 

<EPA REGISTRATION DIVISION COMPANY NOTICE OF FILING FOR PESTICIDE
PETITIONS PUBLISHED IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER (3/4/2011)>

<EPA Registration Division contact: Laura Nollen, (703) 305-7390>

 

<Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR-4)>

<Petition Number 1E7853>

<	EPA has received a pesticide petition, 1E7853, from IR-4, 500 College
Road East, Suite 201 W, Princeton, NJ  08540 proposing, pursuant to
section 408(d) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21
U.S.C. 346a(d), to amend 40 CFR part 180.516 by establishing a tolerance
for residues of fludioxonil (4-(2,
2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile) in or on the
following raw agricultural commodities: acerola, at 5.0 parts per
million (ppm); atemoya, at 20 ppm; biriba, at 20 ppm; cherimoya, at 20
ppm; custard apple, at 20 ppm; feijoa, at 5.0 ppm; guava, at 5.0 ppm;
ilama, at 20 ppm; jaboticaba, at 5.0 ppm; passionfruit, at 5.0 ppm;
soursop, at 20 ppm; starfruit, at 5.0 ppm; sugar apple, at 20 ppm; wax
jambu, at 5.0 ppm; ginseng, at 3.0 ppm; onion, bulb subgroup 3-07A at
0.2 ppm; onion, green subgroup 3-07B, at 7.0 ppm; caneberry subgroup
13-07A, at 5.0 ppm; bushberry subgroup 13-07B, at 2.0 ppm; fruit, small
vine climbing, except fuzzy kiwifruit, subgroup 13-07F, at 1.0 ppm;
berry, low growing, subgroup 13-07G, except cranberry, at 2.0 ppm;
vegetable, fruiting, group 8-10, except tomato, at 0.7 ppm; fruit,
citrus, group 10-10, at 10 ppm; fruit, pome, group 11-10, at 5.0 ppm;
leafy greens subgroup 4A, at 30 ppm; potato, at 6.0 ppm; pineapple, at
8.0 ppm; and dragon fruit, at 1.0 ppm. >

<

	The petition additionally requests to amend 40 CFR part 180.516 by
revising the tolerance for residues of fludioxonil in or on the
following raw agricultural commodities: avocado, from 0.45 ppm to 5.0
ppm; sapote, black from 0.45 ppm to 5.0 ppm; canistel, from 0.45 ppm to
5.0 ppm; sapote, mamey from 0.45 ppm to 5.0 ppm; mango, from 0.45 ppm to
5.0 ppm; papaya, from 0.45 ppm to 5.0 ppm; sapodilla, from 0.45 ppm to
5.0 ppm; star apple, from 0.45 ppm to 5.0 ppm; longan, from 1.0 ppm to
20 ppm; lychee, from 1.0 ppm to 20 ppm; pulasan, from 1.0 ppm to 20 ppm;
rambutan, from 1.0 ppm to 20 ppm; Spanish lime, from 1.0 ppm to 20 ppm;
and tomato, from 0.50 ppm to 3.0 ppm.

Upon approval of the aforementioned tolerances, the petition finally
requests to amend 40 CFR 180.516 by removing the established tolerances
for residues of fludioxonil in or on the following raw agricultural
commodities: onion, bulb, at 0.2 ppm; onion, green, at 7.0 ppm;
caneberry subgroup 13A, at 5.0 ppm; bushberry subgroup 13B, at 2.0 ppm;
Juneberry, at 2.0 ppm; lingonberry, at 2.0 ppm; salal, at 2.0 ppm;
grape, at 1.0 ppm; strawberry, at 2.0 ppm; vegetable, fruiting, group 8,
at 0.01 ppm; tomatillo, at 0.50 ppm; fruit, citrus, group 10, at 10 ppm;
fruit, pome, group 11, at 5.0 ppm; and leafy greens subgroup 4A, except
spinach, at 30 ppm.

EPA has determined that the petition contains data or information
regarding the elements set forth in section 408 (d)(2) of  FDDCA;
however, EPA has not fully evaluated the sufficiency of the submitted
data at this time or whether the data supports granting of the petition.
Additional data may be needed before EPA rules on the petition.>

<A. Residue Chemistry>

<1. Plant metabolism.  The metabolism of fludioxonil is adequately
understood for the purpose of the proposed tolerances.  

