	UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

	WASHINGTON, DC 20460

	OFFICE OF 

	CHEMICAL SAFETY AND 

	POLLUTION PREVENTION

	

	

	PC Code: 060109

	DP Barcode: 376635

	Date: December 28, 2010

MEMORANDUM						

Subject:	Ecological Risk Assessment for the Proposed New Use of
Thiamethoxam as a Seed Treatment for Alfalfa

To:		Kable Davis, Risk Manager Reviewer

	Venus Eagle, Risk Manager

Registration Division (7505P)

	

From:	Anita Ullagaddi, Biologist

Christopher M. Koper, Chemist

Nancy Andrews, Branch Chief

Environmental Risk Branch I

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

		

Attached is the Environmental Fate and Effects Division’s (EFED)
Ecological Risk Assessment in response to Syngenta’s Section 3 request
to register Cruiser, a formulated product containing the active
ingredient thiamethoxam, for use on alfalfa as a seed treatment.

Risks to Non-target Organisms

This assessment includes the parent thiamethoxam and one major
degradate, CGA-322704 (clothianidin). Since clothianidin is a registered
active ingredient, a full suite of toxicity data is available (U.S. EPA,
2005b, DP 313414). While clothianidin was similarly or less toxic to
terrestrial organisms than thiamethoxam, clothianidin was about two
orders of magnitude more toxic to estuarine/marine invertebrates on an
acute exposure basis and about three orders of magnitude more toxic to
freshwater invertebrates on a chronic exposure basis. Therefore, a
separate aquatic invertebrate assessment was included for the degradate
clothianidin. Based on the results of this screening-level risk
assessment for the proposed new use of thiamethoxam, there is potential
for risks to aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and plants. Details
on potential risks to non-target aquatic and terrestrial organisms are
discussed below. 

Aquatic Organisms                                                       
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                               Risks quotients (RQs) for
thiamethoxam fell below acute and chronic levels of concern (LOCs) for
listed and non-listed freshwater and estuarine/marine fish for the
assessed use. Similarly, there were no acute LOC exceedances for listed
and non-listed freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrates.  However,
in the absence of adequate chronic toxicity data for freshwater and
estuarine/marine invertebrates, chronic risks were assumed. There were
no acute or chronic LOC exceedances for freshwater or estuarine/marine
invertebrates exposed to the degradate CGA-322704 (clothianidin) as a
result of the proposed thiamethoxam use. RQs for the proposed use did
not exceed the LOC for risks to aquatic plants.

 

Terrestrial Organisms

There were no acute and chronic LOC exceedances for small birds and
small mammals. Risks to terrestrial plants could not be evaluated due to
lack of data.  In the absence of required Tier I data and conditionally
required Tier II data, EFED assumes risks to terrestrial plants.  

Potential risks to non-target arthropods, including pollinators, remain
a key issue with thiamethoxam registrations. Several incidents involving
bee kills with other neonicotinoid insecticides in Europe warrant the
need for additional data and mitigation strategies. For example, a bee
kill incident in Germany in May 2008 may have been caused by use of
clothianidin as a dust seed treatment for corn. A seed sticker was not
used for the dust treatment, and seeds were planted using upward rather
than downward venting equipment, which caused clothianidin dust
particles to drift. In addition, heavy rain caused the corn seed to be
planted later than normal when neighboring canola fields were already in
bloom. Similar incidents have occurred in France, Italy, and Slovenia,
prompting the need for regulatory action. 

Although a method for quantification of risks to terrestrial
invertebrates is not yet in practice, environmental fate and
toxicological data indicate that thiamethoxam is a persistent, mobile,
and systemic insecticide and is highly toxic to honey bees on an acute
exposure basis; therefore, EFED assumes risk to non-target beneficial
arthropods, including pollinators such as bees, due to exposure to
translocated thiamethoxam residues, including its degradate
clothianidin, in pollen and nectar as a result of the proposed seed
treatment. Pollinator field study data have previously been requested to
reduce uncertainties and to better characterize potential effects
(including sublethal ones) and the translocation ability of the chemical
within tissues of the crop. Two field studies have been received and
were reviewed since the previous assessment but do not satisfy data
requirements (see Section 4.1). 

Recommended Label Revisions

As noted in previous assessments, the following statement should be
modified on all labels, as shown below:

“Cruiser is a selective seed treatment insecticide, and its use is
compatible with integrated pest management programs.” 

Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum insecticide rather than a selective
insecticide; the mode of action of the chemical is to mimic
acetylcholine, which causes overstimulation of the acetylcholine
receptor, the effects of which would not be limited to commercially
relevant piercing and sucking insects. Because of the potential for
exposure to and effects of translocated residues in nectar and pollen to
beneficial arthropods, the word “selective” should not be included
on the label. 

All seed bag labels should include the label statements listed below.
The statements have been selected in accordance with the Label Review
Manual. However, these statements should be modified, as shown below, to
be specific to the Cruiser seed treatment label. 

Ground Water Advisory

“Thiamethoxam has properties and characteristics associated with
chemicals detected in ground water. This chemical may leach into ground
water if used in areas where soils are permeable, particularly where the
water table is shallow.”

Surface Water Label Advisories

“Thiamethoxam may also impact surface water quality due to runoff of
rain water and spray drift. This is especially true for poorly draining
soils and soils with shallow ground water. This chemical is classified
as having a high potential for reaching both surface water and aquatic
sediment via runoff several months or more after application. A level,
well maintained vegetative buffer strip between areas to which this
product is applied and surface water features such as ponds, streams,
and springs will reduce the potential for contamination of water from
rainfall-runoff. Runoff of this product will be reduced by avoiding
applications when rainfall is forecasted to occur within 48 hours.”

Modification: “Thiamethoxam may also impact surface water quality due
to runoff of rain water. This is especially true for poorly draining
soils and soils with shallow ground water. This chemical is classified
as having a high potential for reaching both surface water and aquatic
sediment via runoff several months or more after application. A level,
well maintained vegetative buffer strip between areas to which this
product is applied and surface water features such as ponds, streams,
and springs will reduce the potential for contamination of water from
rainfall-runoff.”

Precautionary Labeling for Bees

“This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or
residues on blooming crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow
it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the
treatment area.”

