
potassium
chloride
showing
some
small
effects
in
older
studies
and
potassium
nitrate
testing
negative.
To
better
define
the
potential
for
mutagenicity
of
salts
in
the
category,
additional
bacterial
(
Ames
test)
and
non­
bacterial
(
chromosome
aberration)
in
vitro
genetic
toxicity
tests
were
conducted
on
potassium
sulfate
and
calcium
sulfate
under
GLP
conditions.
For
both
compounds,
results
were
negative
for
mutagenicity
in
the
Ames
test
and
chromosome
aberration
test.

Repeated
dose
and
developmental
toxicity
Data
from
the
literature
indicate
that
potassium
nitrate
was
tested
for
mammalian
reproductive,
developmental,
and
teratogenic
toxicity.
Minimal
effects
were
observed
at
relatively
high
doses.
Furthermore,
no
teratogenic
effects
were
observed
in
chick
eggs
injected
with
potassium
sulfate
in
a
non­
standard
study.
Additional
long­
term
studies
were
conducted
on
two
salts
compounds
because
the
repeated
dose
and
reproductive
data
are
sparse
for
the
category,
and
because
of
the
effects
noted
at
high
doses
in
the
potassium
nitrate
literature
data.
The
OECD
Guideline
422
combined
study,
which
provides
data
on
repeated
dose,
reproductive,
and
developmental
endpoints,
was
conducted
under
GLP
conditions
on
potassium
nitrate
and
potassium
sulfate.
Male
and
female
rats
were
given
oral
exposures
of
up
to
1,500
mg/
kg/
day
by
gavage
for
up
to
53
days.
No
adverse
effects
were
observed
on
any
of
the
general
toxicity
or
reproductive/
developmental
endpoints
for
either
potassium
nitrate
or
potassium
sulfate.
The
resulting
NOAELs
for
both
studies,
therefore,
are
1,500
mg/
kg/
day.

IV.
Conclusion
for
the
Salts
Compounds
Category
Substantial
data
are
available
for
the
critical
acute
aquatic
and
mammalian
toxicity
endpoints
for
the
salts
category.
Additional
studies
were
conducted
on
calcium
sulfate,
potassium
magnesium
sulfate,
potassium
sulfate,
potassium
nitrate,
and
potassium
sodium
nitrate
in
order
to
complete
the
database
for
key
endpoints.
Overall,
the
data
indicate
that
these
compounds
are
practically
non­
toxic
to
aquatic
organisms
and
of
low
to
very
toxicity
to
mammals.
Additional
testing
is
not
considered
necessary
to
characterize
the
hazards
of
these
chemicals.
v
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
TABLE
1:
CATEGORIES
FOR
PRODUCT
TESTING
PROJECT
CATEGORY
COMPOUND
CAS
NUMBER
Ammonia
Compounds
Anhydrous
ammonia
Aqua
ammonia
Ammonium
nitrate
Ammonium
sulfate
Ammonium
thiosulfate
Nitrogen
solutions
(
UAN)
Ammonium
phosphate
sulfate
Diammonium
phosphate
(
DAP)
Monoammonium
phosphate
(
MAP)
Urea
7664­
41­
7
1336­
21­
6
6484­
52­
2
7783­
20­
2
7783­
18­
8
15978­
77­
5
12593­
60­
1
7783­
28­
0
7722­
76­
1
57­
13­
6
Nitrate
Compounds
Sodium
nitrate
Ammonium
nitrate
Potassium
nitrate
Potassium
sodium
nitrate
Nitrogen
solutions
(
UAN)
7631­
99­
4
6484­
52­
2
7757­
79­
1
7757­
79­
1/
7631­
99­
4
15978­
77­
5
Phosphate
Compounds
Diammonium
phosphate
(
DAP)
Monoammonium
phosphate
(
MAP)
Liquid
polyphosphate
Single
superphosphate**
Granular
triple
superphosphate**
7783­
28­
0
7722­
76­
1
­­
8011­
76­
5
65996­
95­
4
Salts
Potassium
chloride
Potassium
magnesium
sulfate
Potassium
nitrate
Potassium
sodium
nitrate
Potassium
sulfate
Calcium
sulfate
7447­
40­
7
14168­
73­
1
7757­
79­
1
7757­
79­
1/
7631­
99­
4
7778­
80­
5
7778­
18­
9
Acids
Phosphoric
acid
Nitric
acid
Sulfuric
acid
7664­
38­
2
7697­
37­
2
7664­
93­
9
*
=
Nitrogen
solutions
are
represented
largely
by
Urea­
Ammonia­
Nitrogen
(
UAN;
15978­
77­
5)
**
=
Single
superphosphate
and
granular
triple
superphosphate
are
combined
into
a
single
dossier.
­­
=
No
CAS
number
readily
available
vi
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
V.
REFERENCES
CITED
40
CFR
156.62.
Toxicity
Category.

OECD.
1997.
SIDS
Manual.
OECD
Secretariat,
3rd
Revision,
July
1997.

USEPA.
1999.
Development
of
Chemical
Categories
in
the
HPV
Challenge
Program.
www.
epa.
gove/
chemrtk/
catdoc29.
pdf.
1
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
SIDS
DATA
PROFILE
Date:
January
27,
2003
1.01
A.
CAS
No.
7447­
40­
7
1.01
C.
CHEMICAL
NAME
(
OECD
NAME)
Potassium
chloride
1.01
D
CAS
DESCRIPTOR
Potassium
chloride
1.01
G
STRUCTURAL
FORMULA
KCl
OTHER
CHEMICAL
IDENTITY
INFORMATION
Not
applicable
1.5
QUANTITY
Greater
than
1
million
tonnes
per
annum
1.7
USE
PATTERN
Over
95­
97%
of
the
world's
potash
(
potassium
chloride)
production
is
sold
as
fertilizer.
The
rest
is
used
in
chemical
synthesis,
photography,
food
additives,
chemical
intermediates,
pharmaceuticals,
medical
treatment.
1.9
SOURCES
AND
LEVELS
OF
EXPOSURE
Low
human
exposure
is
expected
because
potassium
chloride
is
manufactured
in
closed
systems.
Exposure
to
dusts
and
direct
contact
with
the
material
is
possible
during
fertilizer
applications.
ISSUES
FOR
DISCUSSION
The
data
for
potassium
chloride
should
be
evaluated
in
combination
with
the
other
materials
in
the
salts
category.
2
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARY
Date:
January
27,
2003
POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE
(
CAS
NO.
7447­
40­
7)
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
PHYSICAL­
CHEMICAL
DATA
2.1
Melting
Point
771­
773
°
C
2.2
Boiling
Point
1,420­
1,500
°
C
2.3
Density
1.98
g/
mL
2.4
Vapor
Pressure
No
data
available
2.5
Octanol/
Water
Partition
Coefficient
No
data
available
2.6A
Water
Solubility
347
g/
L
at
20
°
C
2.6B
pH
value
About
7
2.7
Flash
Point
Not
applicable
2.8
Auto
Flammability
Not
flammable
2.9
Flammability
Not
flammable
2.10
Explosive
Properties
Not
explosive
2.11
Oxidizing
Properties
Not
an
oxidizer
2.12
Oxidation:
Reduction
Potential
Not
an
oxidizer
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
and
PATHWAY
3.1.1
Photodegradation
See
Appendix
B
results*
3.1.2
Stability
in
Water
Ions
can
persist
3.1.3
Stability
in
Soil
Binds
to
clay
particles
3.3.2
Distribution
Calculated,
Fugacity
Level
III
1.51
x
10­
8%
to
air
45.2%
to
water
54.7%
to
soil
0.0755%
to
sediment
3.5
Biodegradation
See
Appendix
B
results*
3.7
Bioaccumulation
See
Appendix
B
results*
ECOTOXICITY
4.1
Acute
Toxicity
to
Fish
Lepomis
macrochirus
96
hrs
LC50
=
2,010
mg/
L
4.2
Acute
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Invertebrates
Daphnia
magna
EC50
=
337­
825
mg/
L
Physa
heterostropha
96
hrs
LC50
=
940
mg/
L
4.3
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Plants
(
Algae)
Scenedesmus
subspicatus
EC50
=
2,500
mg/
L
Nitzschia
linearis
120
hrs
TLm
=
1,337
ppm
Chlorella
vulgaris
3­
4
months
NOEC
=
600
mg/
L
4.4
Toxicity
to
Bacteria
See
Appendix
B
results*
4.5.1
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Fish
See
Appendix
B
results*
4.5.2
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Invertebrates
See
Appendix
B
results*
4.6.2
Toxicity
to
Terrestrial
Plants
See
Appendix
B
results*
4.6.3
Toxicity
to
Other
Non­
Mammalian
Terrestrial
Species
See
Appendix
B
results*

