

			







Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for Foliar and Seed Treatment Uses of the New Fungicide 
                            Fluxapyroxad (BAS 700F)

                                       
                                       


                                 Fluxapyroxad
                     [CAS] [907204-31-3]	PC Code [138009]
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                 5 March 2012
                                       


Prepared by
Catherine Aubee, Biologist
Chuck Peck, Environmental Fate Scientist
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Pesticide Programs
Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED)
Environmental Risk Branch IV
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Mail Code 7507P
Washington, DC 20460
Reviewed by
Thomas Steeger, Ph.D., Senior Science Advisor
Jim Carleton, Ph.D., Senior Science Advisor
Marietta Echeverria, Branch Chief



                               Table of Contents


1.	Executive Summary	5
2.	Problem Formulation	7
2.1.	Nature of Chemical Stressor	7
2.2.	Stressor Source and Distribution	7
2.3.	Receptors	8
2.4.	Assessment Endpoints	8
2.5.	Conceptual Model	8
2.5.1.	Risk Hypothesis	8
2.5.2.	Conceptual Diagram	9
2.6.	Analysis Plan	12
2.6.1.	Conclusions from Previous Risk Assessments	12
2.6.2.	Identification of Data Gaps and Uncertainties	12
2.6.3.	Measures of Exposure	13
2.6.4.	Measures of Effect	13
2.6.5.	Integration of Exposure and Effects	14
3.	Analysis	14
3.1.	Use Characterization	14
3.2.	Exposure Characterization	15
3.2.1.	Environmental Fate and Transport	15
3.2.2.	Aquatic Exposure	18
3.2.3.	Terrestrial Exposure	22
3.3.	Ecological Effects Characterization	26
3.3.1.	Ecotoxicity Data	26
3.3.1.	Incident Reports	42
4.	Risk Characterization	42
4.1.	Risk Estimation	42
4.1.1.	Aquatic Organisms	42
4.1.2.	Terrestrial Organisms	50
4.2.	Risk Description and Conclusions	54
4.2.1.	Aquatic Organisms	54
4.2.2.	Terrestrial Organisms	57
4.2.3.	Conclusions	61
5.	Federally Threatened and Endangered (Listed) Species of Concern	63
5.1.	Action Area	64
5.2.	Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk	64
5.2.1.	Probit Dose-Response Analysis	66
5.2.2.	Listed Species Occurrence with Proposed New Use of Fluxapyroxad	67
6.	Additional Description of Assumptions, Limitations, Uncertainties, Strengths and Data Gaps	71
7.	References	73

Figure 2-1. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad foliar treatment effects on aquatic organisms.	10
Figure 2-2. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad foliar treatment effects on terrestrial organisms.	10
Figure 2-3. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad seed treatment effects on aquatic organisms.	11
Figure 2-4. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad seed treatment effects on terrestrial organisms.	11
Figure 3-1.  Species sensitivity distribution for freshwater fish exposed to fluxapyroxad and its end-use products, based on registrant-submitted acute toxicity data.	27
Figure 4-1.  Pome fruit peak EECs from spray drift only analysis.	56
Figure 4-2.  Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans peak EECs from spray drift only analyses.	56

Table 1.1.  Potential effects to federally listed taxa associated with the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.	6
Table 3.1. Fluxapyroxad application rates and retreatment intervals for proposed uses.	15
Table 3.2. Chemical properties and environmental fate parameters of fluxapyroxad.	17
Table 3.3. Input parameters used in surface water exposure modeling (GENEEC).	18
Table 3.4. Input parameters used in ground water exposure modeling (SCIGROW).	19
Table 3.5. Application scenarios and start dates for PRZM/EXAMS modeling.	20
Table 3.6. Tier I surface water EECs of fluxapyroxad (GENEEC).	21
Table 3.7. EECs from spray drift only following fluxpyroxad applications (PRZM/EXAMS).	22
Table 3.8. Terrestrial EECs as food residues for animals exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed foliar uses.	24
Table 3.9. Terrestrial dose-based EECs for the range of seed treatment uses proposed for fluxapyroxad.	25
Table 3.10. EECs for non-target terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants based on proposed uses of fluxapyroxad (TerrPlant).	26
Table 3.11. Acute toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for fish and aquatic invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the water column.	29
Table 3.12. Chronic toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for fish and aquatic invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the water column.	30
Table 3.13  Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the sediment compartment.	31
Table 3.14  Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad in the water column.	32
Table 3.15  Acute toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial animals exposed to fluxapyroxad.	34
Table 3.16  Chronic toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial animals exposed to fluxapyroxad.	38
Table 3.17  Additional non-guideline toxicity data for hazard characterization of beneficial insects exposed to fluxapyroxad.	38
Table 3.18  Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad.	40
Table 4.1. Acute and chronic RQ values for freshwater fish and invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in surface water.	44
Table 4.2. Acute RQ values for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in surface water.	45
Table 4.3. RQ values for sediment-dwelling invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI.	46
Table 4.4. RQ values for listed and nonlisted species of aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in surface water.	46
Table 4.5. Acute RQ values for freshwater fish exposed to BAS 700 01 F and BAS 700 04 F in surface water as a result of spray drift only, based on maximum application rates for all fluxapyroxad uses.	47
Table 4.6.  Refined acute RQ values for freshwater fish and invertebrates exposed to BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F in surface water as a result of spray drift only, based on proposed uses for each formulation.	48
Table 4.7.  RQ values for nonvascular aquatic plants exposed to BAS 703 02 F in surface water from spray drift only, based on maximum application rates for all proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.	49
Table 4.8. Acute dietary-based RQ values for birds exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed foliar uses.	50
Table 4.9. Chronic dietary and dose-based RQ values for mammals exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed foliar uses.	51
Table 4.10. Chronic dietary RQ values for mammals exposed to fluxapyroxad following the proposed seed treatment uses.	53
Table 4.11. RQ values for listed species[1] of non-target terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants based on proposed uses of fluxapyroxad (TerrPlant).	53
Table 4.12.  Comparison of aquatic ecotoxicity endpoints for BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F with existing pyraclostrobin endpoints.	55
Table 4.13. RQ values for aquatic animals exposed to fluxapyroxad residues in shallow ground water.	57
Table 4.14. Characterization of potential risk to terrestrial birds and mammals from consumption of treated seeds, assuming that the limit dose tested in effects studies is the definitive toxicity endpoint.	59
Table 5.1  Potential effects to federally listed taxa associated with the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.	65
Table 5.2.  Summary of fluxapyroxad probit dose response analysis for listed species.	67
Table 5.3.  Tabulation by state and taxonomic group of listed species at potential risk of direct or secondary effects of proposed fluxapyroxad uses.	69

Appendix A.  Proposed New Uses, Fluxapyroxad	77
Appendix B.  GENEEC Results	81
Appendix C.  SCI-GROW Results	86
Appendix D.  Example STIR (v. 1.0) input and output data	87
Appendix E.  Example SIP (v. 1.0) input and output data	88
Appendix F.  Ecotoxicity data gaps and uncertainties	89
Appendix G.  Example T-REX (v. 1.4.1) input and output data	93
Appendix H.  Example TerrPlant (v. 1.2.2) input and output data	96
Appendix I.  LOCATES (v. 2.2.0) output of listed species	97



Executive Summary

 Fluxapyroxad, a second generation pyridine carboxamide fungicide, is an active ingredient in a number of pesticide products proposed for registration (see Appendix A) as both a foliar and seed treatment on a range of agricultural crops.  Fluxapyroxad has a moderate potential to reach aquatic environments, including surface and ground water, for several months or more following terrestrial application.  The available fate data indicate that fluxapyroxad is likely to dissipate to some extent through various mechanisms, including runoff, erosion, and leaching to ground water.  Because fluxapyroxad degrades slowly in soil and aquatic systems (e.g., half-lives greater than 1 year), the compound may persist in soil, in water, and in benthic sediment, once transported or partitioned to these environmental compartments. Fluxapyroxad is stable to some plant metabolism processes and has demonstrated at least limited systemic activity, based on plant residue studies submitted by the registrant.  
  
 Fluxapyroxad is moderately to very highly toxic to most fish and aquatic invertebrates, but is practically non-toxic to mammals, birds, and young adult honey bees following acute exposure.  Chronic effects on reproduction and especially growth have been observed in both terrestrial and aquatic organisms exposed to fluxapyroxad, and toxic effects have been noted in aquatic and terrestrial plants.  Ecotoxicity data gaps exist with respect to potential chronic effects on estuarine/marine organisms.  The available avian toxicity data suggest that light conditions may influence the relative sensitivity of some bird species to fluxapyroxad.  Finally, two of the fluxpayroxad end-use products (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) proposed for registration are co-formulated with the fungicide pyraclostrobin and are similar in that respect to the registered fungicide product, Pristine (25.2% boscalid and 12.8% pyraclostrobin).  The registrant is currently planning and conducting additional honey bee (Apis mellifera) larval toxicity tests with the fungicides boscalid and Pristine to address concerns that Pristine may affect honey bee larval/pupal (brood) and queen cell development.
   
 Based on estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) and the available ecotoxicity data, the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad may result in chronic risk to mammals, including mammals that consume treated seed.  Exposure and risk to mammals from consumption of treated seeds may be reduced if seeds are incorporated at plant.  Chronic risk to birds, reptiles, and amphibians in the terrestrial environment cannot be precluded with certainty because slight but statistically significant effects on growth were observed at all treatment levels in an avian reproduction study; therefore, it cannot be determined whether RQ values would exceed the LOC because the lower threshold of this effect has not been established.  However, additional avian reproduction data are not being requested at this time because the effect was not dose-responsive (100  -  1000 mg/kg diet), and it is unlikely that an additional study would establish a no observed adverse effects concentration (NOAEC) that would allow risk to be precluded at the screening level (NOAEC > 80 mg/kg diet) for the proposed uses.
 
 Fluxapyroxad exposure at the labeled treatment rates may also result in risk to federally-listed threatened and endangered (hereafter referred to as "listed") species of dicotyledonous terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants.  Risk to listed dicot plants exceeds the Agency's level of concern (LOC) for all foliar uses and for the highest seed treatment application rate (i.e., wheat and triticale).  For seed treatment uses, seed incorporation may reduce the likelihood of runoff and therefore reduce the potential for exposure and risk to listed dicot plants.  The potential for adverse effects on monocotyledonous (monocot) plants and on nonlisted dicot plants is considered low.  The likelihood of acute mortality to mammals, birds, reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians is considered low as RQ values do not exceed the Agency's LOC.  
 
 Despite the absence of chronic ecotoxicity data for estuarine/marine organisms, a comparison of the available aquatic toxicity data with the relatively low EECs of fluxapyroxad in surface water demonstrate a low likelihood that the proposed uses will result in chronic risk to aquatic organisms.  Similarly, the fluxapyroxad technical grade active ingredient (TGAI) does not pose an acute risk to fish or aquatic invertebrates.  However, potential spray drift of fluxapyroxad co-formulated with pyraclostrobin does result in a risk of acute mortality to fish and aquatic invertebrates.  The increased toxicity of (and therefore risk from) the dual a.i. products for these taxa, when compared to fluxapyroxad TGAI and single a.i. formulations, is consistent with the toxicity profile for pyraclostrobin, which is evaluated in a separate risk assessment.  The likelihood of adverse effects to sediment-dwelling invertebrates and aquatic plants is considered low as RQ values do not approach or exceed the Agency's LOC. 
 
 The proposed uses of fluxapyroxad co-occur with 1,230 unique species that are listed as federally threatened or endangered in the continental United States, Alaska, and Hawaii.  These federally threatened or endangered species are referred to collectively as "listed species" throughout this assessment.  The potential for direct and indirect effects to listed species as a result of the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad is summarized in Table 1.1.  Although the total number (1,230) of co-occurring listed species includes both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, this screening-level assessment does not evaluate risk to terrestrial invertebrates.  

Table 1.1.  Potential effects to federally listed taxa associated with the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.
                                 Listed Taxon
                                Direct Effects
                   Indirect Effects from Risk to Other Taxa
                                       
                                    Yes/No
                                 Acute/Chronic
                                    Yes/No
                                  Through ...
Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants  - 
 monocots and dicots
                               Yes (dicots only)
                                      NA
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on birds, terrestrial-phase amphibians, and mammals, when required for pollination or seed dispersal.
Birds
                                      Yes
                                    Chronic
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on mammals that serve as prey; chronic effects on reptiles and amphibians that serve as prey.
Terrestrial-phase amphibians
                                      Yes
                                    Chronic
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on mammals which provide habitat (e.g., burrows) and serve as prey.
Reptiles
                                      Yes
                                    Chronic
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on mammals that serve as prey; chronic effects on birds, reptiles, and amphibians that serve as prey.
Mammals
                                      Yes
                                    Chronic
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on birds, reptiles, and amphibians that serve as prey; chronic effects on mammals that serve as prey. 
Aquatic plants
                                      No
                                      NA
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that serve as primary producers.
Freshwater fish
                                      Yes
                                     Acute
                             (dual a.i. EPs only)
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
Aquatic-phase amphibians
                                      Yes
                                     Acute
                             (dual a.i. EPs only)
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on terrestrial-phase amphibians; effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
Freshwater invertebrates
                                      Yes
                                     Acute
                             (dual a.i. EPs only)
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
Molluscs
                                      No
                                      NA
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
Marine/estuarine fish
                                      Yes
                                     Acute
                             (dual a.i. EPs only)
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
Marine/estuarine invertebrates
                                      Yes
                                     Acute
                             (dual a.i. EPs only)
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
[EP]  End-use product.  [NA] Not applicable.
Problem Formulation

Nature of Chemical Stressor

Fluxapyroxad (3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(3',4',5'-trifluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide) is a new active ingredient proposed for use as a fungicide.  The chemical's mode of action is the inhibition of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, also known as complex II, in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.  By inhibiting mitochondrial respiration and the subsequent production of ATP in fungal cells, fluxapyroxad inhibits spore germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation of the fungus on the surface of leaves and seeds (proposed label). 

              Stressor Source and Distribution

Fluxapyroxad is an emulsifiable (EC) or suspension concentrate (SC) fungicide associated with six formulated end-use products (four foliar treatment products and two seed treatment products, see Appendix A).  Proposed foliar uses include applications to wheat, barley, corn, bean and pea legumes, peanuts, pome/stone fruits, fruiting vegetables, oil seed, root and tuberous vegetable crops.  Proposed seed treatments include uses on barley, corn, cotton, dried shelled peas and beans, edible podded legume vegetables, oat, peanut, rye, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, wheat and triticale seed. For the proposed seed treatment products (BAS 700 02 F and BAS 700 03 F), fluxapyroxad will be applied to seeds as a water-based slurry or mist.  The proposed seed treatment labels do not indicate how treated seeds will be planted or applied to the field.  The proposed foliar application labels indicate that the best coverage of crops would be accomplished by ground application; however, aerial application and applications through sprinkler irrigation equipment are permitted.  It should also be noted that two of the proposed products (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) also contain the active ingredient pyraclostrobin.  This evaluation is limited to the exposure associated with fluxapyroxad specifically and not pyraclostrobin; however, risk based on exposure to the formulated product(s) is assessed, where data are sufficient to permit analysis, based on the content of fluxpyroxad in the relevant formulations.  One major degradate was identified in the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism studies, M700F001 [3-(difluoro-methyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid].  Based on discussions with the Residues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee (ROCKS), only the parent compound is considered a residue of concern (D390225, 7/14/2011).  

              Receptors

The receptor is the biological entity that is exposed to the stressor (USEPA 1998).  For this assessment, the receptor includes terrestrial and aquatic animals inhabiting fields where fluxapyroxad foliar applications occur or treated seeds are planted, and non-target areas to where fluxapyroxad is transported (via spray drift, runoff or leaching to groundwater).  Consistent with the process described in the Overview Document (USEPA 2004a), the risk assessment uses a surrogate species approach in its evaluation of fluxapyroxad.  Toxicological data generated from surrogate test species, which are intended to be representative of broad taxonomic groups, are used to extrapolate to potential effects on a variety of species (receptors) included under these taxonomic groupings.  
      
              Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints represent the actual environmental value that is to be protected, defined by an ecological entity (species, community, or other entity) and its attributes (EPA 1998).  For fluxapyroxad, the ecological entities include birds, mammals, freshwater fish and invertebrates, estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates, terrestrial plants, insects, and aquatic plants and algae. The attributes evaluated for each of these entities may include growth, reproduction, and survival.  

Conceptual Model

For a pesticide to pose an ecological risk, it must reach ecological receptors in biologically significant concentrations.  An exposure pathway is the means by which a pesticide moves in the environment from a source to an ecological receptor.  For an ecological pathway to be complete, it must have a source, a release mechanism, an environmental transport medium, a point of exposure for ecological receptors, and a feasible route of exposure.
      
A conceptual model provides a written description and visual representation of the predicted relationships between fluxapyroxad, the potential routes of exposure, and the predicted effects for each assessment endpoint. A conceptual model consists of two major components: the risk hypothesis and the conceptual diagram (EPA 1998).

Risk Hypothesis

For fluxapyroxad, the following ecological risk hypothesis is employed for this risk assessment:

     Fluxapyroxad has slight to moderate mobility in soil; it can move to surface water through spray drift, runoff, and erosion and it has potential to leach to ground water in vulnerable environments (e.g., high water tables, high rainfall/irrigation, sandy soils with low organic matter, etc.).  Therefore, fluxapyroxad may produce adverse effects on survival, growth, and/or reproduction of aquatic animals.  There is also the potential for risk to benthic invertebrates, given fluxapyroxad's persistence in water and sediment.  Based on the compound's persistence, fluxapyroxad may pose a chronic risk to small birds, terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles and mammals.  Based on previous assessments of a similarly structured carboxamide fungicide, there is potential risk to terrestrial plants and uncertainty regarding the potential effects of fluxapyroxide co-formulated with pyraclostrobin on the honey bee (Apis mellifera).
      
Conceptual Diagram

The environmental fate properties of fluxapyroxad indicate that for foliar applications, spray drift and runoff are potential transport mechanisms of fluxapyroxad to aquatic habitats where non-target organisms may be exposed.  It is expected that non-target terrestrial organisms can be exposed to foliar applications of fluxapyroxad through consumption of exposed plants and invertebrates. With regards to the seed treatments, fluxapyroxad may reach aquatic habitats via leaching of the chemical from the seed coat into field runoff and groundwater.  It is expected that non-target terrestrial organisms can be exposed to fluxapyroxad through consumption of treated seeds.  These transport mechanisms (i.e., sources) are depicted in the conceptual models below (Figures 2-1 and 2-2 are for terrestrial and aquatic exposure to foliar applications and Figures 2-3 and 2-4 are for terrestrial and aquatic exposure to seed treatments) along with the receptors of concern and the potential attribute changes in the receptors due to exposures of fluxapyroxad.  Dotted lines represent transport pathways that are assumed to have a low likelihood of occurring and/or of contributing to ecological risk.

                                       
Figure 2-1. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad foliar treatment effects on aquatic organisms.

                                       
Figure 2-2. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad foliar treatment effects on terrestrial organisms.

                                       
Figure 2-3. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad seed treatment effects on aquatic organisms.


                                       
Figure 2-4. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad seed treatment effects on terrestrial organisms.

Analysis Plan

The analysis plan is the final step in Problem Formulation.  During this step, an assessment design is developed, the scope of the assessment is outlined, the methods for conducting the assessment are determined, measurements of effects and exposure to evaluate the risk hypothesis are delineated, and initial data gaps and assumptions required to address them are identified. 

Conclusions from Previous Risk Assessments

As this is a new registration for a global chemical, there are no previous US EPA ecological risk assessments for fluxapyroxad.

Identification of Data Gaps and Uncertainties

 In terms of environmental fate studies required to support the registration of fluxapyroxad, there are no data gaps for fluxapyroxad.
 
 With respect to data requirements to support the assessment of ecological effects, acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates in the water column have not been submitted.  The registrant submitted a life cycle study with the mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia), but the study was classified as invalid due to poor reproductive performance in controls, the absence of guideline-recommended measurements, and uncertainties regarding the effects of an altered photoperiod on the study performance.  There is uncertainty regarding avian toxicity because non-guideline lighting regimes were used in multiple studies and a definitive NOAEC was not established in the avian reproduction study with bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).  With respect to terrestrial plant toxicity, apparent adjuvant interference in a seedling emergence study reduces confidence in these toxicity endpoints.  Appendix F provides more detail on the guideline studies that were classified as either supplemental or invalid.  Additional ecotoxicity data are not being requested at this time because such data would be unlikely to impact the screening level risk conclusions based on the currently proposed uses.
 
Two of the fluxapyroxad end-use products (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) proposed for registration are co-formulated with pyraclostrobin and are similar in that respect to the registered fungicide product, Pristine.  The Pristine product, which is another formulation from the fluxapyroxad registrant, contains the similarly structured, pyridine carboxamide fungicide boscalid (25.2%) and pyraclostrobin (12.8%).  Previous risk assessments for boscalid (DP Barcodes D363523, D379809, D385653) have described uncertainties regarding potential effects of Pristine on development of honey bee brood, based on incident reports (BASF 2008) and communications with beekeepers (personal communication).

Measures of Exposure

Screening-level assessments are intended to be protective of wildlife on a national level, as opposed to being regionally- or locally-specific.  Therefore, this assessment is not intended to represent a spatially- or temporally-specific analysis.  Maximum application rates are used to model estimated environmental concentrations (EECs).  Measures of exposure are based on aquatic and terrestrial models that calculate EECs using labeled application rates and methods.  Exposure modeling assumes that the seed treatment use will not result in spray drift.  Particulate drift, which may occur from abrasion of treated seeds during field application, is not assessed in screening-level exposure models. Groundwater is also assessed due to the moderate leaching potential of fluxapyroxad and the potential to use groundwater as irrigation water on crops. As this is a new registration, there are currently no monitoring data for fluxapyroxad for comparison to model-generated EECs.

In the conduct of this screening-level assessment, Tier I models are employed unless exposure concentrations indicate an exceedence of ecological levels of concern.  Surface water EECs are calculated using the Generic Estimated Environmental Concentration (GENEEC, v. 2.0, 8/1/2001) model.  EECs for sediment-dwelling invertebrates and for drift only analyses are estimated using the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM v. 3.12.2, 5/15/05) and Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS v. 2.98.04.06, 4/25/05), coupled with the input shell pe5v0 (11/15/06).  Groundwater concentrations are estimated using the Screening Concentration in Ground Water (SCIGROW, v. 2.3, 7/30/2003) model.  The Terrestrial Residue Exposure Model (T-REX, version 1.4.1, 10/9/2008) is used to derive terrestrial EECs on food items (USEPA 2008) for terrestrial vertebrates.  The TerrPlant model (v. 1.2.2, 12/26/2006) is used to derive runoff EECs for estimating exposures to terrestrial plants inhabiting dry and semi-aquatic areas (USEPA 2006b). Exposure estimates using the Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk (STIR, v. 1.0, 11/23/2010) and the Screening Imbibition Program (SIP, v. 1.0, 8/19/2010) indicated that inhalation and drinking water, respectively, were not expected to be significant routes of exposure for wildlife (Appendix D and E).  Exposure models are parameterized using relevant use and environmental fate data according to EFED input parameter guidance.

Measures of Effect

Measures of effect are obtained from a suite of registrant-submitted guideline studies which are conducted with a limited number of surrogate species.  The test species are not intended to be representative of the most sensitive species but rather are selected based on their ability to thrive under laboratory conditions.  For example, toxicity testing reported in this risk assessment utilizes surrogate species to represent all freshwater fish (>2000 species) and birds (>680 species) identified in the U.S.  Open literature searches are not conducted to identify data for potential use in this risk assessment because fluxapyroxad is a new active ingredient.
 
The acute measures of effect used in this screening-level assessment include the median lethal dose (LD50), median lethal concentration (LC50), and the median effect concentration (EC50). These are measures of acute toxicity which result in 50% of the respective effect in tested organisms.  The endpoints for chronic measures of effect are the No Observed Adverse Effects Concentration (NOAEC) and the No Observed Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL).  Toxicity studies are submitted for freshwater fish and invertebrates, estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates, aquatic and terrestrial plants, birds, mammals and honey bees.  The measurement endpoints used for risk characterization are derived from studies which underwent review and are classified as "acceptable" (conducted under guideline conditions and considered to be scientifically sound) or "supplemental" (conditions deviated from guidelines but the results are scientifically sound).  

Integration of Exposure and Effects

The exposure and toxicity effects data are integrated to evaluate the risks of adverse ecological effects on non-target species.  For the screening-level assessment of fluxapyroxad, the deterministic, risk quotient (RQ) method is used to compare estimated exposure and measured toxicity values.  The RQ method involves dividing EECs by acute and chronic toxicity values.  The resulting RQs are then compared to the Agency's levels of concern (LOCs) (USEPA 2004a).  These criteria are used to indicate if applications of fluxapyroxad, as directed on the label, have the potential to cause adverse effects to non-target organisms.

Although risk is often described in terms of the likelihood and magnitude of adverse effects, the risk quotient-based approach does not provide a quantitative estimate of likelihood or magnitude of an adverse effect, but rather provides a "yes" or "no" answer depending upon whether or not LOCs are exceeded.  

Analysis

              Use Characterization

Fluxapyroxad is a new fungicide active ingredient (a.i.) included in multiple, formulated end-use products, and is proposed for use on wheat, barley, corn, bean and pea legumes, peanuts, pome and stone fruits, fruiting vegetables, oil seed, root and tuberous vegetable crops.  Foliar applications can be made via aerial, ground, or chemigation equipment.  Proposed seed treatments include uses on barley, corn, cotton, dried shelled peas and beans, edible podded legume vegetables, oat, peanut, rye, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, wheat and triticale seed.  Application of the fungicide to seeds can be accomplished through water-based slurry, using standard slurry or mist-type seed treatment application equipment.  A review of the labels indicates that many of the uses have similar application rates and retreatment intervals.  As such, these uses have been grouped for ease of exposure modeling.  Application rates and retreatment intervals for the groups considered in the modeling runs are provided in Table 3.1.  For seeding applications, the highest, mean, and lowest equivalent application rates were used to provide a range of potential exposure concentrations.  Equivalent application rates for seed applications in lbs ai per acre were developed using label information, provided in units of lbs ai/100 lbs of seed, and seeding rates provided by OPP's Biological and Economic Analysis Division (Becker and Ratnayake 2011).  Seeding rates are provided in Appendix A, Table 2.

Table 3.1. Fluxapyroxad application rates and retreatment intervals for proposed uses.
                                    Use(s)
                                  App. Method
                             Max. Single App. Rate
                                 (lbs a.i./A)
                                No. of Apps.[1]
                          Retreatment Interval (days)
                                  PHI (days)
                             Max. Annual App. Rate
                                  (lbs a.i./
                                    A/year)
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                    Foliar
                                     0.18
                                       2
                                       7
                                      21
                                     0.36
                                 Stone fruits
                                    Foliar
                                     0.110
                                     3[2]
                                       7
                                       0
                                     0.329
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                    Foliar
                                     0.089
                                       2
                                     3[3]
                                      21
                                     0.179
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                                    Foliar
                                     0.089
                                       2
                                       7
                                    7-21[4]
                                     0.179
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                    Foliar
                                     0.089
                                     3[2]
                                       7
                                       7
                                     0.268
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                    Foliar
                                     0.089
                                       2
                                      14
                                      21
                                     0.179
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                    Foliar
                                     0.089
                                     3[2]
                                      14
                                       7
                                     0.268
                                  Pome fruits
                                    Foliar
                                     0.089
                                     4[2]
                                       7
                                       0
                                     0.358
                         Wheat, triticale (high rate)
                                     Seed
                                     0.078
                                       1
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                     0.078
                          Podded legume (medium rate)
                                     Seed
                                     0.022
                                       1
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                     0.022
                             Sunflower (low rate)
                                     Seed
                                    0.0008
                                       1
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                    0.0008
App. - Application.  Max. - Maximum.  N/A - Not applicable.  No.  -  Number.  PHI  -  Pre-harvest interval.
1  Maximum number of applications specified on label.
[2] Label specifies no more than 2 consecutive applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.
[3] The retreatment interval was not specified on the labels, so a default value of 3 was assumed.  This was estimated as the minimum amount of time necessary to apply the pesticide, evaluate the effects of the application, and determine if subsequent applications are required.
[4] Sweet corn, edible podded legume vegetables, and succulent shelled peas and beans have a PHI of 7 days. All other uses in this group have a PHI of 21 days.

              Exposure Characterization

Environmental Fate and Transport

Fluxapyroxad is stable to hydrolysis at pH values of 5, 7 and 9, and is stable to both soil and aqueous photolysis.  Fluxapyroxad is not expected to volatilize (vapor pressure of 6.1 x 10[-11] Torr at 25˚ C).  Fluxapyroxad does not readily undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation in soil, with single first-order half-lives ranging from 213 to 1,827 days.  There did not appear to be any relationship between soil metabolism half-lives and pH, organic carbon, or cation exchange capacity (fluxapyroxad was persistent for years under all conditions tested).  Low carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were observed in the aerobic soil metabolism studies, with very little transformation product being formed.  There was an increase in unextracted residue formation with an increase in temperature without an effect on CO2 and transformation product formation, and without the detection of parent in unextracted residue (MRID 47923684).  Coupled with the fact that fluxapyroxad is moderately to slightly mobile (see mobility discussion below), there is the potential that the half-life values determined in these studies are more representative of adsorption than of biotransformation.
  
Fluxapyroxad does not readily undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation in aquatic systems, with single first-order half-lives ranging from 420 to 731 days.  In aerobic aquatic studies, fluxapyroxad partitioned to sediment, reaching levels in sediment above 50% of the applied between 3 and 7 days after treatment.  

In the terrestrial field dissipation studies conducted on bare soil at six locations throughout North America, fluxapyroxad was detected infrequently below the top 6 inches of the soil, dissipating with half-lives ranging from 17 to 436 days in the top 6 inches.  The 17 day dissipation half-life was calculated for a study conducted in Texas using an n[th] order model (IORE).
 
Fluxapyroxad is classified as moderately to slightly mobile (FAO soil mobility classification) based on organic carbon partition (adsorption; Koc) values in two U.S. soils ranging from 725 to 1,200 mL/goc.  Adsorption Koc values for six foreign soils were similar, ranging from 496 to 1,424 mL/goc.  Freundlich soil partitioning coefficients (KF) for adsorption for the two U.S. soils ranged from 2.5 to 8.6 ml/g (4.3 to 17.9 ml/g for foreign soils).  Based on its mobility and exceptionally long environmental persistence, fluxapyroxad has the potential to leach to ground water, particularly where high water tables are present, high rainfall/irrigation occurs, and where sandy soils with low organic matter exist. As mentioned above, in the majority of terrestrial field dissipation studies, fluxapyroxad was detected infrequently at depths greater than 6 inches.  However, given fluxapyroxad's persistence and mobility, the terrestrial field dissipation studies, which only lasted a maximum of 472 days, may not have been long enough to capture leaching over time.  Additionally, because analysis of bulk soil core samples collected during terrestrial field dissipation studies is, in general, less efficient at detecting compounds in soil pore water than suction lysimeters, the terrestrial field dissipation studies are less likely to capture potential leaching of fluxapyroxad.

A bioconcentration in fish (BCF) laboratory study involving bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus; MRID 47923730) showed that after 28 days of exposure to fluxapyroxad (1.0 and 10.0 ug a.i./L), whole fish BCF values (based on total radioactivity) were 86 and 93 (ug/kg-ww per ug/L), respectively. Time to reach 90% depuration was 2.5 and 2.4 days, respectively.  Therefore, fluxapyroxad is not likely to bioaccumulate.

One major degradate was identified in one of eight soils in the aerobic metabolism studies and in the anaerobic metabolism studies, M700F001 [3-(difluoro-methyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid].  In the single soil, M700F001 reached a level of 33% at Day 123 and decreased to a level of 29% by the end of the study (Day 363, MRID 47923684).  In the remaining seven soils, M700F001 was below 6% throughout the conduct of the studies.  In the anaerobic soil metabolism study (MRID 47923688), M700F001 reached a level of 10% at the end of the study (Day 123).  Based on discussions with the Residues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee (ROCKS), only the parent compound was considered a residue of concern in drinking water (D390225, 7/14/2011).  Table 3.2 summarizes the physicochemical and fate properties of fluxapyroxad.  
 
Table 3.2. Chemical properties and environmental fate parameters of fluxapyroxad. 
                            Chemical Fate/Parameter
                                     Value
                                 Source (MRID)
                             Study Classification
                                   Comments
IUPAC Name
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(3',4',5'-trifluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-
yl)-1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide



Chemical Formula
C18H12F5N3O



Chemical Structure




Molecular Mass (g/mol)
381.31



Vapor Pressure (25°C) (Torr)
6.1 x 10[-11]
47923505
Acceptable
Not expected to volatilize
Solubility (20°C) (ppm)
3.44 (pH 7)
47923509
Acceptable

Octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow)
1,288 (log Kow = 3.11)
47923511
Acceptable

Dissociation constant (pKa)
12.58
47923514
Acceptable

Hydrolysis half-life 
(pHs 5,7,9; 50 °C)
No evidence of degradation at all three pHs
                                   47923512/
48409101
Acceptable

Aqueous photolysis half-life 
No evidence of degradation
47923513
Acceptable

Soil photolysis half-life
No evidence of degradation
47923690
Acceptable

Aerobic soil metabolism half-life; soil texture
213 days (NJ, loam)[1]
1,827 days (ID, sandy loam) 2
676 days (IL, loam) 2
387 days (WI, loamy sand) 2
47923684
Acceptable
No observed correlation between half-lives and individual soil properties.

729 days (CA, sandy loam)[2]
295 days (GA, sandy loam) 2[,3]
345 days (IN, loam) 2[,3]
238 days (NC, sandy loam) 2[,3]
47923691
Acceptable

Anaerobic soil metabolism half-life; soil texture
591 days (NJ, loam) 2
47923688
Supplemental

Aerobic aquatic metabolism half-life 
420 days (silt loam) 2
701 days (sand) 2
47923713
Acceptable
Partitioned mainly to sediments
Anaerobic aquatic metabolism half-life
731 days
47923714
Supplemental

Range of Freundlich soil partition coefficients (KF, mL/g) for adsorption; 
8.6 (NJ, silt loam)
2.5 (CA, sandy loam)
6.8 (Germany, loamy sand)
4.2 (Germany, sand)
5.7 (Germany, loamy sand)
12.3 (Spain, silty clay)
18.3 (Germany, clay silt)
14.0 (Japan, sandy silt)
47923707
Acceptable
Six foreign soils found to be representative of agricultural areas where the pesticide will be used.
Range of organic carbon partition coefficients (K oc, mL/goc)
1,195 (NJ, silt loam)
725 (CA, sandy loam)
981 (Germany, loamy sand)
978 (Germany, sand)
827 (Germany, loamy sand)
496 (Spain, silty clay)
1,424 (Germany, clay silt)
819 (Japan, sandy silt)
47923707
Acceptable
Six foreign soils found to be representative of agricultural areas where the pesticide will be used.
Terrestrial field dissipation half-life 
76 days (MB[4], clay loam)
47923695
Acceptable
All applications were to bare ground.

16.7 days (TX, clay loam)[5]
120 days (IL, silt loam)
332 days (NY, sandy loam)
47923696
Acceptable


314 days (CA, sandy loam)
436 days (WI, sand)
47923697
Acceptable

Bioconcentration factor
86-93(whole fish)
47923730
Acceptable

[1] Estimates using the first-order, multiple-compartment (FOMC) model provided a better fit to the data, but, as only single first-order (SFO) model estimates are currently used by EFED in estimating ecological exposures, the half-life presented is from a SFO fit of the data.
[2] Half-lives extrapolated beyond length of studies (368 days for MRID 47923684, 120 days for MRID 47923691, 123 days for MRID 47923688, 100 days for MRID 47923713, and 365 days for MRID 47923714).
[3] These estimates are based on the SFO model. However using the interim EFED kinetics modeling guidance, SFO is not the best model of degradation in these studies.  Representative half-lives based on alternative models are as high as 613 (GA), 2,580 (IN), and 1,561 (NC) days.
[4] MB  -  Manitoba, Canada
[5] Dissipation half-life was calculated using an nth order model (IORE).  Using current EFED kinetics guidance, not available at the time of this estimation, suggests that a longer half-life of 117 days may be more appropriate.

Aquatic Exposure

In the conduct of this screening-level assessment, GENEEC was used to calculate aquatic estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) for fluxapyroxad.  If aquatic EECs had exceeded ecological levels of concern, a more refined model (PRZM/EXAMS) would have been employed.  EECs for fluxapyroxad in surface water were generated based on maximum labeled use rates (Table 3.1) and fate input parameters (Table 3.3), developed using current EFED Input Parameter Guidance (USEPA, 2009).  Although the labels specify that, for multiple applications of fluxapyroxad, no more than two applications should be made consecutively before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action, GENEEC does not have the capability to model multiple applications with varying retreatment intervals.  For scenarios where three or four applications of fluxapyroxad could be made, the applications were conservatively modeled as consecutive applications.  A soil incorporation depth of 0 inches was assumed, as fluxapyroxad can be applied on a variety of seeds, with varying planting depths, and no incorporation provides conservative exposure estimates for transport in runoff.

Table 3.3. Input parameters used in surface water exposure modeling (GENEEC). 
                                       
                                 Variable Name
                                       
                                  Data Value
                                  Data Source
                                    MRID(s)
                                    Comment
Application Method
Aerial (foliar treatment), 
granular (seed treatment)
Proposed labels

Application Rate (lbs. ai/acre)
See Table 3.1
Proposed labels

Application Frequency
See Table 3.1
Proposed labels

Application Interval (days)
See Table 3.1
Proposed labels

Incorporation depth (in)
0 

                                      --
Assumed no incorporation 
Koc
931 mL/goc
47923707
Mean of eight values[1]
Aerobic Soil Metabolism
t1/2 = 857 days
47923684,
47923691
90[th] percentile on mean (589 days) of 8 values[1]
Solubility
3.44 ppm
47923509

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism 
t1/2 = 993 days 
47923713
90[th] percentile on mean (561 days) of 2 values[1]
Photolysis
t1/2 = stable
47923513

  [1] EFED input parameter guidance is located at: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_parameter_guidance.htm

EECs for fluxapyroxad in groundwater used for irrigation purposes were generated based on maximum labeled use rates (Table 3.1) and fate input parameters (Table 3.4), developed using current EFED Input Parameter Guidance (USEPA, 2009) and SCIGROW.  