>

<2. Analytical method. Syngenta has developed and validated analytical
methodology for enforcement purposes. This method (Syngenta Crop
Protection Method AG-597B) has passed an Agency petition method
validation for several commodities, and is currently the enforcement
method for fludioxonil. This method has also been forwarded to the Food
and Drug Administration for inclusion into PAM II. An extensive database
of method validation data using this method on various crop commodities
is available.    >

3. Magnitude of residues. Complete residue data to support the requested
tolerances have been submitted. The requested tolerances are adequately
supported.

In support of the requested tolerance, IR-4 has conducted the necessary
trials in accordance with the requirements of the EPA Residue Chemistry
Guidelines 860.1500 to determine the magnitude of residue of fludioxonil
in or on requested commodities. 

            

<B. Toxicological Profile

>

An assessment of toxic effects caused by fludioxonil is discussed in
Unit III. A. and Unit III. B. of the Federal Register published by EPA
dated August 2, 2002 (67 FR 50354) (FRL-7188-7) and is repeated in part
below.                        

Carcinogenic and Other Toxicity

<>

Study Type             	Results

Carcino-genicity rats      	NOAEL = 590 mg/kg/day (M) and 715 mg/kg/day
(F). LOAEL: 851 mg/kg/day (M) and 1,008 mg/kg/ day (F) based on reduced
survival (F), decreased body weights (M), bile duct hyperplasia (M) and
severe nephropathy(both sexes). No evidence of carcinogenicity.

In vivo Rat hepatocyte micronucleus assay                	Male rats were
orally dosed at 50, 250, and 1,250 mg/kg and hepatocytes were harvested.
There was no evidence of a significant increase in micronucleated
hepatocytes in treated groups in comparison to controls.

Unscheduled DNA synthesis assay  	There was no evidence that unscheduled
DNA synthesis, as determined by nuclear silver grain counts, was induced
in hepatocyte cultures obtained from male rats dosed at 2,500 or 5,000
mg/kg.



Summary of Toxicological Dose and Endpoints for Fludioxonil for Use in
Human Risk Assessment

Exposure Scenario       	Dose Used in Risk Assessment, UF               
      	FQPA SF and Level of Concern for Risk Assessment     	Study and
Toxicological Effects

Acute Dietary females 13-50 years of age                                
                            	NOAEL = 100 mg/kg/day 

UF = 100

Acute RfD = 1.0 mg/kg/day.                         	FQPA SF = 1X 

aPAD = acute RfD ÷ FQPA 

SF = 1.0 mg/kg/day.                           	Developmental Toxicity
Study – rat

Developmental LOAEL =1,000 mg/kg/day based on increased incidence of
fetuses and litters dilated renal pelvis and with dilated ureter

Chronic Dietary all populations                                         
                                                         	NOAEL= 3.3
mg/kg/day UF = 100

Chronic RfD = 0.03 mg/ kg/day.                                          
                                             	FQPA SF = 1X 

cPAD = chronic RfD FQPA SF = 0.03 mg/kg/day.                            
                                                                        
1 year chronic toxicity study – dog

LOAEL = 35.5 mg/kg/day based on decreased weight gain in female dogs

Incidental Oral, Short-Term                                             
                                                       	NOAEL = 10
mg/kg/day                                                               
                             	LOC for MOE = 100	Rabbit developmental
study

LOAEL = 100 mg/kg/day based on decreased weight gain during gestation

Incidental Oral, Intermediate-Term                                      
                                                     	NOAEL = 3.3
mg/kg/day    	LOC for MOE = 100        	1 year chronic toxicity study -
dog 

LOAEL = 35.5 mg/kg/day based on decreased weight gain in female dogs

Short-and Intermediate Term Dermal (1-30 days and 1-6 months)
(Residential)                                        	None              
      	No systemic toxicity      was seen at the limit dose (1,000
mg/kg/day) in the 28-day dermal toxicity study in rats  	Endpoint was
not selected                                                   

Long-Term (several months-lifetime) Dermal (Residential)                
                                                                      
Oral study

NOAEL = 3.3 mg/kg/day (dermal penetration =  40%).                      
                                                                        
        	LOC for MOE = 100 (Occupational) 

LOC for MOE = 100 (Residential).                         	1 year chronic
toxicity study - dog 

LOAEL = 35.5 mg/kg/day based on decreased weight gain in female dogs

Short-Term (1-30 Days) Inhalation (Residential)                         
                                                              	Oral
NOAEL = 10 mg/kg/ day (inhalation absorption rate = 100%)               
            	LOC for MOE = 100 (Occupational)