*
See
Appendix
B
results
for
data
on
other
chemicals
in
the
salts
category.
3
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE
(
CAS
NO.
7447­
40­
7)
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
TOXICITY
5.1.1
Acute
Oral
Toxicity
Rat
LD50
=
2,600
mg/
kg
bw
Mouse
LD50
=
1,500
mg/
kg
bw
5.1.2
Acute
Inhalation
Toxicity
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.1.3
Acute
Dermal
Toxicity
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.1.4
Acute
Toxicity,
Other
Routes
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.2.1
Skin
Irritation/
Corrosion
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.2.2
Eye
Irritation/
Corrosion
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.3
Skin
Sensitization
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.4
Repeated
Dose
Toxicity
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.5
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vitro
.
Gene
mutation
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Mitotic
recombination
NOAEL
=
300
mM
.
Chromosomal
aberration
Chinese
hamster
ovaries
See
text
Mouse
lymphoma
cells
Marginally
positive.
See
text
5.6
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vivo
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.7
Carcinogenicity
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.8
Toxicity
to
Reproduction
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.9
Developmental
Toxicity/
Teratogenicity
See
Appendix
B
results*
5.10
Additional
Information
Absorption
is
usually
complete
5.11
Human
Experience
See
text
1.8
Occupational
Exposure
Limits
TLV
as
inert
dust
15
mg/
m3
*
See
Appendix
B
results
for
data
on
other
chemicals
in
the
salts
category.
4
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
1.
GENERAL
INFORMATION
1.01
SUBSTANCE
INFORMATION
A.
CAS
number
7447­
40­
7
B.
Name
(
IUPAC
name)
Potassium
chloride
C.
Name
(
OECD
name)
Potassium
chloride
D.
CAS
Descriptor
Not
applicable
E.
EINECS
Number
231­
211­
8
F.
Molecular
Formula
KCl
G.
Structural
Formula
KCl
H.
Substance
Group
Not
applicable
I.
Substance
Remark
Not
applicable
J.
Molecular
Weight
74.5
1.02
OECD
INFORMATION
A.
Sponsor
Country
Not
applicable
B.
Lead
Organization
Name
of
Lead
Organization:
Not
applicable
C.
Name
of
Responder
Name:
Mr.
William
C.
Herz,
Director
of
Scientific
Programs
Address/
Phones:
The
Fertilizer
Institute
Union
Center
Plaza
820
First
Street,
NE,
Suite
430
Washington,
DC
20002
USA
Tel:
(
202)
962­
0490
Fax:
(
202)
962­
0577
5
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
1.1
GENERAL
SUBSTANCE
INFORMATION
A.
Type
of
Substance
element
[
];
inorganic
[
X];
natural
substance
[
];
organic
[
];
organometallic
[
];
petroleum
product
[
]

B.
Physical
State
(
at
20
°
C
and
1.013
hPa)

gaseous
[
];
liquid
[
];
solid
[
X]

C.
Purity
Potassium
chloride
is
guaranteed
to
have
at
least
60%
K2O,
which
is
about
a
95­
96%
purity.

1.2
SYNONYMS
Potassium
muriate
Potash
muriate
Muriate
of
potash
Potassium
monochloride
Dipotassium
dichloride
Potash
1.3
IMPURITIES
Remarks:
May
include
NaCl,
iron,
dolomite,
anhydrite
and
clay
1.4
ADDITIVES
Remarks:
May
include
anticaking
and
dedusting
agents.

1.5
QUANTITY
Remarks:
More
than
1
million
tonnes
per
annum
in
the
U.
S.
Total
world
production
in
1992
exceeded
24
million
tonnes,
representing
a
declining
trend
in
usage.
References:
1)
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.
2)
United
Nations
Industrial
Development
Organization
(
UNIDO)
and
International
Fertilizer
Development
Center
(
IFDC).
1998.
Fertilizer
Manual.
Kluwer
Academic
Publishers,
The
Netherlands.
6
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
1.6
LABELING
AND
CLASSIFICATION
Remarks:
No
specific
labeling
1.7
USE
PATTERN
A.
General
Type
of
Use:
Category:

(
a)
main
Wide
dispersive
use
industrial
Agricultural
industry
use
Fertilizer
(
b)
main
Nondispersive
use
industrial
Chemical
industry,
photographic
industry,
etc.
use
Used
in
chemical
synthesis,
photography,
food
additives,
chemical
intermediates,
pharmaceuticals,
medical
treatment
Remarks:
Over
95­
97%
of
the
world's
potash
(
potassium
chloride)
production
is
sold
to
improve
the
world's
food,
fiber,
and
other
farm
input.
Reference:
1)
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.
2)
United
Nations
Industrial
Development
Organization
(
UNIDO)
and
International
Fertilizer
Development
Center
(
IFDC).
1998.
Fertilizer
Manual.
Kluwer
Academic
Publishers,
The
Netherlands.

B.
Uses
in
Consumer
Products
Remarks:
Potassium
chloride
is
available
as
a
pharmaceutical
and
food
additive
in
many
forms
and
dosages.
It
is
administered
orally
or
intravenously
to
correct
and
maintain
normal
plasma
levels.
It
is
used
in
the
treatment
of
potassium
deficit,
and
diuretic
induced
and
other
causes
of
hypokalaemia.
References:
1)
Environmental
Chemicals
Data
Information
Network
(
ECDIN).
1999.
Potassium
chloride.
ECDIN
No.
0177929.
August.
http://
www.
ecdin.
etomep.
net.
2)
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.
7
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
3)
United
Nations
Industrial
Development
Organization
(
UNIDO)
and
International
Fertilizer
Development
Center
(
IFDC).
1998.
Fertilizer
Manual.
Kluwer
Academic
Publishers,
The
Netherlands.

1.8
OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURE
LIMIT
VALUE
Exposure
limit
value
Type:
OSHA
PEL
Value:
15
mg/
m3
total
dust;
5
mg/
m3
respirable
fraction.
Remark:
No
specific
limit
has
been
set,
however,
the
federal
OSHA
PEL
for
particulates
not
otherwise
regulated
applies
to
all
fertilizer
dusts.
Regulated
limits
may
vary
in
local
jurisdictions.

1.9
SOURCES
OF
EXPOSURE
Remarks:
Potassium
chloride
can
be
absorbed
into
the
body
by
inhalation
of
its
aerosol
and
by
ingestion,
although
significant
human
and
environmental
exposures
during
manufacture
are
unlikely
if
the
process
is
well
managed.
Engineering
controls
such
as
mechanical
ventilation,
process
or
personnel
enclosure,
control
of
process
conditions,
and
process
modifications
significantly
reduce
exposure.
Local
exhaust
(
ventilation)
control
as
close
to
the
point
of
generation
is
both
the
most
economical
and
safest
method
to
minimize
personnel
exposure
to
airborne
concentrations.
Personal
protective
equipment
recommended
for
use
with
all
chemicals
as
needed
includes
neoprene
or
nitrile
gloves,
dusk
masks
or
fume
hoods
as
appropriate,
chemical
safety
goggles,
and
impervious
apron,
sleeves
and
boots.
Field
exposure
to
workers
is
possible
when
handling
and
using
on
farms
as
a
fertilizer.
However,
fertilizers
are
applied
by
mechanical
spreaders,
which
reduces
contact
exposure.
Environmental
releases
are
controlled
at
the
manufacturing
plant.
Gaseous
emissions
are
low
due
to
use
of
scrubbers
and
liquid
effluent
is
recovered
as
much
as
possible.
Exposure
to
environmental
receptors
is
dependent
on
the
amount
used
as
fertilizer
on
fields,
the
climatic
conditions,
and
the
hydrological
conditions
of
the
area
of
application.
8
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
1.10
ADDITIONAL
REMARKS
A.
Options
for
disposal
Remarks:
Potassium
chloride
must
be
disposed
of
in
accordance
with
federal,
state
and
local
environmental
control
regulations.