Modification: “Thiamethoxam is highly toxic to bees, and effects are
possible as a result of exposure to translocated residues in blooming
crops.”

Finally, there are discrepancies on the label regarding the number of
applications allowed as well as the timing of the application. Under the
Seed Bag Label Requirements section, the following statement is
included: 

“With the exception of cotton and soybeans, do not make any soil or
foliar application of products containing thiamethoxam to crops grown
from seed treated with Cruiser (thiamethoxam).”

In the Crop Use Directions section, the language implies that other
types of thiamethoxam applications (soil drench, foliar spray) are
allowed as long as the maximum rate is not exceeded for the growing
season; however, this is only the case for cotton and soybeans, and soil
drench and foliar spray applications for alfalfa (and other crops
included on the label but not part of the current action) have not even
been registered. Additionally, the language in this section should be
modified to apply to a seed treatment. For example, the use of the
“treatment window approach” is not applicable to a seed treatment,
as treated seeds will be planted according to cultural practice rather
than pest pressure. 

Data Gaps

The following five studies have been identified as data gaps according
to the 40 CFR Part 158 data requirements. Receipt of acceptable studies
would reduce risk characterization uncertainties. 

1. Whole Sediment Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Invertebrates
(850.1735): 

This 28-day study measures survival, growth, and emergence of Chironomus
riparius that has been exposed to pesticide-spiked sediment and
overlying water. EFED recommends that a request be made for this acute
sediment toxicity test, which also measures chronic effects, because
thiamethoxam is very highly toxic to midge and is persistent in the
environment. The previously submitted study on midge (MRID 447149-18)
larvae exposed to thiamethoxam-spiked water solution and is 48 hours in
duration. Therefore, chronic risks to sediment-dwelling midge could not
be comprehensively assessed using this study. Prior to initiation of
this study, a protocol should be submitted to EFED for approval.

2. Field Test for Pollinators (850.3040): 

Because thiamethoxam is highly toxic to bees on an acute exposure basis
and is a persistent, mobile, and systemic insecticide, pollinators have
a high potential of being exposed to and affected by residues of
thiamethoxam and its degradation products (clothianidin) in pollen and
nectar of plants. EFED recommends that the registrant conduct field
studies at maximum proposed label rates using crops that are attractive
to bees (e.g., pears or apples) for seed treatment, foliar, and soil
applications. These three studies should be conducted in consultation
with EFED and should examine the exposure and effects to adults and
larvae. The studies should measure the amount of thiamethoxam
translocated to the nectar and pollen of the target crop and rotational
crops and potential adverse effects, including sublethal effects.

3. Terrestrial Plant Toxicity, Tier I (seedling emergence) (850.4100):
Testing of a typical end-use product (TEP) is required for all
pesticides having outdoor uses at the proposed maximum application rate.
 Because thiamethoxam is an insecticide, Tier II studies are not
required unless Tier I studies indicate a ≥ 25% effect to various
growth parameters relative to the control. Currently, the lack of these
data results in a presumption of indirect effects to all listed species
based on potential habitat modification.

xam is an insecticide, Tier II studies are not required unless Tier I
studies indicate a ≥ 25% effect to various growth parameters relative
to the control. Currently, the lack of these data results in a
presumption of indirect effects to all listed species based on potential
habitat modification.

5. Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test (850.2100): Data are required for one
passerine species and either one waterfowl species or one upland game
bird species for terrestrial, aquatic, forestry, and residential outdoor
uses.  The current method of calculating a weight-adjusted LD50 using
bobwhite quail or mallard duck data may over- or under-estimate risks to
passerines because these birds may metabolize the chemical differently.
Because the 850.2100 guideline has not yet been finalized, protocols for
the study of passerine species should be submitted to EFED for approval
prior to study initiation.

Additionally, the following uncertainties were identified for this risk
assessment:

Studies are not available to document the toxic effects of thiamethoxam
on chronic exposure basis to both estuarine/marine fish and
invertebrates. However, the acute studies for both freshwater fish and
estuarine/marine fish do not suggest a great difference in toxicity
across media; effects are expected to be similar for both freshwater and
estuarine/marine fish. Currently, risks are assumed to estuarine/marine
invertebrates on a chronic basis; if a definitive chronic freshwater
midge study (850.1735; see data gap #1) is received, the
acute-to-chronic ratio method can also be used to extrapolate risks to
estuarine/marine invertebrates as follows:                              
                                    Chronic toxicitymysid shrimp= Acute
toxicitymysid shrimp x Chronic toxicitymidge / Acute toxicitymidge.     
                                                                        
                               However, the acute-to-chronic ratio adds
uncertainty to the risk estimation because the actual toxicity value and
the resulting risk quotients may be over- or under-estimated. 

This risk assessment considers the most sensitive surrogate species
evaluated in the registrant-submitted studies. The position of the
tested species relative to the distribution of all species’
sensitivities to thiamethoxam is unknown. Extrapolating the risk
conclusions from the most sensitive tested species to non-tested species
may either underestimate or overestimate the potential risks to those
species. The acute toxicity of thiamethoxam to midge (EC50 = 35 µg/L)
and water flea (EC50 >106,000 µg/L) highlights this point. 

Table of Contents

  TOC \o "1-1" \h \z \u    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc261340411"  1.	Executive
Summary	  PAGEREF _Toc261340411 \h  7  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc261340412"  2.     Use Characterization	  PAGEREF
_Toc261340412 \h  7  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc261340413"  3.	Exposure Summary	  PAGEREF
_Toc261340413 \h  9  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc261340414"  4.	Ecological Effects Summary	  PAGEREF
_Toc261340414 \h  13  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc261340415"  5.	Ecological Risks Summary	  PAGEREF
_Toc261340415 \h  15  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc261340416"  6.	Data Gaps and Uncertainties	  PAGEREF
_Toc261340416 \h  20  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc261340417"  7.	Listed Species	  PAGEREF
_Toc261340417 \h  21  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc261340418"  Appendix 1: T-REX Inputs/Outputs	 
PAGEREF _Toc261340418 \h  23  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc261340419"  Appendix 2: PRZM/EXAMS Outputs	  PAGEREF
_Toc261340419 \h  24  

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc261340420"  Appendix 3: LOCATES Run	  PAGEREF
_Toc261340420 \h  32  

 

1.	Executive Summary

Thiamethoxam is a systemic insecticide registered for use on numerous
crops such as grain cereals, vegetables, oilseeds, fruits, turf,
soybean, and ornamentals for the control of commercially relevant
sucking and piercing insects that feed on the vascular tissue of crop
plants. The proposed action is to register Cruiser, a formulated product
containing thiamethoxam, as a seed treatment for use on alfalfa at a
rate of 0.001 mg a.i./seed. Assuming that there are 210,000 alfalfa
seeds in a pound, the maximum application rate is 10 g a.i./acre (0.022
lb a.i./acre). 