Table 3.4. Input parameters used in ground water exposure modeling (SCIGROW). 
                                       
                                 Variable Name
                                       
                                  Data Value
                                  Data Source
                                    MRID(s)
                                    Comment
Application Rate (lbs. ai/acre)
0.18 (foliar treatment)
0.078 (seed treatment)
Proposed labels

Application Frequency
2 (foliar treatment)
1 (seed treatment)
Proposed labels

Aerobic Soil Metabolism
t1/2 = 366 days
47923684,
47923691
Median value of 8 values ranging from 213 to 1827[1]
Koc
902 mL/goc
47923707
Median of eight values[1]
  [1] EFED input parameter guidance is located at: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_parameter_guidance.htm 

To estimate exposure to sediment-dwelling invertebrates and drift-only exposure to formulated products, EECs were developed using PRZM/EXAMS, as the GENEEC model does estimate concentrations in pore water or as the result of drift-only.  The same fate parameters used in the above mentioned aquatic exposure modeling were used (Table 3.3).  Drift-only estimates were only derived for foliar applications, as seed applications do not result in spray drift issues.  The application efficiency was set to zero and the spray drift fraction was set to 0.05, to simulate an aerial application resulting in drift-only contributions.  The chemical application method (CAM) was set to 2, indicating an interception by the crop canopy and the condition for disposition of the foliar pesticide after harvest was set to 1, indicating it was surface applied.  Additionally, PRZM/EXAMS requires the entry of the first application date and the use of crop-specific scenarios.  These inputs are provided in Table 3.5.  The date of the first application was determined considering a variety of factors.  Initially the labels were consulted. For cereal crops (e.g., barley, oats, rye, and wheat), the labels indicate to apply fluxapyroxad "after flag leaf emergence", which occurs approximately 30 days after emergence (Anderson, 2008).  However, in most instances, the labels indicated to apply fluxapyroxad "prior to disease development." As fluxapyroxad is a fungicide, and most fungi thrive in moist, humid conditions, dates in the spring were considered.  As fluxapyroxad is designed to attack diseases which affect the leaf, dates when leaves begin to appear were selected.  For most crops, this occurs approximately 14 days after emergence. With pome and stone fruits, the dates of emergence for scenarios outside of California were selected as they correspond with dates at when flowering occurs.  For California PRZM/EXAMS scenarios, the first day of spring was used as the day of application, since the date of emergence for these scenarios occurred in early January. A list of the scenarios modeled is provided in Table 3.5.  The scenario with the maximum EEC is highlighted in bold.  The selected crop-specific scenarios are standard Agency-developed scenarios.  

Table 3.5. Application scenarios and start dates for PRZM/EXAMS modeling.
                                    Use(s)
                              PRZM/EXAMS Scenario
                                Emergence date
                           Date of first application
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                  MIbeansSTD
                                      6/1
                                    6/15[1]
                                 Stone fruits
                               CAfruit_WirrigSTD
                                 GAPeachesSTD
                                     1/16
                                    3/21[2]
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                  NDwheatSTD
                                  CAWheatRLF
                                  NDwheatSTD
                                     5/16
                                    6/15[3]
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                                   IAcornSTD
                                   ILCornSTD
                                   MScornSTD
                                 MSsoybeanSTD
                                   OHCornSTD
                                   PAcornSTD
                                     5/25
                                    6/8[1]
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                              CAtomato_WirrigSTD
                                 FLpeppersSTD
                                  FLtomatoSTD
                                  PAtomatoSTD
                                      3/1
                                    3/15[1]
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                  NDcanolaSTD
                                     5/16
                                    5/30[1]
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                MNsugarbeetSTD
                                  NCpeanutSTD
                                     5/16
                                    5/30[1]
                                  Pome fruits
                               CAfruit_WirrigSTD
                                  NCappleSTD
                                  ORappleSTD
                                  PAappleSTD
                                     1/16
                                    3/21[2]
Bold values indicate scenarios which generated the highest surface water EECs.
[1]Assumed first application occurs 14 days after emergence.
[2]Assumed first application occurs on first day of spring.
  
The EECs in Table 3.6 reflect the 1-in-10 year peak, 4-day, 21-day, 60-day, and 90-day surface water concentrations.  Model runs using ground and airblast applications were also conducted, but resulted in EECs that were lower than those for aerial applications.  The EECs in Table 3.7 reflect the 1-in-10 year peak and 4-day surface water concentrations resulting from drift only.  For estimates to sediment-dwelling invertebrates, only the dried shelled beans scenario was run, as it generated the highest peak surface water EECs in the GENEEC and PRZM/EXAMS (results not shown) runs.  The sediment pore water acute EEC for this scenario was 6.31 ug/L. This estimate was converted to units of ug/kg dry sediment by using the pore water concentration, the sediment Koc (931 L/kgoc, Table 3.3), and the equilibrium partitioning model, depicted in equation 1 (EQ1), to yield a concentration of 237 ug/kg dry sediment (USEPA, 2008).  Default values and the equation for Kbiota were obtained from supporting documents from the FIFRA SAP in 2004 for Refined (Level II) Terrestrial and Aquatic Models (USEPA, 2004b).

Csed-dw=Cpw x 1000L/m3 x (msed x foc x Koc+ mbiota x Kbiota+ mDOC x KDOC+ Vpw)msed	EQ(1)

Where
   Csed-dw	concentration of pesticide in sediment on dry weight basis (mg ai/kg sediment, dry weight)
   Cpw	concentration of pesticide dissolved in pore water (mg ai/L)
   msed	mass of sediment (assumed to be 675,200 kg)
   foc	fraction of organic carbon in sediment (assumed to be 0.04)
   Koc	organic carbon normalized solid water distribution coefficient (m[3]/kgoc)
   mbiota	mass of biota in benthic compartment (assumed to be 0.06 kg)
   Kbiota	biota-water partition coefficient (0.436 x [Koc/0.35][0.907])(m[3]/kg)
   mDOC	mass of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in benthic compartment (assumed to be 1.249 kg)
   KDOC	DOC-water partition coefficient (assumed equal to Koc, m[3]/kgoc)
   Vpw	volume of pore water (assumed equal to 249.8 m[3])
   
Table 3.6. Tier I surface water EECs of fluxapyroxad (GENEEC). 
                                    Use(s)
               Application Rate (lbs ai/A), Number of apps, RTI
                                 EECs (ug/L)
                                       
                                       
                                     Peak
                                     4 day
                                    21 day
                                    60 day
                                    90 day
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                               0.18 x 2, 7 days
                                     10.14
                                     10.10
                                     9.85
                                     9.32
                                     8.94
                                 Stone fruits
                               0.110 x 3, 7 days
                                     9.27
                                     9.24
                                     9.01
                                     8.52
                                     8.18
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                               0.089 x 2, 3 days
                                     5.02
                                     5.00
                                     4.88
                                     4.61
                                     4.43
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                               0.089 x 2, 7 days
                                     5.01
                                     4.99
                                     4.87
                                     4.61
                                     4.42
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                               0.089 x 3, 7 days
                                     7.50
                                     7.47
                                     7.29
                                     6.89
                                     6.62
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                              0.089 x 2, 14 days
                                     5.00
                                     4.98
                                     4.86
                                     4.60
                                     4.41
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                              0.089 x 3, 14 days
                                     7.47
                                     7.44
                                     7.25
                                     6.86
                                     6.58
                                  Pome fruits
                              0.089 x 4, 14 days
                                     9.98
                                     9.94
                                     9.69
                                     9.17
                                     8.80
                         Wheat, triticale (high rate)
                                 0.078 x 1, NA
                                     1.74
                                     1.74
                                     1.69
                                     1.59
                                     1.53
                          Podded legume (medium rate)
                                 0.022 x 1, NA
                                     0.49
                                     0.49
                                     0.48
                                     0.45
                                     0.43
                             Sunflower (low rate)
                                0.0008 x 1, NA
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
RTI  -  retreatment interval

Table 3.7. EECs from spray drift only following fluxpyroxad applications (PRZM/EXAMS).
                                    Use(s)
                                 EECs (ug/L)
                                       
                                     Peak
                                     4 day
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     1.97
                                     1.93
                                 Stone fruits
                                     4.09
                                     4.06
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                     1.40
                                     1.38
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                                     1.12
                                     1.10
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                     2.45
                                     2.43
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                     1.64
                                     1.62
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                     2.16
                                     2.13
                                  Pome fruits
                                     4.39
                                     4.36

SCIGROW runs were conducted for the maximum foliar application (dried shelled beans except soybeans; 2 applications at 0.18 lbs ai/A) and seeding rates (wheat, triticale; 1 application at 0.078 lbs ai/A).  For groundwater sources of irrigation water, the estimated concentration of fluxapyroxad in shallow groundwater for applications to dry shelled beans (except soybeans) is 0.087 μg/L; the estimated value for wheat and triticale seed applications is 0.019 μg/L.  The SCIGROW output file is provided in Appendix C. These estimated ground water concentrations represent concentrations that might be expected in shallow, unconfined aquifers under sandy soils, which are expected to be most vulnerable to pesticide contamination.  

Terrestrial Exposure

The proposed application of fluxapyroxad to crops has the potential to reach non-target terrestrial organisms via spray drift and runoff (for plants).  Non-target terrestrial organisms may also be exposed to fluxapyroxad via treated seeds.  For terrestrial animals, T-REX (Version 1.4.1) is used to calculate dietary- and dose-based EECs of fluxapyroxad for mammals and birds feeding on the site of application.  Input values for T-REX include the maximum single application rates, number of applications, and retreatment interval for a given use and are located in Table 3.1.  In this assessment, EFED uses a default foliar dissipation half-life of 35 days as an input for terrestrial exposure modeling in T-REX.  The default value is generally consistent with information from residue decline studies submitted by the registrant and reviewed by HED [Global Joint Review Monograph B.7.6 Residues resulting from supervised trials (Annex IIA 6.3; Annex IIIA 8.3), 2011].  Although half-lives were not calculated, supervised field trials with legume vegetables, sunflower, canola, and sugar beet show that mean residues of the fluxapyroxad declined by approximately half in the three-to-four weeks (21 to 28 days) following application.  Fluxapyroxad was more persistent on cereal crops, including rice, barley, and wheat; residues in these matrices declined only slightly or remained the same for the duration of the trial (30 days).  Therefore, the default foliar dissipation value of 35 days may underestimate persistence in some crops.

Upper-bound Kenega nomogram values based on Hoerger and Kenega (1972) as modified by Fletcher et al. (1994) are used to derive EECs for fluxapyroxad exposures to terrestrial mammals and birds based on dietary- and dose-based exposures from foliar applications of fluxapyroxad (Table 3.8).  A one-year time period is simulated.  Consideration is given to different types of feeding strategies for mammals and birds, including herbivores, insectivores and granivores.  For dose-based exposures, three weight classes of mammals (15, 35, and 1000 g) and birds (20, 100, and 1000 g) are considered (Appendix G).  T-REX is also used to calculate dose-based EECs of fluxapyroxad for birds and mammals that consume treated seeds.  Seeding rates (Becker and Ratnayake 2011) and the maximum application rate according to the proposed label are used to calculate dose-based EECs (USEPA 2008b) and the mass of fluxapyroxad per unit area (mg ai/ft[2]) available for consumption by birds and mammals (Table 3.9).  

Table 3.8. Terrestrial EECs as food residues for animals exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed foliar uses.
                                   Food Type
                                 Dietary Based
                                 (mg/kg diet)
                              (mammals and birds)
                                  Dose Based
                                  (mg/kg bw)
                                    (birds)
                                  Dose Based
                                  (mg/kg bw)
                                   (mammals)

                               All Size Classes
                                     Small
                                    (20 g)
                                    Medium
                                    (100 g)
                                     Large
                                   (1000 g)
                                     Small
                                    (15 g)
                                    Medium
                                    (35 g)
                                     Large
                                   (1000 g)
Dried shelled beans (except soybeans); 0.18 lbs ai/A; 2 applications; 7-day interval
Short grass
                                     80.81
                                     92.03
                                     52.48
                                     23.50
                                     77.04
                                     53.25
                                     12.35
Tall grass
                                     37.04
                                     42.18
                                     24.05
                                     10.77
                                     35.31
                                     24.41
                                     5.66
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     45.45
                                     51.77
                                     29.52
                                     13.22
                                     43.34
                                     29.95
                                     6.94
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     5.05
                                     5.75
                                     3.28
                                     1.47
                                     4.82
                                     3.33
                                     0.77
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     1.28
                                     0.73
                                     0.33
                                     1.07
                                     0.74
                                     0.17
          Stone fruits; 0.11 lbs ai/A; 3 applications; 7-day interval
Short grass
                                     69.39
                                     79.03
                                     45.07
                                     20.18
                                     66.16
                                     45.72
                                     10.60
Tall grass
                                     31.80
                                     36.22
                                     20.65
                                     9.25
                                     30.32
                                     20.96
                                     4.86
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     39.03
                                     44.45
                                     25.35
                                     11.35
                                     37.21
                                     25.72
                                     5.96
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     4.34
                                     4.94
                                     2.82
                                     1.26
                                     4.13
                                     2.86
                                     0.66
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     1.10
                                     0.63
                                     0.28
                                     0.92
                                     0.64
                                     0.15
Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale; 0.089 lbs ai/A; 2 applications; 3-day interval
Short grass
                                     41.49
                                     47.25
                                     26.94
                                     12.06
                                     39.56
                                     27.34
                                     6.34
Tall grass
                                     19.02
                                     21.66
                                     12.35
                                     5.53
                                     18.13
                                     12.53
                                     2.91
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     23.34
                                     26.58
                                     15.16
                                     6.79
                                     22.25
                                     15.38
                                     3.57
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     2.59
                                     2.95
                                     1.68
                                     0.75
                                     2.47
                                     1.71
                                     0.40
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.66
                                     0.37
                                     0.17
                                     0.55
                                     0.38
                                     0.09
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans; 0.089 lbs ai/A; 2 applications; 7-day interval
Short grass
                                     39.95
                                     45.50
                                     25.95
                                     11.62
                                     38.09
                                     26.33
                                     6.10
Tall grass
                                     18.31
                                     20.86
                                     11.89
                                     5.32
                                     17.46
                                     12.07
                                     2.80
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     22.47
                                     25.60
                                     14.60
                                     6.53
                                     21.43
                                     14.81
                                     3.43
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     2.50
                                     2.84
                                     1.62
                                     0.73
                                     2.38
                                     1.65
                                     0.38
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.63
                                     0.36
                                     0.16
                                     0.53
                                     0.37
                                     0.08
Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables; 0.089 lbs ai/A; 3 applications; 7-day interval
Short grass
                                     56.14
                                     63.94
                                     36.46
                                     16.32
                                     53.53
                                     36.99
                                     8.58
Tall grass
                                     25.73
                                     29.31
                                     16.71
                                     7.48
                                     24.53
                                     16.96
                                     3.93
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     31.58
                                     35.97
                                     20.51
                                     9.18
                                     30.11
                                     20.81
                                     4.82
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     3.51
                                     4.00
                                     2.28
                                     1.02
                                     3.35
                                     2.31
                                     0.54
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.89
                                     0.51
                                     0.23
                                     0.74
                                     0.51
                                     0.12
Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed); 0.089 lbs ai/A; 2 applications; 14-day interval
Short grass
                                     37.55
                                     42.76
                                     24.39
                                     10.92
                                     35.80
                                     24.74
                                     5.74
Tall grass
                                     17.21
                                     19.60
                                     11.18
                                     5.00
                                     16.41
                                     11.34
                                     2.63
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     21.12
                                     24.05
                                     13.72
                                     6.14
                                     20.14
                                     13.92
                                     3.23
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     2.35
                                     2.67
                                     1.52
                                     0.68
                                     2.24
                                     1.55
                                     0.36
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.59
                                     0.34
                                     0.15
                                     0.50
                                     0.34
                                     0.08
     Peanut, sugar beet;  0.089 lbs ai/A; 3 applications; 14-day interval
Short grass
                                     49.82
                                     56.74
                                     32.35
                                     14.48
                                     47.50
                                     32.83
                                     7.61
Tall grass
                                     22.83
                                     26.00
                                     14.83
                                     6.64
                                     21.77
                                     15.05
                                     3.49
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     28.02
                                     31.91
                                     18.20
                                     8.15
                                     26.72
                                     18.46
                                     4.28
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     3.11
                                     3.55
                                     2.02
                                     0.91
                                     2.97
                                     2.05
                                     0.48
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.79
                                     0.45
                                     0.20
                                     0.66
                                     0.46
                                     0.11
          Pome fruits; 0.089 lbs ai/A; 4 applications; 7-day interval
Short grass
                                     70.24
                                     79.99
                                     45.61
                                     20.42
                                     66.96
                                     46.28
                                     10.73
Tall grass
                                     32.19
                                     36.66
                                     20.91
                                     9.36
                                     30.69
                                     21.21
                                     4.92
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     39.51
                                     44.99
                                     25.66
                                     11.49
                                     37.67
                                     26.03
                                     6.04
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     4.39
                                     5.00
                                     2.85
                                     1.28
                                     4.19
                                     2.89
                                     0.67
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     1.11
                                     0.63
                                     0.28
                                     0.93
                                     0.64
                                     0.15
[N/][A]  Not applicable.

Table 3.9. Terrestrial dose-based EECs for the range of seed treatment uses proposed for fluxapyroxad. 
                                    Use(s)
                                   App Rate
                            (lbs a.i./100 lbs seed)
                                Seeding Rate[1]
                                 (lbs seed/A)
                                App Rate      
                                  (lbs a.i./A)
                                     Seed
                        App Rate              (mg a.i./
                                   kg seed)
                                Dose-Based EEC
                              (mg a.i./kg-bw/day)
                                  Spatial EEC
           (available a.i. per unit area)          (mg a.i. /ft[2])
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Birds
                                    Mammals
                                       
                         Wheat, triticale (high rate)
                                     0.05
                                      156
                                     0.078
                                      500
                                      127
                                      106
                                     0.81
                          Podded legume (medium rate)
                                     0.01
                                      225
                                     0.022
                                      100
                                     25.3
                                     21.2
                                     0.23
                             Sunflower (low rate)
                                     0.02
                                       4
                                    0.0008
                                      200
                                     50.6
                                     42.4
                                     0.01
Abbreviations: [App] Application.  cwt  Hundred weight (100 lbs seed).
[1]Reference: Becker and Ratnayake (2011).
TerrPlant is used to calculate EECs for non-target plants that inhabit dry and semi-aquatic areas.  In this assessment, exposure to non-target plants is calculated based on the potential runoff and spray drift of foliar applications of fluxapyroxad and potential runoff after seed treatment application (Table 3.10).  Potential exposure resulting from spray drift is not calculated for seed treatment applications because any spray drift of fluxapyroxad associated with the seed treatment use is expected to be negligible.  TerrPlant does not account for particulate drift.

Table 3.10. EECs for non-target terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants based on proposed uses of fluxapyroxad (TerrPlant).
                                    Use(s)
                             Application Technique
                             Single Max. App. Rate
                                 (lbs a.i./A)
                               EECs (lbs a.i./A)



                          Semi-Aquatic Areas (Total)
                                  Spray Drift 
                               Dry Areas (Total)
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                    Foliar
                                     0.18
                                     0.027
                                     0.009
                                    0.0108
                                 Stone fruits
                                    Foliar
                                     0.110
                                    0.0165
                                    0.0055
                                    0.0066
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                    Foliar
                                     0.089
                                    0.0134
                                    0.0045
                                    0.0053
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                  Pome fruits
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                         Wheat, triticale (high rate)
                                     Seed
                                     0.078
                                     0.008
                                      N/A
                                    0.0008
                          Podded legume (medium rate)
                                     Seed
                                     0.022
                                    0.0022
                                      N/A
                                    0.0002
                             Sunflower (low rate)
                                     Seed
                                    0.0008
                                  <0.0001
                                      N/A
                                  <0.0001
App. - Application.  Max. - Maximum.  N/A - Not applicable.

              Ecological Effects Characterization

Ecotoxicity Data

Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for the proposed new uses of fluxapyroxad are shown in Table 3.11 through Table 3.18.  In the current risk assessment, the most sensitive endpoints available from registrant-submitted toxicity studies classified as acceptable or supplemental are the endpoints selected for quantitative use in risk estimation.

            3.3.1.1.   Aquatic Organisms

Acute toxicity data for fish and aquatic invertebrates are summarized in Table 3.11.  Based on the available data, fluxapyroxad and its formulated end-use products are highly to very highly toxic to most species of freshwater fish tested (rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss; fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas; and carp, Cyprinus carpio) on an acute exposure basis.  Fluxapyroxad is at least moderately toxic to bluegill sunfish on an acute exposure basis.

The freshwater fish species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for fluxapyroxad and its end-use products is illustrated in Figure 3.1.  The SSD represents acute toxicity data for the four fish species exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI and additional data for rainbow trout exposed to both single and dual-a.i. end-use products containing fluxapyroxad.  This figure illustrates the proportion of freshwater fish species (Y-axis) predicted to exhibit a standard response (50% mortality) at a given stressor intensity (X-axis, concentration of fluxapyroxad a.i.).  The data points (open circles) represent the mean LC50 value for rainbow trout (n=5 studies: fluxapyroxad TGAI and 4 EPs) and the actual LC50 values for carp, fathead minnow, and bluegill sunfish (n=1 study each).  The LC50 values from formulated product tests are adjusted for percent a.i.  Although the carp was more sensitive than other fish species exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI, the greater toxicity of co-formulated fluxpyroxad in the studies with rainbow trout and the absence of formulated product data for the other species artificially skews the distribution so that the trout appears more sensitive overall.  

                                       
            Figure 3-1.  Species sensitivity distribution for freshwater fish exposed to fluxapyroxad and its end-use products, based on registrant-submitted acute toxicity data. 
                                       
The fluxapyroxad TGAI is moderately toxic to freshwater invertebrates (water flea, Daphnia magna), and formulated fluxapyroxad ranges from slightly toxic (BAS 700 04 F) to very highly toxic (BAS 703 02 F) to freshwater invertebrates, on an acute exposure basis.  The fluxapyroxad TGAI is at least moderately toxic to estuarine/marine fish (sheepshead minnow, Cyprinidon variegatus) and invertebrates (mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia) based on acute mortality and is highly toxic to estuarine/marine molluscs (Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica), based on reductions in shell growth during acute exposure.

Chronic toxicity data for fish and aquatic invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad are summarized in Table 3.12.  Chronic toxicity has been demonstrated for freshwater fish based on reduced growth (body length) of juvenile fathead minnow in an early life stage toxicity test.  An acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR), based on the submitted acute and chronic toxicity data for fathead minnow, is used in this assessment to calculate a NOAEC value for use in risk estimation because chronic toxicity data were not submitted for the freshwater fish species (carp) most sensitive to acute exposure to fluxapyroxad.  The calculations for the ACR and the calculated NOAEC value for carp are detailed in the footnotes to Table 3.12.  Similar to the fathead minnow, chronic exposure of freshwater invertebrates (water flea, or daphnid) to fluxapyroxad resulted in reduced growth (length) of parental daphnids and reduced reproduction in terms of the number of offspring per female daphnid.  The chronic NOAEC values for freshwater fish and invertebrates were approximately an order of magnitude lower than the acute toxicity values (LC50 or EC50) for the same species exposed to the TGAI.  Acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates in the water column have not been submitted.

Sediment toxicity data for fluxapyroxad are summarized in Table 3.13.  Spiked sediment toxicity tests with the fluxapyroxad TGAI inhibited growth (reduced dry weight) and survival in separate 10-day studies with the freshwater amphipod (Hyalella azteca) and the estuarine/marine amphipod (Leptocheirus plumulosus), respectively.  Fluxapyroxad exposure in a 28-day study with the freshwater midge (Chironomus riparius) inhibited development and, at the highest treatment concentration, reduced emergence.

Toxicity endpoints for aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad and its formulations are shown in Table 3.14.  The submitted studies all demonstrate a reduction in frond number (vascular plants) or cell density (nonvascular plants) within the range of fluxapyroxad concentrations tested.  Biomass was also reduced, typically at only slightly greater concentrations than those where frond number and cell density were impacted.  Based on the submitted studies, nonvascular plants are slightly more sensitive to fluxapyroxad exposure than the vascular plant (duckweed, Lemna gibba).  The green alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) was the most sensitive nonvascular plant species tested and was most sensitive to fluxapyroxad co-formulated with pyraclostrobin (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F), followed by the TGAI, and least sensitive to solo formulations of fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 01 F and BAS 700 04 F).

Table 3.11. Acute toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for fish and aquatic invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the water column.
                                  Study Type
                                    Species
                                 Test Material
                               Endpoints[1][,2]
                                  (mg a.i./L)
                        Toxicity Classification (MRID)
                            (Study Classification)
Acute toxicity to freshwater fish
                                 Rainbow trout
                             (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
                                     TGAI
                                  LC50 = 0.61
                            95% CI = 0.54  -  0.69
                                 Highly toxic
                                  (47923722)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                  LC50 = 0.47
                            95% CI = 0.39  -  0.58
                                 Highly toxic
                                  (47923816)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 04 F)
                                  LC50 = 0.66
                             95% CI = 0.28  - 1.3
                                 Highly toxic
                                  (47924113)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 01 F)
                                 LC50 = 0.0074
                           95% CI = 0.0051  -  0.011
                               Very highly toxic
                                  (47924212)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 02 F)
                                 LC50 = 0.0045
                          95% CI = 0.0031  -  0.0064
                               Very highly toxic
                                  (47924314)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                Fathead minnow
                             (Pimephales promelas)
                                     TGAI
                                  LC50 = 0.47
                            95% CI = 0.33  -  0.66
                                 Highly toxic
                                   (47923724)
                                 (Acceptable)

                               Bluegill sunfish
                             (Lepomis macrochirus)
                                     TGAI
                                  LC50 = 1.2
                            95% CI = not determined
                               Moderately toxic
                                  (47923723)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                     Carp
                               (Cyprinus carpio)
                                     TGAI
                                  LC50 = 0.29
                            95% CI = 0.27  -  0.33
                                 Highly toxic
                                   (47923725)
                                 (Acceptable)
Acute toxicity to freshwater invertebrates
                                  Water flea
                                (Daphnia magna)
                                     TGAI
                                  EC50 = 5.1
                             95% CI = 4.8  -  5.5
                               Moderately toxic
                                  (47923731)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                  EC50 = 0.68
                            95% CI = 0.48  -  0.96
                                 Highly toxic
                                   (47923817)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 04 F)
                                   EC50 = 28
                            95% CI = not determined
                                Slightly toxic
                                  (47924114)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 01 F)
                                 EC50 = 0.016
                           95% CI = 0.014  -  0.019
                               Very highly toxic
                                  (47924213)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 02 F)
                                 EC50 = 0.0083
                          95% CI = 0.0075  -  0.0093
                   Probit slope = 9.1 (95% CI = 5.7  -  13)
                               Very highly toxic
                                  (47924315)
                                (Supplemental)
Acute toxicity to estuarine/marine fish
                               Sheepshead minnow
                            (Cyprinidon variegatus)
                                     TGAI
                                  LC50 = 1.3
                             95% CI = 0.72  -  2.8
                               Moderately toxic
                                  (47923763)
                                 (Acceptable)
Acute toxicity to estuarine/marine crustaceans
                                 Mysid shrimp
                             (Americamysis bahia)
                                     TGAI
                                  EC50 = 3.6
                             95% CI = 2.9  -  4.5
                               Moderately toxic
                                  (47923761)
                                 (Acceptable)
Toxicity to estuarine/marine molluscs  -  shell deposition
                                Eastern oyster
                            (Crassostrea virginica)
                                     TGAI
                                  IC50 = 0.96
                            95% CI = 0.08  -  1.13
                                 Highly toxic
                                  (47923762)
                                 (Acceptable)
[1]  Bolded values are the most sensitive endpoint(s) for a given taxonomic group and will be used in risk estimation.
[2]  For studies where concentration-response slope data are not available, the default value of 4.5 (with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 2.0 and 9.0) is used to derive the probability of an individual effect (Urban and Cook 1986).

Table 3.12. Chronic toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for fish and aquatic invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the water column.
                                  Study Type
                                    Species
                                 Test Material
                             NOAEC & LOAEC[1]
                                  (mg a.i./L)
                                    Effects
                                    (MRID)
                            (Study Classification)
Early life stage toxicity to freshwater fish
                                Fathead minnow
                             (Pimephales promelas)
                                     TGAI
                               0.036 & 0.068
                                Reduced length
                                  (47923729)
                                (Supplemental)

                                     Carp
                               (Cyprinus carpio)
                                     TGAI
                             0.022 & 0.042[2]
            ACR[2] based on fathead minnow (47923724 and 47923729) 
                                     (N/A)
Chronic toxicity to freshwater invertebrates
                                   Waterflea
                                (Daphnia magna)
                                     TGAI
                                0.46 & 0.95
         Reduced  number of young, reduced parental length (47923736)
                                 (Acceptable)
[1]  Bolded values are the most sensitive endpoint(s) for a given taxonomic group and will be used in risk estimation.
[2]  0.036 mg a.i./L / LC50 = 0.47 mg a.i./L = acute to chronic ratio (ACR) 0.077 * 0.29 mg a.i./L = 0.022 mg a.i./L NOAEC
    0.068 mg a.i./L / LC50 = 0.47 mg a.i./L = ACR 0.145 * 0.29 mg a.i./L = 0.042 mg a.i./L LOAEC

Table 3.13  Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the sediment compartment.
                                  Study Type
                                    Species
                                 Test Material
                               Endpoints[1][,2]
                           (mg a.i./kg dry sediment)
                                    Effects
                                    (MRID)
                            (Study Classification)
10-day sediment toxicity to freshwater invertebrates
                              Freshwater amphipod
                               (Hyalella azteca)
                                     TGAI
                                 EC50 > 973
                                  NOAEC = 67
                                  LOAEC = 113
                                  Dry weight
                                  (47923744)
                                (Supplemental)
10-day sediment toxicity to estuarine/marine crustaceans
                           Estuarine/marine amphipod
                           (Leptocheirus plumulosus)
                                     TGAI
                                  EC50 = 121
                             95% CI = 103  -  146
                      Probit slope = 2.03 (1.66 -- 2.40)
                                  NOAEC = 27
                                  LOAEC = 57
                                   Survival
                                  (47923745)
                                (Supplemental)
28-day toxicity to freshwater invertebrates
                               Freshwater midge
                             (Chironomus riparius)
                                     TGAI
                                 EC50 > 527
                                  NOAEC = 273
                                  LOAEC = 527
                               Reduced emergence
                                  (47923746)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                                       
                                 EC50 > 527
                                  NOAEC = 76
                                  LOAEC = 146
                             Inhibited development
                                  (47923746)
                                (Supplemental)
[1]  Bolded values are the most sensitive endpoint(s) for a given taxonomic group and will be used in risk estimation.
[2]  For studies where concentration-response slope data are not available, the default value of 4.5 (with 95% confidence intervals of 2.0 and 9.0) is used to derive the probability of an individual effect (Urban and Cook 1986).

Table 3.14  Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad in the water column.
                                  Study Type
                                    Species
                                 Test Material
                                 Endpoints[1]
                                  (mg a.i./L)
                                    Effects
                                    (MRID)
                            (Study Classification)
Toxicity to vascular aquatic plants
                                   Duckweed
                                 (Lemna gibba)
                                     TGAI
                                  EC50 = 2.4
                             95% CI = 2.2  -  2.5
                                 NOAEC = 0.44
                        Yield (frond number) (47923747)
                                 (Acceptable)
Toxicity to nonvascular aquatic plants
                                  Green alga
                       (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)
                                     TGAI
                                  EC50 = 0.37
                            95% CI = 0.35  -  0.38
                                 NOAEC = 0.15
                             Yield (cell density)
                                  (47923737)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                  EC50 = 0.67
                             95% C.I. = 0.57-0.78
                                 NOAEC = 0.06
                             Yield (cell density)
                                  (47923818)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 04 F)
                                  EC50 = 0.74
                           95% C.I. = 0.66  -  0.84
                                 NOAEC = 0.097
                              Cell density, yield
                                  (47924115)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 01 F)
                                  EC50 = 0.13
                             95% C.I. = 0.11-0.17
                                NOAEC = 0.0073
                              Cell density, yield
                                  (47924214)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 02 F)
                                  EC50 = 0.12
                             95% C.I. = 0.099-0.14
                                 NOAEC = 0.014
                                 Cell density
                                  (47924316)
                                (Supplemental)

                               Blue green algae
                             (Anabaena flos-aquae)
                                     TGAI
                                  EC50 = 1.8
                             95% CI = 1.7  -  1.9
                                 NOAEC = 0.48
                              Cell density, yield
                                  (47923741)
                                 (Acceptable)

                               Freshwater diatom
                            (Navicula pelliculosa)
                                     TGAI
                                  EC50 = 1.6
                             95% CI = 1.5  -  1.7
                                 NOAEC = 0.22
                              Cell density, yield
                                  (47923742)
                                (Supplemental)

                            Estuarine/marine diatom
                            (Skeletonema costatum)
                                     TGAI
                                  EC50 = 0.83
                            95% CI = 0.76  -  0.90
                                 NOAEC = 0.20
                              Cell density, yield
                                  (47923743)
                                 (Acceptable)
[1]  Bolded values are the most sensitive endpoint(s) for a given taxonomic group and will be used in risk estimation.
            

            3.3.1.2.   Terrestrial Organisms

Acute toxicity data for birds, mammals, honey bees, and earthworms exposed to fluxapyroxad are summarized in Table 3.15.  Based on the available data, fluxapyroxad is practically non-toxic to birds (bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus; mallard duck, Anas platyrynchos; and zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata) on an acute oral exposure basis and ranges from slightly to practically nontoxic to birds on a subacute dietary exposure basis.  A 10% reduction in feed consumption was observed in female zebra finch exposed to fluxapyroxad at 2000 mg/kg bw.  Dose-responsive mortality was observed at all but the lowest test concentration (313 mg a.i./kg diet) in a subacute dietary exposure study with bobwhite quail, but the mortality was not observed when the study was repeated under lower light conditions (12  -  21 lux).  This risk assessment conservatively uses the endpoints from the first bobwhite quail study, where up to 70% mortality was observed under normal laboratory light conditions (139  -  299 lux), for screening-level risk estimation.

The US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Health Effects Division (HED) has concluded that fluxapyroxad exhibits low acute toxicity to mammals by all exposure routes (EPA Toxicity Category III or IV).  No mortality was observed at the limit dose (2000 mg/kg bw) in an acute oral toxicity study with the rat (Rattus norvegicus), which was the most sensitive mammalian species tested.

Fluxapyroxad and its formulated end-use products are practically non-toxic to the young adult honey bee (Apis mellifera) on both an acute contact and acute oral exposure basis.  The submitted data indicate that adult honey bees are most sensitive to contact exposure to the BAS 700 01 F formulation, although the LD50 value for BAS 700 01 F (15.7 g a.i./bee ) is still classified as practically nontoxic (LD50 > 11 g a.i./bee).  Likewise, submitted toxicity studies for the similarly structured carboxamide fungicide boscalid and its end-use product, Pristine, are not acutely toxic to young adult honey bees (MRID 48470202).

Earthworms (Eisenia foetida) exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI for 14 days exhibited a dose-responsive reduction in biomass but no statistically significant mortality.  Earthworms were more sensitive to the BAS 700 01 F formulation, which caused 28% mortality at 1000 mg a.i./kg dry soil; biomass was not affected.



Table 3.15  Acute toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial animals exposed to fluxapyroxad.
                                  Study Type
                                    Species
                                 Test Material
                                 Endpoints[1]
                        Toxicity Classification (MRID)
                            (Study Classification)
Acute oral toxicity to birds
                                Bobwhite quail
                             (Colinus virginianus)
                                     TGAI
                            LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw
                             Practically nontoxic
                                  (47923715)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                 Mallard duck
                             (Anas platyrhynchos)
                                     TGAI
                            LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw
                             Practically nontoxic
                                  (47923716)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                  Zebra finch
                             (Taeniopygia guttata)
                                     TGAI
                          LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw[2]
                             Practically nontoxic
                                  (47923717)
                                (Supplemental)
Subacute dietary toxicity to birds
                                Bobwhite quail
                             (Colinus virginianus)
                                     TGAI
                        LC50 = 2457 mg a.i./kg diet[3]
                                Slightly toxic
                                  (48485301)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                 Mallard duck
                             (Anas platyrhynchos)
                                     TGAI
                           LC50 > 5000 mg/kg diet
                             Practically nontoxic
                                  (47923719)
                                 (Acceptable)
Acute oral toxicity to mammals[4]
                                  Norway rat
                              (Rattus norvegicus)
                                     TGAI
                            LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw
                             Practically nontoxic
                                  (47923558)
                                 (Acceptable)
Acute contact and oral toxicity to honey bees
                                   Honey bee
                               (Apis mellifera)
                                     TGAI
                      LD50 > 100 g a.i./bee (contact)
                        LD50 > 111 g a.i./bee (oral)
                             Practically non-toxic
                                  (47923748)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                       LD50 = 15.7 g a.i./bee (contact)
                       95% CI = 12.4  -  19.9 g a.i./bee
                         LD50 = 62.8 g a.i./bee (oral)
                             95% CI = not reported
                             Practically non-toxic
                                  (48565301)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 04 F)
                      LD50 > 100 g a.i./bee (contact)
                        LD50 > 120 g a.i./bee (oral)
                             Practically non-toxic
                                  (47924116)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 01 F)
                      LD50 > 50.8 g a.i./bee (contact)
                       LD50 > 49.6 g a.i./bee (oral)
                             Practically non-toxic
                                  (47924215)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 02 F)
                      LD50 > 33.3 g a.i./bee (contact)
                       LD50 > 32.4 g a.i./bee (oral)
                             Practically non-toxic
                                   (47924317)
                                 (Acceptable)
14-day toxicity to earthworms[5]
                                   Earthworm
                               (Eisenia foetida)
                                     TGAI
                         LC50 > 1000 mg ai/kg soil
                           NOAEC = 125 mg ai/kg soil
                           LOAEC = 250 mg ai/kg soil
                                      NA
                                  (47923750)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                          LC50 > 60 mg ai/kg soil
                           NOAEC = 40 mg ai/kg soil
                           LOAEC = 60 mg ai/kg soil
                                      NA
                                  (47923826)
                                (Supplemental)
[1]  Dose-response slope data were not available from the acute terrestrial toxicity studies.  The default value of 4.5 (with 95% confidence intervals of 2.0 and 9.0) is used to derive the probability of an individual effect (Urban and Cook 1986).
[2]  The LD50 values from all three avian acute oral toxicity studies are > 2000 mg/kg bw.  The zebra finch is identified as the most sensitive among the acute oral toxicity studies because sublethal effects were observed in female zebra finch at the highest dose level.
[3]The endpoint identified for use in risk estimation is from the first experiment conducted under normal laboratory lighting conditions.  No mortality was observed when the experiment was repeated under extremely low light.
[4] Mammalian toxicity data were reviewed by OPP Health Effects Division (USEPA) as part of the Global Joint Review for fluxapyroxad.
[5] The submitted 14-day earthworm toxicity studies were labeled as acute tests, although the duration is considerably longer than most acute toxicity tests.  