2.
PHYSICAL­
CHEMICAL
DATA
2.1
MELTING
POINT
Value:
773
°
C;
771
°
C
Decomposition:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
Ambiguous
[
]
Sublimation:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
Ambiguous
[
]
Method:
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
References:
1)
Budavari,
S.
(
ed.).
Merck
Index.
12th
ed.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.
2)
Lide,
D.
R.
(
ed.).
1999.
CRC
Handbook
of
Chemistry
and
Physics.
80th
ed.
New
York:
CRC
Press.

2.2
BOILING
POINT
Value:
1420
°
C;
1500oC
Pressure:
at
1013
hPa
Decomposition:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
Ambiguous
[
X]
Method:
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
References:
1)
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.
2)
Lide,
D.
R.
(
ed.).
1999.
CRC
Handbook
of
Chemistry
and
Physics.
80th
ed.
New
York:
CRC
Press.

2.3
DENSITY
(
Relative
Density)

(
a)
Type:
Bulk
density
[
];
Density
[
X];
Relative
Density
[
]
Value:
1.98
g/
cm3
Method:
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
]
9
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
References:
1)
Budavari,
S.
(
ed.).
1996.
Merck
Index.
12th
ed.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.
2)
Lide,
D.
R.
(
ed.).
1999.
CRC
Handbook
of
Chemistry
and
Physics.
New
York
CRC
Press.

2.4
VAPOR
PRESSURE
Remarks:
No
data
available.

2.5
PARTITION
COEFFICIENT
logPow
Remarks:
No
data
available.

2.6
WATER
SOLUBILITY
A.
Solubility
Value:
347
g/
L;
357
g/
L;
567
g/
L
Temperature:
20;
25;
100
°
C
Description:
Miscible
[
];
Of
very
high
solubility
[
X];
Of
high
solubility
[
];
Soluble
[
];
Slightly
soluble
[
]
Of
low
solubility
[
];
Of
very
low
solubility
[
];
Not
soluble
[
]
Method:
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Remarks:
Insoluble
in
ether
and
acetone
References:
1)
Budavari,
S.
(
ed.).
1996.
Merck
Index.
12th
ed.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.
2)
Lide,
D.
R.
(
ed.)
1999.
CRC
Handbook
of
Chemistry
and
Physics.
New
York:
CRC
Press.

B.
pH
Value,
pKa
Value
pH
Value:
About
7
Concentration:
Saturated
aqueous
solution
Temperature:
15
°
C
Method:
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
References:
Budavari,
S.
(
ed.).
1996.
Merck
Index.
12th
ed.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.

2.7
FLASH
POINT
(
liquids)

Value:
Remarks:
Not
applicable.
10
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
References:
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.

2.8
AUTO
FLAMMABILITY
(
solid/
gases)

Remarks:
Not
flammable.
References:
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.

2.9
FLAMMABILITY
Remarks:
Not
flammable.
References:
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.

2.10
EXPLOSIVE
PROPERTIES
Remarks:
Not
explosive.
References:
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.

2.11
OXIDIZING
PROPERTIES
Remarks:
No
oxidizing
properties.
References:
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.

2.12
OXIDATION:
REDUCTION
POTENTIAL
Remarks:
Not
an
oxidizer
3.
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
AND
PATHWAYS
3.1
STABILITY
11
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
3.1.1
PHOTODEGRADATION
Remarks:
No
data
available.

3.1.2
STABILITY
IN
WATER
Remarks:
Can
persist
in
natural
water.
References:
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.

3.1.3
STABILITY
IN
SOIL
Remarks:
The
potassium
from
fertilizers
may
become
ion
exchanged
with
clays
or
organic
matter
near
the
surface
and
thus
may
not
be
very
mobile.
References:
United
Nations
Industrial
Development
Organization
(
UNIDO)
and
International
Fertilizer
Development
Center
(
IFDC).
1998.
Fertilizer
Manual.
Kluwer
Academic
Publishers,
The
Netherlands.

3.2
MONITORING
DATA
(
ENVIRONMENTAL)

Remarks:
No
data
available.

3.3
TRANSPORT
AND
DISTRIBUTION
BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENTAL
COMPARTMENTS
INCLUDING
ESTIMATED
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCENTRATIONS
AND
DISTRIBUTION
PATHWAYS
3.3.1
TRANSPORT
Method:
Fugacity
Level
III
(
Mackay
type)
Mass
Distribution
by
Environmental
Compartment:
Air
1.51
x
10­
8%
Water
45.2%
Soil
54.7%
Sediment
0.0755%
References:
USEPA.
2000.
EPISUITE
Estimation
Program
V.
3.10.
US
Environmental
Protection
Agency.

3.3.2
THEORETICAL
DISTRIBUTION
(
FUGACITY
CALCULATION)

Remarks:
No
data
available.
12
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
3.4
IDENTIFICATION
OF
MAIN
MODE
OF
DEGRADABILITY
IN
ACTUAL
USE
Remarks:
No
data
available.

3.5
BIODEGRADATION
Remarks:
No
data
available.

3.6
BOD5,
COD
OR
RATIO
BOD5/
COD
Remarks:
No
data
available.

3.7
BIOACCUMULATION
Remarks:
No
data
available.

4.
ECOTOXICITY
4.1
ACUTE/
PROLONGED
TOXICITY
TO
FISH
(
a)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
];
Semi­
static
[
];
Flow­
through
[
X];
Opensystem
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Lepomis
macrochirus
(
bluegill)
Exposure
period:
96­
hours
Results:
LC50
=
2,010
mg
KCl/
L
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
?
[
]
Method:
Five­
gallon
jars
were
placed
in
a
constant
temperature
tank
(
20
°
C).
Each
chemical
was
pipetted
into
5
gallons
of
distilled
water.
The
volume
was
raised
to
20.4
L.
Ten
fish
were
placed
in
each
container
and
tests
were
run
in
duplicate
for
every
concentration.
Concentrations
ranged
from
1,661
to
2,200
mg
KCl/
L.
The
pH
for
the
various
concentrations
ranged
from
7.1
to
9.37.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Analytical
or
reagent
grade
potassium
chloride
(
KCl).
Remarks:
No
fish
died
at
1,661
mg
KCl/
L.
At
1,911
mg
KCl/
L,
the
average
survival
rate
was
90%
at
72­
and
96­
h.
At
2,200
mg
KCl/
L
and
96­
h,
there
was
100%
mortality.
References:
Trama,
F.
B.
1954.
The
acute
toxicity
for
some
common
salts
of
sodium,
potassium
and
calcium
to
the
common
bluegill.
Proc.
Acad.
Nat.
Sci.
Philadelphia
106:
185­
205.
13
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
(
b)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
X];
Semi­
static
[
];
flow­
through
[
];
Opensystem
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Lepomis
macrochirus
(
bluegill)
Exposure
period:
96­
hours
Results:
TLm
=
2,010
ppm
KCl
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
?
[
X]
Method:
Fish
tests
were
performed
in
18­
L
of
various
potassium
chloride
concentrations
at
18
°
C.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
ACS
grade
potassium
chloride
(
KCl)
Remarks:
Bluegill
were
less
sensitive
to
potassium
chloride
than
were
diatoms
or
snails.
References:
Patrick,
R.,
Cairns,
Jr.,
J.,
and
Scheier,
A.
1968.
The
relative
sensitivity
of
diatoms,
snails,
and
fish
to
twenty
common
constituents
of
industrial
wastes.
The
Progressive
Fish­
Culturist
30(
3):
137­
140.