LOC for MOE = 100(Residential).                        	Rabbit
developmental study

LOAEL = 100 mg/kg/day based on decreased weight gain during gestation

Intermediate-term (1 month - 6 months) Inhalation (Residential)	Oral
NOAEL = 3.3 mg/kg/ day (inhalation absorption rate = 100%)              
          	LOC for MOE = 100                        (Occupational) 

LOC for MOE = 100(Residential).                            	 1 year
chronic toxicity study - dog                                     LOAEL =
35.5 mg/kg/day based on decreased weight gain in female dogs

Long-Term (several months-lifetime) Inhalation (Residential)   	Oral
NOAEL = 3.3 mg/kg/day (inhalation absorption rate = 100%)         	LOC
for MOE = 100(Occupational)  LOC for MOE = 100(Residential).            
                       	1 year chronic toxicity study – dog

LOAEL = 35.5 mg/kg/day based on decreased weight gain in female dogs

<>

<6. Animal metabolism. The metabolism of fludioxonil in rats is
adequately understood.

                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                        >

<7. Metabolite toxicology. The residue of concern for tolerance setting
purposes is the parent compound. Consequently, there is no additional
concern for toxicity of metabolites.         

>

<8. Endocrine disruption. Fludioxonil does not belong to a class of
chemicals known for having adverse effects on the endocrine system. No
estrogenic effects have been observed in the various short- and
long-term studies conducted with various mammalian species.             
                            

C. Aggregate Exposure>

<1. Dietary exposure.  Tier III acute and chronic dietary exposure
evaluations were performed for fludioxonil using the Dietary Exposure
Evaluation Model (DEEM-FCIDTM, version 2.16) from Exponent.  These
exposure assessments included all current uses as well as proposed
foliar uses on peppers (bell and non-bell) and spinach, a irrigation use
on ginseng, and post-harvest uses on pineapples, potatoes,  tropical
fruits and tomatoes. These assessments utilized residue data from field
trials where fludioxonil was applied at the maximum intended use rate
and samples were harvested at the minimum pre-harvest interval (PHI) to
obtain maximum residues.    Empirically derived processing factors for
apple juice (0.09X), apple pomace (6.77X), tomato puree (0.34X), tomato
paste (1.1X), and citrus oil (50X) were used in these assessments.  The
apple juice processing factor was used as a surrogate for pear juice. 
All other processing factors used the DEEMTM defaults.  All consumption
data for these assessments was taken from the USDA’s Continuing Survey
of Food Intake by individuals (CSFII) with the 1994-96 consumption
database and the Supplemental CSFII children’s survey (1998)
consumption database.  Percent of crop treated values were estimated
based upon economic, pest and competitive pressures.  Secondary residues
in animal commodities were estimated based on “maximum reasonably
balanced diets” and transfer information from metabolism studies.

>

<i. Food.  Acute exposure.  The acute dietary (food only) risk
assessment for females 13 to 49 years old (the only population subgroup
for which an acute toxicological endpoint has been established) was
performed using an acute reference dose (aRfD) of 1.0 mg/kg-bw/day,
based upon a rat teratology study with a no observed adverse effect
level (NOAEL) of 100 mg/kg/day and an uncertainty factor (UF) of 100X
for intra- and inter-species variations; no additional FQPA safety
factor was applied.  For the purpose of the aggregate risk assessment,
the exposure value was expressed in terms of margin of exposure (MOE),
which was calculated by dividing the no observed adverse effect level
(NOAEL) by the exposure for each population subgroup.  In addition,
exposure was expressed as a percent of the acute reference dose (%
aRfD).  Acute exposure to the females 13-49 years subpopulation resulted
in a MOE of 1,193 or 8.4% of the aRfD (Benchmark MOE = 100; aRfD= 1.0
mg/kg-bw/day).  Since the Benchmark MOE for this assessment was 100 and
since the EPA generally has no concern for exposures below 100% of the
aRfD, Syngenta believes that there is a reasonable certainty that no
harm will result from dietary (food) exposure to residues arising from
the current, pending and proposed uses for fludioxonil.