A number of risk assessments have been conducted on thiamethoxam.
Previous assessments have identified potential risks primarily to
terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, although potential for risk was
also identified for birds and mammals. Because thiamethoxam is a
systemic and persistent broad-spectrum insecticide, particular concern
for non-target beneficial arthropods, including pollinators, has been
identified (DP357206, May 18, 2009). Additionally, potential risks to
aquatic invertebrates due to exposure to the degradate CGA-322704
(clothianidin) have been identified in previous assessments but were not
identified for the proposed alfalfa use. Taxonomic groups for which
concern levels were exceeded for the assessed alfalfa use are summarized
in Table 1.  

Table 1.  Summary of LOC Exceedances for the Proposed Alfalfa Seed
Treatment Use

Effect	Taxonomic Group

	Birds	Mammals	Terrest.

√a	√b	--	√c	--

Indirect Effect Potential	√	√	√	√	√	√	√

aThe lack of submitted data causes direct effects to be assumed for
terrestrial plants and indirect effects to be assumed for all taxa. 

bRQs were not calculated due to lack of quantification methodology.
Therefore, the ‘LOC exceedance’ was based on toxicity data, the mode
of action, and the systemic nature of thiamethoxam.

cChronic risks for aquatic invertebrates are assumed in the absence of
appropriate data. There were no acute LOC exceedances for aquatic
invertebrates. 



2.	Use Characterization

The registrant has proposed to register thiamethoxam as a seed treatment
on alfalfa at the maximum rate of 0.022 lb a.i./acre (Cruiser). 
Application is assumed to be limited to ground as treated seed must be
incorporated to a depth of at least one inch. Table 2 summarizes the
proposed new use. 

Table 2. Assessed Application Rates for Thiamethoxam Seed Treatment Uses

Proposed Label Use1	Source of Application Rate	Application Rate per
Season

Cruiser

Alfalfa	Proposed Label	0.022 lb a.i./acre

1All application scenarios represent ground application of treated seed
incorporated to a depth of at least one inch.



2.1.	Scope of Assessment

This assessment considers thiamethoxam and one major degradate of
concern (clothianidin) for aquatic animals. Clothianidin formed at a
rate of 13.2% of the parent in a terrestrial field dissipation study
(MRID 449489-02) and was a prevalent minor degradate in other studies.
Clothianidin is a degradate of concern because of its retention of the
parent’s N-nitro group and the relevant environmental conditions under
which it forms. Because clothianidin is also a registered active
ingredient, a full suite of toxicity data is available, and risks were
estimated separately for the parent thiamethoxam and the degradate
clothianidin. Clothianidin is of similar or less toxicity to terrestrial
animals compared to thiamethoxam; therefore, potential risks were not
quantified for terrestrial animals resulting from exposure to this
degradate. However, clothianidin was more toxic than thiamethoxam to
certain aquatic invertebrates. This assessment follows an abbreviated
format because several other assessments have been completed recently
(DP357206, May 18, 2009; DP364285, July 30, 2009; DP367942+, May 18,
2010), and risk conclusions are similar to or not as extensive as those
predicted in previous assessments. 

2.2	Nature of the Chemical Stressor

Thiamethoxam is very soluble (4100 mg/L) in water. The vapor pressure
(4.95 x 10-11 mm Hg) and Henry's Law Constant (4.65 x 10-15 atm m3/mol)
indicate that the compound is relatively non-volatile under field
conditions. The compound does not dissociate within the range of pH 2 to
12. All fate data requirements for thiamethoxam are fulfilled except for
the bioaccumulation fish study (165-4); however, the n-octanol water
partition coefficient (Log Kow = -0.13) for thiamethoxam indicates a low
potential for bioaccumulation. 

The principal routes of dissipation for thiamethoxam are
photodegradation in water, alkaline-catalyzed hydrolysis, and leaching.
Other probable routes of dissipation are aerobic aquatic metabolism and
foliar absorption. Aerobic aquatic metabolism is considered a probable
route of dissipation based on the different rates of degradation of
thiamethoxam in terrestrial and aquatic environments; thiamethoxam had
substantially lower half-lives (13.8 to16.8 days) in aerobic aquatic
environments as compared to aerobic soil environments (112 to 408 days).
This apparent difference in the persistence of thiamethoxam in
terrestrial and aquatic environments is likely to be due to hydrolysis
under alkaline pH conditions in the aerobic aquatic metabolism study. 
Additionally, root uptake, leaching, and foliar absorption are expected
to be a probable route of dissipation because thiamethoxam is a systemic
insecticide with an extremely low partitioning coefficient.

Additional environmental fate data can be found in the earlier
assessment (DP357206, May 18, 2009).   

3.	Exposure Summary

3.1.	Terrestrial Exposures

	

T-REX v1.4.1 was used to estimate potential exposures to birds and
mammals. Estimated concentrations of thiamethoxam to which birds and
mammals could be exposed via consumption of treated seed are in Table 3.
Additionally, Table 3 includes an estimate of available active
ingredient per square foot to which birds and mammals could be exposed.
EECs used to calculate risk quotients for birds and mammals that may
consume treated seeds are based on the concentration of thiamethoxam on
treated seeds. The proposed label indicates the amount of a.i. to be
applied (in mg) per seed, with an average number of alfalfa seeds per
pound (0.001 mg a.i./seed x 210,000 seeds/lb seed = 210 mg a.i./lb
seed).  In addition, the specific field loading restriction of 0.022 lb
a.i./acre is provided, although this can be considered a high-end
estimate because seeding rates are typically lower than 48 lb seed/acre
(210 mg a.i./lb seed * 100 lb seed x 0.0000022 lb/mg = 0.0463 lb
a.i./100 lb seed; 0.022 lb a.i./acre ÷ 0.0463 lb a.i./100 lb seed = 48
lb seed/acre). T-REX inputs and outputs are included in Appendix 1. 