4.2
ACUTE
TOXICITY
TO
AQUATIC
INVERTEBRATES
A.
Daphnia
(
a)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
];
Semi­
static
[
];
flow­
through
[
];
Opensystem
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Daphnia
magna
Exposure
period:
48­
hours
Results:
TLm
(
university
lake
water)
=
337
mg
KCl/
L
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
?
[
X]
Method:
Bioassays
were
conducted
with
methods
of
Anderson,
B.
G.
et
al.
1948.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
(
KCl)
References:
1)
Dowden,
B.
F.
and
Bennett,
H.
J.
1965.
Toxicity
of
selected
chemicals
to
certain
animals.
J.
Water
Pollut.
Contrl
Fed.
37(
9):
1308­
1316.
2)
Anderson,
B.
G.,
Andrews,
T.
F.,
Chandler,
D.
G.,
and
Jahoda,
W.
J.
1948.
The
Evaluation
of
Aquatic
Invertebrates
as
Assay
Organisms
for
the
Determination
of
the
Toxicity
of
Industrial
Wastes.
Report
of
the
Ohio
State
University
Research
Foundation
to
the
American
Petroleum
Institute,
New
York.

(
b)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
X];
Semi­
static
[
];
flow­
through
[
];
Opensystem
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Daphnia
magna
Exposure
period:
48­
hours
Results:
EC50
=
825
mg/
L
14
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
?
[
]
Method:
DIN
38412
Part
II
(
1982)
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
(
KCl)
Reference:
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.

B.
Other
aquatic
organisms
Type
of
test:
Static
[
X];
Semi­
static
[
];
Flow­
through
[
];
Opensystem
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Physa
heterostropha
(
freshwater
gastropod
snail)
Exposure
period:
96
hours
Results:
LC50
=
940
mg/
L
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
X];
?
[
]
Method:
Snails
were
exposed
to
a
graded
series
of
concentrations
for
96
hours.
Test
volumes
were
l
L
and
the
temperature
was
maintained
at
20+/­
2oC.
The
diluent
was
soft
reconstituted
laboratory
water.
Test
concentrations
were
nominal.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
?
[
]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
(
KCl)
References:
Patrick,
R.,
Cairns,
Jr.,
J.,
and
Scheier,
A.
1968.
The
relative
sensitivity
of
diatoms,
snails,
and
fish
to
twenty
common
constituents
of
industrial
wastes.
The
Progressive
Fish­
Culturist
30(
3):
137­
140.

4.3
TOXICITY
TO
AQUATIC
PLANTS,
e.
g.
algae
(
a)
Type
of
test:
Static
[
X];
Semi­
static
[
];
Flow­
through
[
];
Opensystem
[
X];
Closed­
system
[
]
Species:
Nitzschia
linearis
(
diatom)
Exposure
period:
5­
days
Results:
TLm
(
120­
h)
=
1,337
ppm
KCl
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
];
?
[
X]
Method:
Diatoms
were
placed
in
150­
mL
flasks
with
varying
potassium
chloride
concentrations,
and
the
number
of
cells
produced
at
the
end
of
a
5­
d
growth
period
were
compared.
A
50%
reduction
in
the
number
of
cells
produced
was
regarded
as
equivalent
to
the
TLm
for
fish.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
(
KCl)
Remarks:
Diatoms
were
more
sensitive
to
potassium
chloride
than
were
bluegill,
but
less
sensitive
than
were
snails.
References:
Patrick,
R.,
Cairns,
Jr.,
J.,
and
Scheier,
A.
1968.
The
relative
sensitivity
of
diatoms,
snails,
and
fish
to
twenty
common
constituents
of
industrial
wastes.
The
Progressive
Fish­
Culturist
30(
3):
137­
140.
15
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
(
b)
Species:
Scenedesmus
subspicatus
Endpoint:
Biomass
[
X];
Growth
rate
[
];
Other
[
]
Exposure
period:
72
hours
Results:
EC50
=
2500
mg/
L
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
X];
No
[
];
?
[
]
Method:
DIN
38412
Part
33
(
1991)
Chlorophyll
fluorescence
test
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
(
KCl)
Reference:
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.

(
c)
Species:
Chlorella
vulgaris
(
green
algae)
Endpoint:
Biomass
[
];
Growth
rate
[
X];
Other
[
]
Exposure
period:
3­
4
months
Results:
NOEL
=
600
mg
KCl/
L
LOEL
=
670
mg
KCl/
L
Analytical
monitoring:
Yes
[
];
No
[
X];
?
[
]
Method:
A
mineral
medium
at
pH
just
below
7
was
used
for
each
experiment.
Fifty
mL
of
the
medium
was
put
in
each
150­
mL
flask.
The
medium
was
supplemented
with
1­
30%
KCl.
Cultivation
took
place
at
room
temperature
in
daylight
and
observations
were
made
until
the
cultures
were
3
to
4
months
old.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
?
[
]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
(
KCl)
Remarks:
Potassium
was
well
tolerated
in
the
form
of
potassium
chloride.
References:
De
Jong,
L.
E.
D.
D.
1965.
Tolerance
of
Chlorella
vulgaris
for
metallic
and
non­
metallic
ions.
Antoine
van
Leeuwenhoek
31:
301­
313.

4.4
TOXICITY
TO
BACTERIA
Remarks:
No
data
available.

4.5
CHRONIC
TOXICITY
TO
AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
4.5.1
CHRONIC
TOXICITY
TO
FISH
Remarks:
No
data
available.
16
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
4.5.2
CHRONIC
TOXICITY
TO
AQUATIC
INVERTEBRATES
Remarks:
No
data
available.

4.6
TOXICITY
TO
TERRESTRIAL
ORGANISMS
4.6.1
TOXICITY
TO
SOIL
DWELLING
ORGANISMS
Remarks:
No
data
available.

4.6.2
TOXICITY
TO
TERRESTRIAL
PLANTS
Remarks:
No
data
available.

4.6.3
TOXICITY
TO
OTHER
NON
MAMMALIAN
TERRESTRIAL
SPECIES
(
INCLUDING
AVIAN)

Remarks:
No
data
available.

4.7
BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
MONITORING
(
INCLUDING
BIOMAGNIFICATION)

Remarks:
No
data
available.

4.8
BIOTRANSFORMATION
AND
KINETICS
Remarks:
The
function
of
potassium
in
plant
metabolism
is
different
from
that
of
the
other
major
nutrients.
The
other
nutrients
(
N,
P)
become
part
of
the
plant
structure,
but
potassium
largely
remains
as
an
ion
in
the
cells
and
sap.
The
function
of
potassium
is
to
help
control
the
plant's
water
intake
and
metabolism.
Potash
is
as
vital
to
the
plant
as
the
other
fertilizers
and
is
removed
from
the
soil
in
the
same
manner.
For
these
reasons
fertilization
with
potash
is
somewhat
more
complex
than
with
the
other
nutrients.
Some
of
the
specific
effects
of
potash
are
to
increase
root
growth;
improve
drought
resistance
by
reducing
water
loss,
wilting,
and
respiration
(
maintaining
"
turgor");
and
also
lower
the
plant's
energy
losses.
Potash
helps
form
cellulose
and
reduce
lodging,
enhances
many
enzyme
actions,
aids
in
photosynthesis
and
food
formation,
helps
in
the
translocation
of
sugars
and
starch,
helps
increase
the
starch
and/
or
protein
content
of
plants,
and
helps
retard
17
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
crop
diseases.
It
is
sometimes
called
the
"
quality"
nutrient
because
of
these
many
beneficial
functions.
To
attain
maximum
effectiveness,
primary
nutrients
must
be
supplied
to
crops
in
essentially
the
same
proportions
as
they
exist
in
most
plant
life,
where
the
ratio
of
nitrogen
to
potassium
is
about
2:
1.
Thus,
among
the
commercial
fertilizers,
about
one­
half
as
much
potash
is
used
as
nitrogen,
except
when
soil
is
capable
of
supplying
potash.
Thus,
the
ever­
increasing
use
of
nitrogen
fertilizer
necessitates
the
proportional
application
of
potash.
References:
United
Nations
Industrial
Development
Organization
(
UNIDO)
and
International
Fertilizer
Development
Center
(
IFDC).
1998.
Fertilizer
Manual.
Kluwer
Academic
Publishers,
The
Netherlands.