Chronic toxicity data for birds, mammals, honey bees, and earthworms exposed to fluxapyroxad are shown in Table 3.16.  An avian reproduction study with bobwhite quail exposed to fluxapyroxad in the diet demonstrated a slight (5  -  7%) but statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in hatchling body weight at all treatment concentrations (NOAEC <100 mg/kg diet), when compared to the negative control, with full recovery by day 14 (i.e., effects in fluxapyroxad-treated groups were transient and were no longer observed at day 14 post-hatch).  Fluxpyroxad exposure at 1000 mg/kg diet significantly increased the number of mallard duck chicks dead-in-shell and as a result significantly (p<0.05) reduced the number of hatchlings per female bird per week, the overall reproduction rate (number of 14-day survivors per female per week), and hatchability (percentage of hatched chicks to eggs set and percentage of hatched chicks to fertile eggs).

HED concluded that fluxapyroxad did not cause reproductive toxicity in rats.  Developmental toxicity in rats included decreased body weight and body weight gain in offspring and was observed at the same dose levels at which the study authors reported thyroid dysregulation through hepatotoxicity in parental animals.

Submitted semi-field studies with a solo formulation of fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 00 F, 5.9% a.i., not proposed for US registration; MRID 47923749) and with the boscalid product Pristine (MRID 48470201) demonstrated no overall effects on honey bee brood, although EFED identified transient effects on eggs, larvae, and forage bee mortality in the study with Pristine.  The semi-field studies evaluated mortality, colony strength, brood compensation index, and brood termination rate, but did not evaluate effects on particular larval castes (e.g., queen cells).  The positive control, fenoxycarb (an insect growth regulator), demonstrated only weak effects in the study with BAS 700 00 F and there is uncertainty as to the ability (statistical power) of either study to detect treatment effects.  None of the submitted studies with fluxapyroxad or boscalid products evaluate endpoints specific to the concerns raised by beekeepers, particularly queen cell development.  The registrant is currently planning and conducting additional larval toxicity tests with boscalid and Pristine to further address these uncertainties.

Exposure to BAS 700 01 F (a solo formulation of fluxapyroxad) for 56 days inhibited earthworm reproduction, based on an 18%  reduction in the number of juveniles, and caused a 16% reduction in parental biomass at 21 mg a.i/kg dry soil, when compared to the negative control.

Additional non-guideline toxicity data for beneficial insects exposed to formulated fluxapyroxad are considered supplemental information in the current risk assessment and are summarized in Table 3.17.  Tests with the predatory mite (Typhlodromus pyri), parasitoid wasp (Aphidius rhopalosiphi), green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea), and rove beetle (Aleochara bilineata) were conducted at treatment rates lower than in the acute toxicity tests with the honey bee but approximately equal to the maximum application rate(s) on the proposed labels.  The BAS 700 01 F formulation caused mortality in the predatory mite, the parasitoid wasp, and the green lacewing and inhibited reproduction in the predatory mite, the parasitoid wasp, and the rove beetle.  The BAS 700 04 F formulation had no effect on the predatory mite but caused mortality in the parasitoid wasp.  Fluxapyroxad co-formulated with pyraclostrobin inhibited reproduction in the predatory mite (BAS 703 02 F) and the parasitoid wasp (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F).  NOAEL values were not established in five of the submitted studies because effects on reproduction were observed at all treatment levels.

Terrestrial plant toxicity data were submitted for BAS 700 01 F, BAS 703 01 F, and BAS 703 02 F (Table 3-18).  Definitive IC25 values were not established for any endpoint-species study because effects either were not clearly dose-responsive or, more often, no effect greater than 25% was observed.  Terrestrial plants were most sensitive to the BAS 703 02 F formulation, which inhibited dry weight in both monocotyledonous (monocot) and dicotyledonous (dicot) plants.  Onion (Allium cepa) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea) were the most sensitive monocot
and dicot species in the seedling emergence study with BAS 703 02 F, whereas tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was the most sensitive dicot in the vegetative vigor study.  No monocots were affected by foliar application of BAS 703 02 F.  Corn (Zea mays), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and soybean (Glycine max) were most sensitive to BAS 700 01 F.  BAS 703 01 F inhibited dry weight in soybean, the most sensitive dicot in the vegetative vigor study, but had no effects on monocots.

The potential effects of the formulated product BAS 703 02 F on seedling emergence of terrestrial plants are uncertain because of potential adjuvant interference in results for  onion (Allium cepa, the most sensitive monocot species), cabbage (Brassica oleracea, the most sensitive dicot species), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).  Although no effects greater than 25% were observed in that study, the NOAEL values from that study are the most sensitive endpoints for terrestrial plant seedling emergence from any of the submitted studies and therefore are used in risk estimation for fluxapyroxad.  However, the uncertainty regarding potential adjuvant effects on these species and endpoints reduces confidence in the risk conclusions that are based upon these endpoints.


Table 3.16  Chronic toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial animals exposed to fluxapyroxad.
                                  Study Type
                                    Species
                                 Test Material
                                   Endpoints
                                    Effects
                                    (MRID)
                            (Study Classification)
Avian reproduction
                                Bobwhite quail
                             (Colinus virginianus)
                                     TGAI
                           NOAEC < 100 mg/kg diet
                          NOAEL < 7.8 mg/kg bw/day
                            LOAEC = 100 mg/kg diet
                      Reduction in hatchling body weight
                                  (47923720)
                                (Supplemental)

                                 Mallard duck
                             (Anas platyrhynchos)
                                     TGAI
                            NOAEC = 300 mg/kg diet
                           NOAEL = 31.9 mg/kg bw/day
                            LOAEC = 1000 mg/kg diet
            Increase in chicks dead-in-shell and associated effects
                                  (47923721)
                                 (Acceptable)
Chronic toxicity to mammals[1]  -  two-generation reproduction
                                  Norway rat
                              (Rattus norvegicus)
                                     TGAI
                           NOAEC = 112 mg/kg diet[2]
                            NOAEL = 10 mg/kg bw/day
                            LOAEL = 50 mg/kg bw/day
               Reduction in F2 body weight and body weight gain
                                  (47923602)
                                 (Acceptable)
Toxicity to honey bee brood
                                   Honey bee
                               (Apis mellifera)
                             EP (BAS 700 00 F)[3]
                             NOAEC = 0.11 lbs ai/A
                           LOAEC > 0.11 lbs ai/A
                                     NA[4]
                                  (47923749)
                                (Supplemental)
56-day toxicity to earthworms
                                   Earthworm
                               (Eisenia foetida)
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                           NOAEC = 11 mg ai/kg soil
                           LOAEC = 21 mg ai/kg soil
                     Reduced number of juveniles, biomass
                                  (47923827)
                                (Supplemental)
1  Mammalian toxicity data were reviewed by OPP Health Effects Division (USEPA) as part of the Global Joint Review for fluxapyroxad.
[2]  The NOAEC value was calculated by the reviewer as the mean of measured concentrations of fluxapyroxad in the diet at the  NOAEL (10 mg/kg bw/day).
[3] BAS 700 00 F is an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of fluxapyroxad (5.9% a.i.) that is not currently submitted for registration in the United States.
[4]  No statistically signficant (p<0.05) adverse effects were observed.  Parameters evaluated included mortality, colony strength, brood compensation index, and brood termination rate.

 Table 3.17  Additional non-guideline toxicity data for hazard characterization of beneficial insects exposed to fluxapyroxad.
                                  Study Type
                                    Species
                                 Test Material
                                   Endpoints
                                 (lbs a.i./A)
                                  Effects[1]
                                    (MRID)
                            (Study Classification)
Toxicity to predatory mite
                                Predatory mite
                              (Typhlodromus pyri)
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                 LD50 = 0.051
                            95% CI = 0.008 - 0.156
                               NOAEL <  0.006
                                 LOAEL = 0.006
                 Mortality, reduced number of eggs per female
                                  (47923820)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                 LD50 = 0.089
                            95% CI = 0.072 - 0.110
                               NOAEL <  0.014
                                 LOAEL = 0.014
                       Reduced number of eggs per female
                                  (47923823)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 04 F)
                                LD50 > 0.81
                                 NOAEL = 0.81 
                                LOAEL > 0.81
                                      NA
                                  (47924117)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 01 F)
                                LD50 > 0.55
                                 NOAEL = 0.55 
                                LOAEL > 0.55
                                      NA
                                  (47924216)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 02 F)
                                LD50 > 0.13
                                 NOAEL = 0.02 
                                 LOAEL = 0.04
                       Reduced number of eggs per female
                                  (47924318)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                             EP (BAS 700 00 F)[2]
                                LD50 > 0.22
                                 NOAEL = 0.22
                                LOAEL > 0.22
                                      NA
                                  (47923837)
                                (Supplemental)
Toxicity to parasitoid wasp
                                Parasitoid wasp
                            (Aphidius rhopalosiphi)
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                 LD50 = 0.097
                            95% CI = 0.088 - 0.107
                               NOAEL <  0.017
                                 LOAEL = 0.017
                     Reduced number of parasitized aphids
                                  (47923821)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                 LD50 = 0.340
                            95% CI = 0.302 - 0.383
                                 NOAEL = 0.113
                                 LOAEL = 0.179
                     Reduced number of parasitized aphids
                                  (47923824)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 700 04 F)
                                LD50 > 0.82
                                 NOAEL = 0.07
                                 LOAEL = 0.14
                                   Mortality
                                  (47924118)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 01 F)
                                 LD50 > 0.5
                                NOAEL < 0.2
                                  LOAEL = 0.2
                     Reduced number of parasitized aphids
                                  (47924217)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                               EP (BAS 703 02 F)
                                LD50 > 0.13
                                NOAEL < 0.04
                                 LOAEL = 0.04
                     Reduced number of parasitized aphids
                                  (47924319)
                                (Supplemental)
Toxicity to green lacewing
                                Green lacewing
                             (Chrysoperla carnea)
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                LD50 > 0.804
                                 NOAEL = 0.357
                                 LOAEL = 0.536
                                   Mortality
                                  (47923822)
                                (Supplemental)
Toxicity to rove beetle
                                  Rove beetle
                             (Aleochara bilineata)
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                LD50 > 0.809
                                 NOAEL = 0.558
                                 LOAEL = 0.809
                       Reduced number of emerged beetles
                                  (47923825)
                                (Supplemental)
[1]  Effects observed at LOAEL.  Other effects may have been observed at higher treatment rates.
[2]  BAS 700 00 F is an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of fluxapyroxad (5.9% a.i.) that is not currently submitted for registration in the United States.
 The predatory mite toxicity data for the BAS 700 00 F formulation are included for characterization to aid in comparison across end-use products (EPs), since the honey bee brood test submitted by the registrant used the BAS 700 00 F formulation.

Table 3.18  Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad.
                                  Study Type
                                 Test Material
                            Most Sensitive Species
                                   Endpoints
                                 (lbs a.i./A)
                                    Effects
                                    (MRID)
                            (Study Classification)
Terrestrial plant toxicity: 
Tier II seedling emergence
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                 Monocot: corn
                                  (Zea mays)
                                IC25> 0.356
                                 NOAEL = 0.089
                                 LOAEL = 0.178
                         Mortality, reduced emergence
                                  (47923765)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                                Dicot: lettuce
                               (Lactuca sativa)
                                IC25 > 0.356
                                 NOAEL = 0.022
                                 LOAEL = 0.045
                              Seedling emergence
                                  (47923765)
                                 (Acceptable)

                               EP (BAS 703 01 F)
                                  Monocot: NA
                                IC25 > 0.189
                                 NOAEL = 0.189
                               LOAEL > 0.189
                                      NA
                                  (47924219)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                                   Dicot: NA
                                IC25 > 0.189
                                 NOAEL = 0.189
                               LOAEL > 0.189
                                      NA
                                  (47924219)
                                 (Acceptable)

                               EP (BAS 703 02 F)
                                Monocot: Onion
                                 (Allium cepa)
                               IC25 > 0.0894
                                NOAEL = 0.0446
                                LOAEL = 0.0894
                           Inhibition of dry weight
                                  (47924321)
                                (Supplemental)

                                       
                                Dicot: Cabbage
                              (Brassica oleracea)
                               IC25 > 0.0894
                                NOAEL = 0.0055
                                LOAEL = 0.0111
                           Inhibition of dry weight
                                  (47924321)
                                (Supplemental)
Terrestrial plant toxicity:
Tier II vegetative vigor
                               EP (BAS 700 01 F)
                                Monocot: wheat
                              (Triticum aestivum)
                                IC25 > 0.356
                                 NOAEL = 0.178
                                 LOAEL = 0.356
                           Inhibition of dry weight
                                  (47923764)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                                Dicot: soybean
                                 (Glycine max)
                                IC25> 0.356
                                 NOAEL= 0.089
                                LOAEL =  0.178
                  Inhibition  of dry weight and shoot length
                                  (47923764)
                                 (Acceptable)

                               EP (BAS 703 01 F)
                                  Monocot: NA
                                IC25 > 0.179
                                 NOAEL= 0.179
                               LOAEL > 0.179 
                                      NA
                                  (47924218)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                                Dicot: soybean
                                 (Glycine max)
                                IC25 > 0.183
                                NOAEL = 0.0898
                                 LOAEL = 0.183
                           Inhibition of dry weight
                                  (47924218)
                                 (Acceptable)

                               EP (BAS 703 02 F)
                                  Monocot: NA
                               IC25 > 0.0681
                                 NOAEL= 0.0681
                              LOAEL > 0.0681  
                                      NA
                                  (47924320)
                                 (Acceptable)

                                       
                                 Dicot: Tomato
                           (Lycopersicon esculentum)
                               IC25 > 0.0681
                                NOAEL = 0.0167
                                LOAEL =  0.0338
                           Inhibition of dry weight
                                  (47924320)
                                 (Acceptable)

            1.15.1. Incident Reports

Fluxapyroxad has no existing registrations in North America; therefore, this assessment assumes that there are no existing incident reports associated with fluxapyroxad uses in the United States.  Previous risk assessments for the structurally similar (pyridine carboxamide) fungicide active ingredient, boscalid, and its associated end-use product Pristine (25.2% boscalid and 12.8% pyraclostrobin), have identified reports of potential effects of boscalid and/or Pristine exposure on honey bee brood (DP Barcodes D379809, D386068+).  The registrant is currently planning and conducting higher tiered larval toxicity tests with a solo formulation of boscalid and with the Pristine formulation, respectively, to address these uncertainties.  A semi-field study conducted with a formulation of fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 00 F; 5.9% a.i.) demonstrated no overall effects on honey bee brood development but did not include endpoints specific to queen cell development (MRID 47923749).  The registrant is not currently seeking U.S. registration for the BAS 700 00 F formulation.


Risk Characterization

Toxicity data and exposure estimates for fluxapyroxad are used to evaluate the potential for adverse ecological effects on non-target species. This screening-level assessment employs a deterministic risk estimation method, based on risk quotient (RQ) values, to provide a metric of potential risks (Section 4.1).  The potential for risk is characterized further in the Risk Description (Section 4.2) based on the risk estimation results and other relevant information about toxicity, incidents, ecosystems potentially at risk, and the environmental fate and transport characteristics of fluxapyroxad.  In cases where an RQ value exceeds the listed species LOC, the potential for risk to listed species is characterized in greater detail in Section 5.  The LOCATES (v. 2.2.0) database is queried to identify listed species that may co-occur within potential use areas for the proposed action, i.e., areas where affected crops are grown and where the proposed new use of fluxapyroxad may occur.  

Risk Estimation

Unitless RQ values are compared to the Agency's LOCs to identify taxonomic groups potentially at risk of acute or chronic effects associated with the proposed new uses of fluxapyroxad.

Aquatic Organisms

RQ values are calculated for estimating acute and chronic risk to fish and aquatic invertebrates, including molluscs, where the submitted ecotoxicity data are sufficient to use in risk estimation.  Toxicity data for aquatic animals and plants reported in Section 3.3.1.1 in terms of mg/L (ppm) are converted to ug/L (ppb) so that both exposure and toxicity are in similar units, i.e., ug/L.    As shown in Table 4.1 through Table 4.4, none of the RQ values calculated for the fluxapyroxad TGAI either approach or exceed the Agency's levels of concern (LOCs) for risk to listed or nonlisted species of aquatic organisms.  RQ values are not calculated for chronic risk to estuarine/marine fish or invertebrates in the water column because acceptable chronic data for these taxa are not available.

As the endpoints for fluxapyroxad formulations are lower than those of the technical active ingredient, RQ values are calculated for freshwater acute and chronic risk to fish and aquatic invertebrates using spray drift-only EECs.  As shown in Table 4.5, RQ values for the solo formulations of fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 01 F and BAS 700 04 F) do not exceed the LOCs for acute risk to listed and nonlisted fish and aquatic invertebrates.  However, Table 4.6 shows that RQ values calculated for all evaluated uses of the dual-a.i. formulations of fluxapyroxad (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) exceed the Agency's LOCs for acute risk to listed freshwater species of fish and aquatic invertebrates.  RQ values for the uses of BAS 703 01 F on pome fruits and stone fruits also exceed the Agency's LOC for acute risk to non-listed freshwater fish.
The submitted ecotoxicity data indicate that nonvascular aquatic plants are in some cases more sensitive to formulated fluxapyroxad than to the TGAI.  RQ values based on the green alga LC50 and NOAEC values for BAS 703 02 F do not exceed the listed and nonlisted species LOCs for any of the evaluated uses.  RQ values for the other formulations (BAS 700 01 F, BAS 700 04 F, and BAS 703 01 F) are also not expected to exceed the LOCs for listed and nonlisted species LOCs because the alga was less sensitive to these formulations than to BAS 703 02 F.

Further characterization of the potential for adverse effects to aquatic organisms, based on the available data, is provided as part of the Risk Description in Section 4.2.1. 
Table 4.1. Acute and chronic RQ values for freshwater fish and invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in surface water. 
                                      Use
                                   App Rate
                                  lbs a.i./A
                                    (#app)
                                  App Method
                                     EECs
                                    (ug/L)
                                   RQ Values
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                Freshwater Fish
                                LC50=290 ug/L
                                NOAEC=22 ug/L
                    Freshwater Invertebrate EC50=5100 ug/L
                                NOAEC=460 ug/L
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Peak
                                     21-d
                                     60-d
                                     Acute
                                    Chronic
                                     Acute
                                    Chronic
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     5.02
                                     4.88
                                     4.61
                                     0.02
                                     0.21
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     5.01
                                     4.87
                                     4.61
                                     0.02
                                     0.21
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     0.18
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     10.14
                                     9.85
                                     9.32
                                     0.03
                                     0.42
                                   <0.01
                                     0.02
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     7.50
                                     7.29
                                     6.89
                                     0.03
                                     0.31
                                   <0.01
                                     0.02
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     5.00
                                     4.86
                                     4.60
                                     0.02
                                     0.21
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     7.47
                                     7.25
                                     6.86
                                     0.03
                                     0.31
                                   <0.01
                                     0.02
                                  Pome fruits
                                     0.089
                                      (4)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     9.98
                                     9.69
                                     9.17
                                     0.03
                                     0.42
                                   <0.01
                                     0.02
                                 Stone fruits
                                     0.110
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     9.27
                                     9.01
                                     8.52
                                     0.03
                                     0.39
                                   <0.01
                                     0.02
                             Sunflower (low rate)
                                    0.0008
                                      (1)
                                Seed Treatment
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                          Podded legume (medium rate)
                                     0.022
                                      (1)
                                Seed Treatment
                                     0.49
                                     0.48
                                     0.45
                                   <0.01
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                         Wheat, triticale (high rate)
                                     0.078
                                      (1)
                                Seed Treatment
                                     1.74
                                     1.69
                                     1.59
                                   <0.01
                                     0.07
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
   
Table 4.2. Acute RQ values for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in surface water.
                                      Use
                                   App Rate
                                  lbs a.i./A
                                    (#app)
                                  App Method
                                     EECs
                                    (ug/L)
                                   RQ Values
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                  Estuarine/
                                  Marine Fish
                                LC50=1300 ug/L
                                  Estuarine/
                               Marine Crustacean
                                EC50=3600 ug/L
                                  Estuarine/
                                Marine Mollusc
                                IC50=960 ug/L
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Peak
                                     Acute
                                     Acute
                                     Acute
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     5.02
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     5.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     0.18
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     10.14
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     7.50
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     5.00
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     7.47
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                                  Pome fruits
                                     0.089
                                      (4)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     9.98
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                                 Stone fruits
                                     0.110
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     9.27
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                             Sunflower (low rate)
                                    0.0008
                                      (1)
                                Seed Treatment
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                          Podded legume (medium rate)
                                     0.022
                                      (1)
                                Seed Treatment
                                     0.49
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                         Wheat, triticale (high rate)
                                     0.078
                                      (1)
                                Seed Treatment
                                     1.74
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
Table 4.3. RQ values for sediment-dwelling invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI.
                                      Use
                                   App Rate
                                  lbs a.i./A
                                    (#app)
                                  App Method
                                     EECs
                             (ug/kg dry sediment)
                                 RQ Values[1]
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    10-day
                            Freshwater Invertebrate
                        NOAEC=67000 ug/kg dry sediment
                                    10-day 
                         Estuarine/Marine Invertebrate
                        NOAEC=27000 ug/kg dry sediment
                                    28-day 
                            Freshwater Invertebrate
                        NOAEC=76000 ug/kg dry sediment
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    Peak[2]
                                       
                                       
                                       
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     0.18
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                      237
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
1 This assessment compares the 10- and 28-day sediment toxicity endpoints to the peak sediment EEC associated with each use.  The resulting RQ values are expected to be conservative.  However, given the demonstrated persistence of fluxapyroxad in water and sediment time-weighted concentrations are expected to be similar to peak concentrations. 
2 Pore water concentration derived from PRZM/EXAMS (6.31 ug/L) was converted to ug/kg dry sediment using the sediment Koc (931 L/kgoc, Table 3.3) and the equation in Section 3.2.2, pg. 18 (USEPA, 2008).

Table 4.4. RQ values for listed and nonlisted species of aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in surface water.
                                      Use
                                   App Rate
                                  lbs a.i./A
                                    (#app)
                                  App Method
                                     EECs
                                    (ug/L)
                                   RQ Values
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                Vascular Plants
                                EC50=2400 ug/L
                                NOAEC=440 ug/L
                              Nonvascular Plants
                                EC50=370 ug/L
                                NOAEC=150 ug/L
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Peak
                                    Listed
                                   Nonlisted
                                    Listed
                                   Nonlisted
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     5.02
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.03
                                     0.01
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     5.01
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.03
                                     0.01
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     0.18
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     10.14
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                                     0.07
                                     0.03
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     7.50
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                                     0.05
                                     0.02
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     5.00
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.03
                                     0.01
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     7.47
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                                     0.05
                                     0.02
                                  Pome fruits
                                     0.089
                                      (4)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     9.98
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                                     0.07
                                     0.03
                                 Stone fruits
                                     0.110
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     9.27
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                                     0.06
                                     0.03
                             Sunflower (low rate)
                                    0.0008
                                      (1)
                                Seed Treatment
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                          Podded legume (medium rate)
                                     0.022
                                      (1)
                                Seed Treatment
                                     0.49
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                         Wheat, triticale (high rate)
                                     0.078
                                      (1)
                                Seed Treatment
                                     1.74
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01


Table 4.5. Acute RQ values for freshwater fish exposed to BAS 700 01 F and BAS 700 04 F in surface water as a result of spray drift only, based on maximum application rates for all fluxapyroxad uses.
                                      Use
                                   App Rate
                                  lbs a.i./A
                                    (#app)
                                  App Method
                                     EECs
                                    (ug/L)
                                BAS 700 01 F[1]
                                BAS 700 04 F[1]
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Fish
                                LC50=470 ug/L
                                 Invertebrates
                                LC50=680 ug/L
                                     Fish
                                LC50=660 ug/L
                                 Invertebrates
                               LC50=28000 ug/L
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Peak
                                     Acute
                                     Acute
                                     Acute
                                     Acute
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                      1.4
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     1.12
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     0.18
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     1.97
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     2.45
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     1.64
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     2.16
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                  Pome fruits
                                     0.089
                                      (4)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     4.39
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                 Stone fruits
                                     0.110
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     4.09
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
1  Bold values  are RQs that exceed the Agency's acute risk LOC (RQ>0.05) for listed species; bold italics values also exceed the Agency's acute risk LOC (RQ>0.5) for nonlisted species.
   
Table 4.6.  Refined acute RQ values for freshwater fish and invertebrates exposed to BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F in surface water as a result of spray drift only, based on proposed uses for each formulation.
                                      Use
                                   App Rate
                                  lbs a.i./A
                                    (#app)
                                BAS 703 01 F1  
                                BAS 703 02 F1  
                                       
                                       
                                     EECs
                                    (ug/L)
                                     Fish
                                LC50= 7.4 ug/L
                                 Invertebrates
                                 LC50=16 ug/L
                                     EECs
                                    (ug/L)
                                     Fish
                                LC50=4.5 ug/L
                                 Invertebrates
                                LC50=8.3 ug/L
                                       
                                       
                                     Peak
                                     Acute
                                     Acute
                                     Peak
                                     Acute
                                     Acute
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                     0.087
                                      (2)
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                     1.36
                                     0.30
                                     0.16
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans[2]
                                   0.089[3]
                                      (2)
                                     1.69
                                     0.23
                                     0.11
                                     1.64
                                     0.36
                                     0.20
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     0.087
                                      (2)
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                     1.64
                                     0.36
                                     0.20
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                     2.45
                                     0.33
                                     0.15
                                     2.38
                                     0.53
                                     0.29
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                     1.64
                                     0.22
                                     0.10
                                     1.59
                                     0.35
                                     0.19
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                     2.09
                                     0.46
                                     0.25
                                  Pome fruits
                                     0.089
                                      (4)
                                     4.39
                                     0.59
                                     0.27
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                 Stone fruits
                                     0.110
                                      (3)
                                     4.09
                                     0.22
                                     0.26
                                      NA
                                      NA
                                      NA
[NA]  Not applicable.
1  Bold values are RQs that exceed the Agency's acute risk LOC (RQ>0.05) for listed species; bold italics values also exceed the Agency's acute risk LOC (RQ>0.5) for nonlisted species.
2  Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, and succulent shelled peas and beans are proposed uses for BAS 703 02 F but not for BAS 703 01 F.  Oilseed crops (other) and soybeans are proposed on both labels.
3  The maximum proposed application rate for BAS 703 02 F is slightly lower at up to two applications of 0.087 lbs a.i./A.
   
Table 4.7.  RQ values for nonvascular aquatic plants exposed to BAS 703 02 F in surface water from spray drift only, based on maximum application rates for all proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.
                                      Use
                                   App Rate
                                  lbs a.i./A
                                    (#app)
                                  App Method
                                     EECs
                                    (ug/L)
                                 RQ Values[1]
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                              Nonvascular Plants
                                EC50=120 ug/L
                                NOAEC=14 ug/L
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Peak
                                    Listed
                                   Nonlisted
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale 
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                      1.4
                                     0.10
                                     0.01
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans 
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     1.12
                                     0.08
                                     0.01
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     0.18
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     1.97
                                     0.14
                                     0.02
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     2.45
                                     0.18
                                     0.02
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                     0.089
                                      (2)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     1.64
                                     0.12
                                     0.01
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                     0.089
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     2.16
                                     0.15
                                     0.02
                                  Pome fruits
                                     0.089
                                      (4)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     4.39
                                     0.31
                                     0.04
                                 Stone fruits
                                     0.110
                                      (3)
                                 Aerial spray
                                     4.09
                                     0.29
                                     0.03
[1]  As a screen for risk from the various formulations of fluxapyroxad, RQ values are calculated based on spray drift EECs from all evaluated fluxapyroxad uses and the most sensitive toxicity endpoints from all nonvascular plant toxicity tests with formulated fluxapyroxad, which were from the test with BAS 703 02 F.  
                                       
Terrestrial Organisms

In this assessment, RQ values are calculated for acute, dietary-based risk to birds (Table 4.7) and for chronic risk to mammals (Table 4.8).  RQ values are not calculated for acute, dose-based risk to birds, chronic risk to birds, or acute risk to mammals because the toxicity endpoints needed for these calculations are nondefinitive.  Specifically, the LD50 values for birds and mammals were greater than the highest dose tested in each study, whereas the NOAEC value for chronic toxicity to birds was estimated to be less than the lowest treatment level tested in the avian reproduction study with bobwhite quail.

For all foliar uses of fluxpyroxad that were evaluated, the acute dietary-based RQ values for birds are below the Agency's LOCs for acute risk to listed (RQ>=0.1) and nonlisted (RQ>=0.5) species.  Chronic, dietary-based RQ values for mammals are also below the chronic risk LOC (RQ>=1) for all uses.  However, chronic dose-based RQ values for all uses exceed the chronic risk LOC for wild mammals (RQ > 1).  Chronic risk concerns are triggered by all uses for small (15 g) and medium (35 g) mammals that consume short grass.  Chronic risk concerns for large (1000 g) mammals that consume short grass are triggered by the use on dried shelled beans; stone fruits; fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables; peanut and sugar beet; and pome fruits.  Chronic risk to small and medium mammal consumers of other dietary items, such as tall grass, broadleaf plants, and small insects, exceeds the LOC following the proposed uses, with the exception of the uses on corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans, and oilseed crops (canola and rapeseed).

Table 4.8. Acute dietary-based RQ values for birds exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed foliar uses.
                                   Food Type
                          Avian Dietary-Based RQs[1]
                                       
                                  Short Grass
                                  Tall Grass
                        Broadleaf Plants/Small Insects
                                 Fruits/Pods/
                                 Large Insects
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     0.03
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                                 Stone fruits
                                     0.03
                                     0.01
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                     0.02
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                                     0.02
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                     0.02
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                     0.02
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                     0.02
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                   <0.01
                                  Pome fruits
                                     0.03
                                     0.01
                                     0.02
                                   <0.01
[N/][A]  Not applicable.
[1]  Dietary-based RQ values are based on the bobwhite quail LC50 value of 2457 mg a.i./kg diet (MRID 48485301).

Table 4.9. Chronic dietary and dose-based RQ values for mammals exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed foliar uses.
                                   Food Type
                                 Dietary Based
                                 (mg/kg diet)
                              (mammals and birds)
                                  Dose Based
                                  (mg/kg bw)
                                   (mammals)

                               All Size Classes
                                     Small
                                    (15 g)
                                    Medium
                                    (35 g)
                                     Large
                                   (1000 g)
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
Short grass
                                     0.72
                                     3.51
                                     2.99
                                     1.61
Tall grass
                                     0.33
                                     1.61
                                     1.37
                                     0.74
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     0.41
                                     1.97
                                     1.68
                                     0.90
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     0.05
                                     0.22
                                     0.19
                                     0.10
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.05
                                     0.04
                                     0.02
                                 Stone fruits
Short grass
                                     0.62
                                     3.01
                                     2.57
                                     1.38
Tall grass
                                     0.28
                                     1.38
                                     1.18
                                     0.63
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     0.35
                                     1.69
                                     1.45
                                     0.78
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     0.04
                                     0.19
                                     0.16
                                     0.09
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                     0.02
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
Short grass
                                     0.37
                                     1.80
                                     1.54
                                     0.82
Tall grass
                                     0.17
                                     0.82
                                     0.70
                                     0.38
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     0.21
                                     1.01
                                     0.86
                                     0.46
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     0.02
                                     0.11
                                     0.10
                                     0.05
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                     0.01
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
Short grass
                                     0.36
                                     1.73
                                     1.48
                                     0.79
Tall grass
                                     0.16
                                     0.79
                                     0.68
                                     0.36
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     0.20
                                     0.97
                                     0.83
                                     0.45
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     0.02
                                     0.11
                                     0.09
                                     0.05
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                     0.01
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
Short grass
                                     0.50
                                     2.44
                                     2.08
                                     1.12
Tall grass
                                     0.23
                                     1.12
                                     0.95
                                     0.51
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     0.28
                                     1.37
                                     1.17
                                     0.63
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     0.03
                                     0.15
                                     0.13
                                     0.07
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.03
                                     0.03
                                     0.02
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
Short grass
                                     0.34
                                     1.63
                                     1.39
                                     0.75
Tall grass
                                     0.15
                                     0.75
                                     0.64
                                     0.34
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     0.19
                                     0.92
                                     0.78
                                     0.42
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     0.02
                                     0.10
                                     0.09
                                     0.05
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                     0.01
                              Peanut, sugar beet
Short grass
                                     0.44
                                     2.16
                                     1.85
                                     0.99
Tall grass
                                     0.20
                                     0.99
                                     0.85
                                     0.45
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     0.25
                                     1.22
                                     1.04
                                     0.56
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     0.03
                                     0.14
                                     0.12
                                     0.06
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.03
                                     0.03
                                     0.01
                                  Pome fruits
Short grass
                                     0.63
                                     3.05
                                     2.60
                                     1.40
Tall grass
                                     0.29
                                     1.40
                                     1.19
                                     0.64
Broadleaf plants/small insects
                                     0.35
                                     1.71
                                     1.46
                                     0.78
Fruits/pods/large insects
                                     0.04
                                     0.19
                                     0.16
                                     0.09
Seeds (granivore)
                                      N/A
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                     0.02
[N/]A  Not applicable.
Bolded values exceed the Agency's Level of Concern (LOC) for chronic risk to wild mammals (RQ > 1).  RQ values of 0.99 in this assessment are conservatively rounded up and are considered to meet the chronic risk LOC.

RQ values for chronic risk to mammals, based on the range of proposed fluxapyroxad seed treatment uses, are calculated as follows:

             RQ = Exposure (mg a.i./kg seed) / NOAEC (mg/kg diet)
                                       
The resulting RQ values for seed treatment uses on wheat and triticale and on sunflower exceed the Agency's LOC for chronic risk to mammals (RQ > 1, Table 4.9).  The RQ for seed treatment use on podded legumes does not exceed the LOC.  This screening calculation indicates that a mammal that consumes 1 kg of treated wheat or triticale seed over an unspecified time period will have been exposed to a dietary concentration of fluxapyroxad that is approximately 4.5 times the chronic NOAEC.  Similarly, a mammal that consumes 1 kg of treated sunflower seed will have been exposed to a dietary concentration of fluxapyroxad that is approximately 1.8 times the chronic NOAEC.  The amount of time it would take a mammal to consume 1 kg of seed would depend upon the physiology, life history, and energy requirements of the individual.  

It should be noted that the seed treatment uses presented in Table 4.9 are a subset of those proposed on the fluxapyroxad labels, used to provide a range of RQs.  For a seed treatment to be below the chronic risk LOC, it must be below 0.0112 lbs ai/100 lbs seed.  Based on the seed treatment uses on the proposed labels (see Appendix A), only the cotton, oat, rye, sorghum, and sunflower seed treatments would be below the Agency's chronic risk LOC for mammals.  Seed incorporation is not required on the label; therefore, the seed treatment EECs for terrestrial animals and associated RQ values are calculated using the assumption that seeds are not incorporated and are readily available for consumption.

RQ values are not calculated for acute, dose-based risk to birds, chronic risk to birds, or acute risk to mammals based on the proposed seed treatment uses because the toxicity endpoints from these studies are nondefinitive (i.e., outside the range of test concentrations).
	
Table 4.10. Chronic dietary RQ values for mammals exposed to fluxapyroxad following the proposed seed treatment uses.
                             Seed Treatment Use(s)
                                   App Rate
                            (lbs a.i./100 lbs seed)
                  Chronic EEC              (mg a.i./kg seed)
                                  Chronic RQs
                             NOAEC=112 mg/kg diet
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                      Wheat, triticale (high rate per A)
                                     0.05
                                      500
                                     4.46
                       Podded legume (medium rate per A)
                                     0.01
                                      100
                                     0.89
                          Sunflower (low rate per A)
                                     0.02
                                      200
                                     1.79
[A]  Acre.
Bolded values exceed the Agency's LOC for chronic risk to wild mammals (RQ > 1).

For terrestrial plants, RQ values for the foliar and seed treatment uses are calculated based on the most sensitive toxicity endpoints from the submitted seedling emergence tests, but only the foliar uses are evaluated against the vegetative vigor tests, as foliar exposure of non-target plants is considered unlikely to result from the proposed seed treatment uses (Table 4.10).  RQ values for listed species of dicot plants exceed the Agency's LOC for all of the foliar uses evaluated for dry and semi-aquatic areas.  RQ values for listed species of monocot plants are below the LOC for all foliar uses.  RQ values based on seed treatment uses exceed the Agency's LOC for the highest seed treatment use rate for listed species of dicot plants in semi-aquatic areas.  The estimates for seed treatments are based on the assumptions that the seeds are not being incorporated and 100% of the seed treatment is available for leaching/runoff.  These assumptions are especially conservative for seeds which may routinely be incorporated at depths greater than 1 inch.  They are more representative of scenarios where seeds are broadcast applied or incorporated less than one inch (e.g., wheat may be incorporated at 0.5 inches; Conley 2007).  RQ values are not calculated for risk to non-listed species of terrestrial plants because the IC25 values are outside the range of concentrations tested.  Conclusions regarding potential risk to listed and nonlisted terrestrial plants, as they relate to RQ values based on the available NOAEC values, are discussed in Section 4.2.  

