References Related to Human Health Effects Associated with Exposure to
Molds

(12/8/10)

Andriessen,  J.W., Brunekreef, B., Roemer, W. (1998) Home dampness and
respiratory health status in European children. Clin Exp Allergy
28(10):1191-200.

Antova, T., Pattenden, S., Brunekreef, B., Heinrich, J., Rudnai, P.,
Forastiere, F., Luttmann-Gibson, H., Grize, L., Katsnelson, B.,
Moshammer, H., Nikiforov, B., Slachtova, H., Slotova, K., Zlotkowska,
R., and Fletcher, T. (2008) Exposure to indoor mould and children's
respiratory health in the PATY study. J Epidemiol Community Health
62(8):708-14.

Anyanwu, E., Campbell, A.W., Vojdani, A., Ehiri, J.E., and Akpan, A.I.
(2003a) Biochemical changes in the serum of patients with chronic
toxigenic mold exposures: a risk factor for multiple renal dysfunctions.
Scientific World Journal 3:1058-64.

Anyanwu, E., Campbell, A.W., Jones, J., Ehiri, J.E., and Akpan, A.I.
(2003b) The neurological significance of abnormal natural killer cell
activity in chronic toxigenic mold exposures. Scientific World Journal
3:1128-37.

Auger, L. (1999) Chronic Toxic Encephalopathies Apparently Related to
Exposure to Toxigenic Fungi. In: Johanning, E. ed. Bioaerosols, fungi
and mycotoxins: health effects, assessment, prevention, and control.
Albany, NY: Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health
Center.

Baldo, J.V., Ahmad, L., and Ruff, R. (2002) Neuropsychological
performance of patients following mold exposure. Appl Neuropsychol
9(4):193-202.

Beijer, L., Thorn, J., Rylander, R. (2003) Mould exposure at home
relates to inflammatory markers in blood. Eur Respir J 21(2):317-22.

Bonner, S., Matte, T.D., Fagan, J., Andreopoulos, E., and Evans, D.
(2006) Self-reported moisture or mildew in the homes of Head Start
children with asthma is associated with greater asthma morbidity. J
Urban Health 83(1):129-37.

Brasel, T.L., Martin, J.M., Carriker, C.G., Wilson, S.C. and Straus,
D.C.  Detection of airborne Stachybotrys chartarum macrocyclic
trichothecene mycotoxins on particulates smaller than conidia.  Appl and
Environ Microbiol Jan 2005;71:115-122.

Brasel, T.L., Martin, J.M., Carriker, C.G., Wilson, S.C. and Straus,
D.C.  Detection of airborne Stachybotrys chartarum macrocyclic
trichothecene mycotoxins in the indoor environment. Appl and Environ
Microbiol Nov 2005;71:7376-7388.

Bush, R.K., Portnoy, J.M., Saxon, A., Terr, A.I., and Wood R.A. (2006)
The medical effects of mold exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:326-33.

Campbell, A.W., Thrasher, J.D., Madison, R.A., Vojdani, A., Gray, M.R.,
and Johnson, A. (2003) Neural autoantibodies and neurophysiologic
abnormalities in patients exposed to molds in water-damaged buildings.
Arch Environ Health 58(8):464-74.

Cho, S.-H., Reponen, T., LeMasters, G., Levin, L., Huang, J., Meklin,
T., Ryan, P., Villareal, M., and Bernstein, D. (2006) Mold damage in
homes and wheezing in infants. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 97(4):
539–545.

Cooley, J.D., Wong, W.C., Jumper, C.A., Straus, D.C. (1998) Correlation
between the prevalence of certain fungi and sick building syndrome.
Occup Environ Med. 55(9):579-84.

Crago, B.R., Gray, M.R., Nelson, L.A., Davis, M., Arnold, L., and
Thrasher, J.D. (2003) Psychological, neuropsychological, and
electrocortical effects of mixed mold exposure.  Arch Environ Health
58(8):452-63.

Dales, R., Miller, D., White, J., Dulberg, C., Lazarovits, A.I. (1998)
Influence of residential fungal contamination on peripheral blood
lymphocyte populations in children. Arch Environ Health 53(3):190-5.