5.
TOXICITY
5.1
ACUTE
TOXICITY
5.1.1
ACUTE
ORAL
TOXICITY
(
a)
Type:
LD0
[
];
LD100
[
];
LD50
[
X];
LDL0
[
];
Other
[
]
Species/
strain:
Rat
Exposure
time:
Not
reported
Value:
2600
mg/
kg
bw.
Method:
Not
described
(
1972)
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
?
[
]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
Remarks:
Summary
of
data
from
Russian
journal
References:
1)
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.
2)
Registry
of
Toxic
Effects
of
Chemical
Substances
(
RTECS).
1999.
Potassium
Chloride.

(
b)
Type:
LD0
[
];
LD100
[
];
LD50
[
X];
LDL0
[
];
Other
[
]
Species:
Mouse
Exposure
time:
Not
reported
Value:
1500
mg/
kg
bw.
Method:
Not
described
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
Remarks:
Summary
of
data
from
Japanese
journal
Reference:
Lyakuhin
Kenkyu
21:
257
(
1990)
(
cited
in
RTECS).
18
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
5.1.2
ACUTE
INHALATION
TOXICITY
Remarks:
No
data
available.

5.1.3
ACUTE
DERMAL
TOXICITY
Remarks:
No
data
available.

5.1.4
ACUTE
TOXICITY
BY
OTHER
ROUTES
OF
ADMINISTRATION
Remarks:
No
data
available.

5.2
CORROSIVENESS/
IRRITATION
5.2.1
SKIN
IRRITATION/
CORROSION
Remarks:
No
data
available.

5.2.2
EYE
IRRITATION/
CORROSION
Remarks:
No
data
available.

5.3
SKIN
SENSITIZATION
Remarks:
No
data
available.

5.4
REPEATED
DOSE
TOXICITY
Remarks:
No
data
available.

5.5
GENETIC
TOXICITY
IN
VITRO
A.
Bacterial
Test
(
a)
Type:
Mitotic
recombination
System
of
testing:
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Concentration:
0,
10,
50,
100,
200,
300,
400
mM
KCl/
L
Method:
Strain
DIS13
of
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
were
used
in
the
experiment.
The
phenotypes
of
96
colonies
per
dose
were
analyzed
with
every
treatment
repeated
at
least
19
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
twice.
Experimental
concentrations
were
0,
10,
50,
100,
200,
300,
and
400
mM
potassium
chloride.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
?
[
]
Test
substance:
Analytical
grade
potassium
chloride
(
KCl)
Remarks:
Potassium
chloride
disturbed
the
fidelity
of
the
meiotic
process
at
concentration
>
300
mM.
It
also
produced
a
clear
increase
in
the
diploid
spore
frequency.
Low
concentrations
of
potassium
chloride
stimulated
the
sporulation
process
and
seemed
to
improve
the
accuracy
of
chromosomal
disjunction,
resulting
in
a
decreased
frequency
of
disomic
spores.
References:
Sora,
S.,
Carbone,
M.
L.
A.,
Pacciarini,
M.,
and
Magni,
G.
E.
1986.
Disomic
and
diploid
meiotic
products
induced
in
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
by
the
salts
of
27
elements.
Mutagenesis.
1(
1):
21­
28.

B.
Non­
bacterial
in
vitro
test
(
a)
Type:
Chromosome
aberrations
and
sister
chromatid
exchange
System
of
testing:
Chinese
hamster
V79
cells
Concentration:
0,
2,000,
8,000,
and
12,000
µ
g
KCl/
mL
Results:
Chromatid
aberrations
(
gaps;
0
µ
g
KCl/
mL)
=
1
Chromatid
aberrations
(
gaps;
2,000
µ
g
KCl/
mL)
=
9
Chromatid
aberrations
(
gaps;
8,000
µ
g
KCl/
mL)
=
5
Chromatid
aberrations
(
gaps;
12,000
µ
g
KCl/
mL)
=
14
Method:
For
the
chromosome
aberration
test,
V79
cells
were
treated
with
potassium
chloride
for
3­
h.
The
cells
were
then
cultured
in
normal
medium
for
24­
h.
For
the
sister
chromatid
study,
after
treatment
in
potassium
chloride
for
30­
h,
the
cells
were
cultured
for
two
rounds
of
replication.
To
measure
initial
cell
survival,
200
cells
were
plated.
Five
dishes
were
used
for
each
dose
and
they
were
stained
on
days
7­
8.
To
determine
mutation
induction,
cells
were
cultured
for
7­
9
days.
Ten
dishes
were
used
for
each
dose.
Cells
were
exposed
to
0,
2,000,
8,000,
and
12,000
µ
g
KCl/
mL.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
X]
?
[
]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
(
KC1)
Remarks:
KCl
was
used
to
determine
if
sister
chromatid
exchangeinducing
and/
or
mutagenic
effects
might
be
caused
by
a
high
osmotic
pressure.
At
12,000
µ
g
KCl/
mL,
there
was
significant
increase
in
aberrant
cells.
No
metaphases
in
the
second
cycle
were
observed,
even
at
12,000
µ
g
KCl/
mL.
References:
Hasegawa,
M.
M.,
Nishi,
Y.,
Ohkawa,
Y.,
and
Inui,
N.
1984.
Effects
of
sorbic
acid
and
its
salts
on
chromosome
aberrations,
sister
chromatid
exchanges
and
gene
mutations
in
cultured
Chinese
hamster
cells.
Fd.
Chem.
Toxic.
22(
7):
501­
507.
20
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
(
b)
Type:
Chromosome
aberrations
and
sister
chromatid
exchanges
System
of
testing:
Chinese
hamster
ovary
cells
(
clone
WBL)
Concentration:
0,
8.88,
9.62,
10.4,
11.1,
11.8,
mg/
mL
KCl
Results:
LC50
(
4­
hours)
=
535
mOsm/
kg
H2O
Method:
Chinese
hamster
ovary
cells
were
treated
at
37oC
for
4­
h
and
were
reincubated
for
6­
d
for
survival
tests.
To
test
for
sister
chromatid
exchange
(
SCE),
cells
were
treated
with
75
mM
KCl.
The
chromosome
aberration
analysis
used
mitotic
cells
that
were
harvested
16­
or
24­
h
after
the
beginning
of
treatment
for
4­
h
in
hyperosmotic
medium.
These
experiments
were
done
2
to
5
minutes.
To
test
DNA
strand
breaks,
cells
were
treated
with
hyperosmotic
medium
for
4­
h.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
(
KCl)
Remarks:
Small
increases
in
sister
chromatid
exchanges
were
found
as
toxicity
and
very
marked
cell
cycle
delay.
Few
cells
had
completed
2
cycles
even
at
32­
h.
Longer
exposures
(
29­
32)
did
not
enhance
the
increases.
Potassium
chloride
induced
aberrations
at
10.4
mg
KCl/
mL.
There
were
increases
in
single­
stranded
DNA
breaks
in
potassium
chloride.
References:
Galloway,
S.
M.,
Deasy,
D.
A.,
Bean,
C.
L.,
Kraynak,
A.
R.,
Armstrong,
M.
J.
and
Bradley,
M.
O.
1987.
Effects
of
high
osmotic
strength
on
chromosome
aberrations,
sister­
chromatid
exchanges
and
DNA
strand
breaks,
and
the
relation
to
toxicity.
Mutation
Research.
198:
15­
25.