Table 3. Avian and Mammalian Estimated Exposure Concentrations (EECs)
for Proposed and Registered Thiamethoxam Seed Treatments

Crop	Maximum Application Rate

(lb a.i./A)	Maximum Concentration on Seed

(mg a.i./kg-seed)	Avian Dose

(mg a.i./kg-bw/day)*	Mammalian Dose

(mg a.i./kg-bw/day)*	Available a.i.

(mg a.i./ft2)*

Cruiser

Alfalfa	0.022	463.00	1.17	0.98	0.0023

*Multiplied by 0.01 to account for incorporation requirement.



No toxicity studies were submitted for terrestrial plants; therefore,
potential exposures to terrestrial plants were not quantified.
Terrestrial exposure concentrations were not estimated for the
CGA-322704 degradate (clothianidin) because it is not expected to pose
additional toxicity concerns (see Section 3.3 and 4 of DP357206 (May 18,
2009) for additional information) at the amount and degradation pathway
that it is formed. 

	

Aquatic Exposures

The Tier II aquatic assessment was performed using PRZM (v3.12.2)/EXAMS
(v. 2.98.04.06) modeling with standard pond scenario. Detailed
description of these models can be found in a previous assessment
(DP357206, May 18, 2009). The parent thiamethoxam and the degradate
clothianidin were assessed separately. 

Exposure Estimates for the Parent Compound

The PRZM/EXAMS input parameters for thiamethoxam are shown in Table 4. 
Inputs are equivalent to those used in previous assessments (DP357206,
May 18, 2009).  Results of the PRZM/EXAMS modeling exercises are in
Table 5. PRZM/EXAMS outputs are included in Appendix 2. 

Since there are no standard scenarios for alfalfa, the organophosphate
(OP) alfalfa scenarios (CA, MN, NC, PA, TX) were used as surrogate
scenarios.  Application methods and rates were obtained from the
proposed labels for alfalfa seeds.  Considering the seed treatment, the
date of initial application of thiamethoxam was 7 days before the crop
emergence date from the respective crop scenarios.  

Table 4.  PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for Thiamethoxam

Input Parameter	Value	Comment	Source

Scenario(s):	Alfalfa: 

CA, MN, NC, PA, TX Alfalfa

	representative scenarios for each use	N/A 

Maximum Single 

Application Rate:

lb a.i./A (kg a.i./ha)	Alfalfa:  0.022  (0.025)

	proposed rates	proposed  label

Applications per Year	Seed Treatments:

Alfalfa:  1

	label directions.  Label specifies rates per season.  If crops are
rotated with those on which thiamethoxam is used, yearly rates may be
higher. 	proposed label

Application Interval (days)	N/A (single application only) 	intervals
were selected to reflect labeled application patterns.	proposed label

Date of Initial Application

(scenario: day-month)	

Alfalfa:

CA Alfalfa:  09-01

MN Alfalfa:  25-05

NC Alfalfa:  25-03

PA Alfalfa:  09-03

TX Alfalfa:  25-08

	7 days before crop emergence was selected for seed treatment scenarios.
 

	Crop Scenarios

Application Method	ground (seed treatment)	label directions	proposed
label

CAM Input	4	soil applied, user defined incorporation depth, uniform with
depth	proposed label

Incorporation Depth (cm.)	2.54 	label directions  (> 1 in.)	proposed
label

IPSCND Input	1	remaining pesticide on foliage is converted to surface
application to the top soil layer 	US EPA, 2005

Spray Drift Fraction	0	incorporated seed treatment	Input parameter
guidance (USEPA, 2009) 

Application Efficiency	1.00	seed treatment	Input parameter guidance 

(USEPA, 2009)

Molecular Mass (g/mol)	291.7	product chemistry data	US EPA, 2007

Vapor Pressure at 25°C (torr)	4.95 x 10-11	product chemistry data	US
EPA, 2007

Henry’s Law Constant

(atm-m3/mol)	4.65 x 10-15	calculated from volatility and solubility data
registrant submitted data

Solubility in Water at 25oC (mg/L)	4100	product chemistry data	US EPA,
2007

Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient (KOC) (L/kgOC)	70.23	represents the
average KOC	MRID 44703502

Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life (days)	480.92	represents the 90th
%-ile confidence bound on the mean half-life	MRID 44703418

MRID 44703419

MRID 44703501

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism Half-life (days)	19.92	represents the 90th
%-ile confidence bound on the mean half-life	MRID 44715032



Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism Half-life (days)	43.98	represents the 90th
%-ile confidence bound on the mean half-life	MRID 44715029

MRID 44715030

MRID 44715031

Hydrolysis Half-lives (days)	Stable	pH 7	MRID 44703417 

Aqueous Photolysis

Half-life (days)	4.46	represents the 90th %-ile confidence bound on the
mean half-life	MRID 44715032

 N/A = Not Applicable



Table 5. Thiamethoxam Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for
Surface Water Based on Selected Crop Scenarios

Proposed Label Use	PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app. date)	Application Rate 	Peak EEC

(µg/L)	21-day EEC

(µg/L)	60-day EEC (µg/L)

Alfalfa	CA Alfalfa

(January  9)

	1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre	0.18	0.16	0.13

	MN Alfalfa

(May 25)

	1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre	0.13	0.10	0.07

	NC Alfalfa

(March 25)

	1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre	0.26	0.23	0.17

	PA Alfalfa

(March 9)

	1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre	0.18	0.16	0.12

	TX Alfalfa

(August 25)

	1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre	0.42	0.30	0.20

Seed treatment is the method of application for all crop scenarios with
a 2.54 cm. incorporation depth, 100

% application efficiency and 0% spray drift.