Davis, P.J. (2001) Molds, Toxic Molds, and Indoor Air Quality.  Prepared
at the Request of Assemblymember Alan Lowenthal.  CRB Note. 8(1): 2.
ISBN: 1-58703-133-7.

Douwes, J., Zuidhof, A., Doekes, G., van der Zee, S.C., Wouters, I.,
Boezen, M.H., Brunekreef, B. (2000) (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan and endotoxin
in house dust and peak flow variability in children. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med 162(4 Pt 1):1348-54.

Douwes, J. and Pearce, N. (2003) Invited commentary: is indoor mold
exposure a risk factor for asthma? Am J Epidemiol 158(3):203-6.

Edmondson, D.A., Nordness, M.E., Zacharisen, M.C., Kurup, V.P., Fink,
J.N. (2005) Allergy and "toxic mold syndrome". Annals of Allergy,
Asthma, & Immunology 94(2): 234-239.

Elidemir, O., Colasurdo, G.N., Rossmann, S.N., Fa,n L.L. (1999) 
Isolation of Stachybotrys from the lung of a child with pulmonary
hemosiderosis. Pediatrics 104(4 Pt 1):964-6.

Emenius, G., Svartengren, M., Korsgaard, J., Nordvall, L., Pershagen,
G., and Wickman, M. (2004) Indoor exposures and recurrent wheezing in
infants: A study in the BAMSE cohort. Acta Paediatr 93(7):899-905. 

Flappan, S.M., Portnoy, J., Jones, P., Barnes, C. (1999) Infant
pulmonary hemorrhage in a suburban home with water damage and mold
(Stachybotrys atra). Environ Health Perspect. 107(11):927-30.

Fung, F., Tappen, D., Wood, G. (2000) Alternaria-associated asthma. Appl
Occup Environ Hyg. 15(12):924-7.

Garrett, M.H., Rayment, P.R., Hooper, M.A., Abramson, M.J., Hooper, B.M.
(1998) Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness and associations
with environmental factors and respiratory health in children, Clin Exp
Allergy 28(4):459-67.

Gelincik, A.A., Bueyuekoeztuerk, S., Guel, H., Guengoer, G., Issever,
H., and Cagatay, A. (2005) The Effect of Indoor Fungi on the Symptoms of
Patients with Allergic Rhinitis in Istanbul. Indoor and Built
Environment 14(5): 427-432.

Gent, J.F., Ren, P., Belanger, K., Triche, E., Bracken, M.B., Holford,
T.R., Leaderer, B.P. (2002) Levels of household mold associated with
respiratory symptoms in the first year of life in a cohort at risk for
asthma. Environ Health Perspect 110(12):A781-6.

Gordon, W.A., Johanning, E., Haddad, L. (1999) Cognitive Impairment
Associated with Exposure to Toxigenic Fungi. In: Johanning, E. ed.
Bioaerosols, fungi and myotoxins: health effects, assessment,
prevention, and control.  Albany, NY: Eastern New York Occupational and
Environmental Health Center.

Green, B.J., Sercombe, J.K. and Tovey, E.R.  Fungal fragments and
undocumented conidia function as new aeroallergen sources. J Allergy
Clin Immunol May 2005;115:1043-1048

Green, B.J., Tovey, E.R., Sercombe, J.K., Blachere, F.M., Beezhold, D.H.
and Schmechel, D. Airborne fungal fragments and allergenicity. Med
Mycology Sept 2006;44:S245-S255.

Hagmolen of ten Have, W., van den Berg, N.J, van der Palen, J., van
Aalderen, W.M., and Bindels, P.J. (2007) Residential exposure to mould
and dampness is associated with adverse respiratory health. Clin Exp
Allergy 37(12):1827-32. Epub 2007 Oct 3.

Haverinen, U., Husman, T., Toivola, M., Suonketo, J., Pentti, M.,
Lindberg, R., Leinonen, J., Hyvarinen, A., Meklin, T., Nevalainen, A.
(1999) An approach to management of critical indoor air problems in
school buildings. Environ Health Perspect 107 Suppl 3:509-14.