Chronic exposure.  The chronic reference dose (RfD) for fludioxonil is
0.033 mg/kg-bw/day, based upon a one-year study in dogs with a NOAEL of
3.3 mg/kg-bw/day and an uncertainly factor of 100X; no additional FQPA
safety factor was applied.  For the purpose of the aggregate risk
assessment, the exposure values were expressed in terms of margin of
exposure (MOE), which was calculated by dividing the no observed adverse
effect level (NOAEL) by the exposure for each population subgroup.  In
addition, exposure was expressed as a percent of the chronic reference
dose (%cRfD).  Chronic exposure to the U.S. population resulted in a MOE
of 751 or 13.3% of the cRfD (Benchmark MOE = 100; cRfD = 0.033
mg/kg-bw/day).  Chronic exposure to the most exposed subpopulation
(children 1-2 years old) resulted in a MOE of 251 or 39.8% of the cRfD
(Benchmark MOE = 100; cRfD = 0.033 mg/kg-bw/day).  Since the Benchmark
MOE for this assessment was 100 and since the EPA generally has no
concern for exposures below 100% of the cRfD, Syngenta believes that
there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from dietary
(food) exposure to residues arising from the current, pending and
proposed uses for fludioxonil.

>

<ii. Drinking water. The Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations (EDWCs)
of fludioxonil were determined using Tier l SCI-GROW, which estimates
pesticide concentrations in ground water and Tier II PRZM/EXAMS which
estimates pesticide concentrations in surface water.  This drinking
water assessment was conducted to assess all currently registered uses
and the proposed uses on spinach, celery, peppers, ginseng, as well as
the proposed post-harvest uses on potatoes, pineapples, tropical fruits,
and tomatoes.  The post-harvest uses have no impact on drinking water
because post-harvest treatment is an indoor use posing negligible impact
to drinking water concentrations.  For ground water, the currently
registered use on professional turf provided the highest EDWC of
2.02E-01 ppb (acute and chronic).  For surface water, the currently
registered field grown and landscape ornamental provided the highest
acute EDWC of 44.102 ppb and the currently registered use on turf
provided the highest chronic EDWC of 32.79 ppb.  No Percent Cropped Area
(PCA) adjustments were made for the surface water EDWCs.  Since the
surface water EDWCs exceed the ground water EDWC, the surface water
values were used for risk assessment purposes and will be considered
protective for any ground water exposure concerns.

The acute EDWC of 44.102 ppb (0.044102 ppm) was incorporated with food
residues as “water, direct and indirect, all sources” directly into
the DEEM-FCID™ software to obtain acute dietary (food and water)
exposures.  Drinking water exposures at the 99.9th percentile to
fludioxonil for females 13-49 years old (the only population subgroup
for which an acute toxicological endpoint has been established) resulted
in a MOE of 78,864 or 0.1% of the aRfD (Benchmark MOE = 100; aRfD= 1.0
mg/kg-bw/day).  Since the Benchmark MOE for this assessment was 100, and
since the EPA generally has no concern for exposures below 100% of the
aRfD, Syngenta believes that there is a reasonable certainty that no
harm will result from acute drinking water exposure to residues arising
from all current, pending and proposed uses for fludioxonil.

Chronic Exposure from Drinking Water:  The chronic EDWC of 32.79 ppb
(0.03279 ppm) was incorporated with food residues as “water, direct
and indirect, all sources” directly into the DEEM-FCID™ software to
obtain chronic dietary (food and water) exposures.  Chronic drinking
water exposure to the U.S. population resulted in a MOE of 4,775 (2.1%
of the cRfD of 0.033 mg/kg-bw/day).  The most sensitive sub-population
was all infants (<1 year old), with a MOE of 1,456 or 6.9% of the cRfD
(Benchmark MOE = 100; cRfD= 0.033 mg/kg-bw/day).  Since the Benchmark
MOE for this assessment was 100 and since the EPA generally has no
concern for exposures below 100% of the cRfD, Syngenta believes that
there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from chronic
drinking water exposure to residues arising from all current, pending
and proposed uses for fludioxonil.

Cancer.  A chronic cancer exposure analysis was not performed, since
there is no evidence of human carcinogenic potential for fludioxonil.  