1 = Bold EECs are the maximum concentrations predicted by the PRZM/EXAMS
model



3.2.2	Exposure Estimates for the Degradate CGA-322704 (Clothianidin)

The PRZM/EXAMS input parameters for CGA-322704 (clothianidin) are shown
in Table 6.  Inputs are equivalent to inputs used in previous
assessments (D357206). Results of the PRZM/EXAMS modeling exercises are
in Table 7. Clothianidin application rates were calculated using the
following equation:  

Application rate of clothianidin = (0.022, thiamethoxam application
rate) x (0.132, the maximum conversion rate from the degradation of
thiamethoxam to clothianidin in the field dissipation studies) x (0.86,
the molecular weight ratio of clothianidin to thiamethoxam)

Table 6.  PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for CGA-322704 (Clothianidin)1 

Input Parameter	Value	Comment	Source

Molecular Mass (g/mol)	249.7	Product chemistry data

	Vapor Pressure at 25°C (torr)	4.27 x 10-10	Product chemistry data

	Solubility in Water (mg/L)	300	Product chemistry data

	Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient (KOC) (L/kgOC)	188	Represents the
average KOC	MRID 454223-11

Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life (days)	744	Represents the 90th %-ile
confidence bound on the mean half-life	MRID 454223-25

MRID 454223-26



Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism Half-life (days)	1488	2X aerobic soil
half-life	No acceptable aerobic aquatic half-life

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism Half-life (days)	27 X 3	Selected input
parameter was multiplied by 3 according  to Guidance for selecting
inputs parameter in  modeling for environmental fate and transport of
pesticides, (U.S. EPA, 2009)	MRID 454223-20



Hydrolysis Half-lives (days)	Stable	pH 7	MRID 454223-17 

Aqueous Photolysis

Half-life (days)	1.1 to 34	Longest half-life of 34 days used instead of
aqueous photolysis half-life because of demonstrated persistence in
water and on soil surface exposed to sunlight.	MRID 454222-23 (soil)

MRID 454222-18

MRID 454222-22

MRID 454222-19

MRID 454222-21 (water)

Scenario	TX Alfalfa

N/A1

Maximum Single 

Application Rate	0.0025 lb a.i./acre*



Spray Drift Fraction	0.0	Default values 	Input parameter guidance (U.S.
EPA, 2009) 

Application Efficiency	1.0	Default values 	Input parameter guidance 

(U.S. EPA, 2009)

1 Input values obtained from clothianidin chapter (U.S. EPA, 2006) 

*Application rate of clothianidin = (0.022, thiamethoxam application
rate) x (0.132, the maximum conversion rate from the degradation of 
thiamethoxam to clothianidin  in the field dissipation studies) x (0.86,
the molecular weight ratio of clothianidin to thiamethoxam)



Table 7. Clothianidin Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for
Surface Water based on Selected Crop Scenarios

Proposed Label Use	PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app. date)	Application Rate* 	Peak 

EEC

(µg/L)	21-day 

EEC

(µg/L)	60-day EEC (µg/L)

Alfalfa	TX Alfalfa

(August 25)	1 app @ 0.0025 lb a.i./acre	0.13	0.13	0.12

*Application rate of clothianidin = (0.022, thiamethoxam application
rate) x (0.132, the maximum conversion rate from the degradation of 
thiamethoxam to clothianidin  in the field dissipation studies) x (0.86,
the molecular weight ratio of clothianidin to thiamethoxam)

Seed treatment is the method of application for all crop scenarios with
a 2.54 cm. incorporation depth; 100

% application efficiency and 0% spray drift is assumed.

4.	Ecological Effects Summary

4.1.	Toxicity Data for the Parent Compound

A summary of toxicity data, including data used to calculate RQs, is
provided in Table 8. Additional discussion of the data can be found in a
previous assessment (DP357206; May 18, 2009). 

Table 8. Thiamethoxam Toxicity Data

Study Type	Species	Toxicity Value	Toxicity Classification	MRID & Status

Acute – Freshwater Fish	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)	96-hr
LC50: >100,000 µg/L

NOAEC: 100,000 µg/L	Practically non-toxic	447149-16

Supplemental

Acute – Freshwater Fish	Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)	96-hr
LC50: >114,000 µg/L

NOAEC: 114,000 µg/L	Practically non-toxic	447149-17

Acceptable

Acute – Estuarine/Marine Fish	Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon
variegatus)	96-hr LC50: >111,000 µg/L

NOAEC: 111,000 µg/L	Practically non-toxic	447149-20

Acceptable

Chronic – Freshwater Fish	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)	NOAEC:
20,000 µg/L

LOAEC: >20,000 µg/L

(no effects on reproduction at 20,000 µg/L)	NA	447149-23

Supplemental

Acute – Freshwater Invertebrate	Water flea (Daphnia magna)	48-hr EC50:
>106,000 µg/L

NOAEC: 36,000 µg/L	Practically non-toxic	447149-19

Supplemental

Acute – Freshwater Invertebrate	Midge (Chironomus riparius)	48-hr
EC50: 35 µg/L *

NOAEC: 13 µg/L	Very highly toxic	447149-18

Acceptable

Acute – Freshwater Invertebrate	Red Swamp Crayfish

(Procambarus clarkii)	96-hr EC50: 2300 µg/L

(based on death and immobilization)

96-hr LC50: 2300-2600 µg/L

NOAEC: 650 µg/L	Moderately toxic	475581-06

Supplemental

Acute – Estuarine/Marine Invertebrate	Eastern oyster (Crassostrea
virginica)	96-hr LC50: >119,000 µg/L NOAEC: 74,000 µg/L	Practically
non-toxic	447149-21

Acceptable

Acute – Estuarine/Marine Invertebrate	Mysid shrimp (Americamysis
bahia)	96-hr LC50: 6900 µg/L *

NOAEC: <2000 µg/L	Moderately toxic	447149-22

Acceptable



Chronic – Freshwater Invertebrate	Water flea (Daphnia magna)	NOAEC:
50,000 µg/L

LOAEC: 101,000 µg/L

(number of neonates produced)	NA	447149-24

Supplemental

Aquatic – Non-vascular Plants	Green algae (Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata)	96 hr EC50: >97,000 µg/L

NOAEC: 97,000 µg/L

(no effects noted)	NA	447149-26

Acceptable

Aquatic – Vascular Plants	Duckweed (Lemna gibba)	7 day EC50: >90,000
µg/L

NOAEC: 22,000 µg/L

(no effects noted)	NA	447149-25

Acceptable

Acute – Avian Oral	Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus)	LD50: 1552
mg/kg-bw/day

NOAEC: 125 mg/kg-bw/day	Slightly toxic	447033-07

Acceptable

Acute – Avian Oral	Mallard Duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)	LD50: 576 mg/kg-bw/day*