Table 4.11. RQ values for listed species[1] of non-target terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants based on proposed uses of fluxapyroxad (TerrPlant).
                                    Use(s)
                                   Dry Area
                                      RQs
                             Semi-Aquatic Area RQs
                               Spray Drift Only
                                      RQs

                                    Monocot
                                     Dicot
                                    Monocot
                                     Dicot
                                    Monocot
                                     Dicot
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     0.24
                                     1.96
                                     0.61
                                     4.91
                                     0.13
                                     0.54
                                 Stone fruits
                                     0.15
                                     1.20
                                     0.37
                                     3.00
                                    <0.1
                                     0.33
                      Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale
                                     0.12
                                     0.97
                                     0.30
                                     2.43
                                    <0.1
                                     0.81
Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
               Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                        Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                              Peanut, sugar beet
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                  Pome fruits
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                         Wheat, triticale (high rate)
                                    <0.1
                                     0.14
                                     0.17
                                     1.42
                                      N/A
                                      N/A
                          Podded legume (medium rate)
                                    <0.1
                                    <0.1
                                    <0.1
                                     0.40
                                      N/A
                                      N/A
                             Sunflower (low rate)
                                    <0.1
                                    <0.1
                                    <0.1
                                    <0.1
                                      N/A
                                      N/A
[N/][A]  Not applicable.
Bolded values exceed the Agency's level of concern (LOC) for risk to listed species of terrestrial plants (RQ > 1).
[1]  RQ values are based on the seedling emergence NOAEL values of 0.0446 (monocot) and 0.0055 (dicot) lb ai/A (dry areas and semi-aquatic areas) and the vegetative vigor NOAEL values of 0.0681 (monocot) and 0.0167 (dicot) lb ai/A (drift only).  RQ values are not calculated in this assessment for nonlisted species of terrestrial plants because the IC25 values were all greater than the highest treatment rate tested. 

Although the Agency does not typically quantify risk to non-target terrestrial invertebrates using the RQ method, acute toxicity studies with the young adult honey bee demonstrate that fluxapyroxad is practically non-toxic to young adult honey bees on an acute oral and an acute contact exposure basis (LD50 >11 ug a.i./bee). 

The potential for risk to non-target terrestrial organisms, associated with the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad, is discussed further in the Risk Description (Section 4.2.2).

Risk Description and Conclusions

This assessment evaluates the potential for ecological risks associated with the proposed uses of the new fungicide fluxapyroxad as foliar applications and seed treatments.  Fluxapyroxad is a synthetic carboxamide fungicide (FRAC Group 7) that inhibits mitochondrial respiration and the subsequent production of ATP in fungal cells, which inhibits spore germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation of the fungus on the surface of leaves (proposed label).  Fluxapyroxad is persistent, i.e., is stable to most environmental degradation and some plant metabolism processes, and has demonstrated at least some systemic activity based on plant residue studies submitted by the registrant.    Two of the end-use products (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) in the registration petition include two active ingredients (fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin); however, risk estimation in this assessment (Section 4.1) evaluates potential effects based on fluxapyroxad.  Where available, information about similarly formulated end-use products is included in the discussion of incident reports.

Aquatic Organisms

For the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad, acute and chronic RQ values are below the listed (RQ>=0.05) and non-listed (RQ>=0.1) species acute and chronic (RQ>=1.0) risk LOCs for all assessed aquatic organisms based on toxicity of the TGAI.  However, based on endpoints for the fluxapyroxad formulations that contain pyraclostrobin (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) and spray drift-only EECs, there is acute risk to listed aquatic animals for all uses and nonlisted aquatic animals for the uses of BAS 703 01 F on pome fruits and stone fruits.  The enhanced toxicity of the dual-a.i. formulations appears to be driven by pyraclostrobin; when the toxicity endpoints for freshwater fish and invertebrates are adjusted for the percentage of pyraclstrobin in each product, they are similar to toxicity endpoints for the pyraclostrobin a.i. (e.g., USEPA 2011, DP Barcode D380640), as illustrated in Table 4.12.  In some cases, freshwater plants and animals are also more sensitive to solo (single a.i.) formulations of fluxapyroxad (e.g., BAS 700 01 F and BAS 700 04 F) than to the TGAI.  However, none of the RQ values for solo formulations approach or exceed the Agency's LOCs.  Risk to listed and nonlisted aquatic plants from fluxapyroxad TGAI and its EPs is low since RQ values are below the Agency's LOC (RQ>=1). 

Table 4.12.  Comparison of aquatic ecotoxicity endpoints for BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F with existing pyraclostrobin endpoints.
                                  Study Type
                                    Species
                                   Endpoints
                          (mg pyraclostrobin a.i./L)
                                       
                                       
                                 BAS 703 01 F
                                 BAS 703 02 F
                               Pyraclostrobin[1]
Acute toxicity to freshwater fish
                                 Rainbow trout
                             (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
                                 LC50 = 0.007
                                 LC50 = 0.009
                                 LC50 = 0.006
Acute toxicity to freshwater invertebrates
                                  Water flea
                                (Daphnia magna)
                                 EC50 = 0.015
                                 EC50 = 0.016
                                 EC50 = 0.016
Acute toxicity to estuarine/marine fish
                               Sheepshead minnow
                            (Cyprinidon variegatus)
                                  LC50 = N/A
                                  LC50 = N/A
                                 LC50 = 0.077
Acute toxicity to estuarine/marine crustaceans
                                 Mysid shrimp
                             (Americamysis bahia)
                                  EC50 = N/A
                                  EC50 = N/A
                                 EC50 = 0.004
Toxicity to estuarine/marine molluscs  -  shell deposition
                                Eastern oyster
                            (Crassostrea virginica)
                                  IC50 = N/A
                                  IC50 = N/A
                                 IC50 = 0.013
[N/][A]  Not applicable.  Formulated product toxicity data using BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F were not provided for estuarine//marine fish, crustaceans, or molluscs.
[1]  Pyraclostrobin endpoints obtained from USEPA 2011 (DP Barcode D380640 et seq.).

Figures 4.1 and 4.2 depict the time series peak EECs from the PRZM/EXAMS spray drift only analysis for the highest peak EEC (use on pome fruits) and lowest peak EEC (use on corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans).  A review of the time series data indicates that, in general, the 90th percentile peak EEC for the modeled uses occurs as a result of accumulation from repeated annual application over 30 years.  However, depending on the endpoint, exceedence of the LOC can occur much sooner.  For all uses, the LOC for listed species at 4.5 μg/L is exceeded in the first year of applications.  For all uses, the LOC for listed species at 8.3 μg/L is exceeded after two years of consecutive use.  Except for the uses with the top three peak EECs (e.g., pome fruits, stone fruits, and fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables), the LOC for nonlisted species at 4.5 μg/L is not exceeded.  For these top three EECs, this LOC is exceeded after six consecutive annual applications.  The LOC for nonlisted species at 8.3 μg/L is only exceeded for use on pome fruits, where the peak value occurs after 30 years of consecutive use.  It should be noted that EECs from the predicted accumulation reflect maximum usage of fluxapyroaxd for 30 years and a pond that has no outlet, which may not necessarily be representative of real world conditions.  However, given fluxapyroxad's high persistence in soil and aquatic environments, concentrations of fluxapyroxad over the long-term could potentially be a concern. 


Figure 4-1.  Pome fruit peak EECs from spray drift only analysis.



Figure 4-2.  Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans peak EECs from spray drift only analyses.

Depending on the percent organic matter content of benthic sediments, fluxapyroxad can partition to sediments.  The potential for risk to benthic organisms exposed to sediment pore water is also considered, using the conservative assumption that the highest concentrations tested in the amphipod studies represent the toxicity thresholds (Table 4.3).  In this estimation, the acute RQ value for benthic invertebrates (RQ<=0.01) is similar to the RQ values for fish and invertebrates exposed to TGAI in the water column, and it does not exceed the acute risk to listed or non-listed species LOCs.

In addition to potential surface water exposure, aquatic and amphibious organisms may be exposed to residues in ground water where ground water discharges into surface systems, or in unique and sensitive subsurface ecosystems such as caves, montane gravels, etc.  Because fluxapyroxad has moderate mobility and degrades slowly, it has the potential to reach ground water in certain environments.  Potential concentrations of fluxapyroxad in shallow ground water were therefore calculated (Table 4.11).  These concentrations in ground water (EEC=0.09 ug/L) are much lower than the maximum estimated concentrations in surface water (EEC=10.14 ug/L) which correspond with RQ values below acute and chronic risk LOCs.  The likelihood of adverse effects to aquatic organisms exposed to fluxapyroxad residues in ground water is therefore considered to be low.

Table 4.13. RQ values for aquatic animals exposed to fluxapyroxad residues in shallow ground water.
                                      Use
                                   App Rate
                                  lbs a.i./A
                                    (#app)
                                  App Method
                                     EECs
                                    (ug/L)
                              Toxicity Endpoints
                                 Ground Water
                                   RQ Values
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     Peak
                                     21-d
                                     60-d
                                Aquatic Animals
                                     Acute
                                    Chronic
                     Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)
                                     0.18
                                      (2)
                                    Aerial
                                     0.09
                                     0.09
                                     0.09
                                Freshwater Fish
                                LC50=290 ug/L
                                NOAEC=22 ug/L
                                   <0.001
                                     0.004
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                    Freshwater Invertebrate EC50=5100 ug/L
                                NOAEC=460 ug/L
                                   <0.001
                                   <0.001
                                    Wheat/
                                   triticale
                                     0.078
                                      (1)
                                     Seed
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                     0.02
                                Freshwater Fish
                                LC50=290 ug/L
                                NOAEC=22 ug/L
                                   <0.001
                                   <0.001
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                    Freshwater Invertebrate EC50=5100 ug/L
                                NOAEC=460 mg/L
                                   <0.001
                                   <0.001
[App] Application.   
                   

Terrestrial Organisms

Although the available data indicate that the likelihood for adverse effects on aquatic organisms as a result of the proposed new uses of fluxapyroxad are very low, greater uncertainty surrounds the potential for risk to terrestrial organisms.  Acute RQ values are not calculated in the Risk Estimation for dose-based risk to birds or for dose- or dietary-based risk to mammals because the necessary toxicity endpoints (LD50/LC50) were determined to be greater than the limit dose in the submitted studies.  Therefore, although fluxapyroxad is classified as practically non-toxic to birds and mammals on an acute oral and subacute dietary exposure basis, the nature and potential dose-response relationship of any effects of fluxapyroxad at exposure levels above the limit dose are unknown.

For the proposed foliar uses of fluxapyroxad, the potential for acute risk to birds and mammals is characterized using the conservative assumption that the limit dose or maximum dose tested in the submitted oral toxicity studies (i.e., 2,000 mg/kg bw) represents the toxicity endpoint.  Under these conditions, the foliar use of fluxapyroxad is not expected to result in acute risk of mortality to listed or non-listed species of birds (and reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians for which birds serve as surrogates) or mammals because the resulting RQ values are all less than the Agency's acute risk LOC, i.e., RQ<0.5 for nonlisted species and RQ<0.1 for listed species.

The RQ values in Section 4.1 demonstrate that both foliar and seed treatment uses of fluxapyroxad may result in chronic risk to mammals (RQ>1.0).  RQ values are not calculated for chronic risk to birds because a statistically significant decrease in hatchling body weight was observed at all treatment levels in the submitted avian reproduction study with bobwhite quail.  Therefore, the chronic toxicity endpoint for bobwhite quail is nondefinitive (i.e., NOAEC<100 mg ai/kg diet).  An RQ value calculated assuming the NOAEC=100 mg ai/kg diet results in an RQ of 0.81 (based on maximum application rate to dry beans) and would be less than the Agency's LOC for chronic risk to birds (LOC=1.0).  However, chronic risk to birds cannot be precluded with confidence because the submitted data do not establish whether adverse effects may occur at dietary concentrations less than 100 mg ai/kg diet.  In order to preclude risk at the screening level, a NOAEC > 80 mg/kg-diet would need to be established, which is unlikely based on the flat concentration-response for the effect on body weight in the bobwhite quail study.  The 5  -  7% decrease in hatchling body weight was transient during the study and was not observed in the study with mallard duck; it is uncertain whether and how this effect may impact the fitness of (and therefore risk to) different species and size classes of birds, reptiles, and terrestrial-phase amphibians exposed to fluxapyroxad in the wild.

For the proposed seed treatment uses of fluxapyroxad, the potential for acute risk to birds is characterized in Table 4.14 by converting the subacute dietary toxicity endpoint for bobwhite quail (LC50, from the first experiment conducted under normal laboratory lighting conditions) to an subacute oral LD50 value that represents the total a.i. consumed per kilogram body weight (kg bw) over the 5-day study.  The calculation is performed based on information in the study report, as follows:
		
	LC50 = 2457 mg a.i./kg diet, corresponds to 561 mg a.i./kg bw/day (reported by the study)	
	LD50 = 561 mg a.i./kg bw/day x 5 days exposure = 2805 mg a.i./kg bw

The calculated LD50 value is then compared to the dose-based EEC(USEPA 2008b) values and the spatial EECs generated by T-REX to determine RQ values for risk characterization.  Terrestrial exposure of mammals through consumption of treated seeds is characterized in Table 4.14 using the conservative assumption for mammals that the maximum dose tested (2,000 mg/kg bw) represents the toxicity endpoint (LD50).  The toxicity endpoint is then adjusted for the body weight (bw) of the test specimens (default bw=178 g for bobwhite quail and 350 g for Norway rat) and compared to the estimated exposure per unit area (mg a.i./ft[2]) and per daily dose of treated seed, i.e., dose-based EEC in terms of mg a.i./kg bw/day (USEPA 2008b) . 

Table 4.14. Characterization of potential risk to terrestrial birds and mammals from consumption of treated seeds, assuming that the limit dose tested in effects studies is the definitive toxicity endpoint.
                                      Use
                                   App Rate
                                   lbs a.i.
                                      /A
                                    (#app)
                                  App Method
                                     EECs
                              Toxicity Endpoints
                               Characterization 
                                  Terrestrial
                                   RQ Values
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                    Spatial
                                (mg a.i./ft[2])
                                  Dose-Based
                               (mg a.i./kg-bw/d)
                                    Animals
                                     Acute
                                    Spatial
                                     Acute
                                  Dose-Based
                             Sunflower (low rate)
                                    0.0008
                                      (1)
                                     Seed
                                     0.01
                                     50.6
                                     Birds
                              LD50=2,805 mg/kg-bw
                             LC50=2,457 mg/kg diet
                            NOAEC<100 mg/kg diet
                             NOAEL<7.8 mg/kg-bw
                                   <0.01
                                     0.03
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     42.4
                                    Mammals
                            LD50>2,000 mg/kg-bw
                             NOAEC=112 mg/kg diet
                               NOAEL=10 mg/kg-bw
                                   <0.01
                                     0.01
                          Podded legume (medium rate)
                                     0.022
                                      (1)
                                     Seed
                                     0.23
                                     25.3
                                     Birds
                              LD50=2,805 mg/kg-bw
                             LC50=2,457 mg/kg diet
                            NOAEC<100 mg/kg diet
                             NOAEL<7.8 mg/kg-bw
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                     21.2
                                    Mammals
                            LD50>2,000 mg/kg-bw
                             NOAEC=112 mg/kg diet
                               NOAEL=10 mg/kg-bw
                                   <0.01
                                   <0.01
                                    Wheat/
                             triticale (high rate)
                                     0.078
                                      (1)
                                     Seed
                                     0.81
                                      127
                                     Birds
                              LD50=2,805 mg/kg-bw
                             LC50=2,457 mg/kg diet
                            NOAEC<100 mg/kg diet
                             NOAEL<7.8 mg/kg-bw
                                     0.02
                                     0.06
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                      106
                                    Mammals
                            LD50>2,000 mg/kg-bw
                             NOAEC=112 mg/kg diet
                               NOAEL=10 mg/kg-bw
                                     0.01
                                     0.02

The available data indicate that the likelihood of risk of acute mortality to birds and mammals is low as RQ values do not exceed the Agency's acute risk LOC.  Although dose-responsive mortality was observed in the subacute dietary study with bobwhite quail, mortality is not expected to occur at EECs calculated based on the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.  All risk conclusions for birds in this assessment are intended to apply to reptiles and to amphibians in the terrestrial environment.

The low potential for acute risk to listed species of birds can be further characterized by considering how foraging ecology affects the potential for exposure.  To consume a mass of fluxapyroxad equivalent to the acute dietary toxicity endpoint in the submitted study with bobwhite quail, a 20-g bird would have to consume 40.4 mg a.i., equivalent to 51.8 g (0.114 lbs) of wheat seed treated at the maximum proposed application rate (0.078 lbs a.i./cwt).  This is considered an unlikely, though not impossible, scenario for most species.  Smaller, migrating birds that eat seeds are expected to be at the highest risk of exposure, since they have higher surface area-to-body weight ratios and they must rapidly refuel energy reserves exhausted during migration (Klassen & Lindstrom 1996).  In a short period of time (e.g., one day or less), these birds may consume larger amounts of seeds, relative to body size, in proportions that approach or exceed their own body weight.  Nonetheless, given that adult mortality was observed only in one dietary toxicity experiment with bobwhite quail and at relatively high concentrations when compared to EECs, the likelihood of frank mortality is considered low if a bird did consume the large amount of treated seed necessary to be exposed to the limit dose.

As the foraging efficiency of a granivore decreases, the area of exposure (i.e., treated field) necessary to exceed the LOC increases.  For example, assuming conservatively that the maximum dose tested in the submitted studies represents the LD50 value for birds, a 20-g, seed-eating bird with 100% foraging efficiency (i.e., that all of the seeds are treated and that the bird eats all seeds within a given area) would consume enough fluxapyroxad in a 5-ft[2] area to exceed the Agency's LOC for acute risk to listed species of birds, reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians.  Using the same assumption, a 20-g bird would consume enough fluxapyroxad to exceed the acute risk LOC for listed birds if it displayed 50% foraging efficiency in a 10-ft[2] foraging area, or if it displayed 10% foraging efficiency within a 50-ft[2] foraging area.  The actual foraging area necessary to result in mortality to birds at a level equivalent to an LD50 (i.e., mortality of 50% of exposed birds) is likely much greater given that no mortality was observed at the maximum dose tested.  Seed incorporation would further reduce the likelihood of exposure to birds and mammals from the proposed seed treatment uses.

As with birds and mammals, acute laboratory tests with terrestrial invertebrates (i.e., honey bee) have demonstrated that fluxapyroxad is practically non-toxic on an acute exposure basis.  However, two of the fluxapyroxad end-use products (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) proposed for registration are co-formulated with pyraclostrobin and are similar in that respect to the registered product, Pristine, which is a dual-a.i. formulation from the same registrant that contains the similarly structured fungicide boscalid (25.2%) and pyraclostrobin (12.8%).  Previous risk assessments for boscalid (DP Barcodes D363523, D379809, D385653), which  -  like fluxapyroxad  -  is a pyridine carboxamide, have described uncertainties regarding potential effects on development of honey bee brood, based on incident reports and communications with beekeepers.  Submitted toxicity studies indicate that neither fluxapyroxad, any of its end-use products proposed for registration in the United States, nor boscalid or Pristine are acutely toxic to young adult honey bees.  In addition, submitted semi-field studies with a formulation of fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 00 F, not proposed for US registration) and with Pristine demonstrated no overall effects on honey bee brood, although EFED identified transient effects on eggs, larvae, and forage bee mortality in the study with Pristine (DP Barcode 390033).  None of the submitted studies with fluxapyroxad or boscalid products evaluate endpoints specific to the concerns raised by beekeepers, particularly impaired honey bee queen cell development.  The registrant is currently planning and conducting additional larval toxicity tests with boscalid and Pristine to further address these uncertainties.

Finally, the proposed new uses of fluxapyroxad are expected to result in risk to listed non-target terrestrial plants.  RQ values for listed species of dicot plants exceed the Agency's LOC for all of the foliar uses evaluated.  Of the six dicot species tested in the vegetative vigor study with BAS 703 02, only tomato demonstrated a significant effect, based on inhibition of dry weight.  However, the same formulation (BAS 703 02 F) significantly inhibited cabbage (dry weight), carrot (emergence), and lettuce (height) in the seedling emergence study.  Thus, any effects on non-target dicot plants are likely to differ based on both species and route of exposure.  RQ values for listed species of monocot plants are below the LOC for all foliar uses.  RQ values are not calculate for nonlisted terrestrial plants because a 25% effect was not observed in any species exposed to fluxpayroxad at rates up to and including the maximum proposed application rate; therefore, risk to nonlisted plants in not expected to exceed the LOC.  RQ values based on seed treatment uses exceed the Agency's LOC for the highest use rate evaluated for listed species of dicot plants in semi-aquatic areas, but are below the LOC for all other nontarget plants.  This risk conclusion is sensitive to parameters such as incorporation depth of the seeds and seeding rate; in cases where seeds are incorporated greater than or equal to one inch, exposure via runoff is expected to be reduced, and risk would not exceed the LOC.  It is uncertain to what extent exposure may occur via particulate drift from abrasion of treated seeds during planting and how this type of exposure may affect risk to non-target organisms.

Conclusions

The risk hypothesis and conceptual models articulated in the initial problem formulation of this assessment identified concerns that the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad may result in adverse effects on survival, growth and/or reproduction in aquatic organisms and that the compound may pose a chronic risk to small birds, terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles and to all size classes of mammals.  Although fluxapyroxad was not expected to pose a risk to aquatic plants or to terrestrial monocots, the problem formulation indicated that there was uncertainty regarding the potential effects of the compound on terrestrial dicots through runoff and spray drift.

Based on this screening-level assessment, the physico-chemical properties of fluxapyroxad indicate that the fungicide is persistent and has a high potential to reach aquatic environments, including surface and ground water, for several months or more following foliar applications and seed treatments.  Although the available ecotoxicity data demonstrate that fluxapyroxad is acutely toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause chronic effects, including effects linked to reproduction and sublethal behavioral effects in some aquatic test species, the EECs that result from the proposed foliar and seed treatment uses are relatively low and the resulting risk estimates for the TGAI are below LOCs.  Therefore, based on the maximum proposed use rates, the potential for exposure to the fluxapyroxad TGAI at a level that is likely to cause direct acute or chronic effects on aquatic organisms, including fish, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic-phase amphibians, and aquatic plants, is considered low.  Acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine animals were not available.  Additional studies are not being requested at this time because estuarine/marine animals were similarly or less acutely sensitive to the TGAI than freshwater animals in the acute studies; when considered in the context of the relatively low EECs, new data would be unlikely to change the screening level risk conclusions.  Despite the persistence of fluxapyroxad, its propensity to partition to sediments, its Kow and the available fish biocencentration data indicate that fluxapyroxad does not bioconcentrate but is instead readily metabolized and excreted in fish.  There is more uncertainty about the extent that fluxapyroxad may move, persist, and/or bioconcentrate in aquatic invertebrates, which may be more or less able to metabolize the parent compound.  However, additional biococentration and bioaccumulation modeling is not triggered in this case because of the relatively low Kow.

Formulated fluxapyroxad is in some cases more toxic than the TGAI to aquatic organisms.  Exposure to dual-a.i. formulations of fluxapyroxad (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) as a result of spray drift is expected to result in risk of acute mortality that exceeds the LOC for acute risk to listed freshwater fish, amphibians in the aquatic environment, and freshwater invertebrates.  Certain uses of BAS 703 01 F also result in acute risk that exceeds the LOC for nonlisted freshwater fish and amphibians.  Based on the BAS 703 02 F toxicity data for freshwater animals which is more toxic to these taxa but lacks the proposed uses on pome fruits and stone fruits, the EECs from spray drift only would need to be less than 0.225 g/L to avoid triggering acute risk to listed fish and less than 0.415 g/L to avoid triggering acute risk to listed aquatic inverterbates.  Spray drift EECs for the proposed uses of co-formulated fluxapyroxad range from 1.12 to 4.39 g/L.  Although toxicity data for estuarine/marine animals exposed to formulated fluxapyroxad were not submitted, freshwater and estuarine/marine organisms generally exhibited similar responses to the TGAI; therefore, this assessment concludes that risk of acute mortality to estuarine/marine animals is possible when the use of BAS 703 01 F or BAS 703 02 F results in spray drift to estuarine/marine habitat.  The greater toxicity of the dual a.i. formulations to fish and invertebrates, when compared to the fluxapyroxad TGAI and solo formulations, appears to be driven by pyraclostrobin.

Terrestrial vertebrates may be exposed to fluxapyroxad by contact with or ingestion of treated plants and insects.  Seed-eating (granivore) birds and mammals may also be exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed seed treatment use.  This assessment concludes that the proposed foliar and seed treatment uses of fluxapyroxad may result in chronic risk to mammals that exceed the Agency's LOC.  Chronic risk to birds, reptiles, and terrestrial-phase amphibians cannot be precluded with certainty based on the available data, which demonstrated a slight (5-7%) and transient (< 14 day), but statistically significant (p<0.05), effect on body weight in hatchling birds at all test concentrations.  This treatment-related effect was uniform across all test concentrations (100-1,000 mg/kg diet) and is consistent with effects on body weight and body weight gain in rat pups (NOAEC=112 mg/kg diet) in a two-generation reproduction study with mammals.   In order to preclude chronic risk (i.e., RQ<1) to birds, reptiles, and terrestrial-phase amphibians, based on the proposed uses, an avian reproduction study would need to establish that no adverse effects, including effects on hatchling body weight, are observed at concentrations greater than or equal to 80 mg/kg diet.  Given the flat concentration-response in this case, EFED considers it unlikely that an additional study would yield a NOAEC that would allow risk to be precluded at the screening level  Therefore, EFED is not requesting additional data at this time.  Risk estimates for acute mortality to mammals and birds, reptiles, and terrestrial-phase amphibians do not exceed the Agency's LOC.  The proposed foliar use of fluxapyroxad may result in risk to listed species of terrestrial and semi-aquatic dicot plants, but risk to monocot plants and nonlisted dicot plants is not expected to exceed the LOC.

This assessment does not evaluate risk to terrestrial invertebrates.  However, ecotoxicity data indicate that fluxpyroxad is practically non-toxic to young adult honey bees on an acute oral and contact exposure basis.  Non-guideline studies with beneficial insects (predatory mite, parasitoid wasp, green lacewing, rove beetle) and with earthworms demonstrated effects on reproduction and resulted in mortality in some cases.  Finally, in response to concerns raised by beekeepers regarding the BASF product Pristine -- which, like the fluxapyroxad formulations BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F, contains a carboxamide fungicide (boscalid) and pyraclsotrobin -- the registrant is currently planning and conducting further tests to evaluate the potential for effects on larval honey bee development and queen cell production and survival.  The structural similarities between boscalid and fluxapyroxad and the similarities in a.i. content of Pristine, BAS 703 01 F, and BAS 703 02 F suggest that information from these forthcoming honey bee studies may be relevant to all three products.

Federally Threatened and Endangered (Listed) Species of Concern

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. Section 1536(a)(2), requires all federal agencies to consult with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) for marine and anadromous listed species, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for listed wildlife and freshwater organisms, if the proposed "action" may affect listed species or their designated critical habitat.  Each federal agency is required under the Act to ensure that any action it authorizes, funds, or carries out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat.  To jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species means "to engage in an action that reasonably would be expected, directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of the species" (50 C.F.R. § 402.02).

To facilitate compliance with the requirements of the Endangered Species Act (subsection (a)(2)), the Office of Pesticide Programs has established procedures to evaluate whether a proposed registration action may directly or indirectly appreciably reduce the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of any listed species (USEPA 2004a).  After the Agency's screening-level risk assessment is conducted, if any of the Agency's listed species LOCs are exceeded for either direct or indirect effects, an analysis is conducted to determine if any listed or candidate species may co-occur in the area of the proposed pesticide use or areas downstream or downwind that could be contaminated from drift or runoff/erosion.  If listed or candidate species may be present in the proposed action area, further biological assessment is undertaken.  The extent to which listed species may be at risk is considered, which then determines the need for the development of a more comprehensive consultation package, as required by the Endangered Species Act.

The federal action addressed herein is the proposed registration of new foliar and seed treatment uses for fluxapyroxad.  It is expected that the new uses of fluxapyroxad could occur nationwide.

Action Area

		For listed species assessment purposes, the action area is considered to be the area affected directly or indirectly by fluxapyroxad use and not merely the immediate area where fluxapyroxad is applied.  At the initial screening-level, the risk assessment considers broadly described taxonomic groups and conservatively assumes that listed species within those broad groups are co-located with the pesticide treatment area.  This means that terrestrial plants and wildlife are assumed to be located on or adjacent to the treated site and aquatic organisms are assumed to be located in a surface water body adjacent to the treated site.  The assessment also assumes that the listed species are located within an assumed area, which has the relatively highest potential exposure to the pesticide, and that exposures are likely to decrease with distance from the treatment area.  Section 5.2 of this risk assessment presents the proposed pesticide use sites that are used to establish initial co-location of species with treatment areas.

              Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk

 If the assumptions associated with the screening-level action area result in RQs that are below the listed species LOCs, a "no effect" determination conclusion is made with respect to listed species in that taxa, and no further refinement of the action area is necessary.  Furthermore, RQs below the listed species LOCs for a given taxonomic group indicate no concern for indirect effects on listed species that depend upon the taxonomic group for which the RQ was calculated.  However, in situations where the screening assumptions lead to RQs in excess of the listed species LOCs for a given taxonomic group, a potential for a "may affect" conclusion exists and may be associated with direct effects on listed species belonging to that taxonomic group or may extend to indirect effects upon listed species that depend upon that taxonomic group as a resource.  In such cases, additional information on the biology of listed species, the locations of these species, and the locations of use sites are considered to determine the extent to which screening assumptions regarding an action area apply to a particular listed organism.  These subsequent refinement steps will consider how this information would impact the action area for a particular listed organism and potentially include areas of exposure that are downwind and downstream of the pesticide use site.
 
 Assessment endpoints, exposure pathways, the conceptual models addressing the proposed new fluxapyroxad uses, and the associated exposure and effects analyses conducted for the fluxapyroxad screening-level risk assessment are in Sections 2 to 3.  The assessment endpoints used in the screening-level risk assessment include those defined operationally as reduced survival and reproductive impairment for both aquatic and terrestrial animal species and survival, reproduction, and growth of non-target aquatic and terrestrial plant species from exposure via spray drift and runoff.  These assessment endpoints address the standard set forth in the Endangered Species Act requiring federal agencies to ensure that any action it authorizes does not appreciably reduce the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of the species.  Risk estimates (RQ values) integrating exposure and effects are calculated for broad-based taxonomic groups in the screening-level risk assessment and are presented in Section 4.
 
Both acute and chronic risk to listed species LOCs are considered in the screening-level risk assessment to identify direct and indirect effects to taxa of listed species.  This section identifies direct and indirect effect concerns, by taxa, that are triggered by exceeding listed species LOCs in the screening-level risk assessment (Table 5.1).  When applicable, probit dose response analysis is used to evaluate the probability of individual acute effects for exposures that occur at the established listed species LOC (Section 5.2.1).  Data on exposure and effects collected under field (when available) and laboratory conditions are evaluated to make determinations on the predictive utility of the direct effect screening assessment findings to listed species.  

Table 5.1  Potential effects to federally listed taxa associated with the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.
                                 Listed Taxon
                                Direct Effects
                   Indirect Effects from Risk to Other Taxa
                                       
                                    Yes/No
                                 Acute/Chronic
                                    Yes/No
                                  Through ...
Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants  - 
 monocots and dicots
                               Yes (dicots only)
                                      NA
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on birds, terrestrial-phase amphibians, and mammals, when required for pollination or seed dispersal.
Birds
                                      Yes
                                    Chronic
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on mammals that serve as prey; chronic effects on reptiles and amphibians that serve as prey.
Terrestrial-phase amphibians
                                      Yes
                                    Chronic
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on mammals which provide habitat (e.g., burrows) and serve as prey.
Reptiles
                                      Yes
                                    Chronic
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on mammals that serve as prey; chronic effects on birds, reptiles, and amphibians that serve as prey.
Mammals
                                      Yes
                                    Chronic
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on birds, reptiles, and amphibians that serve as prey; chronic effects on mammals that serve as prey.
Aquatic plants
                                      No
                                      NA
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that serve as primary producers.
Freshwater fish
                                      Yes
                                     Acute
                             (dual a.i. EPs only)
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
Aquatic-phase amphibians
                                      Yes
                                     Acute
                             (dual a.i. EPs only)
                                      Yes
Chronic effects on terrestrial-phase amphibians; effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
Freshwater invertebrates
                                      Yes
                                     Acute
                             (dual a.i. EPs only)
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
Molluscs
                                      No
                                      NA
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
Marine/estuarine fish
                                      Yes
                                     Acute
                             (dual a.i. EPs only)
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
Marine/estuarine invertebrates
                                      Yes
                                     Acute
                             (dual a.i. EPs only)
                                      Yes
Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that provide habitat and serve as primary producers.
[EP]  End-use product.  [NA] Not applicable.
Probit Dose-Response Analysis
	
The Agency uses the probit dose-response relationship as a tool for providing additional information on the potential for acute direct effects to individual listed species and to terrestrial and aquatic animals that may indirectly affect the listed species of concern (USEPA 2004a).  Based on the available acute toxicity data and RQ values for fluxapyroxad, a summary of the probit dose-response analysis is provided in Error! Reference source not found..  If no dose response information is available to estimate a slope for this analysis, a default slope assumption of 4.5 (with lower and upper bounds of 2 to 9) is used (Urban and Cook 1986). Individual effect probabilities are calculated based on an Microsoft[(R)] Excel spreadsheet tool IECV1.1 (Individual Effect Chance Model Version 1.1) developed by the U.S. EPA, OPP, Environmental Fate and Effects Division (June 22, 2004).  The model allows for such calculations by entering the mean slope estimate (and the 95% confidence bounds of that estimate) as the slope parameter for the spreadsheet.  The desired threshold for the probability of an individual effect is entered as the listed species LOC.  In addition, the probability of an individual effect is also derived based on the calculated acute RQ, if available.

As shown in Error! Reference source not found., the chance of acute direct effects (i.e., mortality) to individual listed fish at the listed species LOC is 1 in 4.18 x 10[8] (95% CI: 216 to 1.75 x 1031).  However, at the highest derived RQ value (0.98; Table 4.5) for the proposed uses of dual a.i. formulations of fluxapyroxad, the chances of an individual effect increase for fish to approximately 1 in 2.   For freshwater invertebrates, the chance of acute direct effects (i.e., mortality) at the listed species LOC is 1 in 8.19 x 10[31] (95% CI: 1.66 x 10[13] to 5.58 x 10[61]).  At the highest derived RQ value (0.53; Table 4.5) for dual a.i. formulations of fluxapyroxad, the chances increase to 1 in 165 (95% CI: 17.2 to 5,920).  These probabilities are based on exposure to formulated fluxapyroxad (BAS 703 02 F) in surface water from spray drift only.  In the absence of ecotoxicity data for estuarine/marine animals exposed to formulated fluxapyroxad, this assessment assumes that the likelihood of an individual effect for these taxa is similar to that for freshwater fish and invertebrates.  The likelihood of an individual acute effect is not calculated for acute oral exposure to birds and mammals because no mortality was observed in these studies and therefore an effect is considered unlikely.
Table 5.2.  Summary of fluxapyroxad probit dose response analysis for listed species.
                               Taxa (study type)
                                 Acute Effect
                               Slope (95% C.I.)
         Chance of Individual Effect at Listed Species LOC (95% C.I.)
         Chance of Individual Effect at Derived Acute RQ[1] (95% C.I.)
Bird oral dose
                             No mortality observed
                     Not calculated; no mortality observed
                     Not calculated; no mortality observed
Bird dietary
                                 Mortality[1]
                           Slope NA = 4.5 (2  -  9)
                               1 in 2.94 x 10[5]
                                  (1 in 44 to
                              1 in 8.86 x 10[18])
                              1 in 2.76 x 10[11]
                                 (1 in 862 to
                              1 in 2.14 x 10[42])
Mammal oral dose
                             No mortality observed
                     Not calculated; no mortality observed
                     Not calculated; no mortality observed
Freshwater fish
                                 Mortality[2]
                           Slope NA = 4.5 (2  -  9)
                                1 in 4.18 x 108
                                 (1 in 216 to
                               1 in 1.75 x 1031)
                               1 in 2.76 x 1011
                                 (1 in 862 to
                               1 in 2.14 x 1042)

                         Mortality (dual a.i. EPs)[3]
                           Slope NA = 4.5 (2  -  9)
                                1 in 4.18 x 108
                                 (1 in 216 to
                               1 in 1.75 x 1031)
                                   1 in 2.07
                                  (1 in 2.03
                                 to 1 in 2.13)
Freshwater invertebrate
                                  Mortality4
                           Slope NA = 4.5 (2  -  9)
                               1 in 4.18 x 10[8]
                                 (1 in 216  to
                              1 in 1.75 x 10[31])
                              1 in 8.86 x 10[18]
                             (1 in 31.6 x 10[4] to
                              1 in 1.03 x 10[72])

                         Mortality (dual a.i. EPs)[5]
                            Slope 9.1 (5.7  -  13)
                              1 in 8.19 x 10[31]
                            (1 in 1.66 x 10[13] to
                              1 in 5.58 x 10[63])
                                   1 in 165
                                (1 in 17.2 to 
                                  1 in 5,920)
Estuarine/marine fish
                                  Mortality6
                           Slope NA = 4.5 (2  -  9)
                                1 in 4.18 x 108
                                 (1 in 216 to
                               1 in 1.75 x 1031)
                              1 in 8.86 x 10[18]
                             (1 in 3.16 x 10[4] to
                              1 in 1.03 x 10[72])
Estuarine/marine crustacean
                                 Mortality[6]
                           Slope NA = 4.5 (2  -  9)
                                1 in 4.18 x 108
                                 (1 in 216 to
                               1 in 1.75 x 1031)
                              1 in 8.86 x 10[18]
                             (1 in 3.16 x 10[4] to
                              1 in 1.03 x 10[72]
Estuarine/marine mollusc
                                 Mortality[6]
                           Slope NA = 4.5 (2  -  9)
                                1 in 4.18 x 108
                                 (1 in 216 to
                               1 in 1.75 x 1031)
                              1 in 8.86 x 10[18]
                             (1 in 3.16 x 10[4] to
                              1 in 1.03 x 10[72]
[1]  Maximum acute dietary RQ = 0.03 (birds).
[2]  Based on exposure to the TGAI.  Maximum acute RQ (0.03) did not exceed the LOC.
[3]  Based on exposure to the fluxpyroxad EP (BAS 703 02 F).  Maximum acute RQ used in calculation (0.98) is based on spray drift from application to stone fruit.
[4]  Based on exposure to the TGAI.  Maximum acute RQ (<0.01) did not exceed the LOC.
[5]  Based on exposure to the fluxpyroxad EP (BAS 703 02 F).  Maximum acute RQ used in calculation (0.53) is based on spray drift from application to stone fruit.
[6]  Based on exposure to the TGAI.  Maximum acute RQ (0.01) did not exceed the LOC.
[EP]  End-use product.  [NA] Not available.