Hessel, P.A., Klaver, J., Michaelchuk, D., McGhan, S., Carson, M.M., and
Melvin, D. (2001) The epidemiology of childhood asthma in Red Deer and
Medicine Hat, Alberta. Can Respir J 8(3):139-46.

Hirvonen. M.R., Ruotsalainen, M., Roponen, M., Hyvarinen, A., Husman,
T., Kosma, V.M., Komulainen, H., Savolainen, K., Nevalainen, A. (1999)
Nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines in nasal lavage fluid
associated with symptoms and exposure to moldy building microbes. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med. 160(6):1943-6.

Hodgson, M.J., Morey, P., Leung, W.Y., Morrow, L., Miller, D., Jarvis,
B.B., Robbins, H., Halsey, J.F., Storey, E. (1998) Building-Associated
Pulmonary Disease from Exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum and
Aspergillus versicolor. Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine 40(3): 241-249.

Hyvärinen, A., Husman, T., Laitinen, S., Meklin, T., Taskinen, T.,
Korppi, M., and Nevalainen, A. (2003) Microbial exposure and
mold-specific serum IgG levels among children with respiratory symptoms
in 2 school buildings. Arch Environ Health 58(5):275-83.

Immonen, J., Taskinen, T., Pekkanen, J., and Korppi, M. (2004) Bronchial
reactivity in students from moisture and mold-damaged schools: Changes
in relation to changes in exposure. Pediatric Asthma, Allergy &
Immunology 17(2): 116-125. 

Iossifova, Y.Y., Reponen, T., Ryan, P.H., Levin, L., Bernstein, D.I.,
Lockey, J.E., Hershey, G.K., Villareal, M., and LeMasters, G. (2009)
Mold exposure during infancy as a predictor of potential asthma
development. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 102(2):131-7.

Islam, Z., Harkema, J.R., and Pestka, J.J. (2006) Satratoxin G from the
black mold Stachybotrys chartarum evokes olfactory sensory neuron loss
and inflammation in the murine nose and brain. Environ Health
Perspectives 114(7):1099-107. 

Issever, H., Gul, H., Erelel, M. Erkan, F., and Gungor, G.Y. (2002)
Health Problems of Garbage Collectors in Istanbul. Indoor and Built
Environment 11(5):293-301.

Jaakkola, M.S., Laitinen, S., Piipari, R., Uitti, J., Nordman, H.,
Haapala, A.M., and Jaakkola, J.J. (2002a) Immunoglobulin G antibodies
against indoor dampness-related microbes and adult-onset asthma: a
population-based incident case-control study. Clin Exp Immunol
129(1):107-12.

Jaakkola, M.S., Nordman, H., Piipari, R., Uitti, J., Laitinen, J.,
Karjalainen, A., Hahtola, P., and Jaakkola, J.J. (2002b) Indoor Dampness
and Molds and Development of Adult-onset Asthma: A Population-based
Incident Case-control Study. Environ Health Perspect 110(5):543-547.

Jacob, B., Ritz, B., Gehring, U., Koch, A., Bischof, W., Wichmann, H.E.,
and Heinrich, J. (2002) Indoor exposure to molds and allergic
sensitization. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(7).

Jacobs, R.L., Andrews, C.P. (2003) Hypersensitivity
pneumonia-nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis histopathologic
presentation: a study in diagnosis and long-term management. Ann Allergy
Asthma Immunol 90(2):265-70.

Johanning, E., Biagini, R., Hull, D., Morey, P., Jarvis, B.,
Landsbergis, P. (1996) Health and immunology study following exposure to
toxigenic fungi (Stachybotrys chartarum) in a water-damaged office
environment. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 68(4):207-18.

Katz, Y., Verleger, H., Barr, J., Rachmiel, M., Kiviti, S., Kuttin, E.S.
(1999) Indoor survey of moulds and prevalence of mould atopy in Israel.
Clin Exp Allergy 29(2):186-92.