NOAEC: Not determined	Slightly toxic	447033-07

Acceptable

Acute – Avian Dietary	Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus)	LC50: >5200
mg/kg-diet

NOAEC: 2600 mg/kg-diet	Practically non-toxic	447033-09

Acceptable

Acute – Avian Dietary	Mallard Duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)	LC50: >5200 mg/kg-diet

NOAEC: 1300 mg/kg-diet	Practically non-toxic	447033-10

Acceptable

Chronic – Avian Reproduction	Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus)
NOAEC: 900 mg/kg-diet

LOAEC: >900 mg/kg-diet

(reduced egg size)	NA	447033-12

Acceptable

Chronic – Avian Reproduction	Mallard Duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)	NOAEC: 300 mg/kg-diet*

LOAEC: 900 mg/kg-diet

(weight loss in parental males)	NA	447033-11

Acceptable

Acute – Mammalian Oral	Rat (Rattus norvegicus)	LD50: 1563 mg/kg-bw*
Slightly toxic	447033-14

Chronic – Mammalian Reproduction	Rat (Rattus norvegicus)	NOAEL: 10
mg/kg-bw/day*

LOAEL: 30 mg/kg-bw/day

(increased incidence and severity of tubular atrophy in the testes of
male rats)	NA	447187-07

Acute – Contact Toxicity	Honey Bee

(Apis mellifera)	LD50: 0.024 µg/bee

NOAEL: 0.005 µg/bee	Highly toxic	447149-27

Acceptable

Acute – Oral Toxicity	Honey Bee

(Apis mellifera)	LD50: 0.005 µg/bee

NOAEL: 0.002 µg/bee	Highly toxic	447149-27

Acceptable

Foliage Residue Toxicity	Honey Bee

(Apis mellifera)	RT25: Not determined	NA	447275-01

Supplemental

*Value used for risk quantification.



One midge study (MRID 447149-28) was submitted since the last assessment
and is currently under review. Two pollinator field studies (MRID
480533-01, 480533-02) that tested the effects of a thiamethoxam
formulation on winter oilseed rape in France have been submitted and
were reviewed since the last assessment. These studies were classified
as supplemental and were not used in this assessment because they do not
satisfy data requirements. The two major deviations were that mixture
products (i.e., the product formulation contained more than one active
ingredient) were used and that the tested application rates were lower
than the maximum labeled application rates.

4.2.	Toxicity Data for the Degradate CGA-322704 (Clothianidin)

A summary of the most sensitive definitive toxicity data for CGA-322704
(clothianidin) used to calculate RQs is in Table 9. Terrestrial animal
toxicity data are not included because clothianidin has demonstrated
similar or less toxicity in terrestrial organisms, including honey bees,
as compared to thiamethoxam. Additional information, including
qualitative, non-definitive, or endpoints less sensitive than the parent
compound, can be found in EFED’s 2005 Ecological Risk Assessment
Document (U.S. EPA, 2005b, DP 313414) produced for clothianidin. 

Table 9. Toxic Effects in Aquatic Invertebrates Due to Exposure to
Clothianidin

Test Type	Test Species	Product Tested

(% a.i.)	Toxicity Value

(µg/L)	Toxicity Classification	Study Classification	MRID #

Acute – Freshwater	Midge (Chironomus riparius)	97.6	48-hr EC50: 22*
Very highly toxic	Supplemental	454224-14



Chronic – Freshwater	Water flea (Daphnia magna)	96	LOAEC: 120

NOAEC: 42*

(based on reproduction)	NA	Supplemental	454224-12



Acute – Estuarine/

Marine	Mysid (Americamysis bahia)	97.6	96-hr LC50: 51*	Very highly toxic
Acceptable	454224-03

Chronic – Estuarine/

Marine	Mysid (Mysidopsis bahia)	97.6	LOAEC: 9.7

NOAEC: 5.1*

(based on reproduction)	NA	Acceptable	454224-05

*denotes values used to calculate RQs



Incidents

EFED maintains an incident database system called the Ecological
Incident Information System (EIIS) to track and evaluate accidental
kills associated with pesticide use. Based on the information contained
in the incident report, the likelihood of a particular pesticide causing
the incident is classified as highly probable, probable, possible, or
unlikely. If there are incidents, the information will be reviewed and
considered in conjunction with the degree to which the LOCs were
exceeded, information on sales, local use practices, and monitored
levels in the environment to determine whether the predicted effect
based on labeled use of the product is likely to occur or not.

A search of the EIIS database on December 7, 2010 yielded a few
incidents specifying bee mortalities; these incidents are currently
under review. No other taxa were identified as having been adversely
affected by thiamethoxam.  Although incident reporting is required under
FIFRA Section 6(a)(2), the absence of reports in EIIS does not indicate
that the chemical has no effects on wildlife; rather, it is possible
that incidents have gone unreported. A search of the EIIS database on
May 15, 2009 for incidents involving other neonicotinoids, including
clothianidin, imidacloprid, and dinotefuran, identified several
incidents. These incidents involved large numbers of bees as well as
birds, plants, crayfish, and fish and are currently under review.

Several incidents involving bee kills with other neonicotinoid
insecticides in Europe have been reported. For example, a bee kill
incident in Germany in May 2008 was likely caused by use of clothianidin
as a seed treatment for corn. A seed sticker was not used for the dust
treatment, and seeds were planted using upward rather than downward
venting equipment, which caused clothianidin dust particles to drift. In
addition, heavy rain caused the corn seed to be planted later than
normal when neighboring canola fields were already in bloom. Similar
incidents have occurred in France, Italy, and Slovenia, prompting the
need for regulatory action. A thorough review of all incidents is
currently underway. 

5.	Ecological Risks Summary

5.1.	Potential Risks of Thiamethoxam Exposure to Terrestrial Organisms

This assessment assumes that birds and mammals consume 100% of their
diet as treated seeds, and 1% of seeds are available to be consumed as
labels specify incorporation of treated seed to a depth of at least one
inch.  

Birds

Thiamethoxam is classified as practically non-toxic to birds on a
dietary basis and slightly toxic on an acute oral dose basis.  None of
the acute and chronic RQs exceeded levels of concern for birds exposed
to treated alfalfa seeds (Table 10). 