Listed Species Occurrence with Proposed New Use of Fluxapyroxad

A preliminary analysis of the co-occurrence of listed species and the proposed new uses of fluxapyroxad was conducted using OPP's LOCATES database (v. 2.2.0).  The goal of the analysis for co-location is to determine whether sites of pesticide use are geographically associated with known locations of listed species.  The objective is to provide insight into the potential for exposure of listed species and to identify those areas, crop uses, and listed species that warrant further attention.  The LOCATES database uses location information for listed species at the county level and compares it to agricultural census data (from 2007) for crop production at the same county level of resolution.  The product is a listing of federally-listed species that are located within counties known to produce the crops upon which the pesticide is proposed for use.  Appendix I provides a species listing by state for those listed species that may potentially be impacted by the proposed new uses of fluxapyroxad.

A tabulation of the number of unique listed species in each state that may co-occur with the proposed new use of fluxapyroxad as a seed treatment on rapeseed is provided in Table 5.3.  Although this assessment does not evaluate risk to terrestrial invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates are included in the tabulation of species that may co-occur with areas of fluxapyroxad use.  Secondary effects may occur in predatory birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals that rely on mammals, birds, reptiles, or terrestrial amphibians as prey.  LOCATES does not currently differentiate between different feeding guilds or identify those plant species that require particular interactions for pollination or seed dispersal.  Therefore, the number of potentially affected listed mammals, birds (also reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians), and terrestrial plants may be overestimated and include species that are not likely to be indirectly affected if they do not (1) rely on mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, or seeds as prey or (2) require mammals or birds for pollination or seed dispersal.

Based the results of the LOCATES database query, there are a total of 1,230 unique listed species of terrestrial plants, birds, reptiles, terrestrial and aquatic-phase amphibians, mammals, and terrestrial invertebrates associated with counties where fluxapyroxad may be used nationwide based on the proposed uses.  A total of 50 states have listed species that are potentially affected by direct or secondary effects of fluxapyroxad exposure and are associated with crops where fluxapyroxad is proposed for use.  Hawaii has the highest number (313) of listed species in the identified taxa that may co-occur with the proposed fluxapyroxad uses, followed by California (290), Alabama (96), and Florida (95).

This preliminary analysis indicates that there is a potential for fluxapyroxad use to overlap with listed species and that a more refined assessment is warranted.  The more refined assessment should involve clear delineation of the action area associated with proposed uses of fluxapyroxad and the best available information on the temporal and spatial co-location of listed species with respect to the action area.  This analysis has not been conducted for this screening level assessment.


Table 5.3.  Tabulation by state and taxonomic group of listed species at potential risk of direct or secondary effects of proposed fluxapyroxad uses.
State
 Amphibians
 Birds
 Conifer
 Corals
 Crustaceans and Bivalves
 Dicot Plants
 Ferns and Lichens
 Fish
 Other Invertebrates
 Mammals
 Monocot Plants
 Reptiles
 Total per State
Alabama
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                      35
                                      13
                                       3
                                      14
                                      12
                                       5
                                       4
                                       4
                                      96
Alaska
                                       
                                       6
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       4
Arizona
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                      16
                                       
                                      19
                                       1
                                       7
                                       2
                                       2
                                      56
Arkansas
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                      10
                                       6
                                       
                                       5
                                       2
                                       5
                                       1
                                       
                                      34
California
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       8
                                      160
                                       
                                      21
                                      24
                                      29
                                      18
                                       7
                                      290
Colorado
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                      12
                                       
                                       6
                                       2
                                       3
                                       1
                                       
                                      29
Connecticut
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                       1
                                       1
                                       9
Delaware
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                       1
                                       5
Florida
                                       1
                                       4
                                       
                                       2
                                       7
                                      48
                                       1
                                       4
                                       
                                      11
                                       3
                                       6
                                      95
Georgia
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                      15
                                      15
                                       3
                                       8
                                       1
                                       5
                                       6
                                       2
                                      63
Hawaii
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                      205
                                      10
                                       
                                      54
                                       2
                                      16
                                       
                                      313
Idaho
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       4
                                       
                                       5
                                       4
                                       4
                                       1
                                       
                                      18
Illinois
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       7
                                       7
                                       
                                       1
                                       3
                                       2
                                       2
                                       
                                      24
Indiana
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       7
                                       4
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       2
                                       1
                                       1
                                      18
Iowa
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       3
                                       
                                       2
                                       1
                                       1
                                       2
                                       
                                      13
Kansas
                                       1
                                       5
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       4
                                       1
                                       2
                                       1
                                       
                                      12
Kentucky
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       3
                                       2
                                       1
                                       2
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       2
                                      19
Louisiana
                                       
                                       4
                                       
                                       
                                       3
                                       2
                                       1
                                       2
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       2
                                      16
Maine
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       2
                                       2
                                       
                                       9
Maryland
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       5
                                       
                                       1
                                       2
                                       2
                                       2
                                       1
                                      15
Massachusetts
                                       
                                       6
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                       
                                       1
                                       3
                                       1
                                       2
                                       1
                                      12
Michigan
                                       
                                       4
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       4
                                       1
                                       
                                       4
                                       2
                                       3
                                       1
                                      19
Minnesota
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       2
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                       1
                                       1
                                       
                                       9
Mississippi
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                      10
                                       2
                                       1
                                       3
                                       
                                       5
                                       
                                       5
                                      31
Missouri
                                       1
                                       6
                                       
                                       
                                       6
                                       7
                                       
                                       5
                                       2
                                       3
                                       1
                                       
                                      25
Montana
                                       
                                       4
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       3
                                       1
                                       
                                      12
Nebraska
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       2
                                       2
                                       1
                                       2
                                       
                                      12
Nevada
                                       4
                                      12
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       9
                                       
                                      22
                                       2
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                      37
New Hampshire
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                       2
                                       
                                       7
New Jersey
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                       3
                                       1
                                      12
New Mexico
                                       1
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                      13
                                       
                                      13
                                       4
                                       4
                                       
                                       1
                                      43
New York
                                       
                                       4
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       5
                                       1
                                       1
                                       2
                                       1
                                       2
                                       1
                                      17
North Carolina
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       8
                                      21
                                       1
                                       5
                                       3
                                       4
                                       5
                                       2
                                      53
North Dakota
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                       
                                       6
Ohio
                                       1
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       6
                                       4
                                       
                                       1
                                       3
                                       1
                                       2
                                       2
                                      20
Oklahoma
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       4
                                       1
                                       3
                                       2
                                       1
                                      19
Oregon
                                       
                                       6
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                      15
                                       
                                      15
                                       2
                                       2
                                       2
                                       
                                      41
Pennsylvania
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       2
                                       1
                                       8
Rhode Island
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                       1
                                       1
                                       
                                       7
South Carolina
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                      13
                                       2
                                       1
                                       
                                       1
                                       6
                                       1
                                      32
South Dakota
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       1
                                       1
                                       1
                                       
                                      11
Tennessee
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                      39
                                      16
                                       2
                                      16
                                       4
                                       3
                                       2
                                       
                                      85
Texas
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                      26
                                       
                                       9
                                      20
                                       6
                                       3
                                       1
                                      82
Utah
                                       1
                                       4
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                      20
                                       
                                       8
                                       1
                                       3
                                       2
                                       1
                                      38
Vermont
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       2
                                       
                                       6
Virginia
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                      22
                                      13
                                       
                                       8
                                       4
                                       5
                                       4
                                       1
                                      61
Washington
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       
                                       9
                                       
                                       5
                                       1
                                       5
                                       1
                                       
                                      25
West Virginia
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       7
                                       4
                                       
                                       
                                       1
                                       2
                                       2
                                       
                                      17
Wisconsin
                                       
                                       1
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       5
                                       
                                       
                                       2
                                       1
                                       2
                                       
                                      14
Wyoming
                                       
                                       2
                                       
                                       
                                       3
                                       
                                       
                                       5
                                       
                                       3
                                       2
                                       
                                      17

Additional Description of Assumptions, Limitations, Uncertainties, Strengths and Data Gaps  

Aquatic Exposure

The labels specify that, for multiple applications of fluxapyroxad, no more than two applications should be made consecutively before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.  For several of the use scenarios, three and four applications of fluxapyroxad were modeled as consecutive applications without consideration of using a second fungicide.  The Tier I model used for estimating aquatic exposure, GENEEC, does not have the capability to model multiple applications with varying retreatment intervals.  While a higher tier model such as PRZM/EXAMS does allow for varying retreatment intervals, as the labels do not specify a particular alternative to be used for multiple applications, it is uncertain how long the retreatment interval between applications 2 and 3 should be.  The employed approach is expected to overestimate chronic aquatic concentrations, but given fluxapyroxad's persistence, the potential overestimation is not expected to be significant.

The GENEEC model was used to generate EECs for seed treatments, which tend to be very conservative, particularly when assuming a depth of incorporation of 0 cm.  Larger seeds would likely be planted at a depth where pesticide transport to the surface for incorporation into runoff or for consumption by terrestrial species would not occur.  As such, GENEEC EECs for seed treatments may be overestimated.

Risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to fluxapyroxad was estimated using GENEEC-based EECs.  GENEEC does not allow for accumulation of pesticides in the farm pond with repeated annual applications, which could occur given fluxapyroxad's persistence.  GENEEC is a single event model which assumes one single large rainfall/runoff event occurs that removes a large quantity of pesticide from the field to the water all in one day. Longer-term, multiple-day average concentration values are calculated based on the peak day value and subsequent values considering degradation processes.  As a result, GENEEC may underestimate concentrations in static water bodies where fluxapyroxad is applied to the contributing drainage area over many consecutive years.  In flowing water bodies fluxapyroxad concentrations would not be expected to accumulate from year to year because of the effects of dilution and advective washout.

Risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to fluxapyroxad end-products was estimated using PRZM/EXAMS EECs considering only spray drift.  The standard pond modeled with EXAMS is a static water body of fixed volume with no outlet.  Additionally, the linked PRZM/EXAMS models simulate the impact of daily weather on the treated agricultural field over a period of thirty years.  During this time, pesticide is washed-off of the field into the water-body by twenty to forty rainfall/runoff events per year.  Each new addition of pesticide to the water-body adds to the pesticide which has arrived earlier either through previous runoff events or through spray-drift and begins degrading on the day it reaches the water.  Since fluxapyroxad is persistent in aquatic environments, the standard pond has no outlet, and modeled accumulation of fluxapyroxad occurs in the pond throughout the 30-year simulations, the 1-in-10 year EECs obtained from the model runs do not reflect varying meteorological conditions that are expected once every 10 years, since the yearly peaks are not independent but are actually correlated to the previous year's peak concentration.  As a result, PRZM/EXAMS may potentially overestimate the aquatic EECs, as, over the course of thirty years, some loss of fluxapyroxad would be expected due to burial of sediment and other dissipation processes.  It should also be noted that fluxapyroxad concentrations in flowing water bodies are not expected to accumulate from year to year because of downstream dilution and, as such, risk to freshwater fish and invertebrates resulting from accumulation of fluxapyroxad from spray drift from multiple years of application is not likely to occur in flowing systems.

Terrestrial Exposure

Supervised field trials with legume vegetables, sunflower, canola, and sugar beet indicate that mean residues of fluxapyroxad declined by approximately half in the three-to-four weeks (21 to 28 days) following application, while field trials indicate that fluxapyroxad was more persistent on cereal crops (e.g., rice, barley, and wheat), with residues in these matrices declining only slightly or remaining the same for the duration of the trial (30 days).  Therefore, the default foliar dissipation value of 35 days used in estimating terrestrial exposure may underestimate persistence in some crops.  It is uncertain whether fluxapyroxad residues will accumulate in the terrestrial environment following repeated use over multiple seasons or years.  However, using the default foliar dissipation value and based on the maximum proposed application rate, even a single application of fluxpyroxad would result in an RQ value that exceeds the Agency's LOC for chronic risk to mammals.

Exposure from seed treatment uses is likely to be overestimated for scenarios where seeds are incorporated.  Seed incorporation > 1 inch would reduce the likelihood of runoff to non-target plants and surface water and would further reduce the likelihood of seed consumption by birds and mammals.


Data Gaps

Appendix F lists that status of each of the studies submitted in support of the proposed registration of fluxapyroxad and whether data gaps have been identified. There are no fate data gaps for fluxapyroxad.  Nonetheless, low carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were observed in the aerobic soil metabolism studies, as well as a lack of transformation product formation, an increase in unextracted residue formation with an increase in temperature without an effect on CO2, and transformation product formation, and the detection of parent in unextracted residue (MRID 47923684).  These observations, coupled with the fact that fluxapyroxad is moderately to slightly mobile, indicate there is the potential that the estimated aerobic soil half-life values are more representative of sorption than of biotransformation.  If this is the case, then over time, repeated use of fluxapyroxad could result in saturation of soil sorption sites, resulting in greater potential for runoff of fluxapyroxad than can be accounted for in EFED's models.

There are no acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine fish or aquatic invertebrates.  The submitted life cycle study with mysid shrimp was classified as invalid, and no other chronic studies have been submitted.  Appendix F lists numerous other studies that are classified as supplemental based on meaningful guideline deviations and/or uncertainty regarding the study results.  Specifically, the early life stage test with freshwater fish, three spiked sediment toxicity tests with benthic invertebrates, three toxicity tests with nonvascular aquatic plants, the acute oral toxicity test with zebra finch, the avian reproduction study with bobwhite quail, and the seedling emergence test with BAS 703 02 F are each classified as supplemental.  However, additional data are not being requested for these studies at this time because such data would be unlikely to impact the screening level risk conclusions based on the currently proposed uses.

References

 Anderson, P., Oelke, E., Simmons, S. 2008. Growth and Development Guide for Spring Barley.  Available online at http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DC2548.html.
 
 Becker, J., and S. Ratnayake.  2011.  Acres Planted per Day and Seeding Rates of Crops Grown in the United States.  United States Environmental Protection Agency, Biological and Economic Analysis Division.
 
 Conley, S.P., and J. Gaska.  2007.  Winter wheat seeding rate, depth, and planting date.  University of Wisconsin Integrated Pest and Crop Management.  Available online at http://ipcm.wisc.edu/WCMNews/tabid/53/EntryId/366/Winter-Wheat-Seeding-Rate-Depth-and-Planting-Date.aspx.
 
 Domagalski, .L., and K.M. Kuivila.  1993.  Distributions of pesticides and organic contaminants between water and suspended sediment, San Francisco Bay, California.  Estuaries 16 (3A): 416  -  426.
 
 Fletcher, J.S., J.E. Nellessen, and T.G. Pfleeger.  1994.  Literature review and evaluation of the EPA food-chain (Kenaga) nomogram, and instrument for estimating pesticide residues on plants.  Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13 (9):1383-1391.
 
Hoerger, F., and E.E. Kenaga.  1972.  Pesticide residues on plants: Correlation of representative data as a basis for estimation of their magnitude in the environment.  In F. Coulston and F. Korte, eds., Environmental Quality and Safety: Chemistry, Toxicology, and Technology, Georg Thieme Publ, Stuttgart, West Germany, pp. 9-28.

Klaassen, M. and A. Lindstrom.  1996.  Departure fuel loads in time-minimizing migrating birds can be explained by the energy costs of being heavy.  Journal of Theoretical Biologu 183: 29  -  34.

 Urban, D.J., and N. Cook.  1986.  Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA 540/9 - 85-001.  Office of Pesticide Programs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  
 
 USEPA.  2011.  Ecological risk assessment to support the proposed new use of pyraclostrobin on rapeseeed (cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids, including canola and crambe), sweet corn, and sugar beet and as an encapsulated product on field corn, pop  corn, and seed production corn.  Ross, L., and R. Miller.  Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C.  DP Barcodes D380640, D380650, D384006, D384010, D384012, and D385442.
 
 USEPA  2009a.  Pesticides; Data Requirements for Conventional Chemicals, Technical Amendments, and Data Requirements for Biochemical and Microbial Pesticides; Final Rule.  FR 72(207):60933-60988.
 
 USEPA  2009b.  Water models. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/.
 
 USEPA 2009c.  ECOTOXicology Database, v. 4.0.  Available online at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/.
 
 USEPAd.  Ecological Incident Information System, v. 2.1 .  Description online at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/science/models_db.htm.
 
 USEPA 2009e.  Input Parameter Guidance.  Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C.  Available online at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_parameter_guidance.htm.
 
 USEPA 2008a.  Science Advisory Panel (SAP): Selected Issues Associated with the Risk Assessment Process for Pesticides with Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Characteristics.  Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C.  
 
 USEPA 2008b.  User's Guide T-REX Version 1.4.1 (Terrestrial Residue Exposure model).  http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/trex/t_rex_user_guide.htm#references 
 
 USEPA 2004a.  Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Endangered and Threatened Species Effects Determinations.  Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C.  Available online at http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/endanger/consultation/ecorisk-overview.pdf.
 
 USEPA  2004b.  A Discussion with the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Regarding the Terrestrial and Aquatic Level II Refined Risk Assessment Models (Version 2.0), Chapter 4.  Support Document for Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting Scheduled from March 30 - April 2, 2004. March 4, 2004. Environmental Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs.  United States Environmental Protection Agency. Available at http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2004/033004_mtg.htm
 
USEPA 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment.  EPA/630/R-95/002F.  Published in 63 FR 26846; May 14, 1998.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.  April, 1998.

USEPA  1993.  Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook.  EPA/600/R-13/187a.  Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Willis, G.H. and L.L. McDowell.  1987.  Pesticide persistence on foliage.  Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 100: 23-73.
		
Fate MRIDs

MRID:  47923505
Kroehl, T. (2006) Physical Properties: Pure Active Ingredient.  Project Number: 2006/1036276/OCR, 267469/1/OCR.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 20 p.

MRID:  47923509
Wilfinger, W. (2008) Water Solubility of BAS 700 F at 20 Degrees Celsius.  Project Number: 2007/1056999/OCR, 267487/1EXT/OCR, 20071489/01/PCSB.  Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins-GAB GmbH.  53 p.

MRID:  47923511
Wilfinger, W. (2008) Partition Coefficient of BAS 700 F (HPLC Method).  Project Number: 2007/1057001/OCR, 20071489/01/PCPC/OCR, 267475/1EXT.  Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins - GAB GmbH.  42 p.

MRID:  47923513
Hassink, J. (2009) Aqueous Photolysis of BAS 700 F.  Project Number: 2009/1031228/OCR, 314718/OCR.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft.  26 p.

MRID:  47923514
Wilfinger, W. (2008) Dissociation Constant of BAS 700 F in Water.  Project Number: 2007/1057000/OCR, 267478/1EXT/OCR, 20071489/01/PCDC.  Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins - GAB GmbH.  30 p.

MRID:  47923684
Malinsky, D. (2010) Aerobic Soil Metabolism of (Carbon 14)-BAS 700 F on US Soils: Final Report.  Project Number: 2009/7003246/ocr, 002/57/01//US/319649, 2009/7003246.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agricultural Research Center.  139 p.

MRID:  47923688
Malinsky, D. (2010) Anaerobic Soil Metabolism of (Carbon 14)-BAS 700 F on US Soil: Final Report.  Project Number: 2009/7003247/ocr, //SubNo/201002/56/01, 2009/7003247.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agricultural Research Center.  131 p.

MRID:  47923690
Hassink, J. (2009) Soil Photolysis of BAS 700 F.  Project Number: 2009/1013342/US/ocr, EU/314704, 2009/1013342.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF SE.  42 p.

MRID:  47923691
Ta, C. (2010) Rate of Degradation of BAS 700 F in Soils: Final Report.  Project Number: 2009/7006123/ocr, //SubNo/201002/37/01, 209/7006123.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agricultural Research Center and Agvise, Inc.  133 p.

MRID:  47923695
Jordan, J.; Warren, R. (2010) Terrestrial Field Dissipation of BAS 700 F Following Applications of BAS 700 AC F in Legumes.  Project Number: 2009/7006030/ocr, //SubNo/201003/03/01, 2009/7006030.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agricultural Research Center.  293 p.

MRID:  47923696
Jordan, J.; Warren, R. (2010) Terrestrial Field Dissipation of BAS 700 F Following Applications of BAS 700 AC F or BAS 700 AE F in Vegetable Use Patterns.  Project Number: 2009/7006032/ocr, //SubNo/201003/02/01, 2009/7006032.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agricultural Research Center.  756 p.

MRID:  47923697
Jordan, J. (2010) Terrestrial Field Dissipation of BAS 700 F Following Applications of BAS 700 AC F in Orchard and Vineyard Use Patterns.  Project Number: 2009/7006033/ocr, //SubNo/201002/60/01, 2009/7006033.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agricultural Research Center.  505 p.

MRID:  47923707
Hassink, J.; Stephan, A. (2009) Determination of the Adsorption/Desorption Behaviour of BAS 700 F on Different Soils.  Project Number: 2009/1065633/OCR, 2009/1065633, 314706.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft.  78 p.

MRID:  47923713
Ebert, D. (2009) Degradation of BAS 700 F in Water/Sediment Systems under Aerobic Conditions.  Project Number: 2009/1004082/OCR, 2009/1004082, 314715.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft.  151 p.

MRID:  47923714
Ta, C. (2010) BAS 700 F: Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism.  Project Number: 2009/7006124/OCR, 2009/7006124, 319648.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agro Research and Agvise Laboratories, Inc.  105 p.

MRID:  47923730
Hafemann, C.; Kloeppner, U. (2009) Bioconcentration and Metabolism of BAS 700 F in Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus).  Project Number: 2009/1012801/OCR, 2009/1012801, 315780.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft.  163 p.

MRID:  48409101
Hassink, J. (2011) BAS 700 F: Aqueous Hydrolysis at Four Different pH Values (Including Amendment No. 1).  Project Number: 324301, 2011/7000318.  Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft.  19 p.
Appendix A.  Proposed New Uses, Fluxapyroxad

Proposed products for registration containing fluxapyroxad
                                       
                                   Proposed 
                           New End-Use Product Name
                         Summary Formulation Details:
                               Formulation Type
                        lb fluxapyroxad/gal of product
                     (lb ai pyraclostrobin/gal of product)
                                       
                               Application Type
                                     Crops
BAS 700 01 F Fungicide

Reg No. 7969-XXX
                           Emulsifiable Concentrate
                                     0.52
                                    Foliar
                               Aerial and ground
Wheat, barley, corn, bean and pea legumes, peanuts, pome and stone fruits, fruiting vegetables, oil seed, root and tuberous vegetable crops.
BAS 700 02 F Fungicide Seed Treatment

Reg No. 7969-XXX
                            Suspension Concentrate
                                     0.78
                                Seed Treatment
Barley, corn, cotton, dried shelled peas and beans, edible podded legume vegetables, oat, peanut, rye, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, wheat and triticale seed
BAS 700 03 F Fungicide Seed Treatment

Reg No. 7969-XXX
                            Suspension Concentrate
                                     2.72
                                Seed Treatment
Barley, corn, cotton, dried shelled peas and beans, edible podded legume vegetables, oat, peanut, rye, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, wheat and triticale seed
BAS 700 04 F Fungicide

Reg No. 7969-XXX
                            Suspension Concentrate
                                     2.47
                                    Foliar
                               Aerial and ground
Cereals, bean and pea legumes, peanuts, pome and stone fruits, fruiting vegetables, oil seed, root and root and tuberous vegetable crops
BAS 703 01 F Fungicide

Reg No. 7969-XXX
                            Suspension Concentrate
                                     2.09
                             (2.09 Pyraclostrobin)
                                    Foliar
                               Aerial and ground
Pome and stone fruits, fruiting vegetables, oil seed, soybean, and root and tuberous vegetable crops.
BAS 703 02 F Fungicide

Reg No. 7969-XXX
                            Suspension Concentrate
                                     1.39
                             (2.78 Pyraclostrobin)
                                    Foliar
                               Aerial and ground
Cereals, fruiting vegetables, oilseed crops, peanut, soybean, and root and tuber vegetables crops.


Proposed Use Information for Fluxapyroxad Products
                                      EUP
                                     Crop
                              Max Single App Rate
                                  (lbs ai/A)
                            Number of Applications
                         Minimum Retreatment Interval
                              Max Annual App Rate
                                  (lbs ai/A)
                                     Notes
                                  BAS 700 01F
Barley
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Corn
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Dried shelled peas (except soybean)
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Dried shelled beans (except soybean)
                                                                           0.18
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.36
                                       1

Edible podded legume vegetables
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Fruiting vegetables
                                                                          0.089
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.27
                                       1

Oat
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Oilseed crops, canola/rapeseed
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                      14
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Oilseed crops, other
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Peanut
                                                                          0.089
                                       3
                                      14
                                                                           0.27
                                       2

Pome fruits
                                                                          0.089
                                       4
                                       7
                                                                           0.36
                                       1

Rye
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Soybean
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Stone fruits
                                                                          0.110
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.33
                                       1

Succulent shelled peas and beans
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Sugar beet
                                                                          0.089
                                       3
                                      14
                                                                           0.27
                                       2

Tuberous and corm vegetables
                                                                          0.089
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.27
                                       2

Wheat, triticale
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.18
                                       1
                          BAS 700 02F and BAS 700 03F
Barley seed
                                                                          0.069
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.069
Based on 138.3 lbs seed/acre

Corn seed
                                                                          0.017
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.017
Based on 33.2 lbs seed/acre

Cotton seed
                                                                          0.004
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.004
Based on 18.9 lbs seed/acre

Dried shelled pea and bean seed
                                                                          0.016
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.016
Based on 163.4 lbs seed/acre

Edible podded legume vegetable seed
                                                                          0.022
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.022
Based on 218 lbs seed/acre

Oat seed
                                                                          0.009
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.009
Based on 90 lbs seed/acre

Peanut seed
                                                                          0.023
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.023
Based on 228.3 lbs seed/acre

Rye seed
                                                                          0.009
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.009
Based on 90 lbs seed/acre

Sorghum seed
                                                                          0.002
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.002
Based on 9.1 lbs seed/acre

Soybean seed
                                                                          0.017
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.017
Based on 166.7 lbs seed/acre

Sunflower seed
                                                                         0.0008
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                         0.0008
Based on 4 lbs seed/acre

Wheat, triticale seed
                                                                          0.078
                                       1
                                      NA
                                                                          0.078
Based on 156 lbs seed/acre
                                  BAS 700 04F
Barley
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Corn
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                     1, 3

Dried shelled peas (except soybean)
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Dried shelled beans (except soybean)
                                                                          0.174
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.35
                                       1

Edible podded legume vegetables
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Fruiting vegetables
                                                                          0.087
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.26
                                       1

Oat
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Oilseed crops, canola/rapeseed
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                      14
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Oilseed crops, other
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Peanut
                                                                          0.087
                                       3
                                      14
                                                                           0.26
                                       2

Pome fruits
                                                                          0.087
                                       4
                                       7
                                                                           0.35
                                       1

Rye
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Soybean
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Stone fruits
                                                                          0.108
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.32
                                       1

Succulent shelled peas and beans
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Sugar beet
                                                                          0.087
                                       3
                                      14
                                                                           0.26
                                       2

Tuberous and corm vegetables
                                                                          0.087
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.26
                                       2

Wheat, triticale
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.17
                                       1
                                  BAS 703 01F
Fruiting vegetables
                                                                          0.089
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.27
                                       1

Oilseed crops, canola/rapeseed
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                      14
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Oilseed crops, other
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Pome fruits
                                                                          0.089
                                       4
                                       7
                                                                           0.36
                                       1

Soybean
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.18
                                       1

Stone fruits
                                                                          0.109
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.32
                                       1

Tuberous and corm vegetables
                                                                          0.089
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.27
                                       2

Wheat, triticale
                                                                          0.089
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.18
                                       1
                                  BAS 703 02F
Barley
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Corn
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Dried shelled beans (except soybean)
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Edible podded legume vegetables
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Fruiting vegetables
                                                                          0.087
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.26
                                       1

Oat
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Oilseed crops, canola/rapeseed
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                      14
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Oilseed crops, other
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Peanut
                                                                          0.087
                                       3
                                      14
                                                                           0.26
                                       2

Rye
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Soybean
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Succulent shelled peas and beans
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                       7
                                                                           0.17
                                       1

Sugar beet
                                                                          0.087
                                       3
                                      14
                                                                           0.26
                                       2

Tuberous and corm vegetables
                                                                          0.087
                                       3
                                       7
                                                                           0.26
                                       2

Wheat, triticale
                                                                          0.087
                                       2
                                      NS
                                                                           0.17
                                       1
NS - not specified. NA - not applicable
Notes
1. Only 2 consecutive applications before alternating to a labeled fungicide w/ different mode of action.
2. Only 1 application before alternating to a labeled fungicide w/ different mode of action.
3. Max single use rate based on label footnote in Table 2 of label.
4. Seeding rates obtained from Becker, 2011
Appendix B.  GENEEC Results

  Foliar Applications

   RUN No.   1 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   barley        * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .089(   .178)   2   3     931.0    3.4   AERL_B( 13.0)     .0    .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
        5.02        5.00          4.88          4.61          4.43


   RUN No.   2 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   corn          * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .089(   .177)   2   7     931.0    3.4   AERL_B( 13.0)     .0    .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
        5.01        4.99          4.87          4.61          4.42


   RUN No.   3 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   dried bean    * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .180(   .359)   2   7     931.0    3.4   AERL_B( 13.0)     .0    .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       10.14       10.10          9.85          9.32          8.94


   RUN No.   4 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   fruiting v    * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .089(   .265)   3   7     931.0    3.4   AERL_B( 13.0)     .0    .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
        7.50        7.47          7.29          6.89          6.62


   RUN No.   5 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   oilseed       * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .089(   .177)   2  14     931.0    3.4   AERL_B( 13.0)     .0    .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
        5.00        4.98          4.86          4.60          4.41


   RUN No.   6 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   peanut        * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .089(   .264)   3  14     931.0    3.4   AERL_B( 13.0)     .0    .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
        7.47        7.44          7.25          6.86          6.58


   RUN No.   7 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   pome fruit    * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .089(   .353)   4   7     931.0    3.4   AERL_B( 13.0)     .0    .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
        9.98        9.94          9.69          9.17          8.80


   RUN No.   8 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   stone frui    * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .110(   .328)   3   7     931.0    3.4   AERL_B( 13.0)     .0    .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
        9.27        9.24          9.01          8.52          8.18

Seed Treatments

   RUN No.   1 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   sunflower     * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .001(   .001)   1   1     931.0    3.4   GRANUL(   .0)     .0    .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN NANOGRAMS/LITER (PPTr))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       17.90       17.81         17.35         16.36         15.66


   RUN No.   2 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   legume        * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .022(   .022)   1   1     931.0    3.4   GRANUL(   .0)     .0   .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN NANOGRAMS/LITER (PPTr))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
      492.16      489.84        477.05        449.79        430.65


   RUN No.   3 FOR fluxapyroxad     ON   wheat         * INPUT VALUES * 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP
     ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL    Koc   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   (FT)     (IN)
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   .078(   .078)   1   1     931.0    3.4   GRANUL(   .0)     .0    .0


   FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
   METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED
    (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND) 
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
    857.00        2          N/A       .00-     .00   993.00    993.00


   GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
       PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY
       GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC
   --------------------------------------------------------------------
        1.74        1.74          1.69          1.59          1.53

Appendix C.  SCI-GROW Results

                                    SCIGROW
                                  VERSION 2.3
                    ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECTS DIVISION
                         OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
                     U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                SCREENING MODEL
                        FOR AQUATIC PESTICIDE EXPOSURE
 
 SciGrow version 2.3
 chemical:fluxapyroxad
 time is 10/27/2011  13:34:47
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Application      Number of       Total Use    Koc      Soil Aerobic
  rate (lb/acre)  applications   (lb/acre/yr)  (ml/g)   metabolism (days)
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      0.180           2.0           0.360      9.02E+02      366.0
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 groundwater screening cond (ppb) =   8.74E-02 
 ************************************************************************
 
 SciGrow version 2.3
 chemical:fluxapyroxad
 time is 10/27/2011  13:35: 5
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Application      Number of       Total Use    Koc      Soil Aerobic
  rate (lb/acre)  applications   (lb/acre/yr)  (ml/g)   metabolism (days)
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      0.078           1.0           0.078      9.02E+02      366.0
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 groundwater screening cond (ppb) =   1.89E-02 
 ************************************************************************




Appendix D.  Example STIR (v. 1.0) input and output data








Appendix E.  Example SIP (v. 1.0) input and output data





Appendix F.  Ecotoxicity data gaps and uncertainties

Table 1.  Aquatic ecotoxicity data gaps and uncertainties.
OCSPP
Guideline
                                  Study Type
                                Test Substance
                                     MRID
                           EPA Study Classification
                                 Fulfills EPA
                                  Guideline?
                                   Endpoints
850.1350
                      Chronic Toxicity to Saltwater Mysid
                                   BAS 700 F
                                   47923735
                                    Invalid
                                      No
N/A
850.1400
         Early Life Stage Toxicity to Fish, Freshwater Fathead Minnow
                                   BAS 700 F
                                   47923729
                                 Supplemental
                                    Yes[1]
Reduced length:
NOAEC = 35.9 g ai/L
LOAEC = 67.6  g ai/L

              Early Life Stage Toxicity to Fish, Estuarine/Marine
                                      N/A
                                      N/A
                                      NA
                                (not submitted)
                                      No
N/A
850.1735
            Spiked Sediment Toxicity, Freshwater Amphipod (10-day)
                                   BAS 700 F
                                   47923744
                                 Supplemental
                                     No[2]
Survival: N/A
Dry weight:
EC50 > 973 mg ai/kg sediment
95% CI = N/A
NOAEC = 67 mg ai/kg sediment[3]
LOAEC = 113 mg ai/kg sediment
850.1740
         Spiked Sediment Toxicity, Estuarine/Marine Amphipod (10-day)
                                   BAS 700 F
                                   47923745
                                 Supplemental
                                      Yes
Survival: [4]
EC50 = 120.7 mg ai/kg sediment
95% CI = 103.1  -  145.6 mg ai/kg sediment
Probit slope = 2.03(1.66 to 2.40) mg ai/kg sediment
NOAEC = 27 mg ai/kg sediment
LOAEC = 57 mg ai/kg sediment
Growth: not reported
Nonguideline
              Spiked Sediment Toxicity, Freshwater Midge (28-day)
                                   BAS 700 F
                                   47923746
                                 Supplemental
                                      N/A
Emergence: [5]
EC50 > 527 mg ai/kg sediment
95% CI = N/A
NOAEC = 273 mg ai/kg sediment
LOAEC = 527 mg ai/kg sediment
Development:
EC50 > 527  mg ai/kg sediment
95% CI = N/A
NOAEC = 76 mg ai/kg sediment
LOAEC = 146 mg ai/kg sediment
850.5400
                        Algal Toxicity, Tiers I and II
                                       
                                  Green alga
                                   BAS 700 F
                                   47923737
                                 Supplemental
                                     No[7]
Cell density:  not reported [6]

Yield (cell density):
EC50 = 0.37 mg ai/L 
95% CI = 0.35  -  0.38 mg ai/L
Slope = 6.1 (+-0.23)
NOAEC = 0.15 mg ai/L

Growth rate (cell density):
EC50 = 0.63 mg ai/L 
95% CI = 0.60  -  0.67 mg ai/L
Slope = 4.4 (+-0.26)
NOAEC = 0.15 mg ai/L

                                       
                                 BAS 700 01 F
                                   47923818
                                 Supplemental
                                     No[7]
Cell density: [8]
EC50 = 0.71 mg ai/L	
95% C.I. = 0.60-0.84 mg ai/L 
Slope: 1.96 (+-0.134)
NOAEC: 0.06 mg ai/L

Yield (cell density):
EC50: 0.67 mg ai/L	
95% C.I.: 0.57-0.78 mg ai/L 
Slope: 2.29 (+-0.15)
NOAEC: 0.06 mg ai/L	

Growth rate (cell density):
EC50 = 1.5 mg ai/L		
95% C.I.: 1.3-1.7 mg ai/L 
Slope: 1.91 (+-0.11)
NOAEC = 0.49 mg ai/L	

                               Freshwater diatom
                                   BAS 700 F
                                   47923742
                                 Supplemental
                                     No[7]
Cell density: [6]
EC50 = 1.6 mg ai/L 
95% CI = 1.5  -  1.7 mg ai/L
Slope = 2.3 (+-0.08)
NOAEC = 0.22 mg ai/L

Yield (cell density):
EC50 = 1.6 mg ai/L 
95% CI = 1.5  -  1.7 mg ai/L
Slope = 2.4 (+-0.08)
NOAEC = 0.22 mg ai/L

Growth rate (cell density):
EC50 > 3.4 mg ai/L 
95% CI = N/A
Slope = N/A
NOAEC = 0.44 mg ai/L
1  Validity criteria per OCSPP Guideline 850.1400 were not satisfied for temperature and analytical recovery in some replicates; however, the overall performance of the test was adequate and the study is considered scientifically sound.
[2]  EFED considers the survival endpoints to be unreliable due to elevated mortality in two replicates of the solvent control and in one replicate each of the 67 and 113 mg ai/kg sediment treatments.  However, EFED is not requesting additional data at this time because survival at the three highest treatment levels (up to 973 mg ai/kg sediment) was > 80%, as compared to 84% in the negative control.
[3]  EFED will use the visually determined NOAEC of 67 mg a.i./kg sediment (initial measured), based on 26% reduction in mean dry weight when compared to the negative control, in risk estimation.  No replicate outliers were excluded in the determination of this endpoint.  This study does not support a statistically derived NOAEC for growth (dry weight) because the minimum significant difference is 95%.
[4]  EFED will use statistically-derived endpoints based on mean measured concentrations and comparisons to the negative control.  There was a substantive difference between endpoints based on comparison to the negative control and comparison to the pooled controls.  Additional endpoints based on pore water and overlying water concentrations, also in comparison to the negative control, are reported in the Biological Results section of the study review.
[5]  EFED will use NOAEC and LOAEC values for emergence based on the complete dataset, without excluding the replicate at the highest treatment concentration in which only one midge emerged.  This does not affect the values used in risk estimation because development was a more sensitive endpoint than emergence in this study.
[6]  The endpoints for use in EFED risk estimation and characterization are presented in the Biological Results section of the study review.
[7]  Although the algal toxicity tests were consistent with OECD test guideline 201, the tests with the green alga and the freshwater diatom do not satisfy OCSPP guideline 850.5400 because the algae in controls had not reached the logarithmic growth phase by test termination, and the light intensity was much higher than what is recommended in the OCSPP guideline.  These deviations may affect the nature of the growth curve and the concentration-response, thereby limiting the utility of the information in EPA risk assessment.  However, EFED is not requesting additional algal toxicity tests at this time.
[8] The endpoints verified by the reviewer, including NOAEC values and endpoints for cell density, were omitted from the study review although the Biological Results section describes how they were calculated.  They are included in this memo.  The EC50 values are roughly equivalent to the EC50 values reported by the study author.