(
c)
Type:
Mouse
lymphoma
cells
Results:
See
remarks
Method:
Potassium
chloride
was
tested
to
5,000
µ
g/
mL
in
the
absence
of
S9.
This
study
used
TK+/­
L5178Y
mouse
lymphoma
cells,
clone
3.7.2C.
Cultures
of
6x106
cells
in
10
mL
medium
or
in
10
mL
medium
containing
a
mixture
of
S9,
NADP,
and
sodium
isocitrate
in
F0
medium
were
exposed
to
a
series
of
concentrations
of
potassium
chloride
for
4­
h
and
then
grown
for
2­
d
for
mutant
expression.
Eleven
to
twelve
days
after
cloning,
colonies
on
plates
were
counted.
Triplicate
cultures
were
included
for
every
tested
concentration,
including
solvent
and
positive
controls.
GLP:
Yes
[
]
No
[
]
?
[
X]
Test
substance:
Potassium
chloride
(
KCl)
Remarks:
No
mutagenicity
and
only
slight
cytotoxicity
were
observed
in
the
first
experiment,
in
which
potassium
chloride
was
nontoxic
and
the
response
was
negative.
A
slight
depression
in
RTG
was
observed
in
the
second
experiment,
but
mutant
frequency
was
increased
approximately
2.5­
fold
over
a
concentration
range
of
21
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
1,049­
3,200
µ
g/
mL.
Cytotoxicity,
with
no
mutagenicity,
was
observed
in
the
third
experiment
and
evaluated
as
positive.
Potassium
chloride
was
also
tested
in
the
presence
of
S9.
The
first
experiment
in
the
presence
of
induced
S9
was
negative.
RTG
decreased
with
increasing
concentrations
to
4,000
µ
g/
mL,
but
no
mutagenicity
was
observed.
The
second
experiment
was
marginally
positive
with
a
two­
fold
increase
at
4,000
µ
g/
mL
and
a
2.5­
fold
increase
at
5,000
µ
g/
mL.
Finally,
a
third
experiment
yielded
a
concentration­
dependent
increase
in
mutant
frequency
and
was
evaluated
as
positive.
References:
Mitchell,
A.
D.,
Rudd,
C.
J.,
and
Caspary,
W.
J.
1988.
Evaluation
of
the
L5178Y
mouse
lymphoma
cell
mutagenesis
assay:
intralaboratory
results
for
sixty­
three
coded
chemicals
tested
at
SRI
International.
Environmental
and
Molecular
Mutagenesis.
12(
Supp.
13):
37­
101.

5.6
GENETIC
TOXICITY
IN
VIVO
Remarks:
No
data
available.

5.7
CARCINOGENICITY
Remarks:
No
data
available.

5.8
TOXICITY
TO
REPRODUCTION
Remarks:
No
data
available.

5.9
DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXICITY/
TERATOGENICITY
Remarks:
No
data
available.
22
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
5.10
OTHER
RELEVANT
INFORMATION
Remarks:
The
absorption
of
potassium
is
usually
complete.
An
isolated
dietary
deficiency
is
unusual
because
of
its
ubiquitous
occurrence
in
foods,
but
in
malnutrition
hypokalaemia
is
common.
Potassium
is
excreted
largely
by
the
kidneys,
although
10%
is
excreted
by
the
colonic
mucosa.
Excretion
in
the
urine
is
rapid.
Reference:
Environmental
Chemicals
Data
Information
Network
(
ECDIN).
1999.
Potassium
chloride.
ECDIN
No.
0177929.
August.
http://
www.
ecdin.
etomep.
net.

5.11
EXPERIENCE
WITH
HUMAN
EXPOSURE
(
a)
Remarks:
Large
doses
by
mouth
can
cause
GI
irritation,
purging,
weakness
and
circulatory
disturbances.
Reference:
Budavari,
S.
(
ed.)
1996.
Merck
Index.
12th
ed.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.

(
b)
Remarks:
Potassium
chloride
used
as
a
dietary
supplement
in
food
for
human
consumption
is
generally
recognized
as
safe
(
GRAS).
Reference:
21
CFR
182.5622,
as
cited
in
Hazardous
Substance
Data
Bank
(
HSDB),
Feb.
2,
1999.

6.
REFERENCES
21
CFR
182.5622,
as
cited
in
Hazardous
Substance
Data
Bank
(
HSDB),
Feb.
2,
1999.

Anderson,
B.
G.,
Andrews,
T.
F.,
Chandler,
D.
G.
and
Jahoda,
W.
J.
1948.
The
Evaluation
of
Aquatic
Invertebrates
as
Assay
Organisms
for
the
Determination
of
the
Toxicity
of
Industrial
Wastes.
Report
of
the
Ohio
State
University
Research
Foundation
to
the
American
Petroleum
Institute,
New
York.

Budavari,
S.
(
ed.).
Merck
Index.
12th
ed.
Whitehouse
Station:
Merck
Research
Laboratories.

De
Jong,
L.
E.
D.
D.
1965.
Tolerance
of
Chlorella
vulgaris
for
metallic
and
non­
metallic
ions.
Antoine
van
Leeuwenhoek.
31:
301­
313.

Dowden,
B.
F.
and
Bennett,
H.
J.
1965.
Toxicity
of
selected
chemicals
to
certain
animals.
J.
Water
Pollut.
Contrl
Fed.
37(
9):
1308­
1316.

Environmental
Chemicals
Data
Information
Network
(
ECDIN).
1999.
Potassium
chloride.
ECDIN
No.
0177929.
August.
http://
www.
ecdin.
etomep.
net.
23
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
European
Commission.
2000.
Potassium
chloride.
International
Uniform
Chemical
Information
Database.
Year
2000
CD­
ROM
edition.

Galloway,
S.
M.,
Deasy,
D.
A.,
Bean,
C.
L.,
Kraynak,
A.
R.,
Armstrong,
M.
J.
and
Bradley,
M.
O.
1987.
Effects
of
high
osmotic
strength
on
chromosome
aberrations,
sisterchromatid
exchanges
and
DNA
strand
breaks,
and
the
relation
to
toxicity.
Mutation
Research.
198:
15­
25.

Hasegawa,
M.
M.,
Nishi,
Y.,
Ohkawa,
Y.
and
Inui,
N.
1984.
Effects
of
sorbic
acid
and
its
salts
on
chromosome
aberrations,
sister
chromatid
exchanges
and
gene
mutations
in
cultured
Chinese
hamster
cells.
Fd.
Chem.
Toxic.
22(
7):
501­
507.

Lide,
D.
R.
Ed.
CRC
Handbook
of
Chem.
&
Physics,
80th
Ed.
1999­
2000.

Lyakuhin
Kenkyu
21:
257
(
1990)
(
cited
in
RTECS).

Mitchell,
A.
D.,
Rudd,
C.
J.
and
Caspary,
W.
J.
1988.
Evaluation
of
the
L5178Y
mouse
lymphoma
cell
mutagenesis
assay:
intralaboratory
results
for
sixty­
three
coded
chemicals
tested
at
SRI
International.
Environmental
and
Molecular
Mutagenesis.
12(
Supp.
13):
37­
101.

Patrick,
R.,
Cairns,
Jr.,
J.
and
Scheier,
A.
1968.
The
relative
sensitivity
of
diatoms,
snails,
and
fish
to
twenty
common
constituents
of
industrial
wastes.
The
Progressive
Fish­
Culturist.
30(
3):
137­
140.

Registry
of
Toxic
Effects
of
Chemical
Substances
(
RTECS).
1999.
Potassium
Chloride.

Sora,
S.,
Carbone,
M.
L.
A.,
Pacciarini,
M.,
and
Magni,
G.
E.
1986.
Disomic
and
diploid
meiotic
products
induced
in
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
by
the
salts
of
27
elements.
Mutagenesis.
1(
1):
21­
28.

Trama,
F.
B.
1954.
The
acute
toxicity
for
some
common
salts
of
sodium,
potassium
and
calcium
to
the
common
bluegill.
Proc.
Acad.
Nat.
Sci.
Philadelphia.
106:
185­
205.

United
Nations
Industrial
Development
Organization
(
UNIDO)
and
International
Fertilizer
Development
Center
(
IFDC).
1998.
Fertilizer
Manual.
Kluwer
Academic
Publishers,
The
Netherlands.

USEPA.
2000.
EPISUITE
Estimation
Program
V.
3.10.
US
Environmental
Protection
Agency.
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
APPENDIX
A
 
SIDS
Data
Availability
Summary
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Explanation
of
Appendix
A
Appendix
A
is
a
SIDS
Data
Summary
table
that
provides
an
overview
of
availability
and
quality
of
the
data
used
in
this
Health
and
Environmental
Safety
Data
Summary
for
Potassium
Chloride.
Y
(
Yes)
and
N
(
No)
designations
indicate
whether
data
are
available
that
meet
the
criteria
for
each
column.
The
columns
are
described
as:

Information:
Data
exist
that
were
useful
for
describing
the
data
element.
These
data
may
be
from
standard
laboratory
tests
or
from
generally
recognized
published
sources
or
professional
experience.

OECD
Study:
The
data
were
developed
using
standard
OECD
or
essentially
similar
(
e.
g.,
EPA
harmonized
protocols)
guidelines.