Mammals

Thiamethoxam is classified as slightly toxic to mammals on an acute oral
basis. Chronic effects observed at the LOAEL (30 mg/kg-bw/day) for
mammals included increased incidence and severity of tubular atrophy in
the testes of male rats. None of the acute or chronic RQs exceeded
concern levels (Table 10) for the proposed alfalfa use. 

Table 10.  Summary of Avian and Mammalian RQs for Thiamethoxam (Cruiser)
Seed Treatment Use

Use	Avian (20 g)	Mammalian (15 g)

	Acute

(Method 1)1	Acute (Method 2)2	Chronic3	Acute

(Method 1)1	Acute

(Method 2)2	Chronic3

Cruiser

Alfalfa*	<0.01	<0.01	0.02	<0.01	<0.01	0.02

*RQs based on EECs multiplied by an incorporation factor of 0.01 to
account for burying of seed.

1Method 1 calculated using the following equation: RQ = (mg
a.i./kg-bw/day) / LD50

2Method 2 calculated using the following equation: RQ = (mg a.i./ft2) /
(LD50 * bw)

3Chronic RQ calculated using the following formula: RQ = (mg a.i./kg
seed) / NOAEC



Terrestrial Plants

Data were not submitted to assess the toxicity of thiamethoxam to
terrestrial plants. Therefore, risks to terrestrial and semi-aquatic
plants are assumed. 

Terrestrial Invertebrates

Currently, EFED does not quantify potential risks of pesticides to
non-listed terrestrial non-target arthropods. However, based on the data
submitted on honey bee toxicity, thiamethoxam is highly toxic to honey
bees (LD50 = 0.024 and 0.005 µg/bee on an acute contact and oral
exposure basis, respectively). Because thiamethoxam is a systemic,
persistent insecticide, EFED assumes risks to non-target terrestrial
invertebrates, including pollinators such as bees, due to exposure to
translocated thiamethoxam residues, including its degradate
clothianidin, in pollen and nectar. While the degree to which
thiamethoxam is metabolized to clothianidin within the plant is unknown
and may vary by crop, clothianidin has similar toxicity to thiamethoxam,
which is demonstrated by acute contact and oral honey bee data.
Pollinator field study data have been requested to reduce uncertainties
and better characterize potential effects through the possible routes of
exposure; some data were received but were classified as supplemental
and do not satisfy data requirements (see Section 4.1). 

EFED’s supposition of potential risks to pollinators and other
non-target beneficial arthropods is supported by incidents associated
with other neonicotinoids in Europe (see Section 4.3). A practice to
mitigate risks to non-target arthropods, which may provide commercially
important pollination and other ecological services, includes, but is
not limited to, establishing and maintaining alternative untreated
habitat and forage in areas surrounding agricultural fields.

5.2.	Potential Risks of Thiamethoxam Exposure to Aquatic Organisms

5.2.1.	Fish

A definitive LC50 was not established for thiamethoxam for either
freshwater or estuarine/marine fish. As a result, acute risk quotients
were not calculated for fish. However, a comparison of the established
NOAEC values of 100,000 µg/L for rainbow trout, 114,000 µg/L for
bluegill sunfish, and 111,000 µg/L for sheepshead minnow from acute
exposure studies with the estimated peak surface water concentrations of
thiamethoxam, which ranged from 0.13 to 0.42 µg/L, suggest that
estimated peak exposure concentrations are well below the concentrations
shown to result in no adverse effects to both freshwater and
estuarine/marine fish. Therefore, potential risks do not trigger
concerns at this time for either freshwater or estuarine/marine fish on
the acute exposure basis.  

Although no chronic effects on reproduction were noted, a comparison of
the highest dose tested in the study (20,000 µg/L) for freshwater
rainbow trout with the 60-day average EECs (0.07 to 0.20 µg/L)
indicated that exposure estimates are well below concern levels for
potential chronic risks to freshwater fish. Although chronic data were
not submitted for estuarine/marine fish, chronic risks would similarly
fall below concern levels as acute freshwater and estuarine/marine fish
data do not suggest a difference in sensitivity across media. 

5.2.2	Aquatic Invertebrates

A summary of risk quotients based on acute exposure of freshwater midge
and estuarine/marine mysid to thiamethoxam is presented in Table 11,
below. There are no acute LOC exceedances for freshwater or
estuarine/marine invertebrates. Chronic RQs for freshwater invertebrates
(daphnids) based on exposure to thiamethoxam do not exceed LOCs based on
the NOAEC value of 50,000 µg/L and peak exposure concentrations of 0.30
µg/L and less. However, thiamethoxam was more acutely toxic to the
freshwater midge than the daphnid. In the absence of chronic midge data,
the acute to chronic ratio (ACR) was used to predict a NOAEC for the
midge. Based on the ACR-derived midge NOAEC (NOAEC <16.51 µg/L, see
Section 4.1.2 of a previous assessment; DP357206, May 18, 2009), it is
possible for chronic LOCs to be exceeded (chronic EECs ranged from 0.10
to 0.30 µg/L). Chronic risk to freshwater invertebrates cannot be ruled
out until acceptable chronic midge data (satisfied by the 850.1735
guideline) providing a definitive NOAEC is submitted to the Agency.
Since the ACR-derived midge NOAEC is non-definitive (<16.51 µg/L),
chronic risks to freshwater invertebrates were assumed to exceed listed
species LOCs for the proposed use. Additionally, either the chronic
midge data or a chronic mysid study is needed to evaluate risks to
estuarine/marine invertebrates. In the absence of this data, chronic
risks to estuarine/marine invertebrates were assumed for listed species.
 SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 

Table 11. Acute Risk Quotients for Aquatic Invertebrates Thiamethoxam
Applications Based on Selected Crop Scenarios

Proposed Label Use	PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app. date)	Application Rate 	Peak 

EEC

(µg/L)	Freshwater

Acute RQ	Estuarine/

Marine 

Acute RQ

Alfalfa	TX Alfalfa

(August 25)

	1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre	0.42	0.01	<0.01

Seed treatment is the method of application for all crop scenarios with
a 2.54 cm. incorporation depth, 100

% application efficiency and 0% spray drift.    