	>

<2. Non-dietary exposure.  There is a potential for residential
post-application exposure to adults and children entering residential
areas treated with fludioxonil.  Fludioxonil is currently registered for
professionally applied uses on turf grass and ornamentals in residential
landscapes.  The Syngenta short-term and intermediate-term residential
risk assessments were based on the maximum label rate for turf grass of
0.68 lb a.i./A (0.50 oz product/1000ft2) with a maximum of three
applications allowed per year (0.68 lb a.i./A x 3 apps = 2 lb
a.i./A/year).  In these residential risk assessments, a short-term NOAEL
of 10 mg/kg-bw/day from a rabbit developmental study was selected as
well as an intermediate-term NOAEL of 3.3 mg/kg-bw/day from a one year
dog feeding study.  Residential post-application dermal assessments were
not conducted since short-term and intermediate-term dermal endpoints
were not established by the EPA and there were no developmental concerns
with fludioxonil.  The residential risk assessments were limited to
children since the only route of exposure was incidental oral ingestion
via hand-to-mouth activity and object-to-mouth (grass and soil
ingestion).  The combined short-term MOE for children 1-6 years was 784
and the combined intermediate-term MOE for children 1-6 years was 445. 
Since the Benchmark MOE for this assessment was 100, Syngenta believes
that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from
exposures arising from residential uses of fludioxonil.

D. Cumulative Effects>

<Cumulative Exposure to Substances with a Common Mechanism of Toxicity. 
Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) of FFDCA requires that, when considering whether
to establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the Agency consider
“available information” concerning the cumulative effects of a
particular pesticide’s residues and “other substances that have a
common mechanism of toxicity.”  Unlike other pesticides for which the
EPA has followed a cumulative risk approach based on a common mechanism
of toxicity, the EPA has not made a common mechanism of toxicity finding
as to fludioxonil and any other substances, and fludioxonil does not
appear to produce a toxic metabolite produced by other substances.  For
the purposes of this tolerance action, the EPA has not assumed that
fludioxonil has a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances.

>

<E. Safety Determination>

<1. U.S. population. An acute toxicological endpoint has not been
established for the U.S. population, so an acute exposure assessment was
not performed for the U.S. population.  The chronic aggregate exposure
analysis showed that exposure from all current and proposed fludioxonil
uses resulted in a MOE of 649 or 15.4% of the cRfD (Benchmark MOE = 100;
cRfD= 0.033 mg/kg-bw/day).  A cancer exposure analysis was not performed
since there is no evidence of human carcinogenic potential for
fludioxonil.  Since the worst-case aggregate MOE of 649 exceeds the
benchmark MOE of 100, Syngenta believes that there is a reasonable
certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to residues
arising from all current, pending and proposed fludioxonil uses,
including anticipated dietary exposure from food, water, and all other
types of non-occupational exposures.

>

<2. Infants and children. An acute toxicological endpoint has not been
established for infants and children, so an acute exposure assessment
was not performed for infants and children.  The chronic aggregate
exposure analysis showed that exposure from all established and proposed
fludioxonil uses resulted in a MOE of 233 or 43.0% of the cRfD
(Benchmark MOE = 100; cRfD= 0.033 mg/kg-bw/day) for children (1-2 years
old).  A cancer exposure analysis was not performed, since there is no
evidence of human carcinogenic potential for fludioxonil.  The short-
term aggregate assessment resulted in MOE of 409, for the children (1-6
years old) population subgroup (Benchmark MOE = 100).  The intermediate-
term aggregate assessment resulted in MOE of 173, for the children (1-6
years old) population subgroup (Benchmark MOE = 100).   Since the
worst-case aggregate MOE of 173 exceeds the Benchmark MOE of 100,
Syngenta believes that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will
result from aggregate exposure to residues arising from all current,
pending and proposed fludioxonil uses, including anticipated dietary
exposure from food, water, and all other types of non-occupational
exposures.

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ἀcarcinogenic potential for fludioxonil.  Since the worst-case
aggregate MOE of 805 exceeds the Benchmark MOE of 100, Syngenta believes
that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from
aggregate exposure to residues arising from all current, pending and
proposed fludioxonil uses, including anticipated dietary exposure from
food, water, and all other types of non-occupational exposures.

>

<F. International Tolerances>

Codex Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for residues of fludioxonil per se
have been established on a number of commodities, including apples,
beans, berries, cabbage, citrus fruits, cucumber, egg plant, kiwifruit,
lettuce, melons (except watermelon), peas (dry), peas (pods and
succulent=immature seeds), peas (pods and succulent seeds), peppers,
sweet, pome fruits, squash, summer, straw and fodder (dry) of cereal
grains and tomato.

  

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