GLP:
The
data
were
developed
under
standard
Good
Laboratory
Practice
provisions.
These
generally
represent
the
highest
quality
data.

Other
Study:
Studies
were
conducted
that
could
not
be
definitively
identified
as
following
OECD
or
GLP
protocols.
These
studies
were
included
when
they
were
determined
to
be
of
adequate
quality
and
provided
relevant
information
to
the
characterization
of
the
compound.

Estimation
Method:
In
some
cases,
data
may
be
estimated
using
established
structure
activity
relationships.
These
methods
are
common
for
physical­
chemical
parameters
such
as
octanolwater
partition
coefficients
and
water
solubility.

Acceptable:
This
column
indicates
whether
the
data
are
deemed
acceptable
by
standard
acceptability
criteria
and
professional
judgment.
Only
the
data
meeting
adequacy
standards
are
included
in
this
summary
document.

SIDS
Testing
Recommended:
This
column
indicates
whether
additional
testing
is
recommended
based
on
an
evaluation
of
the
available
data
summarized
in
this
document.
It
is
generally
not
necessary
to
fill
all
of
the
apparent
data
gaps
in
order
to
adequately
characterize
the
inherent
hazard
of
chemicals.
Information
from
other
data
elements
and
from
other
chemicals
in
the
category,
along
with
professional
judgment,
are
useful
in
the
final
determination
of
the
need
for
further
testing.
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
SIDS
DATA
AVAILABILITY
SUMMARY
DATE:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
No
7447­
40­
7
Information
OECD
Study
GLP
Other
Study
Estimated
Method
Acceptable
SIDS
Testing
Recommended
STUDY
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
PHYSICAL­
CHEMICAL
DATA
2.1
Melting
Point
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
2.2
Boiling
Point
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
2.3
Density
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
2.4
Vapor
Pressure
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
2.5
Partition
Coefficient
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
2.6
Water
Solubility
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
pH
and
pKa
Values
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
2.8
Auto
Flammability
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
2.9
Flammability
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
2.10
Explosive
Properties
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
2.11
Oxidizing
Properties
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
2.12
Oxidation:
Reduction
Potential
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
OTHER
P/
C
STUDIES
RECEIVED
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
and
PATHWAY
3.1.1
Photodegradation
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
3.1.2
Stability
in
Water
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
3.1.3
Stability
in
Soil
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
3.2
Monitoring
Data
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
3.3.1
Transport
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
3.3.2
Distribution
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
3.5
Biodegradation
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
3.7
Bioaccumulation
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
OTHER
ENV
FATE
STUDIES
RECEIVED
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
ECOTOXICITY
4.1
Acute
Toxicity
to
Fish
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
4.2
Acute
Toxicity
to
Daphnia
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
4.3
Toxicity
to
Algae
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
4.4
Toxicity
to
Bacteria
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
4.5.1
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Fish
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
4.5.2
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Daphnia
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
4.6.1
Toxicity
to
Soil
Dwelling
Organisms
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
4.6.2
Toxicity
to
Terrestrial
Plants
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
4.6.3
Toxicity
to
Birds
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
OTHER
ECOTOXICITY
STUDIES
RECEIVED
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
No
7447­
40­
7
Information
OECD
Study
GLP
Other
Study
Estimated
Method
Acceptable
SIDS
Testing
Recommended
STUDY
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
Y/
N
TOXICITY
5.1.1
Acute
Oral
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
5.1.2
Acute
Inhalation
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
5.1.3
Acute
Dermal
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
5.1.4
Acute
Toxicity
by
other
Routes
of
Administration
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
5.2
Skin
and
Eye
Irritation
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
5.3
Skin
Sensitization
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
5.4
Repeated
Dose
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
5.5
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vitro
.
Gene
mutation
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
.
Chromosomal
aberration
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
5.6
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vivo
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
5.7
Carcinogenicity
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
5.8
Reproduction
Toxicity
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
5.9
Development/
Teratogenicity
N
N
N
N
N
­
N
5.11
Human
Experience
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
OTHER
TOXICITY
STUDIES
RECEIVED
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
APPENDIX
B
 
SIDS
Data
Summaries
for
the
Salt
Compounds
Category:
Calcium
Sulfate,
Potassium
Chloride,
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfate,
Potassium
Sulfate,
Potassium
Nitrate,
and
Potassium
Sodium
Nitrate
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Calcium
Sulfate
Potassium
Chloride
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
PHYSICAL­
CHEMICAL
DATA
2.1
Melting
Point
1,450
°
C
771­
773
°
C
972
°
C
2.2
Boiling
Point
Decomposes
1,420­
1,500
°
C
2.3
Density
2.31­
2.97
g/
mL
at
20­
25oC
1.98
g/
mL
2.4
Vapor
Pressure
2.5
Octanol/
Water
Partition
Coefficient
2.6A
Water
Solubility
2­
2.5
g/
L
at
20oC
347
g/
L
at
20
°
C
24.4%
at
25oC
2.6B
pH
and
pKa
values
2
g/
L
pH
=
7
About
7
7.04
in
5%

solution
2.7
Flash
Point
Not
applicable
Not
applicable
Not
applicable
2.8
Auto
Flammability
Not
flammable
Not
flammable
2.9
Flammability
Not
flammable
Not
flammable
2.10
Explosive
Properties
Not
explosive
Not
explosive
2.11
Oxidizing
Properties
Not
an
oxidizer
Not
an
oxidizer
2.12
Oxidation:

Reduction
Potential
Not
an
oxidizer
Not
an
oxidizer
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Calcium
Sulfate
Potassium
Chloride
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
and
PATHWAY
3.1.1
Photodegradation
3.1.2
Stability
in
Water
Dissociates
in
water
Ions
can
persist
3.1.3
Stability
in
Soil
See
text
Binds
to
clay
particles
3.3.2
Distribution
Calculated,

Fugacity
Level
III
1.1
x
10­
7%
to
air
45%
to
water
54.9%
to
soil
0.0755%
to
sediment
Calculated,

Fugacity
Level
III
1.51
x
10­
8%
to
air
45.2%
to
water
54.7%
to
soil
0.0755%
to
sediment
3.5
Biodegradation
3.7
Bioaccumulation
Does
not
bioaccumulate
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Calcium
Sulfate
Potassium
Chloride
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
ECOTOXICITY
4.1
Acute
toxicity
to
Fish
Pimephales
promelas
96
hrs
LC50
>
1,970
mg/
L
Lepomis
macrochirus
96
hrs
LC50
=
2,010
mg/
L
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
96
hrs
LC50
>
63.6
mg/
L
Lepomis
macrochirus
96
hrs
LC50
>
2,980
mg/
L
Daphnia
magna
EC50
=
337­
825
mg/
L
Gambusia
affinis
96
hrs
LC50
>
56,000
mg/
L
Physa
heterostropha
96
hrs
LC50
=
940
mg/
L
4.2
Acute
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Invertebrates
Daphnia
magna
48
hrs
EC50
=
1,970
mg/
L
Scenedesmus
subspicatus
EC50
=
2,500
mg/
L
4.3
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Plants
(
Algae)
Nitzschia
linearis
120
hrs
TLM
=
3,200
mg/
L
Nitzschia
linearis
120
hrs
TLm
=
1,337
ppm
Chlorella
vulgaris
3­
4
months
NOEC
=
600
mg/
L
4.4
Toxicity
to
Bacteria
4.5.1
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Fish
Salmo
irideus
28
days
NOEC
>
3,263
mg/
L
4.5.2
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Invertebrates
4.6.1
Toxicity
to
Soil
Dwelling
Organisms
4.6.2
Toxicity
to
Terrestrial
Plants
4.6.3
Toxicity
to
Other
Non­
Mammalian
Terrestrial
Species
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Calcium
Sulfate
Potassium
Chloride
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
TOXICITY
5.1.1
Acute
Oral
Toxicity
Rat
LD50
>
5,000
mg/
kg
bw
Rat
LD50
=
2,600
mg/
kg
bw
Rat
OECD
425
LD50
>
2,000
mg/
kg
bw
Mouse
LD50
>
4,052­