Koskinen, O.M., Husman, T.M., Meklin, T.M., Nevalainen, A.I. (1999) The
relationship between moisture or mould observations in houses and the
state of health of their occupants. Eur Respir J. 14(6):1363-7.

Koskinen, O., Husman, T., Hyvarinen, A., Reponen, T., Ruuskanen, J.,
Nevalainen, A. (1995) Respiratory symptoms and infections among children
in a day-care center with mold problems. Indoor Air 5:3-9.

Kuhn, D. M.,Ghannoum, M.A. (2003) Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, and
Stachybotrys chartarum: Infectious Disease Perspective.  Clinical
Microbiology Reviews 16(1):146.  

Li, C.S., Hsu, C.W,, Tai, M.L. (1997) Indoor pollution and sick building
syndrome symptoms among workers in day-care centers. Arch Environ Health
52(3):200-7.

Ly, N.P., Soto-Quirós, M.E., Avila, L., Hunninghake, G.M., Raby, B.A.,
Laskey, D., Sylvia, J.S., and Celedón, J.C. (2008) Paternal asthma,
mold exposure, and increased airway responsiveness among children with
asthma in Costa Rica. Chest 133(1):107-14. Epub 2007 Nov 7.

Mazur, L.J., Kim, J. and the Committee on Environmental Health. (2006)
Spectrum of noninfectious health effects from molds. Pediatrics 118:
e1909-e1926.

McNeel, S.V., Kreutzer, R. (1996) Fungi & Indoor Air Quality.  Health &
Envir. Digest 10(2):9-12.

Miller, J.D., Rand, T.G. and Jarvis BB. Stachybotrys chartarum: Cause of
Human Disease or media darling? Med Mycol 2003;41:271-291.

Newman, L.S., Rose, C.S., Bresnitz, E.A., Rossman, M.D., Barnard, J.,
Frederick, M., Terrin, M.L., Weinberger, S.E., Moller, D.R., McLennan,
G., Hunninghake, G., DePalo, L., Baughman, R.P., Iannuzzi, M.C., Judson,
M.A., Knatterud, G.L., Thompson, B.W., Teirstein, A.S., Yeager, H. Jr,
Johns, C.J., Rabin, D.L., Rybicki, B.A., and Cherniack, R. (2004) A case
control etiologic study of sarcoidosis: environmental and occupational
risk factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(12):1324-30. Epub 2004 Sep
3.

Novotny, W.E., Dixit, A. (2000) Pulmonary hemorrhage in an infant
following 2 weeks of fungal exposure. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
154(3):271-5.

Osborne, M., Reponen, T., Adhikari, A., Cho, S.-H., Grinshpun, S.A.,
Levin, L., Bernstein, D.I., and LeMasters, G. (2006) Specific fungal
exposures, allergic sensitization, and rhinitis in infants. Pediatr
Allergy Immunol 17(6): 450–457.

Ozdilli, K., Issever, H., Oezyildirim, B.A., Hapcioglu, B., Ince, N.,
Ince, H.,Yegenoglu, Y., Susever, S., Erelel, M., Isik, E., and
Gedikoglu, G. (2007) Biological hazards in tannery workers. Indoor and
Built Environment 16 (4): 349-357.

Piipari, R., and Keskinen, H. (2005) Agents causing occupational asthma
in Finland in 1986-2002: Cow epithelium bypassed by moulds from
moisture-damaged buildings. Clin Exp Allergy 35(12):1632-7.

Pirhonen, I., Nevalainen, A., Husman, T., Pekkanen, J. (1996) Home
dampness, moulds and their influence on respiratory infections and
symptoms in adults in Finland. Eur Respir J 9(12):2618-22.

Rao, C.Y., Kurukularatne, C., Garcia-Diaz, J.B., Kemmerly, S.A., Reed,
D., Fridkin, S.K., and Morgan, J. (2007) Implications of detecting the
mold Syncephalastrum in clinical specimens of New Orleans residents
after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. J Occup Environ Med 49(4):411-6.