Table 2.  Terrestrial ecotoxicity data gaps and uncertainties.
uideline
                                  Study Type
                                Test Substance
                                     MRID
                           EPA Study Classification
                                 Fulfills EPA
                                  Guideline?
                                   Endpoints
850.2100
                                  Zebra Finch
                                   BAS 700 F
                                   47923717
                                 Supplemental
                                     No[1]
LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw
NOAEL = 1000 mg/kg bw
850.2300
                              Avian Reproduction
                                       
                                Bobwhite Quail
                                   BAS 700 F
                                   47923720
                                 Supplemental
                                     No[2]
reduction in hatchling body weight:
NOAEC < 100 mg/kg diet
NOAEL < 7.8 mg/kg bw/day
LOAEC = 100 mg/kg diet
850.4225
            Terrestrial Plant Toxicity: Seedling Emergence, Tier II
                                 BAS 703 02 F
                  (14.4% fluxapyroxad, 27.2% pyraclostrobin)
                                   47924321
                                 Supplemental
                                     No[3]
inhibition of dry weight:
monocot IC25 > 0.0894
               NOAEL = 0.0446
               LOAEL = 0.0894
most sensitive monocot: onion
dicot IC25 > 0.0894
               NOAEL = 0.0055
               LOAEL = 0.0111
most sensitive dicot: cabbage
Nonguideline
                          Toxicity to Honey Bee Brood
                               BAS 700 00 F [4]
                                   47923749
                                 Supplemental
                                      N/A
NOAEC = 0.11 lbs ai/A
LOAEC > 0.11 lbs ai/A
[1]  Classified as supplemental due to extremely low light intensity and an extended fasting period, which compounds uncertainties about sublethal effects observed in female birds at the highest dose.  However, EFED is not requesting an additional study at this time.
[2]  EFED conservatively concluded that a NOAEC was not established due to the slight (5-7%) but statistically significant reduction in hatchling body weight at all treatment levels when compared to negative control, with full recovery by day 14.  It is uncertain to what extent deviations from guideline-recommended study conditions may have contributed to the observed effects.  Deviations included high temperature (up to 42°C) in cage centers and extremely low light intensity (1-10 lux).  EFED is not requesting an additional study at this time.
[3]  EFED concluded that apparent adjuvant interference in the Tier II Seedling Emergence study with BAS 703 02 F lends uncertainty to the results obtained for onion (the most sensitive monocot species), cabbage (the most sensitive dicot species), and tomato.
[4] BAS 700 00 F (5.9% fluxapyroxad) is an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) end-use product that is not included in the registration dossier for any of the Global Joint Review countries.



Appendix G.  Example T-REX (v. 1.4.1) input and output data





Appendix H.  Example TerrPlant (v. 1.2.2) input and output data




Appendix I.  LOCATES (v. 2.2.0) output of listed species	

	Species Listing by State with Use Criteria
	No species were excluded
	Minimum of 1 Acre.
	All Medium Types Reported
Generic taxon {Amphibian, Arachnid, Bird, Bivalve, Conf/cycds, Coral, Crustacean, Dicot, Ferns, Fish, Gastropod, Insect, Lichen, Mammal, Monocot, Reptile}
	barley for grain, corn for grain, corn for silage or greenchop, corn-popcorn & sweet corn, corn-
	sweet for seed, beans-all other, beans-dry edible excluding limas, beans-dry lima, beans-green 
	lima, beans-snap (green), beans-yard-long, peas-chinese (sugar and snow), peas-dry edible, peas-
	dry southern (cowpeas), peas-green (excluding southern), peas-green southern (cowpeas) - 
	blackeyed, crowder, etc., peas-pigeon, eggplant, peppers harvested, peppers other than bell 
	(including chile), peppers-bell (excluding pimientos), tomatoes in the open, oats for grain, canola, 
	rapeseed, sunflower seed-oil varieties, flaxseed, crambe, jojoba harvested, safflower, sesame, 
	peanuts for nuts, apples, pears-all, rye for grain, soybeans, apricots, cherries-sweet, cherries-tart, 
	nectarines, peaches-all, plums and prunes, sugarbeets for seed, sugarbeets for sugar, potatoes, 
	dasheens, taro, ginger root, sweet potatoes, yams, wheat-all, triticale
	Alabama	( 96) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods	(Ambystoma cingulatum)	T	Terrestrial,              Amphibian
	Freshwater, Vernal 
	pool
	Salamander, Red Hills	(Phaeognathus hubrichti)	T	Terrestrial,              Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Stork, Wood	(Mycteria americana)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Bankclimber, Purple	(Elliptoideus sloatianus)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Combshell, Southern (=Penitent 	(Epioblasma penita)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	mussel)
	Combshell, Upland	(Epioblasma metastriata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Fanshell	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Kidneyshell, Triangular	(Ptychobranchus greenii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mucket, Orange-nacre	(Lampsilis perovalis)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Acornshell Southern	(Epioblasma othcaloogensis)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell	(Medionidus acutissimus)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell	(Medionidus parvulus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Cumberland Combshell	(Epioblasma brevidens)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Dark Pigtoe	(Pleurobema furvum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook	(Lampsilis altilis)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe	(Fusconaia cuneolus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Flat Pigtoe (=Marshall's 	(Pleurobema marshalli)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel)
	Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell	(Medionidus penicillatus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge 	(Pleurobema taitianum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Tait's Mussel)
	Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated	(Potamilus inflatus)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Oval Pigtoe	(Pleurobema pyriforme)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve

	Alabama	( 96) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Mussel, Ovate Clubshell	(Pleurobema perovatum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick 	(Obovaria retusa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearly)
	Mussel, Rough Pigtoe	(Pleurobema plenum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe	(Fusconaia cor)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook	(Lampsilis subangulata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Southern Clubshell	(Pleurobema decisum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Southern Pigtoe	(Pleurobema georgianum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp	(Lampsilis virescens)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Cracking	(Hemistena lata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Cumberland 	(Quadrula intermedia)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Monkeyface
	Pearlymussel, Orange-footed	(Plethobasus cooperianus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput	(Toxolasma cylindrellus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom	(Epioblasma turgidula)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, White Wartyback	(Plethobasus cicatricosus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Stirrupshell	(Quadrula stapes)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Shrimp, Alabama Cave	(Palaemonias alabamae)	E	Freshwater	Crustacean
	Amphianthus, Little	(Amphianthus pusillus)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Barbara Buttons, Mohr's	(Marshallia mohrii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bladderpod, Lyrate	(Lesquerella lyrata)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clover, Leafy Prairie	(Dalea foliosa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Harperella	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	E	Freshwater	Dicot
	Leather-flower, Alabama	(Clematis socialis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Leather-flower, Morefield's	(Clematis morefieldii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pinkroot, Gentian	(Spigelia gentianoides)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pitcher-plant, Alabama Canebrake	(Sarracenia rubra alabamensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Pitcher-plant, Green	(Sarracenia oreophila)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Pondberry	(Lindera melissifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Potato-bean, Price's	(Apios priceana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fern, Alabama Streak-sorus	(Thelypteris pilosa var. alabamensis)	T	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Fern, American hart's-tongue	(Asplenium scolopendrium var. 	T	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Quillwort, Louisiana	(Isoetes louisianensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Ferns
	Freshwater
	Cavefish, Alabama	(Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Spotfin	(Erimonax monachus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Boulder	(Etheostoma wapiti)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Goldline	(Percina aurolineata)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Slackwater	(Etheostoma boschungi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Snail	(Percina tanasi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Vermilion	(Etheostoma chermocki)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Watercress	(Etheostoma nuchale)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sculpin, Pygmy	(Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus))	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Blue	(Cyprinella caerulea)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Alabama	( 96) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Shiner, Cahaba	(Notropis cahabae)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Palezone	(Notropis albizonatus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Alabama	(Scaphirhynchus suttkusi)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Gulf	(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)	T	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Campeloma, Slender	(Campeloma decampi)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Elimia, Lacy	(Elimia crenatella)	T	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Pebblesnail, Flat	(Lepyrium showalteri)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Riversnail, Anthony's	(Athearnia anthonyi)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Rocksnail, Painted	(Leptoxis taeniata)	T	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Rocksnail, Plicate	(Leptoxis plicata)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Rocksnail, Round	(Leptoxis ampla)	T	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Snail, Armored	(Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) pachyta)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical	(Lioplax cyclostomaformis)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Snail, Tulotoma	(Tulotoma magnifica)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr	(Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii)	E	Terrestrial, Perm. 	Insect
	wetland
	Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald	(Somatochlora hineana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Insect
	Freshwater
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Manatee, West Indian	(Trichechus manatus)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Mouse, Alabama Beach	(Peromyscus polionotus ammobates)	E	Terrestrial, Coastal	Mammal
	Mouse, Perdido Key Beach	(Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis)	E	Coastal	Mammal
	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Bristle)	Freshwater
	Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed	(Xyris tennesseensis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Trillium, Relict	(Trillium reliquum)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Water-plantain, Kral's	(Sagittaria secundifolia)	T	Freshwater	Monocot
	Snake, Eastern Indigo	(Drymarchon corais couperi)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Tortoise, Gopher	(Gopherus polyphemus)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied	(Pseudemys alabamensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Turtle, Flattened Musk	(Sternotherus depressus)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Alaska	( 4) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Albatross, Short-tailed	(Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus)	E	Terrestrial, Saltwater	Bird
	Eider, Steller's	(Polysticta stelleri)	T	Terrestrial, Saltwater	Bird
	Otter, Northern Sea	(Enhydra lutris kenyoni)	T	Saltwater	Mammal
	Seal, spotted	(Phoca largha)	T	Saltwater	Mammal
	Arizona	( 56) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Frog, Chiricahua Leopard	(Rana chiricahuensis)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Salamander, Sonora Tiger	(Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi)	E	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater, Vernal 
	pool
	Bobwhite, Masked	(Colinus virginianus ridgwayi)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Condor, California	(Gymnogyps californianus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Arizona	( 56) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Eagle, Bald	(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Falcon, Northern Aplomado	(Falco femoralis septentrionalis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Owl, Mexican Spotted	(Strix occidentalis lucida)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Rail, Yuma Clapper	(Rallus longirostris yumanensis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Blue-star, Kearney's	(Amsonia kearneyana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog	(Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Brady Pincushion	(Pediocactus bradyi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Cochise Pincushion	(Coryphantha robbinsorum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head	(Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Peebles Navajo	(Pediocactus peeblesianus 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Pima Pineapple	(Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Siler Pincushion	(Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) 	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cliffrose, Arizona	(Purshia (=cowania) subintegra)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cycladenia, Jones	(Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis))	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fleabane, Zuni	(Erigeron rhizomatus)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks	(Senecio franciscanus)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Holmgren	(Astragalus holmgreniorum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Sentry	(Astragalus cremnophylax var. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	cremnophylax)
	Milkweed, Welsh's	(Asclepias welshii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Umbel, Huachuca Water	(Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Catfish, Yaqui	(Ictalurus pricei)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Bonytail	(Gila elegans)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Gila	(Gila intermedia)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Humpback	(Gila cypha)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Sonora	(Gila ditaenia)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Virgin River	(Gila seminuda (=robusta))	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Yaqui	(Gila purpurea)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Minnow, Loach	(Tiaroga cobitis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Pupfish, Desert	(Cyprinodon macularius)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Beautiful	(Cyprinella formosa)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Spikedace	(Meda fulgida)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Spinedace, Little Colorado	(Lepidomeda vittata)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Squawfish, Colorado	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Steelhead	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Sucker, Razorback	(Xyrauchen texanus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui)	(Poeciliopsis occidentalis)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Apache	(Oncorhynchus apache)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Gila	(Oncorhynchus gilae)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Woundfin	(Plagopterus argentissimus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Ambersnail, Kanab	(Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Gastropod
	Freshwater
	Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long-	(Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	nosed	Subterraneous
	Arizona	( 56) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Ferret, Black-footed	(Mustela nigripes)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Jaguar	(Panthera onca)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Ocelot	(Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Pronghorn, Sonoran	(Antilocapra americana sonoriensis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Squirrel, Mount Graham Red	(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Vole, Hualapai Mexican	(Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Ladies'-tresses, Canelo Hills	(Spiranthes delitescens)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Sedge, Navajo	(Carex specuicola)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge-	(Crotalus willardi obscurus)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	nosed
	Tortoise, Desert	(Gopherus agassizii)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Arkansas	( 34) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Eagle, Bald	(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler, Bachman's	(Vermivora bachmanii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Ivory-billed	(Campephilus principalis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Fatmucket, Arkansas	(Lampsilis powelli)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Scaleshell	(Leptodea leptodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Speckled Pocketbook	(Lampsilis streckeri)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	(Quadrula fragosa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Curtis'	(Epioblasma florentina curtisii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	(Potamilus capax)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom	(Epioblasma turgidula)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita 	(Arkansia wheeleri)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	(=Wheeler's pm)
	Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus 	(Cambarus aculabrum)	E	Freshwater	Crustacean
	aculabrum)
	Bladderpod, Missouri	(Lesquerella filiformis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Catchfly, Spalding's	(Silene spaldingii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clover, Running Buffalo	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	(Geocarpon minimum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Harperella	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	E	Freshwater	Dicot
	Pondberry	(Lindera melissifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cavefish, Ozark	(Amblyopsis rosae)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Leopard	(Percina pantherina)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Arkansas River	(Notropis girardi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Bull	(Salvelinus confluentus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shagreen, Magazine Mountain	(Mesodon magazinensis)	T	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Beetle, American Burying	(Nicrophorus americanus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Arkansas	( 34) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Bat, Ozark Big-eared	(Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii 	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Panther, Florida	(Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Rabbit, Pygmy	(Brachylagus idahoensis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	California	( 290) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Frog, California Red-legged	(Rana aurora draytonii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged	(Rana muscosa)	E	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Salamander, California Tiger	(Ambystoma californiense)	E	Terrestrial, Vernal 	Amphibian
	pool
	Salamander, Desert Slender	(Batrachoseps aridus)	E	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Salamander, Santa Cruz Long-toed	(Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum)	E	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater, Vernal 
	pool
	Toad, Arroyo Southwestern	(Bufo californicus (=microscaphus))	E	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Albatross, Short-tailed	(Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus)	E	Terrestrial, Saltwater	Bird
	Condor, California	(Gymnogyps californianus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Gnatcatcher, Coastal California	(Polioptila californica californica)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Murrelet, Marbled	(Brachyramphus marmoratus)	T	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater, 
	Owl, Northern Spotted	(Strix occidentalis caurina)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Plover, Western Snowy	(Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Rail, California Clapper	(Rallus longirostris obsoletus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Rail, Light-footed Clapper	(Rallus longirostris levipes)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Rail, Yuma Clapper	(Rallus longirostris yumanensis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Shrike, San Clemente 	(Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Sparrow, San Clemente Sage	(Amphispiza belli clementeae)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, California Least	(Sterna antillarum browni)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Towhee, Inyo Brown	(Pipilo crissalis eremophilus)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Vireo, Least Bell's	(Vireo bellii pusillus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Cypress, Gowen	(Cupressus goveniana ssp. goveniana)	T	Terrestrial	Conf/cycds
	Cypress, Santa Cruz	(Cupressus abramsiana)	E	Terrestrial	Conf/cycds
	Crayfish, Shasta	(Pacifastacus fortis)	E	Freshwater	Crustacean
	Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy	(Branchinecta conservatio)	E	Vernal pool	Crustacean
	Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn	(Branchinecta longiantenna)	E	Vernal pool	Crustacean
	Fairy Shrimp, Riverside	(Streptocephalus woottoni)	E	Vernal pool	Crustacean
	Fairy Shrimp, San Diego	(Branchinecta sandiegonensis)	E	Vernal pool	Crustacean
	Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool	(Branchinecta lynchi)	T	Vernal pool	Crustacean
	Shrimp, California Freshwater	(Syncaris pacifica)	E	Freshwater	Crustacean
	Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool	(Lepidurus packardi)	E	Vernal pool	Crustacean
	Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin	(Pseudobahia peirsonii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Allocarya, Calistoga	(Plagiobothrys strictus)	E	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Ambrosia, San Diego	(Ambrosia pumila)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Baccharis, Encinitas	(Baccharis vanessae)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	California	( 290) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Barberry, Island	(Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Barberry, Nevin's	(Berberis nevinii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bedstraw, El Dorado	(Galium californicum ssp. sierrae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bedstraw, Island	(Galium buxifolium)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bird's-beak, Palmate-bracted	(Cordylanthus palmatus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bird's-beak, Pennell's	(Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bird's-beak, salt marsh	(Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus)	E	Saltwater	Dicot
	Bird's-beak, Soft	(Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis)	E	Brackish, Saltwater	Dicot
	Bladderpod, San Bernardino 	(Lesquerella kingii ssp. bernardina)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mountains
	Bluecurls, Hidden Lake	(Trichostema austromontanum ssp. 	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	compactum)
	Broom, San Clemente Island	(Lotus dendroideus ssp. traskiae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Buckwheat, Cushenbury	(Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill)	(Eriogonum apricum (incl. var. prostratum))	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Buckwheat, Southern Mountain Wild	(Eriogonum kennedyi var. 	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island	(Malacothamnus clementinus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bush-mallow, Santa Cruz Island	(Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Butterweed, Layne's	(Senecio layneae)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Button-celery, San Diego	(Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Bakersfield	(Opuntia treleasei)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ceanothus, Coyote	(Ceanothus ferrisae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ceanothus, Pine Hill	(Ceanothus roderickii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ceanothus, Vail Lake	(Ceanothus ophiochilus)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Centaury, Spring-loving	(Centaurium namophilum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Checker-mallow, Keck's	(Sidalcea keckii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh	(Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Checker-mallow, Pedate	(Sidalcea pedata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clarkia, Pismo	(Clarkia speciosa ssp. immaculata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clarkia, Presidio	(Clarkia franciscana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clarkia, Springville	(Clarkia springvillensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clarkia, Vine Hill	(Clarkia imbricata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clover, Fleshy Owl's	(Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta)	T	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Clover, Monterey	(Trifolium trichocalyx)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clover, Showy Indian	(Trifolium amoenum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Coyote-thistle, Loch Lomond	(Eryngium constancei)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Crownbeard, Big-leaved	(Verbesina dissita)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley	(Atriplex coronata var. notatior)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Daisy, Parish's	(Erigeron parishii)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Dudleya, Conejo	(Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dudleya, Marcescent	(Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley	(Dudleya setchellii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island	(Dudleya nesiotica)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains	(Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dudleya, Verity's	(Dudleya verityi)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	California	( 290) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Dwarf-flax, Marin	(Hesperolinon congestum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes	(Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley	(Oenothera avita ssp. eurekensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Evening-primrose, San Benito	(Camissonia benitensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fiddleneck, Large-flowered	(Amsinckia grandiflora)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Flannelbush, Mexican	(Fremontodendron mexicanum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Flannelbush, Pine Hill	(Fremontodendron californicum ssp. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	decumbens)
	Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island	(Thysanocarpus conchuliferus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Gilia, Hoffmann's Slender-	(Gilia tenuiflora ssp. hoffmannii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Gilia, Monterey	(Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's	(Pseudobahia bahiifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Goldfields, Burke's	(Lasthenia burkei)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Goldfields, Contra Costa	(Lasthenia conjugens)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Grass, Hairy Orcutt	(Orcuttia pilosa)	E	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Grass, Sacramento Orcutt	(Orcuttia viscida)	E	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Grass, Slender Orcutt	(Orcuttia tenuis)	T	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Gumplant, Ash Meadows	(Grindelia fraxino-pratensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Howellia, Water	(Howellia aquatilis)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Jewelflower, California	(Caulanthus californicus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Jewelflower, Metcalf Canyon	(Streptanthus albidus ssp. albidus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Jewelflower, Tiburon	(Streptanthus niger)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Larkspur, Baker's	(Delphinium bakeri)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Larkspur, San Clemente Island	(Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Larkspur, Yellow	(Delphinium luteum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Layia, Beach	(Layia carnosa)	E	Terrestrial, Coastal	Dicot
	Lessingia, San Francisco	(Lessingia germanorum (=L.g. var. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	germanorum))
	Liveforever, Laguna Beach	(Dudleya stolonifera)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island	(Dudleya traskiae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Lupine, Clover	(Lupinus tidestromii)	E	Coastal	Dicot
	Lupine, Nipomo Mesa	(Lupinus nipomensis)	E	Coastal	Dicot
	Malacothrix, Island	(Malacothrix squalida)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island	(Malacothrix indecora)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mallow, Kern	(Eremalche kernensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Manzanita, Del Mar	(Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Manzanita, Ione	(Arctostaphylos myrtifolia)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Manzanita, Morro	(Arctostaphylos morroensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Manzanita, Pallid	(Arctostaphylos pallida)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island	(Arctostaphylos confertiflora)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Meadowfoam, Butte County	(Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica)	E	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Meadowfoam, Sebastopol	(Limnanthes vinculans)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Milk-vetch, Applegate's	(Astragalus applegatei)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Braunton's	(Astragalus brauntonii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's	(Astragalus clarianus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	California	( 290) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Milk-vetch, Coachella Valley	(Astragalus lentiginosus var. coachellae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Coastal Dunes	(Astragalus tener var. titi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Cushenbury	(Astragalus albens)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Fish Slough	(Astragalus lentiginosus var. piscinensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Pierson's	(Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Triple-ribbed	(Astragalus tricarinatus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Ventura Marsh	(Astragalus pycnostachyus var. 	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	lanosissimus)	Freshwater
	Mint, Otay Mesa	(Pogogyne nudiuscula)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mint, San Diego Mesa	(Pogogyne abramsii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Monardella, Willowy	(Monardella linoides ssp. viminea)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Morning-glory, Stebbins	(Calystegia stebbinsii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mountainbalm, Indian Knob	(Eriodictyon altissimum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mountain-mahogany, Catalina 	(Cercocarpus traskiae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Island
	Mustard, Slender-petaled	(Thelypodium stenopetalum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Navarretia, Few-flowered	(Navarretia leucocephala ssp. Pauciflora)	E	Terrestrial, Vernal 	Dicot
	pool
	Navarretia, Many-flowered	(Navarretia leucocephala ssp. plieantha)	E	Terrestrial, Vernal 	Dicot
	pool
	Navarretia, Spreading	(Navarretia fossalis)	T	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Niterwort, Amargosa	(Nitrophila mohavensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Oxytheca, Cushenbury	(Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Paintbrush, Ash-grey Indian	(Castilleja cinerea)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Paintbrush, San Clemente Island 	(Castilleja grisea)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Indian
	Paintbrush, Soft-leaved	(Castilleja mollis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Paintbrush, Tiburon	(Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Penny-cress, Kneeland Prairie	(Thlaspi californicum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pentachaeta, Lyon's	(Pentachaeta lyonii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pentachaeta, White-rayed	(Pentachaeta bellidiflora)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phacelia, Island	(Phacelia insularis ssp. insularis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phlox, Yreka	(Phlox hirsuta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Polygonum, Scott's Valley	(Polygonum hickmanii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Potentilla, Hickman's	(Potentilla hickmanii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pussypaws, Mariposa	(Calyptridium pulchellum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rock-cress, Hoffmann's	(Arabis hoffmannii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rock-cress, McDonald's	(Arabis mcdonaldiana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rock-cress, Santa Cruz Island	(Sibara filifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rush-rose, Island	(Helianthemum greenei)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sandwort, Bear Valley	(Arenaria ursina)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sandwort, Marsh	(Arenaria paludicola)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Sea-blite, California	(Suaeda californica)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spineflower, Ben Lomond	(Chorizanthe pungens var. hartwegiana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spineflower, Howell's	(Chorizanthe howellii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spineflower, Monterey	(Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spineflower, Orcutt's	(Chorizanthe orcuttiana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	California	( 290) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Spineflower, Robust	(Chorizanthe robusta va r. robusta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spineflower, Scotts Valley	(Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spineflower, Slender-horned	(Dodecahema leptoceras)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spineflower, Sonoma	(Chorizanthe valida)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spurge, Hoover's	(Chamaesyce hooveri)	T	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Stickyseed, Baker's	(Blennosperma bakeri)	E	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Stonecrop, Lake County	(Parvisedum leiocarpum)	E	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Sunflower, San Mateo Woolly	(Eriophyllum latilobum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Taraxacum, California	(Taraxacum californicum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Tarplant, Gaviota	(Deinandra increscens ssp. villosa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Tarplant, Otay	(Deinandra (=Hemizonia) conjugens)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Tarplant, Santa Cruz	(Holocarpha macradenia)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Thistle, Chorro creek Bog	(Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Thistle, Fountain	(Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Thistle, La Graciosa	(Cirsium loncholepis)	E	Freshwater, 	Dicot
	Brackish, Coastal
	Thistle, Suisun	(Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum)	E	Terrestrial, Brackish	Dicot
	Thornmint, San Diego	(Acanthomintha ilicifolia)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Thornmint, San Mateo	(Acanthomintha obovata ssp. duttonii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Tuctoria, Green's	(Tuctoria greenei)	E	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Vervain, California	(Verbena californica)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Wallflower, Ben Lomond	(Erysimum teretifolium)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Wallflower, Contra Costa	(Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Wallflower, Menzie's	(Erysimum menziesii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Watercress, Gambel's	(Rorippa gambellii)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater, Brackish
	Woodland-star, San Clemente 	(Lithophragma maximum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Island
	Woolly-star, Santa Ana River	(Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Woolly-threads, San Joaquin	(Monolopia (=Lembertia) congdonii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Yerba Santa, Lompoc	(Eriodictyon capitatum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chub, Bonytail	(Gila elegans)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Mohave Tui	(Gila bicolor mohavensis)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Owens Tui	(Gila bicolor snyderi)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Goby, Tidewater	(Eucyclogobius newberryi)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Pupfish, Desert	(Cyprinodon macularius)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Pupfish, Owens	(Cyprinodon radiosus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Salmon, Chinook	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	E/T	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Salmon, Coho	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Smelt, Delta	(Hypomesus transpacificus)	T	Freshwater, Brackish	Fish
	Squawfish, Colorado	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Steelhead	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Stickleback, Unarmored 	(Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Threespine
	California	( 290) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Sturgeon, North American green	(Acipenser medirostris)	T	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Sucker, Lost River	(Deltistes luxatus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Modoc	(Catostomus microps)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Razorback	(Xyrauchen texanus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Santa Ana	(Catostomus santaanae)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Shortnose	(Chasmistes brevirostris)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat	(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Little Kern Golden	(Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Paiute Cutthroat	(Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Abalone, White	(Haliotis sorenseni)	E	Saltwater	Gastropod
	Snail, Morro Shoulderband	(Helminthoglypta walkeriana)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Beetle, Delta Green Ground	(Elaphrus viridis)	T	Terrestrial, Vernal 	Insect
	pool
	Beetle, Mount Hermon June	(Polyphylla barbata)	E	Terrestrial, 	Insect
	Subterraneous
	Beetle, Ohlone Tiger	(Cicindela ohlone)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Beetle, Valley Elderberry Longhorn	(Desmocerus californicus dimorphus)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Bay Checkerspot 	(Euphydryas editha bayensis)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	(Wright's euphydryas)
	Butterfly, Behren's Silverspot	(Speyeria zerene behrensii)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Callippe Silverspot	(Speyeria callippe callippe)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, El Segundo Blue	(Euphilotes battoides allyni)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Lange's Metalmark	(Apodemia mormo langei)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Lotis Blue	(Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Mission Blue	(Icaricia icarioides missionensis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Myrtle's Silverspot	(Speyeria zerene myrtleae)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot	(Speyeria zerene hippolyta)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Palos Verdes Blue	(Glaucopsyche lygdamus 	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Quino Checkerspot	(Euphydryas editha quino (=E. e. wrighti))	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, San Bruno Elfin	(Callophrys mossii bayensis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Smith's Blue	(Euphilotes enoptes smithi)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fly, Delhi Sands Flower-loving	(Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Grasshopper, Zayante Band-	(Trimerotropis infantilis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	winged
	Moth, Kern Primrose Sphinx	(Euproserpinus euterpe)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Skipper, Carson Wandering	(Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Skipper, Laguna Mountain	(Pyrgus ruralis lagunae)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fox, San Joaquin Kit	(Vulpes macrotis mutica)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Fox, San Miguel Island	(Urocyon littoralis littoralis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Fox, Santa Catalina Island	(Urocyon littoralis catalinae)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Fox, Santa Cruz Island	(Urocyon littoralis santacruzae)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Fox, Santa Rosa Island	(Urocyon littoralis santarosae)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Jaguar	(Panthera onca)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Kangaroo Rat, Fresno	(Dipodomys nitratoides exilis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Kangaroo Rat, Giant	(Dipodomys ingens)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Kangaroo Rat, Morro Bay	(Dipodomys heermanni morroensis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	California	( 290) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino 	(Dipodomys merriami parvus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Merriam's
	Kangaroo Rat, Stephens'	(Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. cascus))	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Kangaroo Rat, Tipton	(Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Mountain Beaver, Point Arena	(Aplodontia rufa nigra)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Freshwater
	Mouse, Pacific Pocket	(Perognathus longimembris pacificus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest	(Reithrodontomys raviventris)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Otter, Southern Sea	(Enhydra lutris nereis)	T	Saltwater	Mammal
	Rabbit, Riparian Brush	(Sylvilagus bachmani riparius)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Seal, Guadalupe Fur	(Arctocephalus townsendi)	T	Saltwater, Coastal	Mammal
	Sea-lion, Steller	(Eumetopias jubatus)	E/T	Saltwater, Coastal	Mammal
	Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn	(Ovis canadensis nelsoni)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Sheep, Sierra Nevada Bighorn	(Ovis canadensis sierrae)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate	(Sorex ornatus relictus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Vole, Amargosa	(Microtus californicus scirpensis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Whale, Finback	(Balaenoptera physalus)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Whale, Humpback	(Megaptera novaeangliae)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Whale, North Atlantic right	(Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis))	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Whale, Sei	(Balaenoptera borealis)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Whale, Sperm	(Physeter catodon (=macrocephalus))	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Woodrat, Riparian	(Neotoma fuscipes riparia)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Alopecurus, Sonoma	(Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Amole, Cammatta Canyon	(Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Amole, Purple	(Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Bluegrass, Napa	(Poa napensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Freshwater
	Bluegrass, San Bernardino	(Poa atropurpurea)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Brodiaea, Chinese Camp	(Brodiaea pallida)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Brodiaea, Thread-leaved	(Brodiaea filifolia)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Grass, California Orcutt	(Orcuttia californica)	E	Terrestrial, Vernal 	Monocot
	pool
	Grass, Colusa	(Neostapfia colusana)	T	Vernal pool	Monocot
	Grass, Eureka Dune	(Swallenia alexandrae)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt	(Orcuttia inaequalis)	T	Vernal pool	Monocot
	Grass, Solano	(Tuctoria mucronata)	E	Terrestrial, Vernal 	Monocot
	pool
	Lily, Pitkin Marsh	(Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense)	E	Freshwater	Monocot
	Lily, Tiburon Mariposa	(Calochortus tiburonensis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Lily, Western	(Lilium occidentale)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Onion, Munz's	(Allium munzii)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Piperia, Yadon's	(Piperia yadonii)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Sedge, White	(Carex albida)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Freshwater
	Lizard, Blunt-nosed Leopard	(Gambelia silus)	E	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Lizard, Coachella Valley Fringe-toed	(Uma inornata)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Lizard, Island Night	(Xantusia riversiana)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	California	( 290) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Snake, Giant Garter	(Thamnophis gigas)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Snake, San Francisco Garter	(Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia)	E	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Tortoise, Desert	(Gopherus agassizii)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Whipsnake (=Striped Racer), 	(Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Alameda
	Colorado	( 29) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Crane, Whooping	(Grus americana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Owl, Mexican Spotted	(Strix occidentalis lucida)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Beardtongue, Penland	(Penstemon penlandii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs	(Lesquerella congesta)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Butterfly Plant, Colorado	(Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Knowlton	(Pediocactus knowltonii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Mesa Verde	(Sclerocactus mesae-verdae)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless	(Sclerocactus wetlandicus)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Mancos	(Astragalus humillimus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Osterhout	(Astragalus osterhoutii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mustard, Penland Alpine Fen	(Eutrema penlandii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Phacelia, North Park	(Phacelia formosula)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs	(Physaria obcordata)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Wild-buckwheat, Clay-loving	(Eriogonum pelinophilum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chub, Bonytail	(Gila elegans)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Humpback	(Gila cypha)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Squawfish, Colorado	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Razorback	(Xyrauchen texanus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Greenback Cutthroat	(Oncorhynchus clarki stomias)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Butterfly, Uncompahgre Fritillary	(Boloria acrocnema)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Skipper, Pawnee Montane	(Hesperia leonardus montana)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Ferret, Black-footed	(Mustela nigripes)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping	(Zapus hudsonius preblei)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Connecticut	( 9) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Gerardia, Sandplain	(Agalinis acuta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Beetle, Puritan Tiger	(Cicindela puritana)	T	Terrestrial, Coastal	Insect
	Connecticut	( 9) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Delaware	( 5) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Amaranth, Seabeach	(Amaranthus pumilus)	T	Coastal	Dicot
	Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox	(Sciurus niger cinereus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Florida	( 95) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods	(Ambystoma cingulatum)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater, Vernal 
	pool
	Caracara, Audubon's Crested	(Polyborus plancus audubonii)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Crane, Whooping	(Grus americana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Kite, Everglades Snail	(Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Scrub-Jay, Florida	(Aphelocoma coerulescens)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside	(Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Sparrow, Florida Grasshopper	(Ammodramus savannarum floridanus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Stork, Wood	(Mycteria americana)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's	(Dendroica kirtlandii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler, Bachman's	(Vermivora bachmanii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Ivory-billed	(Campephilus principalis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Bankclimber, Purple	(Elliptoideus sloatianus)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Fat Threeridge	(Amblema neislerii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell	(Medionidus penicillatus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Ochlockonee 	(Medionidus simpsonianus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Moccasinshell
	Mussel, Oval Pigtoe	(Pleurobema pyriforme)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook	(Lampsilis subangulata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Slabshell, Chipola	(Elliptio chipolaensis)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Torreya, Florida	(Torreya taxifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Conf/cycds
	Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney Cave	(Palaemonetes cummingi)	T	Freshwater, 	Crustacean
	Subterraneous
	Aster, Florida Golden	(Chrysopsis floridana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bellflower, Brooksville	(Campanula robinsiae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Birds-in-a-nest, White	(Macbridea alba)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Blazing Star, Scrub	(Liatris ohlingerae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bonamia, Florida	(Bonamia grandiflora)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Buckwheat, Scrub	(Eriogonum longifolium var. 	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Butterwort, Godfrey's	(Pinguicula ionantha)	T	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Florida	( 95) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Campion, Fringed	(Silene polypetala)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fringe Tree, Pygmy	(Chionanthus pygmaeus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Gooseberry, Miccosukee	(Ribes echinellum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Gourd, Okeechobee	(Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	okeechobeensis)
	Harebells, Avon Park	(Crotalaria avonensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hypericum, Highlands Scrub	(Hypericum cumulicola)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Jacquemontia, Beach	(Jacquemontia reclinata)	E	Terrestrial, Coastal	Dicot
	Lead-plant, Crenulate	(Amorpha crenulata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Lupine, Scrub	(Lupinus aridorum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Meadowrue, Cooley's	(Thalictrum cooleyi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milkpea, Small's	(Galactia smallii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mint, Garrett's	(Dicerandra christmanii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mint, Lakela's	(Dicerandra immaculata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mint, Longspurred	(Dicerandra cornutissima)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mint, Scrub	(Dicerandra frutescens)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mustard, Carter's	(Warea carteri)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pawpaw, Beautiful	(Deeringothamnus pulchellus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pawpaw, Four-petal	(Asimina tetramera)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pawpaw, Rugel's	(Deeringothamnus rugelii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pinkroot, Gentian	(Spigelia gentianoides)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Plum, Scrub	(Prunus geniculata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Polygala, Lewton's	(Polygala lewtonii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Polygala, Tiny	(Polygala smallii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Prickly-apple, Fragrant	(Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rhododendron, Chapman	(Rhododendron chapmanii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rosemary, Apalachicola	(Conradina glabra)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rosemary, Etonia	(Conradina etonia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rosemary, Short-leaved	(Conradina brevifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sandlace	(Polygonella myriophylla)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Skullcap, Florida	(Scutellaria floridana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Snakeroot	(Eryngium cuneifolium)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spurge, Deltoid	(Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spurge, Garber's	(Chamaesyce garberi)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spurge, Telephus	(Euphorbia telephioides)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Warea, Wide-leaf	(Warea amplexifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Water-willow, Cooley's	(Justicia cooleyi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Whitlow-wort, Papery	(Paronychia chartacea)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Wings, Pigeon	(Clitoria fragrans)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Wireweed	(Polygonella basiramia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ziziphus, Florida	(Ziziphus celata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Darter, Okaloosa	(Etheostoma okaloosae)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sawfish, Smalltooth	(Pristis pectinata)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Sturgeon, Gulf	(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)	T	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Florida	( 95) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Sturgeon, Shortnose	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Cladonia, Florida Perforate	(Cladonia perforata)	E	Terrestrial	Lichen
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Manatee, West Indian	(Trichechus manatus)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach	(Peromyscus polionotus phasma)	E	Terrestrial, Coastal	Mammal
	Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach	(Peromyscus polionotus allophrys)	E	Terrestrial, Coastal	Mammal
	Mouse, Perdido Key Beach	(Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis)	E	Coastal	Mammal
	Mouse, Southeastern Beach	(Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris)	T	Terrestrial, Coastal	Mammal
	Mouse, St. Andrew Beach	(Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis)	E	Terrestrial, Coastal	Mammal
	Panther, Florida	(Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Puma (=Cougar), Eastern	(Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. except	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	 coryi))
	Vole, Florida Salt Marsh	(Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli)	E	Terrestrial, Brackish	Mammal
	Beargrass, Britton's	(Nolina brittoniana)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Beauty, Harper's	(Harperocallis flava)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Freshwater
	Seagrass, Johnson's	(Halophila johnsonii)	T	Saltwater, Coastal	Monocot
	Alligator, American	(Alligator mississippiensis)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater, Brackish
	Crocodile, American	(Crocodylus acutus)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Skink, Blue-tailed Mole	(Eumeces egregius lividus)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Skink, Sand	(Neoseps reynoldsi)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh	(Nerodia clarkii taeniata)	T	Terrestrial, Brackish,	Reptile
	 Saltwater
	Snake, Eastern Indigo	(Drymarchon corais couperi)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Georgia	( 63) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods	(Ambystoma cingulatum)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater, Vernal 
	pool
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Stork, Wood	(Mycteria americana)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's	(Dendroica kirtlandii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler, Bachman's	(Vermivora bachmanii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Bankclimber, Purple	(Elliptoideus sloatianus)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Combshell, Upland	(Epioblasma metastriata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Kidneyshell, Triangular	(Ptychobranchus greenii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Acornshell Southern	(Epioblasma othcaloogensis)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell	(Medionidus acutissimus)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell	(Medionidus parvulus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Fat Threeridge	(Amblema neislerii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook	(Lampsilis altilis)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell	(Medionidus penicillatus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Georgia	( 63) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Mussel, Ochlockonee 	(Medionidus simpsonianus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Moccasinshell
	Mussel, Oval Pigtoe	(Pleurobema pyriforme)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Ovate Clubshell	(Pleurobema perovatum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook	(Lampsilis subangulata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Southern Clubshell	(Pleurobema decisum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Southern Pigtoe	(Pleurobema georgianum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Torreya, Florida	(Torreya taxifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Conf/cycds
	Amphianthus, Little	(Amphianthus pusillus)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Barbara Buttons, Mohr's	(Marshallia mohrii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Campion, Fringed	(Silene polypetala)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Coneflower, Smooth	(Echinacea laevigata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dropwort, Canby's	(Oxypolis canbyi)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Harperella	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	E	Freshwater	Dicot
	Leather-flower, Alabama	(Clematis socialis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Meadowrue, Cooley's	(Thalictrum cooleyi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pitcher-plant, Green	(Sarracenia oreophila)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Pondberry	(Lindera melissifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rattleweed, Hairy	(Baptisia arachnifera)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Skullcap, Large-flowered	(Scutellaria montana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spiraea, Virginia	(Spiraea virginiana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sumac, Michaux's	(Rhus michauxii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Quillwort, Black-spored	(Isoetes melanospora)	E	Vernal pool	Ferns
	Quillwort, Mat-forming	(Isoetes tegetiformans)	E	Vernal pool	Ferns
	Darter, Amber	(Percina antesella)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Cherokee	(Etheostoma scotti)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Etowah	(Etheostoma etowahae)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Goldline	(Percina aurolineata)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Snail	(Percina tanasi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Logperch, Conasauga	(Percina jenkinsi)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Blue	(Cyprinella caerulea)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Shortnose	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical	(Lioplax cyclostomaformis)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Lichen, Rock Gnome	(Gymnoderma lineare)	E	Terrestrial	Lichen
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Manatee, West Indian	(Trichechus manatus)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Whale, Humpback	(Megaptera novaeangliae)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Whale, North Atlantic right	(Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis))	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed	(Xyris tennesseensis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pink, Swamp	(Helonias bullata)	T	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Freshwater
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Georgia	( 63) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Trillium, Persistent	(Trillium persistens)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Trillium, Relict	(Trillium reliquum)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Water-plantain, Kral's	(Sagittaria secundifolia)	T	Freshwater	Monocot
	Snake, Eastern Indigo	(Drymarchon corais couperi)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Guam	( 4) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Sea turtle, green	(Chelonia mydas)	E/T	Saltwater	Reptile
	Sea turtle, hawksbill	(Eretmochelys imbricata)	E	Saltwater, Coastal	Reptile
	Sea turtle, leatherback	(Dermochelys coriacea)	E	Saltwater, Coastal	Reptile
	Sea turtle, loggerhead	(Caretta caretta)	T	Saltwater, Coastal	Reptile
	Hawaii	( 314) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Spider, Kauai Cave Wolf	(Adelocosa anops)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	Subterraneous
	'Akepa, Hawaii	(Loxops coccineus coccineus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	'Akepa, Maui	(Loxops coccineus ochraceus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	'Akia Loa, Kauai (Hemignathus 	(Hemignathus procerus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	procerus)
	'Akia Pola'au (Hemignathus 	(Hemignathus munroi)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	munroi)
	Coot, Hawaiian (=Alae keo keo)	(Fulica americana alai)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Creeper, Hawaii	(Oreomystis mana)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Creeper, Oahu (Alauwahio)	(Paroreomyza maculata)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Crow, Hawaiian ('Alala)	(Corvus hawaiiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa)	(Anas wyvilliana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Elepaio, Oahu	(Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Goose, Hawaiian (Nene)	(Branta (=Nesochen) sandvicensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Hawk, Hawaiian (Io)	(Buteo solitarius)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Honeycreeper, Crested 	(Palmeria dolei)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	('Akohekohe)
	Moorhen, Hawaiian Common	(Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	'O'o, Kauai (='A'a)	(Moho braccatus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	'O'u (Honeycreeper)	(Psittirostra psittacea)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Palila	(Loxioides bailleui)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Parrotbill, Maui	(Pseudonestor xanthophrys)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Petrel, Hawaiian Dark-rumped	(Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Po'ouli	(Melamprosops phaeosoma)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's	(Puffinus auricularis newelli)	T	Terrestrial, Saltwater	Bird
	Stilt, Hawaiian (=Ae'o)	(Himantopus mexicanus knudseni)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Swiftlet, Mariana Gray (=Vanikoro)	(Aerodramus vanikorensis bartschi)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Thrush, Large Kauai	(Myadestes myadestinus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Thrush, Small Kauai (Puaiohi)	(Myadestes palmeri)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Amphipod, Kauai Cave	(Spelaeorchestia koloana)	E	Freshwater, 	Crustacean
	Subterraneous
	Abutilon sandwicense (ncn)	(Abutilon sandwicense)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Achyranthes mutica (ncn)	(Achyranthes mutica)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hawaii	( 314) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Achyranthes splendens var. 	(Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	rotundata (ncn)
	A'e (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. 	(Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	tomentosum)
	A'e (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense)	(Zanthoxylum hawaiiense)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum)	(Nothocestrum breviflorum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Aiea (Nothocestrum peltatum)	(Nothocestrum peltatum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides 	(Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	var. kaenana)
	'Akoko (Chamaesyce deppeana)	(Chamaesyce deppeana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Akoko (Chamaesyce herbstii)	(Chamaesyce herbstii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Akoko (Chamaesyce kuwaleana)	(Chamaesyce kuwaleana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Akoko (Chamaesyce rockii)	(Chamaesyce rockii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Akoko (Chamaesyce skottsbergii 	(Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	var. skottsbe
	'Akoko (Euphorbia haeleeleana)	(Euphorbia haeleeleana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope adscendens)	(Melicope adscendens)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope balloui)	(Melicope balloui)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope haupuensis)	(Melicope haupuensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope knudsenii)	(Melicope knudsenii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope lydgatei)	(Melicope lydgatei)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope mucronulata)	(Melicope mucronulata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope ovalis)	(Melicope ovalis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope pallida)	(Melicope pallida)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope quadrangularis)	(Melicope quadrangularis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope saint-johnii)	(Melicope saint-johnii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alani (Melicope zahlbruckneri)	(Melicope zahlbruckneri)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alsinidendron obovatum (ncn)	(Alsinidendron obovatum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alsinidendron trinerve (ncn)	(Alsinidendron trinerve)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Alsinidendron viscosum (ncn)	(Alsinidendron viscosum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Anaunau (Lepidium arbuscula)	(Lepidium arbuscula)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Anunu (Sicyos alba)	(Sicyos alba)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Aupaka (Isodendrion hosakae)	(Isodendrion hosakae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Aupaka (Isodendrion laurifolium)	(Isodendrion laurifolium)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Aupaka (Isodendrion longifolium)	(Isodendrion longifolium)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides)	(Centaurium sebaeoides)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Awiwi (Hedyotis cookiana)	(Hedyotis cookiana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bonamia menziesii (ncn)	(Bonamia menziesii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chamaesyce Halemanui (ncn)	(Chamaesyce halemanui)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cyanea undulata (ncn)	(Cyanea undulata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Delissea rhytodisperma (ncn)	(Delissea rhytidosperma)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dubautia latifolia (ncn)	(Dubautia latifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dubautia pauciflorula (ncn)	(Dubautia pauciflorula)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Geranium, Hawaiian Red-	(Geranium arboreum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Gouania hillebrandii (ncn)	(Gouania hillebrandii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Gouania meyenii (ncn)	(Gouania meyenii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Gouania vitifolia (ncn)	(Gouania vitifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hawaii	( 314) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Haha (Cyanea acuminata)	(Cyanea acuminata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea asarifolia)	(Cyanea asarifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. 	(Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	copelandii)
	Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. 	(Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	haleakalaensis)
	Haha (Cyanea Crispa) 	(Cyanea (=Rollandia) crispa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	(=Rollandia crispa)
	Haha (Cyanea glabra)	(Cyanea glabra)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 	(Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	grimesiana)
	Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 	(Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	obatae)
	Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 	(Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Carlsonii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	carlsonii)
	Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 	(Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	hamatiflora)
	Haha (Cyanea humboldtiana)	(Cyanea humboldtiana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea koolauensis)	(Cyanea koolauensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea lobata)	(Cyanea lobata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea longiflora)	(Cyanea longiflora)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi)	(Cyanea mceldowneyi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea pinnatifida)	(Cyanea pinnatifida)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea platyphylla)	(Cyanea platyphylla)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea recta)	(Cyanea recta)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea remyi)	(Cyanea remyi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea shipmanii)	(Cyanea shipmannii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea stictophylla)	(Cyanea stictophylla)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea St-Johnii) 	(Cyanea st-johnii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	(=Rollandia St-Johnii)
	Haha (Cyanea superba)	(Cyanea superba)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haha (Cyanea truncata)	(Cyanea truncata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra crenata)	(Cyrtandra crenata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra dentata)	(Cyrtandra dentata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii)	(Cyrtandra giffardii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra munroi)	(Cyrtandra munroi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra polyantha)	(Cyrtandra polyantha)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra 	(Cyrtandra subumbellata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra tintinnabula)	(Cyrtandra tintinnabula)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra viridiflora)	(Cyrtandra viridiflora)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Haplostachys Haplostachya (ncn)	(Haplostachys haplostachya)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hau Kauhiwi (Hibiscadelphus 	(Hibiscadelphus woodii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	woodi)
	Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus 	(Hibiscadelphus distans)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	distans)
	Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus 	(Hibiscadelphus giffardianus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	giffardianus)
	Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus 	(Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	hualalaiensis)
	Hawaii	( 314) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Heau (Exocarpos luteolus)	(Exocarpos luteolus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hedyotis degeneri (ncn)	(Hedyotis degeneri)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hedyotis parvula (ncn)	(Hedyotis parvula)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hedyotis St.-Johnii (ncn)	(Hedyotis st.-johnii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hesperomannia arborescens 	(Hesperomannia arborescens)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hesperomannia arbuscula (ncn)	(Hesperomannia arbuscula)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hesperomannia lydgatei (ncn)	(Hesperomannia lydgatei)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hibiscus, Clay's	(Hibiscus clayi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Holei (Ochrosia kilaueaensis)	(Ochrosia kilaueaensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi)	(Wilkesia hobdyi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Kamakahala (Labordia 	(Labordia cyrtandrae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Kamakahala (Labordia lydgatei)	(Labordia lydgatei)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia 	(Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	var. wahiawaen)
	Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia)	(Colubrina oppositifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Kaulu (Pteralyxia kauaiensis)	(Pteralyxia kauaiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Kio'Ele (Hedyotis coriacea)	(Hedyotis coriacea)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Kiponapona (Phyllostegia 	(Phyllostegia racemosa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	racemosa)
	Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides)	(Kokia drynarioides)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Koki'o (Kokia kauaiensis)	(Kokia kauaiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus 	(Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	waimeae ssp. hannerae)
	Kolea (Myrsine juddii)	(Myrsine juddii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Kolea (Myrsine linearifolia)	(Myrsine linearifolia)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha 	(Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	ssp. kalealaha)
	Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii)	(Abutilon menziesii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Kuawawaenohu (Alsinidendron 	(Alsinidendron lychnoides)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	lychnoides)
	Kulu'I (Nototrichium humile)	(Nototrichium humile)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago 	(Plantago hawaiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	hawaiensis)
	Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago 	(Plantago princeps)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	princeps)
	Laulihilihi (Schiedea stellarioides)	(Schiedea stellarioides)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Liliwai (Acaena exigua)	(Acaena exigua)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Lobelia monostachya (ncn)	(Lobelia monostachya)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Lobelia niihauensis (ncn)	(Lobelia niihauensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Lobelia oahuensis (ncn)	(Lobelia oahuensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Lysimachia filifolia (ncn)	(Lysimachia filifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Lysimachia lydgatei (ncn)	(Lysimachia lydgatei)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus)	(Alectryon macrococcus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Makou (Peucedanum 	(Peucedanum sandwicense)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	sandwicense)
	Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea apokremnos)	(Schiedea apokremnos)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea kealiae)	(Schiedea kealiae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides)	(Cyrtandra cyaneoides)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hawaii	( 314) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Mehamehame (Flueggea 	(Flueggea neowawraea)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	neowawraea)
	Munroidendron racemosum (ncn)	(Munroidendron racemosum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Na'ena'e (Dubautia herbstobatae)	(Dubautia herbstobatae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Na'ena'e (Dubautia plantaginea 	(Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	ssp. humilis)
	Nani Wai'ale'ale (Viola kauaensis 	(Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	var. wahiawaensis)
	Nanu (Gardenia mannii)	(Gardenia mannii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Na'u (Gardenia brighamii)	(Gardenia brighamii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Naupaka, Dwarf (Scaevola 	(Scaevola coriacea)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	coriacea)
	Nehe (Lipochaeta lobata var. 	(Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	leptophylla)
	Neraudia angulata (ncn)	(Neraudia angulata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Neraudia ovata (ncn)	(Neraudia ovata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Neraudia sericea (ncn)	(Neraudia sericea)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Nioi (Eugenia koolauensis)	(Eugenia koolauensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum)	(Geranium multiflorum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Oha (Delissea rivularis)	(Delissea rivularis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Oha (Delissea subcordata)	(Delissea subcordata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Oha (Delissea undulata)	(Delissea undulata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Oha (Lobelia gaudichaudii 	(Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	koolauensis)
	'Oha Wai (Clermontia 	(Clermontia drepanomorpha)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	drepanomorpha)
	'Oha Wai (Clermontia lindseyana)	(Clermontia lindseyana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia 	(Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	ssp. mauiensis)
	'Oha Wai (Clermontia peleana)	(Clermontia peleana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Oha Wai (Clermontia pyrularia)	(Clermontia pyrularia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Oha Wai (Clermontia samuelii)	(Clermontia samuelii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa)	(Sesbania tomentosa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	'Ohe'ohe (Tetraplasandra 	(Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	gymnocarpa)
	'Olulu (Brighamia insignis)	(Brighamia insignis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Opuhe (Urera kaalae)	(Urera kaalae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pamakani (Viola chamissoniana 	(Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	ssp. chamissoniana)
	Phyllostegia hirsuta (ncn)	(Phyllostegia hirsuta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phyllostegia kaalaensis (ncn)	(Phyllostegia kaalaensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phyllostegia knudsenii (ncn)	(Phyllostegia knudsenii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phyllostegia mannii (ncn)	(Phyllostegia mannii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phyllostegia mollis (ncn)	(Phyllostegia mollis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phyllostegia parviflora (ncn)	(Phyllostegia parviflora)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phyllostegia velutina (ncn)	(Phyllostegia velutina)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phyllostegia waimeae (ncn)	(Phyllostegia waimeae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phyllostegia warshaueri (ncn)	(Phyllostegia warshaueri)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phyllostegia wawrana (ncn)	(Phyllostegia wawrana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hawaii	( 314) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Pilo (Hedyotis mannii)	(Hedyotis mannii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Po'e (Portulaca sclerocarpa)	(Portulaca sclerocarpa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Popolo 'Aiakeakua (Solanum 	(Solanum sandwicense)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	sandwicense)
	Popolo Ku Mai (Solanum 	(Solanum incompletum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	incompletum)
	Pua'ala (Brighamia rockii)	(Brighamia rockii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Remya kauaiensis (ncn)	(Remya kauaiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Remya montgomeryi (ncn)	(Remya montgomeryi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Remya, Maui	(Remya mauiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sandalwood, Lanai (='Iliahi)	(Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sanicula mariversa (ncn)	(Sanicula mariversa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sanicula purpurea (ncn)	(Sanicula purpurea)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Schiedea haleakalensis (ncn)	(Schiedea haleakalensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Schiedea helleri (ncn)	(Schiedea helleri)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Schiedea hookeri (ncn)	(Schiedea hookeri)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Schiedea kaalae (ncn)	(Schiedea kaalae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Schiedea kauaiensis (ncn)	(Schiedea kauaiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Schiedea membranacea (ncn)	(Schiedea membranacea)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Schiedea nuttallii (ncn)	(Schiedea nuttallii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda	(Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	 (ncn)
	Schiedea spergulina var. 	(Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	spergulina (ncn)
	Schiedea, Diamond Head 	(Schiedea adamantis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	(Schiedea adamantis)
	Silene hawaiiensis (ncn)	(Silene hawaiiensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Silene lanceolata (ncn)	(Silene lanceolata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Silene perlmanii (ncn)	(Silene perlmanii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Silversword, Haleakala 	(Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. 	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	macrocephalum)
	Silversword, Ka'u (Argyroxiphium 	(Argyroxiphium kauense)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	kauense)
	Silversword, Mauna Kea 	(Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	('Ahinahina)	sandwicense)
	Spermolepis hawaiiensis (ncn)	(Spermolepis hawaiiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Stenogyne angustifolia (ncn)	(Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Stenogyne campanulata (ncn)	(Stenogyne campanulata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Stenogyne kanehoana (ncn)	(Stenogyne kanehoana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Tetramolopium arenarium (ncn)	(Tetramolopium arenarium)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Tetramolopium capillare (ncn)	(Tetramolopium capillare)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Tetramolopium filiforme (ncn)	(Tetramolopium filiforme)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 	(Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	lepidotum (ncn)
	Tetramolopium remyi (ncn)	(Tetramolopium remyi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Trematolobelia singularis (ncn)	(Trematolobelia singularis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis)	(Caesalpinia kavaiense)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Vetch, Hawaiian (Vicia menziesii)	(Vicia menziesii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hawaii	( 314) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Vigna o-wahuensis (ncn)	(Vigna o-wahuensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Viola helenae (ncn)	(Viola helenae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Viola oahuensis (ncn)	(Viola oahuensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Wahine Noho Kula (Isodendrion 	(Isodendrion pyrifolium)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	pyrifolium)
	Xylosma crenatum (ncn)	(Xylosma crenatum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Diellia erecta (ncn)	(Diellia erecta)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Diellia falcata (ncn)	(Diellia falcata)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Diellia pallida (ncn)	(Diellia pallida)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Diellia unisora (ncn)	(Diellia unisora)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Diplazium molokaiense (ncn)	(Diplazium molokaiense)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Fern, Pendant Kihi (Adenophorus 	(Adenophorus periens)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	periens)
	'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea villosa)	(Marsilea villosa)	E	Terrestrial, Vernal 	Ferns
	pool
	Pauoa (Ctenitis squamigera)	(Ctenitis squamigera)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Pteris lidgatei (ncn)	(Pteris lidgatei)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus 	(Huperzia mannii)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	(=Huperzia) mannii)
	Snail, Newcomb's	(Erinna newcombi)	T	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella abbreviata)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	abbreviata)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella apexfulva)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	apexfulva)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella bellula)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	bellula)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella buddii)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	buddii)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella bulimoides)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	bulimoides)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella byronii)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	byronii)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella caesia)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	caesia)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella casta)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	casta)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella cestus)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	cestus)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella concavospira)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	concavospira)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella curta)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	curta)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella decipiens)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	decipiens)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella decora)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	decora)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella dimorpha)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	dimorpha)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella elegans)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	elegans)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella fulgens)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	fulgens)
	Hawaii	( 314) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella fuscobasis)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	fuscobasis)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella juddii)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	juddii)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella juncea)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	juncea)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella lehuiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	lehuiensis)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella leucorraphe)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	leucorraphe)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lila)	(Achatinella lila)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella livida)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	livida)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella lorata)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	lorata)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella mustelina)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	mustelina)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella papyracea)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	papyracea)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella phaeozona)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	phaeozona)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella pulcherrima)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	pulcherrima)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella pupukanioe)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	pupukanioe)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella rosea)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	rosea)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella sowerbyana)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	sowerbyana)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella spaldingi)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	spaldingi)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella stewartii)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	stewartii)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella swiftii)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	swiftii)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella taeniolata)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	taeniolata)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella thaahumi)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	thaanumi)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella turgida)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	turgida)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella valida)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	valida)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella viridans)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	viridans)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella vittata)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	vittata)
	Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella 	(Achatinella vulpina)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	vulpina)
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila aglaia)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila mulli)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila musaphilia)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila substenoptera)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila heteroneura)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Hawaii	( 314) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila hemipeza)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila ochrobasis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila neoclavisetae)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila tarphytrichia)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila montgomeryi)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing	(Drosophila obatai)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Moth, Blackburn's Sphinx	(Manduca blackburni)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Bat, Hawaiian Hoary	(Lasiurus cinereus semotus)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Seal, Hawaiian Monk	(Monachus schauinslandi)	E	Saltwater, Coastal	Mammal
	Bluegrass, Hawaiian	(Poa sandvicensis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Bluegrass, Mann's (Poa mannii)	(Poa mannii)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Grass, Fosberg's Love	(Eragrostis fosbergii)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Hala Pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis)	(Pleomele hawaiiensis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Hilo Ischaemum (Ischaemum 	(Ischaemum byrone)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	byrone)
	Kamanomano (Cenchrus 	(Cenchrus agrimonioides)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	agrimonioides)
	Lau'ehu (Panicum niihauense)	(Panicum niihauense)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia affinis)	(Pritchardia affinis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia kaalae)	(Pritchardia kaalae)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia napaliensis)	(Pritchardia napaliensis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia schattaueri)	(Pritchardia schattaueri)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Lo`ulu (Pritchardia viscosa)	(Pritchardia viscosa)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Panicgrass, Carter's (Panicum 	(Panicum fauriei var. carteri)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	fauriei var.carteri)
	Platanthera holochila (ncn)	(Platanthera holochila)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Poa siphonoglossa (ncn)	(Poa siphonoglossa)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pu'uka'a (Cyperus trachysanthos)	(Cyperus trachysanthos)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Idaho	( 18) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Catchfly, Spalding's	(Silene spaldingii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's	(Mirabilis macfarlanei)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Howellia, Water	(Howellia aquatilis)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Peppergrass, Slick Spot	(Lepidium papilliferum)	T	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Salmon, Chinook	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	E/T	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Salmon, Sockeye	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Steelhead	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Sturgeon, White	(Acipenser transmontanus)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Trout, Bull	(Salvelinus confluentus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Limpet, Banbury Springs	(Lanx sp.)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Snail, Bliss Rapids	(Taylorconcha serpenticola)	T	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Snail, Snake River Physa	(Physa natricina)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Springsnail, Bruneau Hot	(Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Bear, Grizzly	(Ursus arctos horribilis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Caribou, Woodland	(Rangifer tarandus caribou)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Idaho	( 18) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Squirrel, Northern Idaho Ground	(Spermophilus brunneus brunneus)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Illinois	( 24) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Fanshell	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Clubshell	(Pleurobema clava)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	(Potamilus capax)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	(Lampsilis higginsii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Orange-footed	(Plethobasus cooperianus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Amphipod, Illinois Cave	(Gammarus acherondytes)	E	Freshwater, 	Crustacean
	Subterraneous
	Aster, Decurrent False	(Boltonia decurrens)	T	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Clover, Leafy Prairie	(Dalea foliosa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clover, Prairie Bush	(Lespedeza leptostachya)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Daisy, Lakeside	(Hymenoxys herbacea)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Milkweed, Mead's	(Asclepias meadii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Potato-bean, Price's	(Apios priceana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Thistle, Pitcher's	(Cirsium pitcheri)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Snail, Iowa Pleistocene	(Discus macclintocki)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Butterfly, Karner Blue	(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald	(Somatochlora hineana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Insect
	Freshwater
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera leucophaea)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Indiana	( 18) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Fanshell	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Clubshell	(Pleurobema clava)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Rough Pigtoe	(Pleurobema plenum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	(Potamilus capax)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw	(Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Riffleshell, Northern	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Clover, Running Buffalo	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Goldenrod, Short's	(Solidago shortii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milkweed, Mead's	(Asclepias meadii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Thistle, Pitcher's	(Cirsium pitcheri)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Butterfly, Karner Blue	(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Indiana	( 18) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr	(Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii)	E	Terrestrial, Perm. 	Insect
	wetland
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera leucophaea)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water	(Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Iowa	( 13) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	(Lampsilis higginsii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Clover, Prairie Bush	(Lespedeza leptostachya)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milkweed, Mead's	(Asclepias meadii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Monkshood, Northern Wild	(Aconitum noveboracense)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Shiner, Topeka	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Snail, Iowa Pleistocene	(Discus macclintocki)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera leucophaea)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera praeclara)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Kansas	( 12) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Crane, Whooping	(Grus americana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Milkweed, Mead's	(Asclepias meadii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Madtom, Neosho	(Noturus placidus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Arkansas River	(Notropis girardi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Topeka	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Beetle, American Burying	(Nicrophorus americanus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Ferret, Black-footed	(Mustela nigripes)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera praeclara)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Kentucky	( 47) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's	(Dendroica kirtlandii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler, Bachman's	(Vermivora bachmanii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Ivory-billed	(Campephilus principalis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Fanshell	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Kentucky	( 47) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Clubshell	(Pleurobema clava)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Cumberland Combshell	(Epioblasma brevidens)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe	(Alasmidonta atropurpurea)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Oyster	(Epioblasma capsaeformis)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick 	(Obovaria retusa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearly)
	Mussel, Rough Pigtoe	(Pleurobema plenum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	(Quadrula fragosa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Appalachian 	(Quadrula sparsa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Monkeyface
	Pearlymussel, Cracking	(Hemistena lata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean	(Villosa trabalis)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Dromedary	(Dromus dromas)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	(Potamilus capax)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Little-wing	(Pegias fabula)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Orange-footed	(Plethobasus cooperianus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw	(Epioblasma obliquata obliquata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Tubercled-	(Epioblasma torulosa torulosa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, White Wartyback	(Plethobasus cicatricosus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom	(Epioblasma florentina florentina)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Riffleshell, Northern	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Riffleshell, Tan	(Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. 	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Shrimp, Kentucky Cave	(Palaemonias ganteri)	E	Freshwater	Crustacean
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clover, Running Buffalo	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Goldenrod, Short's	(Solidago shortii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Goldenrod, White-haired	(Solidago albopilosa)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Potato-bean, Price's	(Apios priceana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rock-cress, Small	(Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	perstellata Fernald)
	Rosemary, Cumberland	(Conradina verticillata)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sandwort, Cumberland	(Arenaria cumberlandensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spiraea, Virginia	(Spiraea virginiana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dace, Blackside	(Phoxinus cumberlandensis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Relict	(Etheostoma chienense)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Palezone	(Notropis albizonatus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Beetle, American Burying	(Nicrophorus americanus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Virginia Big-eared	(Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii 	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	virginianus)	Subterraneous
	Wolf, Red	(Canis rufus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Louisiana	( 16) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Louisiana	( 16) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated	(Potamilus inflatus)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlshell, Louisiana	(Margaritifera hembeli)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	(Geocarpon minimum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Quillwort, Louisiana	(Isoetes louisianensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Ferns
	Freshwater
	Sturgeon, Gulf	(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)	T	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Bear, American Black	(Ursus americanus)	SA	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Bear, Louisiana Black	(Ursus americanus luteolus)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Manatee, West Indian	(Trichechus manatus)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Tortoise, Gopher	(Gopherus polyphemus)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Turtle, Ringed Map	(Graptemys oculifera)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Maine	( 9) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Lousewort, Furbish	(Pedicularis furbishiae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Salmon, Atlantic	(Salmo salar)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Sturgeon, Shortnose	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Bear, American Black	(Ursus americanus)	SA	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera leucophaea)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Maryland	( 15) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Amaranth, Seabeach	(Amaranthus pumilus)	T	Coastal	Dicot
	Dropwort, Canby's	(Oxypolis canbyi)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Gerardia, Sandplain	(Agalinis acuta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Harperella	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	E	Freshwater	Dicot
	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	(Aeschynomene virginica)	T	Terrestrial, Brackish	Dicot
	Darter, Maryland	(Etheostoma sellare)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger	(Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Beetle, Puritan Tiger	(Cicindela puritana)	T	Terrestrial, Coastal	Insect
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox	(Sciurus niger cinereus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Bristle)	Freshwater
	Maryland	( 15) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Pink, Swamp	(Helonias bullata)	T	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Freshwater
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Massachusetts	( 12) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Gerardia, Sandplain	(Agalinis acuta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sturgeon, Shortnose	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Beetle, American Burying	(Nicrophorus americanus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger	(Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Beetle, Puritan Tiger	(Cicindela puritana)	T	Terrestrial, Coastal	Insect
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Bristle)	Freshwater
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Michigan	( 19) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's	(Dendroica kirtlandii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Clubshell	(Pleurobema clava)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Riffleshell, Northern	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Daisy, Lakeside	(Hymenoxys herbacea)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Goldenrod, Houghton's	(Solidago houghtonii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Monkey-flower, Michigan	(Mimulus glabratus var. michiganensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Thistle, Pitcher's	(Cirsium pitcheri)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fern, American hart's-tongue	(Asplenium scolopendrium var. 	T	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Beetle, Hungerford's Crawling 	(Brychius hungerfordi)	E	Freshwater	Insect
	Water
	Butterfly, Karner Blue	(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr	(Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii)	E	Terrestrial, Perm. 	Insect
	wetland
	Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald	(Somatochlora hineana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Insect
	Freshwater
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Iris, Dwarf Lake	(Iris lacustris)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera leucophaea)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water	(Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Minnesota	( 10) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Minnesota	( 10) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	(Quadrula fragosa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	(Lampsilis higginsii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Clover, Prairie Bush	(Lespedeza leptostachya)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Roseroot, Leedy's	(Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Shiner, Topeka	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Butterfly, Karner Blue	(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Lily, Minnesota Trout	(Erythronium propullans)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera praeclara)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Mississippi	( 31) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Frog, Dusky Gopher (Mississippi 	(Rana capito sevosa)	E	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	DPS)	Freshwater
	Crane, Mississippi Sandhill	(Grus canadensis pulla)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Combshell, Southern (=Penitent 	(Epioblasma penita)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	mussel)
	Mucket, Orange-nacre	(Lampsilis perovalis)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell	(Medionidus acutissimus)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Black (=Curtus' Mussel) 	(Pleurobema curtum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Clubshell
	Mussel, Cumberland Combshell	(Epioblasma brevidens)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge 	(Pleurobema taitianum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Tait's Mussel)
	Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated	(Potamilus inflatus)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Ovate Clubshell	(Pleurobema perovatum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Southern Clubshell	(Pleurobema decisum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	(Potamilus capax)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pondberry	(Lindera melissifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Potato-bean, Price's	(Apios priceana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Quillwort, Louisiana	(Isoetes louisianensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Ferns
	Freshwater
	Darter, Bayou	(Etheostoma rubrum)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Gulf	(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)	T	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bear, American Black	(Ursus americanus)	SA	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Bear, Louisiana Black	(Ursus americanus luteolus)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Manatee, West Indian	(Trichechus manatus)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Snake, Eastern Indigo	(Drymarchon corais couperi)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Tortoise, Gopher	(Gopherus polyphemus)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied	(Pseudemys alabamensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Mississippi	( 31) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Turtle, Ringed Map	(Graptemys oculifera)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Turtle, Yellow-blotched Map	(Graptemys flavimaculata)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Missouri	( 25) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Scaleshell	(Leptodea leptodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	(Quadrula fragosa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Curtis'	(Epioblasma florentina curtisii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	(Potamilus capax)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	(Lampsilis higginsii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Aster, Decurrent False	(Boltonia decurrens)	T	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Bladderpod, Missouri	(Lesquerella filiformis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clover, Running Buffalo	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	(Geocarpon minimum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milkweed, Mead's	(Asclepias meadii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pondberry	(Lindera melissifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sneezeweed, Virginia	(Helenium virginicum)	T	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Cavefish, Ozark	(Amblyopsis rosae)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Niangua	(Etheostoma nianguae)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Madtom, Neosho	(Noturus placidus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Topeka	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek	(Antrobia culveri)	E	Freshwater, 	Gastropod
	Subterraneous
	Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald	(Somatochlora hineana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Insect
	Freshwater
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bear, American Black	(Ursus americanus)	SA	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera praeclara)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Montana	( 12) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Crane, Whooping	(Grus americana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Catchfly, Spalding's	(Silene spaldingii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Howellia, Water	(Howellia aquatilis)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, White	(Acipenser transmontanus)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Trout, Bull	(Salvelinus confluentus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Bear, Grizzly	(Ursus arctos horribilis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Ferret, Black-footed	(Mustela nigripes)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Montana	( 12) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Nebraska	( 12) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Crane, Whooping	(Grus americana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Butterfly Plant, Colorado	(Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Penstemon, Blowout	(Penstemon haydenii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Shiner, Topeka	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Beetle, American Burying	(Nicrophorus americanus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Beetle, Salt Creek Tiger	(Cicindela nevadica lincolniana)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Ferret, Black-footed	(Mustela nigripes)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera praeclara)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Nevada	( 37) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Rail, Yuma Clapper	(Rallus longirostris yumanensis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Blazing Star, Ash Meadows	(Mentzelia leucophylla)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Buckwheat, Steamboat	(Eriogonum ovalifolium var. williamsiae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Centaury, Spring-loving	(Centaurium namophilum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Gumplant, Ash Meadows	(Grindelia fraxino-pratensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ivesia, Ash Meadows	(Ivesia kingii var. eremica)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Ash Meadows	(Astragalus phoenix)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Niterwort, Amargosa	(Nitrophila mohavensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Poolfish, Pahrump (= Pahrump 	(Empetrichthys latos)	E	Freshwater	Dicot
	Killifish)
	Sunray, Ash Meadows	(Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chub, Humpback	(Gila cypha)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Pahranagat Roundtail	(Gila robusta jordani)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Virgin River	(Gila seminuda (=robusta))	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Cui-ui	(Chasmistes cujus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Dace, Ash Meadows Speckled	(Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Dace, Clover Valley Speckled	(Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Dace, Desert	(Eremichthys acros)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Dace, Independence Valley 	(Rhinichthys osculus lethoporus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Speckled
	Dace, Moapa	(Moapa coriacea)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa	(Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Pupfish, Devils Hole	(Cyprinodon diabolis)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Pupfish, Warm Springs	(Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Spinedace, Big Spring	(Lepidomeda mollispinis pratensis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Spinedace, White River	(Lepidomeda albivallis)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Springfish, Hiko White River	(Crenichthys baileyi grandis)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Springfish, Railroad Valley	(Crenichthys nevadae)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Nevada	( 37) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Springfish, White River	(Crenichthys baileyi baileyi)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Razorback	(Xyrauchen texanus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Warner	(Catostomus warnerensis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Bull	(Salvelinus confluentus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat	(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Woundfin	(Plagopterus argentissimus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Naucorid, Ash Meadows	(Ambrysus amargosus)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Skipper, Carson Wandering	(Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Tortoise, Desert	(Gopherus agassizii)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	New Hampshire	( 7) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Milk-vetch, Jesup's	(Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Butterfly, Karner Blue	(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Bristle)	Freshwater
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	New Jersey	( 12) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Amaranth, Seabeach	(Amaranthus pumilus)	T	Coastal	Dicot
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	(Aeschynomene virginica)	T	Terrestrial, Brackish	Dicot
	Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger	(Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Beaked-rush, Knieskern's	(Rhynchospora knieskernii)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pink, Swamp	(Helonias bullata)	T	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Freshwater
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	New Mexico	( 43) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Frog, Chiricahua Leopard	(Rana chiricahuensis)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Falcon, Northern Aplomado	(Falco femoralis septentrionalis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Owl, Mexican Spotted	(Strix occidentalis lucida)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Amphipod, Noel's	(Gammarus desperatus)	E	Freshwater	Crustacean
	Isopod, Socorro	(Thermosphaeroma thermophilus)	E	Freshwater	Crustacean
	Cactus, Knowlton	(Pediocactus knowltonii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	New Mexico	( 43) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog	(Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Lee Pincushion	(Coryphantha sneedii var. leei)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Mesa Verde	(Sclerocactus mesae-verdae)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Sneed Pincushion	(Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fleabane, Zuni	(Erigeron rhizomatus)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost	(Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Mancos	(Astragalus humillimus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pennyroyal, Todsen's	(Hedeoma todsenii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Poppy, Sacramento Prickly	(Argemone pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sunflower, Pecos	(Helianthus paradoxus)	T	Terrestrial, Perm. 	Dicot
	wetland
	Thistle, Sacramento Mountains	(Cirsium vinaceum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Wild-buckwheat, Gypsum	(Eriogonum gypsophilum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chub, Chihuahua	(Gila nigrescens)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Gila	(Gila intermedia)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Gambusia, Pecos	(Gambusia nobilis)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Minnow, Loach	(Tiaroga cobitis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery	(Hybognathus amarus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Arkansas River	(Notropis girardi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Beautiful	(Cyprinella formosa)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose	(Notropis simus pecosensis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Spikedace	(Meda fulgida)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Squawfish, Colorado	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Razorback	(Xyrauchen texanus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui)	(Poeciliopsis occidentalis)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Gila	(Oncorhynchus gilae)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Snail, Pecos Assiminea	(Assiminea pecos)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Springsnail, Alamosa	(Tryonia alamosae)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Springsnail, Koster's	(Juturnia kosteri)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Springsnail, Roswell	(Pyrgulopsis roswellensis)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long-	(Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	nosed	Subterraneous
	Bat, Mexican Long-nosed	(Leptonycteris nivalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Ferret, Black-footed	(Mustela nigripes)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Jaguar	(Panthera onca)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge-	(Crotalus willardi obscurus)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	nosed
	New York	( 17) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Clubshell	(Pleurobema clava)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Amaranth, Seabeach	(Amaranthus pumilus)	T	Coastal	Dicot
	Gerardia, Sandplain	(Agalinis acuta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Goldenrod, Houghton's	(Solidago houghtonii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	New York	( 17) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Monkshood, Northern Wild	(Aconitum noveboracense)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Roseroot, Leedy's	(Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fern, American hart's-tongue	(Asplenium scolopendrium var. 	T	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Sturgeon, Shortnose	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Snail, Chittenango Ovate Amber	(Succinea chittenangoensis)	T	Terrestrial, 	Gastropod
	Freshwater
	Butterfly, Karner Blue	(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera leucophaea)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	North Carolina	( 56) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Spider, Spruce-fir Moss	(Microhexura montivaga)	E	Terrestrial	Arachnid
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Stork, Wood	(Mycteria americana)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Elktoe, Appalachian	(Alasmidonta raveneliana)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina	(Lasmigona decorata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean	(Villosa trabalis)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Little-wing	(Pegias fabula)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Riffleshell, Tan	(Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. 	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Spinymussel, James River	(Pleurobema collina)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Spinymussel, Tar River	(Elliptio steinstansana)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Amaranth, Seabeach	(Amaranthus pumilus)	T	Coastal	Dicot
	Avens, Spreading	(Geum radiatum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bittercress, Small-anthered	(Cardamine micranthera)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Blazing Star, Heller's	(Liatris helleri)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bluet, Roan Mountain	(Hedyotis purpurea var. montana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Coneflower, Smooth	(Echinacea laevigata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dropwort, Canby's	(Oxypolis canbyi)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Goldenrod, Blue Ridge	(Solidago spithamaea)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Harperella	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	E	Freshwater	Dicot
	Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered	(Hexastylis naniflora)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Heather, Mountain Golden	(Hudsonia montana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	(Aeschynomene virginica)	T	Terrestrial, Brackish	Dicot
	Loosestrife, Rough-leaved	(Lysimachia asperulaefolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Meadowrue, Cooley's	(Thalictrum cooleyi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pitcher-plant, Green	(Sarracenia oreophila)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet	(Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	North Carolina	( 56) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Pondberry	(Lindera melissifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spiraea, Virginia	(Spiraea virginiana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sumac, Michaux's	(Rhus michauxii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sunflower, Schweinitz's	(Helianthus schweinitzii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chub, Spotfin	(Erimonax monachus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Logperch, Roanoke	(Percina rex)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Cape Fear	(Notropis mekistocholas)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Silverside, Waccamaw	(Menidia extensa)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Shortnose	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Snail, Noonday	(Mesodon clarki nantahala)	T	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Butterfly, Saint Francis' Satyr	(Neonympha mitchellii francisci)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Lichen, Rock Gnome	(Gymnoderma lineare)	E	Terrestrial	Lichen
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Virginia Big-eared	(Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii 	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	virginianus)	Subterraneous
	Manatee, West Indian	(Trichechus manatus)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Puma (=Cougar), Eastern	(Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. except	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	 coryi))
	Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying	(Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Wolf, Red	(Canis rufus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Arrowhead, Bunched	(Sagittaria fasciculata)	E	Freshwater	Monocot
	Irisette, White	(Sisyrinchium dichotomum)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pink, Swamp	(Helonias bullata)	T	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Freshwater
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Sedge, Golden	(Carex lutea)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Alligator, American	(Alligator mississippiensis)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater, Brackish
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	North Dakota	( 6) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Crane, Whooping	(Grus americana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Ferret, Black-footed	(Mustela nigripes)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera praeclara)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Ohio	( 20) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Fanshell	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Clubshell	(Pleurobema clava)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw	(Epioblasma obliquata obliquata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw	(Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Ohio	( 20) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Riffleshell, Northern	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Clover, Running Buffalo	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Daisy, Lakeside	(Hymenoxys herbacea)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Monkshood, Northern Wild	(Aconitum noveboracense)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spiraea, Virginia	(Spiraea virginiana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Madtom, Scioto	(Noturus trautmani)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Beetle, American Burying	(Nicrophorus americanus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Karner Blue	(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr	(Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii)	E	Terrestrial, Perm. 	Insect
	wetland
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera leucophaea)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Snake, Lake Erie Water	(Nerodia sipedon insularum)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water	(Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Oklahoma	( 20) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Crane, Whooping	(Grus americana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Curlew, Eskimo	(Numenius borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Vireo, Black-capped	(Vireo atricapilla)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Scaleshell	(Leptodea leptodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	(Quadrula fragosa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita 	(Arkansia wheeleri)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	(=Wheeler's pm)
	Cavefish, Ozark	(Amblyopsis rosae)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Leopard	(Percina pantherina)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Madtom, Neosho	(Noturus placidus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Arkansas River	(Notropis girardi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Beetle, American Burying	(Nicrophorus americanus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Ozark Big-eared	(Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii 	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera leucophaea)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera praeclara)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Alligator, American	(Alligator mississippiensis)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater, Brackish
	Oregon	( 41) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Albatross, Short-tailed	(Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus)	E	Terrestrial, Saltwater	Bird
	Murrelet, Marbled	(Brachyramphus marmoratus)	T	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater, 
	Oregon	( 41) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Owl, Northern Spotted	(Strix occidentalis caurina)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Plover, Western Snowy	(Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool	(Branchinecta lynchi)	T	Vernal pool	Crustacean
	Catchfly, Spalding's	(Silene spaldingii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Checker-mallow, Nelson's	(Sidalcea nelsoniana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Daisy, Willamette	(Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's	(Mirabilis macfarlanei)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Howellia, Water	(Howellia aquatilis)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Lomatium, Bradshaw's	(Lomatium bradshawii)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Lomatium, Cook's	(Lomatium cookii)	E	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Lupine, Kincaid's	(Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. 	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	kincaidii (=var. kincaidii))
	Meadowfoam, Large-flowered 	(Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Grandiflora)	E	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Woolly
	Milk-vetch, Applegate's	(Astragalus applegatei)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Paintbrush, Golden	(Castilleja levisecta)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Popcornflower, Rough	(Plagiobothrys hirtus)	E	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Rock-cress, McDonald's	(Arabis mcdonaldiana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Thelypody, Howell's Spectacular	(Thelypodium howellii spectabilis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Wire-lettuce, Malheur	(Stephanomeria malheurensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chub, Borax Lake	(Gila boraxobius)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Hutton Tui	(Gila bicolor ssp.)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Oregon	(Oregonichthys crameri)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Dace, Foskett Speckled	(Rhinichthys osculus ssp.)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Salmon, Chinook	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	E/T	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Salmon, Chum	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta)	T	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Salmon, Coho	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Salmon, Sockeye	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Steelhead	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Sucker, Lost River	(Deltistes luxatus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Modoc	(Catostomus microps)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Shortnose	(Chasmistes brevirostris)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Warner	(Catostomus warnerensis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Bull	(Salvelinus confluentus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat	(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Butterfly, Fender's Blue	(Icaricia icarioides fenderi)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot	(Speyeria zerene hippolyta)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Deer, Columbian White-tailed	(Odocoileus virginianus leucurus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Fritillary, Gentner's	(Fritillaria gentneri)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Lily, Western	(Lilium occidentale)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pennsylvania	( 8) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Pennsylvania	( 8) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Clubshell	(Pleurobema clava)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Riffleshell, Northern	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Bristle)	Freshwater
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Puerto Rico	( 68) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Coqui, Golden	(Eleutherodactylus jasperi)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Guajon	(Eleutherodactylus cooki)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Toad, Puerto Rican Crested	(Peltophryne lemur)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered	(Agelaius xanthomus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Hawk, Puerto Rican Broad-winged	(Buteo platypterus brunnescens)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Hawk, Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned	(Accipiter striatus venator)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Nightjar, Puerto Rico	(Caprimulgus noctitherus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Parrot, Puerto Rican	(Amazona vittata)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Pigeon, Puerto Rican Plain	(Columba inornata wetmorei)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Auerodendron pauciflorum (ncn)	(Auerodendron pauciflorum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bariaco	(Trichilia triacantha)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Boxwood, Vahl's	(Buxus vahlii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Calyptranthes Thomasiana (ncn)	(Calyptranthes thomasiana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Capa Rosa	(Callicarpa ampla)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn)	(Catesbaea melanocarpa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chamaecrista glandulosa (ncn)	(Chamaecrista glandulosa var. mirabilis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chumbo, Higo	(Harrisia portoricensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chupacallos	(Pleodendron macranthum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cobana Negra	(Stahlia monosperma)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cordia bellonis (ncn)	(Cordia bellonis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Daphnopsis hellerana (ncn)	(Daphnopsis hellerana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Erubia	(Solanum drymophilum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Eugenia Woodburyana	(Eugenia woodburyana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Gesneria pauciflora (ncn)	(Gesneria pauciflora)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Goetzea, Beautiful (Matabuey)	(Goetzea elegans)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Higuero De Sierra	(Crescentia portoricensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Holly, Cook's	(Ilex cookii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ilex sintenisii (ncn)	(Ilex sintenisii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Leptocereus grantianus (ncn)	(Leptocereus grantianus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Lyonia truncata var. proctorii (ncn)	(Lyonia truncata var. proctorii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Puerto Rico	( 68) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Mitracarpus Maxwelliae	(Mitracarpus maxwelliae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mitracarpus Polycladus	(Mitracarpus polycladus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Myrcia Paganii	(Myrcia paganii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Palo Colorado (Ternstroemia 	(Ternstroemia luquillensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	luquillensis)
	Palo de Jazmin	(Styrax portoricensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Palo de Nigua	(Cornutia obovata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Palo de Ramon	(Banara vanderbiltii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Palo de Rosa	(Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Peperomia, Wheeler's	(Peperomia wheeleri)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Prickly-ash, St. Thomas	(Zanthoxylum thomasianum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Schoepfia arenaria (ncn)	(Schoepfia arenaria)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ternstroemia subsessilis (ncn)	(Ternstroemia subsessilis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Uvillo	(Eugenia haematocarpa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Vernonia Proctorii (ncn)	(Vernonia proctorii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fern, Adiantum vivesii	(Adiantum vivesii)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Fern, Elaphoglossum serpens	(Elaphoglossum serpens)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Fern, Thelypteris inabonensis	(Thelypteris inabonensis)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Fern, Thelypteris verecunda	(Thelypteris verecunda)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Fern, Thelypteris yaucoensis	(Thelypteris yaucoensis)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Polystichum calderonense (ncn)	(Polystichum calderonense)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Tectaria Estremerana	(Tectaria estremerana)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Tree Fern, Elfin	(Cyathea dryopteroides)	E	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Manatee, West Indian	(Trichechus manatus)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Aristida chaseae (ncn)	(Aristida chaseae)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Cranichis Ricartii	(Cranichis ricartii)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Lepanthes eltorensis (ncn)	(Lepanthes eltoroensis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Manaca, palma de	(Calyptronoma rivalis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pelos del Diablo	(Aristida portoricensis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Walnut, Nogal	(Juglans jamaicensis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Anole, Culebra Island Giant	(Anolis roosevelti)	E	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Boa, Puerto Rican	(Epicrates inornatus)	E	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Boa, Virgin Islands Tree	(Epicrates monensis granti)	E	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Sea turtle, green	(Chelonia mydas)	E/T	Saltwater	Reptile
	Sea turtle, hawksbill	(Eretmochelys imbricata)	E	Saltwater, Coastal	Reptile
	Sea turtle, leatherback	(Dermochelys coriacea)	E	Saltwater, Coastal	Reptile
	Sea turtle, loggerhead	(Caretta caretta)	T	Saltwater, Coastal	Reptile
	Rhode Island	( 7) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Gerardia, Sandplain	(Agalinis acuta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sturgeon, Shortnose	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Beetle, American Burying	(Nicrophorus americanus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Puma (=Cougar), Eastern	(Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. except	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	 coryi))
	Rhode Island	( 7) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	South Carolina	( 32) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods	(Ambystoma cingulatum)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater, Vernal 
	pool
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Stork, Wood	(Mycteria americana)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's	(Dendroica kirtlandii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler, Bachman's	(Vermivora bachmanii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina	(Lasmigona decorata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Amaranth, Seabeach	(Amaranthus pumilus)	T	Coastal	Dicot
	Amphianthus, Little	(Amphianthus pusillus)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Coneflower, Smooth	(Echinacea laevigata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dropwort, Canby's	(Oxypolis canbyi)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Gooseberry, Miccosukee	(Ribes echinellum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Harperella	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	E	Freshwater	Dicot
	Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered	(Hexastylis naniflora)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Loosestrife, Rough-leaved	(Lysimachia asperulaefolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet	(Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Pondberry	(Lindera melissifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sumac, Michaux's	(Rhus michauxii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sunflower, Schweinitz's	(Helianthus schweinitzii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Quillwort, Black-spored	(Isoetes melanospora)	E	Vernal pool	Ferns
	Sturgeon, Shortnose	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Lichen, Rock Gnome	(Gymnoderma lineare)	E	Terrestrial	Lichen
	Manatee, West Indian	(Trichechus manatus)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Arrowhead, Bunched	(Sagittaria fasciculata)	E	Freshwater	Monocot
	Irisette, White	(Sisyrinchium dichotomum)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pink, Swamp	(Helonias bullata)	T	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Freshwater
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Trillium, Persistent	(Trillium persistens)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Trillium, Relict	(Trillium reliquum)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	South Dakota	( 11) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Crane, Whooping	(Grus americana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Curlew, Eskimo	(Numenius borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Scaleshell	(Leptodea leptodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	South Dakota	( 11) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	(Lampsilis higginsii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Shiner, Topeka	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Beetle, American Burying	(Nicrophorus americanus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Ferret, Black-footed	(Mustela nigripes)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera praeclara)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Tennessee	( 85) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Spider, Spruce-fir Moss	(Microhexura montivaga)	E	Terrestrial	Arachnid
	Stork, Wood	(Mycteria americana)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Combshell, Upland	(Epioblasma metastriata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Elktoe, Appalachian	(Alasmidonta raveneliana)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Fanshell	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Kidneyshell, Triangular	(Ptychobranchus greenii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell	(Medionidus acutissimus)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Clubshell	(Pleurobema clava)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell	(Medionidus parvulus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Cumberland Combshell	(Epioblasma brevidens)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe	(Alasmidonta atropurpurea)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Cumberland Pigtoe	(Pleurobema gibberum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook	(Lampsilis altilis)	T	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe	(Fusconaia cuneolus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Ovate Clubshell	(Pleurobema perovatum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Oyster	(Epioblasma capsaeformis)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick 	(Obovaria retusa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearly)
	Mussel, Rough Pigtoe	(Pleurobema plenum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe	(Fusconaia cor)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Southern Pigtoe	(Pleurobema georgianum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp	(Lampsilis virescens)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Appalachian 	(Quadrula sparsa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Monkeyface
	Pearlymussel, Birdwing	(Conradilla caelata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Cracking	(Hemistena lata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean	(Villosa trabalis)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Cumberland 	(Quadrula intermedia)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Monkeyface
	Pearlymussel, Dromedary	(Dromus dromas)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Green-blossom	(Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Little-wing	(Pegias fabula)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Orange-footed	(Plethobasus cooperianus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput	(Toxolasma cylindrellus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw	(Epioblasma obliquata obliquata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Tubercled-	(Epioblasma torulosa torulosa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Tennessee	( 85) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom	(Epioblasma turgidula)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, White Wartyback	(Plethobasus cicatricosus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom	(Epioblasma florentina florentina)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Purple Bean	(Villosa perpurpurea)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Rabbitsfoot, Rough	(Quadrula cylindrica strigillata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Riffleshell, Tan	(Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. 	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Crayfish, Nashville	(Orconectes shoupi)	E	Freshwater	Crustacean
	Aster, Ruth's Golden	(Pityopsis ruthii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Avens, Spreading	(Geum radiatum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bladderpod, Spring Creek	(Lesquerella perforata)	E	Floodplain	Dicot
	Bluet, Roan Mountain	(Hedyotis purpurea var. montana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Clover, Leafy Prairie	(Dalea foliosa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Coneflower, Tennessee Purple	(Echinacea tennesseensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Goldenrod, Blue Ridge	(Solidago spithamaea)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ground-plum, Guthrie's	(Astragalus bibullatus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pitcher-plant, Green	(Sarracenia oreophila)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Potato-bean, Price's	(Apios priceana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rock-cress, Braun's	(Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. ampla 	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rollins)
	Rosemary, Cumberland	(Conradina verticillata)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sandwort, Cumberland	(Arenaria cumberlandensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Skullcap, Large-flowered	(Scutellaria montana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Spiraea, Virginia	(Spiraea virginiana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fern, American hart's-tongue	(Asplenium scolopendrium var. 	T	Terrestrial	Ferns
	Chub, Slender	(Erimystax cahni)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Spotfin	(Erimonax monachus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Dace, Blackside	(Phoxinus cumberlandensis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Amber	(Percina antesella)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Bluemask (=jewel)	(Etheostoma sp.)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Boulder	(Etheostoma wapiti)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Duskytail	(Etheostoma percnurum)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Slackwater	(Etheostoma boschungi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Snail	(Percina tanasi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Logperch, Conasauga	(Percina jenkinsi)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Madtom, Pygmy	(Noturus stanauli)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Madtom, Smoky	(Noturus baileyi)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Madtom, Yellowfin	(Noturus flavipinnis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Blue	(Cyprinella caerulea)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Palezone	(Notropis albizonatus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Marstonia, Royal (=Royal Snail)	(Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Riversnail, Anthony's	(Athearnia anthonyi)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest	(Anguispira picta)	T	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Lichen, Rock Gnome	(Gymnoderma lineare)	E	Terrestrial	Lichen
	Tennessee	( 85) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying	(Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed	(Xyris tennesseensis)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Texas	( 82) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Salamander, Barton Springs	(Eurycea sosorum)	E	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Salamander, San Marcos	(Eurycea nana)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Salamander, Texas Blind	(Typhlomolge rathbuni)	E	Freshwater, 	Amphibian
	Subterraneous
	Toad, Houston	(Bufo houstonensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave	(Texella reddelli)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	Subterraneous
	Harvestman, Bone Cave	(Texella reyesi)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	Subterraneous
	Harvestman, Cokendolpher Cave	(Texella cokendolpheri)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	Subterraneous
	Meshweaver, Braken Bat Cave	(Cicurina venii)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	Subterraneous
	Meshweaver, Government Canyon	(Cicurina vespera)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	 Bat Cave	Subterraneous
	Meshweaver, Madla's Cave	(Cicurina madla)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	Subterraneous
	Meshweaver, Robber Baron Cave	(Cicurina baronia)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	Subterraneous
	Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave	(Tartarocreagris texana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	Subterraneous
	Spider, Government Canyon Bat 	(Neoleptoneta microps)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	Cave	Subterraneous
	Spider, Tooth Cave	(Leptoneta myopica)	E	Terrestrial, 	Arachnid
	Subterraneous
	Crane, Mississippi Sandhill	(Grus canadensis pulla)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Crane, Whooping	(Grus americana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Curlew, Eskimo	(Numenius borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Falcon, Northern Aplomado	(Falco femoralis septentrionalis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Owl, Mexican Spotted	(Strix occidentalis lucida)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Prairie-chicken, Attwater's Greater	(Tympanuchus cupido attwateri)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Vireo, Black-capped	(Vireo atricapilla)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler (=Wood), Golden-	(Dendroica chrysoparia)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Amphipod, Peck's Cave	(Stygobromus (=Stygonectes) pecki)	E	Freshwater, 	Crustacean
	Subterraneous
	Ambrosia, South Texas	(Ambrosia cheiranthifolia)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Texas	( 82) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Ayenia, Texas	(Ayenia limitaris)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bladderpod, White	(Lesquerella pallida)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bladderpod, Zapata	(Lesquerella thamnophila)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Black Lace	(Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albertii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Bunched Cory	(Coryphantha ramillosa)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Chisos Mountain 	(Echinocereus chisoensis var. chisoensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Hedgehog
	Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa	(Echinomastus mariposensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Nellie Cory	(Coryphantha minima)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Sneed Pincushion	(Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Star	(Astrophytum asterias)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Tobusch Fishhook	(Ancistrocactus tobuschii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cat's-eye, Terlingua Creek	(Cryptantha crassipes)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Dawn-flower, Texas Prairie 	(Hymenoxys texana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	(=Texas Bitterweed)
	Dogweed, Ashy	(Thymophylla tephroleuca)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Frankenia, Johnston's	(Frankenia johnstonii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon)	(Geocarpon minimum)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Manioc, Walker's	(Manihot walkerae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Oak, Hinckley	(Quercus hinckleyi)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phlox, Texas Trailing	(Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Pitaya, Davis' Green	(Echinocereus viridiflorus var. davisii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Poppy-mallow, Texas	(Callirhoe scabriuscula)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rush-pea, Slender	(Hoffmannseggia tenella)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sand-verbena, Large-fruited	(Abronia macrocarpa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Snowbells, Texas	(Styrax texanus)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sunflower, Pecos	(Helianthus paradoxus)	T	Terrestrial, Perm. 	Dicot
	wetland
	Darter, Fountain	(Etheostoma fonticola)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Gambusia, Big Bend	(Gambusia gaigei)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Gambusia, Clear Creek	(Gambusia heterochir)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Gambusia, Pecos	(Gambusia nobilis)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Gambusia, San Marcos	(Gambusia georgei)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Minnow, Devils River	(Dionda diaboli)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Pupfish, Comanche Springs	(Cyprinodon elegans)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Pupfish, Leon Springs	(Cyprinodon bovinus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Shiner, Arkansas River	(Notropis girardi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Snail, Pecos Assiminea	(Assiminea pecos)	E	Freshwater	Gastropod
	Beetle, American Burying	(Nicrophorus americanus)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Beetle, Coffin Cave Mold	(Batrisodes texanus)	E	Subterraneous	Insect
	Beetle, Comal Springs Dryopid	(Stygoparnus comalensis)	E	Freshwater, 	Insect
	Subterraneous
	Beetle, Comal Springs Riffle	(Heterelmis comalensis)	E	Freshwater, 	Insect
	Subterraneous
	Beetle, Helotes Mold	(Batrisodes venyivi)	E	Subterraneous	Insect
	Beetle, Kretschmarr Cave Mold	(Texamaurops reddelli)	E	Subterraneous	Insect
	Beetle, Tooth Cave Ground	(Rhadine persephone)	E	Subterraneous	Insect
	Texas	( 82) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Rhadine exilis (ncn)	(Rhadine exilis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Insect
	Subterraneous
	Rhadine infernalis (ncn)	(Rhadine infernalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Insect
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Mexican Long-nosed	(Leptonycteris nivalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bear, American Black	(Ursus americanus)	SA	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Bear, Louisiana Black	(Ursus americanus luteolus)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Jaguarundi, Gulf Coast	(Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi 	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Manatee, West Indian	(Trichechus manatus)	E	Saltwater	Mammal
	Ocelot	(Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Ladies'-tresses, Navasota	(Spiranthes parksii)	E	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pondweed, Little Aguja Creek	(Potamogeton clystocarpus)	E	Freshwater	Monocot
	Wild-rice, Texas	(Zizania texana)	E	Freshwater	Monocot
	Snake, Concho Water	(Nerodia paucimaculata)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Utah	( 38) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Condor, California	(Gymnogyps californianus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Owl, Mexican Spotted	(Strix occidentalis lucida)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Bearclaw poppy, Dwarf	(Arctomecon humilis)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bladderpod, Kodachrome	(Lesquerella tumulosa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Buttercup, Autumn	(Ranunculus aestivalis (=acriformis))	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, San Rafael	(Pediocactus despainii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Siler Pincushion	(Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) 	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless	(Sclerocactus wetlandicus)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Winkler	(Pediocactus winkleri)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cactus, Wright Fishhook	(Sclerocactus wrightiae)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Cycladenia, Jones	(Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis))	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Daisy, Maguire	(Erigeron maguirei)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Deseret	(Astragalus desereticus)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Heliotrope	(Astragalus montii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milk-vetch, Holmgren	(Astragalus holmgreniorum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milkweed, Welsh's	(Asclepias welshii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Phacelia, Clay	(Phacelia argillacea)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Primrose, Maguire	(Primula maguirei)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Reed-mustard, Barneby	(Schoenocrambe barnebyi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Reed-mustard, Shrubby	(Schoenocrambe suffrutescens)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Ridge-cress (=Pepper-cress), 	(Lepidium barnebyanum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Barneby
	Townsendia, Last Chance	(Townsendia aprica)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chub, Bonytail	(Gila elegans)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Humpback	(Gila cypha)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Virgin River	(Gila seminuda (=robusta))	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Squawfish, Colorado	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, June	(Chasmistes liorus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Razorback	(Xyrauchen texanus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Utah	( 38) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat	(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Woundfin	(Plagopterus argentissimus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Ambersnail, Kanab	(Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Gastropod
	Freshwater
	Ferret, Black-footed	(Mustela nigripes)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Prairie Dog, Utah	(Cynomys parvidens)	T	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Sedge, Navajo	(Carex specuicola)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Tortoise, Desert	(Gopherus agassizii)	T	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Vermont	( 6) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Milk-vetch, Jesup's	(Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Bristle)	Freshwater
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Virgin Islands	( 3) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Boxwood, Vahl's	(Buxus vahlii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn)	(Catesbaea melanocarpa)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Lizard, St. Croix Ground	(Ameiva polops)	E	Terrestrial	Reptile
	Virginia	( 61) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Salamander, Shenandoah	(Plethodon shenandoah)	E	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Spider, Spruce-fir Moss	(Microhexura montivaga)	E	Terrestrial	Arachnid
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Roseate	(Sterna dougallii dougallii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Woodpecker, Red-cockaded	(Picoides borealis)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Fanshell	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Cumberland Combshell	(Epioblasma brevidens)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Dwarf Wedge	(Alasmidonta heterodon)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe	(Fusconaia cuneolus)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Oyster	(Epioblasma capsaeformis)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Rough Pigtoe	(Pleurobema plenum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe	(Fusconaia cor)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Appalachian 	(Quadrula sparsa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Monkeyface
	Pearlymussel, Birdwing	(Conradilla caelata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Cracking	(Hemistena lata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean	(Villosa trabalis)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Cumberland 	(Quadrula intermedia)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Monkeyface
	Pearlymussel, Dromedary	(Dromus dromas)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Virginia	( 61) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Pearlymussel, Green-blossom	(Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Little-wing	(Pegias fabula)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Purple Bean	(Villosa perpurpurea)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Rabbitsfoot, Rough	(Quadrula cylindrica strigillata)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Riffleshell, Tan	(Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. 	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Spinymussel, James River	(Pleurobema collina)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Isopod, Lee County Cave	(Lirceus usdagalun)	E	Freshwater	Crustacean
	Isopod, Madison Cave	(Antrolana lira)	T	Freshwater	Crustacean
	Amaranth, Seabeach	(Amaranthus pumilus)	T	Coastal	Dicot
	Birch, Virginia Round-leaf	(Betula uber)	T	Floodplain	Dicot
	Bittercress, Small-anthered	(Cardamine micranthera)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chaffseed, American	(Schwalbea americana)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Coneflower, Smooth	(Echinacea laevigata)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Harperella	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	E	Freshwater	Dicot
	Joint-vetch, Sensitive	(Aeschynomene virginica)	T	Terrestrial, Brackish	Dicot
	Mallow, Peter's Mountain	(Iliamna corei)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Rock-cress, Shale Barren	(Arabis serotina)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sneezeweed, Virginia	(Helenium virginicum)	T	Vernal pool	Dicot
	Spiraea, Virginia	(Spiraea virginiana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sumac, Michaux's	(Rhus michauxii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sunflower, Schweinitz's	(Helianthus schweinitzii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chub, Slender	(Erimystax cahni)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Spotfin	(Erimonax monachus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Dace, Blackside	(Phoxinus cumberlandensis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Darter, Duskytail	(Etheostoma percnurum)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Logperch, Conasauga	(Percina jenkinsi)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Logperch, Roanoke	(Percina rex)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Madtom, Yellowfin	(Noturus flavipinnis)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Shortnose	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Snail, Virginia Fringed Mountain	(Polygyriscus virginianus)	E	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger	(Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr	(Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii)	E	Terrestrial, Perm. 	Insect
	wetland
	Bat, Gray	(Myotis grisescens)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Ozark Big-eared	(Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii 	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying	(Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox	(Sciurus niger cinereus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Bristle)	Freshwater
	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera leucophaea)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Pink, Swamp	(Helonias bullata)	T	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Freshwater
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Virginia	( 61) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Turtle, Bog	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	T	Terrestrial, 	Reptile
	Freshwater
	Washington	( 25) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Albatross, Short-tailed	(Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus)	E	Terrestrial, Saltwater	Bird
	Murrelet, Marbled	(Brachyramphus marmoratus)	T	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater, 
	Owl, Northern Spotted	(Strix occidentalis caurina)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Plover, Western Snowy	(Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus)	T	Terrestrial	Bird
	Catchfly, Spalding's	(Silene spaldingii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Checker-mallow, Nelson's	(Sidalcea nelsoniana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Checker-mallow, Wenatchee 	(Sidalcea oregana var. calva)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Mountains
	Howellia, Water	(Howellia aquatilis)	T	Freshwater	Dicot
	Lomatium, Bradshaw's	(Lomatium bradshawii)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Lupine, Kincaid's	(Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. 	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	kincaidii (=var. kincaidii))
	Paintbrush, Golden	(Castilleja levisecta)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Sandwort, Marsh	(Arenaria paludicola)	E	Terrestrial, 	Dicot
	Freshwater
	Stickseed, Showy	(Hackelia venusta)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Salmon, Chinook	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	E/T	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Salmon, Sockeye	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Steelhead	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	E	Freshwater, 	Fish
	Brackish, Saltwater
	Trout, Apache	(Oncorhynchus apache)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Trout, Bull	(Salvelinus confluentus)	T	Freshwater	Fish
	Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot	(Speyeria zerene hippolyta)	T	Terrestrial	Insect
	Bear, Grizzly	(Ursus arctos horribilis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Caribou, Woodland	(Rangifer tarandus caribou)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Deer, Columbian White-tailed	(Odocoileus virginianus leucurus)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Rabbit, Pygmy	(Brachylagus idahoensis)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	West Virginia	( 17) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Salamander, Cheat Mountain	(Plethodon nettingi)	T	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Fanshell	(Cyprogenia stegaria)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	(Lampsilis abrupta)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Mussel, Clubshell	(Pleurobema clava)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Tubercled-	(Epioblasma torulosa torulosa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Riffleshell, Northern	(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Spinymussel, James River	(Pleurobema collina)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Isopod, Madison Cave	(Antrolana lira)	T	Freshwater	Crustacean
	Clover, Running Buffalo	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Harperella	(Ptilimnium nodosum)	E	Freshwater	Dicot
	Rock-cress, Shale Barren	(Arabis serotina)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	West Virginia	( 17) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Spiraea, Virginia	(Spiraea virginiana)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Snail, Flat-spired Three-toothed	(Triodopsis platysayoides)	T	Terrestrial	Gastropod
	Bat, Indiana	(Myotis sodalis)	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	Subterraneous
	Bat, Virginia Big-eared	(Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii 	E	Terrestrial, 	Mammal
	virginianus)	Subterraneous
	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed 	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	E	Terrestrial, 	Monocot
	Bristle)	Freshwater
	Pogonia, Small Whorled	(Isotria medeoloides)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Wisconsin	( 14) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's	(Dendroica kirtlandii)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	(Quadrula fragosa)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	(Lampsilis higginsii)	E	Freshwater	Bivalve
	Clover, Prairie Bush	(Lespedeza leptostachya)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Locoweed, Fassett's	(Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Milkweed, Mead's	(Asclepias meadii)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Monkshood, Northern Wild	(Aconitum noveboracense)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Thistle, Pitcher's	(Cirsium pitcheri)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Butterfly, Karner Blue	(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)	E	Terrestrial	Insect
	Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald	(Somatochlora hineana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Insect
	Freshwater
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Iris, Dwarf Lake	(Iris lacustris)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera leucophaea)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Wyoming	( 17) species:	E/T	Medium	Taxon
	Toad, Wyoming	(Bufo baxteri (=hemiophrys))	E	Terrestrial, 	Amphibian
	Freshwater
	Crane, Whooping	(Grus americana)	E	Terrestrial, 	Bird
	Freshwater
	Plover, Piping	(Charadrius melodus)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Tern, Interior (population) Least	(Sterna antillarum)	E	Terrestrial	Bird
	Butterfly Plant, Colorado	(Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Penstemon, Blowout	(Penstemon haydenii)	E	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Yellowhead, Desert	(Yermo xanthocephalus)	T	Terrestrial	Dicot
	Chub, Bonytail	(Gila elegans)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Chub, Humpback	(Gila cypha)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Squawfish, Colorado	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sturgeon, Pallid	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Sucker, Razorback	(Xyrauchen texanus)	E	Freshwater	Fish
	Ferret, Black-footed	(Mustela nigripes)	E	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Lynx, Canada	(Lynx canadensis)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping	(Zapus hudsonius preblei)	T	Terrestrial	Mammal
	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	(Platanthera praeclara)	T	Terrestrial	Monocot
	Aquatic Marine Species
	Fish (Actinopterygii)
	Common name	Scientific name	Family	Order
	Salmon, Atlantic	Salmo salar	Salmonidae	Salmoniformes
	Salmon, Chinook	Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha	Salmonidae	Salmoniformes
	Salmon, Chum	Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta	Salmonidae	Salmoniformes
	Salmon, Coho	Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch	Salmonidae	Salmoniformes
	Salmon, Sockeye	Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka	Salmonidae	Salmoniformes
	Sawfish, Smalltooth	Pristis pectinata	Pristidae	Pristiformes
	Steelhead	Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss	Salmonidae	Salmoniformes
	Sturgeon, Gulf	Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi	Acipenseridae	Acipenseriformes
	Sturgeon, North American green	Acipenser medirostris	Acipenseridae	Acipenseriformes
	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Acipenser brevirostrum	Acipenseridae	Acipenseriformes
	Sturgeon, White	Acipenser transmontanus	Acipenseridae	Acipenseriformes
	Gastropod (Gastropoda)
	Common name	Scientific name	Family	Order
	Abalone, White	Haliotis sorenseni	Haliotidae	Vetigastropoda
	Mammal (Mammalia)
	Common name	Scientific name	Family	Order
	Bear, polar	Ursus maritimus	Ursidae	Carnivora
	Manatee, West Indian	Trichechus manatus	Trichechidae	Sirenia
	Otter, Northern Sea	Enhydra lutris kenyoni	Mustelidae	Carnivora
	Otter, Southern Sea	Enhydra lutris nereis	Mustelidae	Carnivora
	Seal, Guadalupe Fur	Arctocephalus townsendi	Phocidae	Carnivora
	Seal, Hawaiian Monk	Monachus schauinslandi	Phocidae	Carnivora
	Seal, spotted	Phoca largha	Phocidae	Carnivora
	Sea-lion, Steller	Eumetopias jubatus	Otariidae	Carnivora
	Whale, Blue	Balaenoptera musculus	Balaenopteridae	Cetacea
	Whale, Bowhead	Balaena mysticetus	Balaenidae	Cetacea
	Whale, Finback	Balaenoptera physalus	Balaenopteridae	Cetacea
	Whale, Humpback	Megaptera novaeangliae	Balaenopteridae	Cetacea
	Whale, North Atlantic right	Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis)	Balaenidae	Cetacea
	Whale, North Pacific right	Eubalaena japonica	Balaenidae	Cetacea
	Whale, Sei	Balaenoptera borealis	Balaenopteridae	Cetacea
	Whale, Sperm	Physeter catodon (=macrocephalus)	Physeteridae	Cetacea
	Monocot (Liliopsida)
	Common name	Scientific name	Family	Order
	Seagrass, Johnson's	Halophila johnsonii	Hydrocharitaceae	Alismatales
	Reptile (Reptilia)
	Common name	Scientific name	Family	Order
	Reptile (Reptilia)
	Common name	Scientific name	Family	Order
	Sea turtle, green	Chelonia mydas	Cheloniidae	Testudines
	Sea turtle, hawksbill	Eretmochelys imbricata	Cheloniidae	Testudines
	Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley	Lepidochelys kempii	Cheloniidae	Testudines
	Sea turtle, leatherback	Dermochelys coriacea	Dermochelyidae	Testudines
	Sea turtle, loggerhead	Caretta caretta	Cheloniidae	Testudines
	Sea turtle, olive ridley	Lepidochelys olivacea	Cheloniidae	Testudines
	Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh	Nerodia clarkii taeniata	Colubridae	Squamata

1/23/2012 4:45:55 PM   Ver. 2.13.0