4,226
mg/
kg
bw
Mouse
LD50
=
1,500
mg/
kg
bw
5.1.2
Acute
Inhalation
See
text
5.1.3
Acute
Dermal
Toxicity
5.1.4
Acute
Toxicity,

Other
Routes
5.2.1
Skin
Irritation/

Corrosion
May
be
irritating
5.2.2
Eye
Irritation/

Corrosion
Not
irritating
5.3
Skin
Sensitization
5.4
Repeated
Dose
Hamster
Intratracheal;

2
yrs
LOAEL
=
10
mg/
animal
5.5
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vitro
.
Gene
mutation
Salmonella
typhimurium
OECD
471
Negative
Saccharo­

myces
cerevisiae
Mitotic
recombination
NOAEL
=
300
mM
.
Chromosomal
aberration
Chinese
hamster
ovaries
Negative
Mouse
lymphoma
cells
Marginally
positive.
See
text
5.7
Carcinogenicity
5.8
Toxicity
to
Reproduction
5.9
Development
Toxicity/
Teratogenicity
5.10
Additional
Information
Not
cytotoxic
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Calcium
Sulfate
Potassium
Chloride
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
5.11
Human
Experience
See
text
See
text
1.8
Occupational
Exposure
Limits
TLV
as
inert
dust
15
mg/
m3
TLV
as
inert
dust
15
mg/
m3
TLV
for
inert
dust
15
mg/
m3
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Potassium
Sulfate
Potassium
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
Nitrate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
PHYSICAL­
CHEMICAL
DATA
2.1
Melting
Point
1,069
°
C
344oC
2.2
Boiling
Point
1,689
°
C
400oC
at
760
mm
Hg
2.3
Density
2.66
g/
mL
at
20oC
2.109
g/
mL
at
16oC
2.4
Vapor
Pressure
EPISUITE
V.
3.10
1.39x10­
15
hPa
at
25oC
2.5
Octanol/
Water
Partition
Coefficient
EPISUITE
V.
3.10
­
0.79
at
25oC
2.6A
Water
Solubility
1,110
g/
L
at
20
°
C
357
g/
L
at
25oC
2.6B
pH
and
pKa
values
7
in
aqueous
solution
pH
~
7
at
25oC
2.7
Flash
Point
Not
applicable
Not
applicable
2.8
Auto
Flammability
Not
flammable
Not
flammable
2.9
Flammability
Not
flammable
Not
flammable
2.10
Explosive
Properties
Not
explosive
May
explode
on
contact
with
reducing
agents
and/
or
impact.

2.11
Oxidizing
Properties
Not
an
oxidizer
Strong
oxidizer
2.12
Oxidation:

Reduction
Potential
2.13A
Additional
data
See
text
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Potassium
Sulfate
Potassium
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
Nitrate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
and
PATHWAY
3.1.1
Photodegradation
Does
not
photodegrade
Does
not
photodegrade
3.1.2
Stability
in
Water
Stable
3.1.3
Stability
in
Soil
Stable
Stable
3.3.2
Distribution
Calculated,

Fugacity
Level
III
4.5
x
10­
9%
to
air
45.3%
to
water
54.6%
to
soil
0.0755%
to
sediment
Fugacity
Level
III
(
Mackay
type)
8.34x10­
9
%
to
air
45.3%
to
water
54.7%
to
soil
0.0755%
to
sediment
3.5
Biodegradation
Biodegradable
3.7
Bioaccumulation
Does
not
bioaccumulate
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Potassium
Sulfate
Potassium
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
Nitrate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
ECOTOXICITY
4.1
Acute
toxicity
to
Fish
Lepomis
macrochirus
96
hrs
LC50
=
3,550
mg/
L
Lepomis
macrochirus
96
hrs
LC50
=
1,839
mg
NO3/
L
Oncorhynchus
mykiss
96
hrs
LC50
>
98.9
mg/
L
Pimephales
promelas
96
hrs
LC50
=
680
mg/
L
4.2
Acute
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Invertebrates
Daphnia
magna
48
hrs
EC50
=
720­
890
mg/
L
Daphnia
magna
48
hrs
TLm
=
300
mg
NO3/
L
4.3
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Plants
(
Algae)
Scenedesmus
subspicatus
72
hrs
EC50
=
1,430­

2,900
mg/
L
See
text
4.4
Toxicity
to
Bacteria
4.5.1
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Fish
4.5.2
Chronic
Toxicity
to
Aquatic
Invertebrates
Nereis
grubei
Neanthes
arenaceodentata
Dorvilliea
articulata
Capitella
capita
TLm
=
327
mg
NO3/
L
TLm
=
496
mg
NO3/
L
TLm
=
880
mg
NO3/
L
TLm
=
713
mg
NO3/
L
4.6.1
Toxicity
to
Soil
Dwelling
Organisms
4.6.2
Toxicity
to
Terrestrial
Plants
See
text
4.6.3
Toxicity
to
Other
Non­
Mammalian
Terrestrial
Species
Turkey
poults
21
days
NOEC
>
1,000
mg/
L
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Potassium
Sulfate
Potassium
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
Nitrate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
TOXICITY
5.1.1
Acute
Oral
Toxicity
Rat
LD50
=
6,600
mg/
kg
bw
Rat
LD50
=
3,750
mg/
kg
bw
Rat
OECD
425
LD50
>
2,000
mg/
kg
bw
Rabbit
LD50
=
1,166
NO3/
kg
Cow,
Sheep
Lethal
dose
(
cow)

=
75­
140
mg
NO3
­
N/
kg
Lethal
dose
(
sheep)
=
70
mg
NO3
­
N/
kg
Goat
LD100
=
1,000­

1,500
mg/
kg
5.1.2
Acute
Inhalation
5.1.3
Acute
Dermal
Toxicity
Rat
OECD
402
LD50
>
5,000
mg/
kg
5.1.4
Acute
Toxicity,

Other
Routes
Guinea
pig
Subcutaneous
LDLO
=
3,000
mg/
kg
bw
5.2.1
Skin
Irritation/

Corrosion
5.2.2
Eye
Irritation/

Corrosion
5.3
Skin
Sensitization
5.4
Repeated
Dose
Rat
OECD
422
NOAEL
=
1,500
mg/
kg/
day
Rat
OECD
422
NOAEL
=
1,500
mg/
kg/
day
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Potassium
Sulfate
Potassium
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
Nitrate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
5.5
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vitro
.
Gene
mutation
Salmonella
typhimurium
OECD
471
Negative
Salmonella
typhimurium
Bacterial
reverse
mutation
assay
Negative
Bacillus
subtilis
recombination
assay
Negative
.
Chromosomal
aberration
Chinese
hamster
ovaries
OECD
473
Negative
5.6
Genetic
Toxicity
in
vivo
Rat
10
weeks
Negative
5.7
Carcinogenicity
5.8
Toxicity
to
Reproduction
Rat
OECD
422
NOAEL
=
1,500
mg/
kg/
day
Rat
OECD
422
NOAEL
=
1,500
mg/
kg/
day
Guinea
pig
One­
generation
study
NOAEL
Parental
=
10,000
ppm
NOAEL
F1
Offspring
=

10,000
ppm
Rat
Twogeneration
study
NOAEL
Parental
=
2.5%

5.9
Development
Toxicity/
Teratogenicity
Rat
OECD
422
NOAEL
=
1,500
mg/
kg/
day
Rat
OECD
422
NOAEL
=
1,500
mg/
kg/
day
Chicken
eggs
LD50
=
5.01
mg/
kg
Mouse
Oral;
10
day
exposure
NOAEL
>
400
mg/
kg
bw
5.10
Metabolism
and
Toxicokinetics
No
sensory
irritation
SIDS
DATA
SUMMARIES
FOR
THE
SALTS
CATEGORY
Date:
January
27,
2003
Potassium
Chloride
CAS
#
7447­
40­
7
Potassium
Sulfate
Potassium
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
Nitrate
DATA
ELEMENTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
SPECIES
PROTOCOL
RESULTS
5.11
Human
Experience
Large
doses
can
induce
vomiting
if
swallowed
See
text
1.8
Occupational
Exposure
Limits
TLV
as
inert
dust
15
mg/
m3
TLV
as
inert
dust
15
mg/
m3