Rea, WJ, Didriksen, N, Simon, TR, Pan, Y, Fenyves, EJ, Griffiths, B.
(2003) Effects of toxic exposure to molds and mycotoxins in
building-related illnesses. Archives of Environmental Health 58(7):
399-405.

Rudich, R., Santilli, J., Rockwell, W.J. (2003) Indoor mold spore
exposure: a possible factor in the etiology of multifocal choroiditis.
Am J Ophthalmol 135(3):402-4.

Rydjord, B., Eduard, W., Stensby, B., Sandven, P., Michaelsen, T.E., and
Wiker, H.G. (2007) Antibody response to long-term and high-dose
mould-exposed sawmill workers. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
66(6):711-718.

Savilahti, R., Uitti, J., Roto, P., Laippala, P., Husman, T. (2001)
Increased prevalence of atopy among children exposed to mold in a school
building. Allergy 56(2):175-9.

Savilahti, R., Uitti, J., Laippala, P., Husman, T., Roto, P. (2002)
Respiratory morbidity among children following renovation of a
water-damaged school. Arch Environ Health 55(6):405-10.

Sigsgaard, T., Jensen, H.L.C., Nichum, E. Gravesen, S., Larsen, M.,
Hansen, B. (1999) Symptoms Associated to Work in a Water Damaged School
Building. In: Johanning, E. ed. Bioaerosols, fungi and myotoxins: health
effects, assessment, prevention, and control.  Albany, NY: Eastern New
York Occupational and Environmental Health Center.

Smedbold, H.T., Ahlen, C., Unimed, S., Nilsen, A.M., Norbäck, D, and
Hilt, B. (2002) Relationships between Indoor Environments and Nasal
Inflammation in Nursing Personnel. Arch Environ Health 57(2):155-161.  

Stark, P.C., Burge, H.A., Ryan, L.M., Milton, D.K., Gold, D.R. (2003)
Fungal levels in the home and lower respiratory tract illnesses in the
first year of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168(2):232-7. Epub 2003
Apr 30.

Stark, P.C., Celedón, J.C., Chew, G.L., Ryan, L.M., Burge, H.A.,
Muilenberg, M.L., Gold, D.R. (2005) Fungal levels in the home and
allergic rhinitis by 5 years of age. Environ Health Perspect
113(10):1405-9. 

Sudakin, D.L. (1998) Toxigenic fungi in a water-damaged building: an
intervention study. Am J Ind Med 34(2):183-90.

Tariq, S.M., Matthews, S.M., Stevens, M., Hakim, E.A. (1996)
Sensitization to Alternaria and Cladosporium by the age of 4 years. Clin
Exp Allergy 26(7):794-8.

Taskinen ,T., Hyvarinen, A., Meklin, T., Husman, T., Nevalainen, A.,
Korppi, M. (1999) Asthma and respiratory infections in school children
with special reference to moisture and mold problems in the school. Acta
Paediatr 88(12):1373-9.

Thorn, J., Rylander, R. (1998) Airways inflammation and glucan in a
rowhouse area. Am J Respir Crit Care Med157(6 Pt 1):1798-803.

 

Thorn, J., Brisman, J., Toren, K. (2001) Adult-onset asthma is
associated with self-reported mold or environmental tobacco smoke
exposures in the home. Allergy 56(4):287-92.

Vesper, S., McKinstry, C., Haugland, R., Neas, L., Hudgens, E.,
Heidenfelder, B., and Gallagher, J. (2008) Higher Environmental Relative
Moldiness Index (ERMI SUP s SUP m) values measured in Detroit homes of
severely asthmatic children. Sci Total Environ 394(1):192-6. Epub 2008
Feb 15.

Vojdani, A., Campbell, A.W., Kashanian, A., and Vojdani, E. (2003a)
Antibodies against molds and mycotoxins following exposure to toxigenic
fungi in a water-damaged building. Arch Environ Health 558(6):324-36.

Vojdani, A., Thrasher, J.D., Madison, R.A., Gray, M.R., Heuser, G.,
Campbell, A.W. (2003b) Antibodies to molds and satratoxin in individuals
exposed in water-damaged buildings. Arch Environ Health 58(7):421-32.

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