Aquatic Plants

Potential risks to aquatic plants from the proposed new uses of
thiamethoxam were evaluated using the toxicity data for a vascular plant
(Lemna gibba) and a non-vascular plant (Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata). Toxicity values for these two aquatic plants were
non-definitive (> than the highest concentration tested); therefore,
risks for the above species were ascertained based on the comparisons of
estimated peak thiamethoxam concentrations in surface water and the
non-definitive toxicity values. The most conservative peak EEC (0.42
µg/L) is several orders of magnitude lower than the non-definitive
toxicity values for vascular (EC50 >90,000 µg/L) and non-vascular (EC50
>97,000 µg/L) plants; therefore, risks to aquatic plants are presumably
less than concern levels. 

5.3.	Potential Risks of Major Degradate CGA-322704 (Clothianidin)
Exposure to Aquatic Organisms

RQs did not exceed the acute or chronic LOCs for freshwater
invertebrates exposed to the degradate CGA-322704 (clothianidin) as a
result of the proposed thiamethoxam application (Table 12). 

Table 12. Risk Quotients for Freshwater Invertebrates Exposed to Major
Degradate CGA-322704 (Clothianidin) of Thiamethoxam for Surface Water

Proposed Label Use	Peak EEC 

(µg/L)	Acute RQ	21-day EEC 

(µg/L)	Chronic RQ

Alfalfa	0.13	0.01	0.13	<0.01

*Application rate of clothianidin = (thiamethoxam application rate) x
(0.132, the maximum conversion rate from the degradation of thiamethoxam
to clothianidin in the field dissipation studies) x (0.86, the molecular
weight ratio of clothianidin to thiamethoxam).

Seed treatment is the method of application for all crop scenarios with
a 2.54 cm. incorporation depth; 100

% application efficiency and 0% spray drift is assumed.



RQs did not exceed acute or chronic LOCs for estuarine/marine
invertebrates exposed to the degradate CGA-322704 (clothianidin) as a
result of the proposed thiamethoxam application rates (Table 13).

Table 13. Risk Quotients for Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates Exposed to
Major Degradate CGA-322704 (Clothianidin) of Thiamethoxam for Surface
Water

Proposed Label Use	Peak EEC 

(µg/L)	Acute RQ	21-day EEC 

(µg/L)	Chronic RQ

Alfalfa	0.13	<0.01	0.13	0.02

*Application rate of clothianidin = (thiamethoxam application rate) x
(0.132, the maximum conversion rate from the degradation of 
thiamethoxam to clothianidin  in the field dissipation studies) x (0.86,
the molecular weight ratio of clothianidin to thiamethoxam)/

Seed treatment is the method of application for all crop scenarios with
a 2.54 cm. incorporation depth; 100

% application efficiency and 0% spray drift is assumed. 

6.	Data Gaps and Uncertainties

The following five studies have been identified as data gaps according
to the 40 CFR Part 158 data requirements. Receipt of acceptable studies
would reduce risk characterization uncertainties. 

1. Whole Sediment Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Invertebrates
(850.1735): 

This 28-day study measures survival, growth, and emergence of Chironomus
riparius that has been exposed to pesticide-spiked sediment and
overlying water. EFED recommends that a request be made for this acute
sediment toxicity test, which also measures chronic effects, because
thiamethoxam is very highly toxic to midge and is persistent in the
environment. The previously submitted study on midge (MRID 447149-18)
larvae exposed to thiamethoxam-spiked water solution and is 48 hours in
duration. Therefore, chronic risks to sediment-dwelling midge could not
be comprehensively assessed using this study. Prior to initiation of
this study, a protocol should be submitted to EFED for approval.

2. Field Test for Pollinators (850.3040): 

Because thiamethoxam is highly toxic to bees on an acute exposure basis
and is a persistent, mobile, and systemic insecticide, pollinators have
a high potential of being exposed to and affected by residues of
thiamethoxam and its degradation products (clothianidin) in pollen and
nectar of plants. EFED recommends that the registrant conduct field
studies at maximum proposed label rates using crops that are attractive
to bees (e.g., pears or apples) for seed treatment, foliar, and soil
applications. These three studies should be conducted in consultation
with EFED and should examine the exposure and effects to adults and
larvae. The studies should measure the amount of thiamethoxam
translocated to the nectar and pollen of the target crop and rotational
crops and potential adverse effects, including sublethal effects.

tudies are not required unless Tier I studies indicate a ≥ 25% effect
to various growth parameters relative to the control. Currently, the
lack of these data results in a presumption of indirect effects to all
listed species based on potential habitat modification.

equired unless Tier I studies indicate a ≥ 25% effect to various
growth parameters relative to the control. Currently, the lack of these
data results in a presumption of indirect effects to all listed species
based on potential habitat modification.

5. Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test (850.2100): Data are required for one
passerine species and either one waterfowl species or one upland game
bird species for terrestrial, aquatic, forestry, and residential outdoor
uses.  The current method of calculating a weight-adjusted LD50 using
bobwhite quail or mallard duck data may over- or under-estimate risks to
passerines because these birds may metabolize the chemical differently.
Because the 850.2100 guideline has not yet been finalized, protocols for
the study of passerine species should be submitted to EPA for approval
prior to study initiation.

Additionally, the following uncertainties were identified for this risk
assessment:

Studies are not available to document the toxic effects of thiamethoxam
on chronic exposure basis to both estuarine/marine fish and
invertebrates. However, the acute studies for both freshwater fish and
estuarine/marine fish do not suggest a great difference in toxicity
across media; effects are expected to be similar for both freshwater and
estuarine/marine fish. Currently, risks are assumed to estuarine/marine
invertebrates on a chronic basis; if a definitive chronic freshwater
midge study (850.1735; see data gap #1) is received, the
acute-to-chronic ratio method can also be used to extrapolate risks to
estuarine/marine invertebrates as follows:                              
                                    Chronic toxicitymysid shrimp= Acute
toxicitymysid shrimp x Chronic toxicitymidge / Acute toxicitymidge.     
                                                                        
                               However, the acute-to-chronic ratio adds
uncertainty to the risk estimation because the actual toxicity value and
the resulting risk quotients may be over- or under-estimated. 

This risk assessment only considered the most sensitive of the species
evaluated in the registrant-submitted studies. The position of the
tested species relative to the distribution of all species’
sensitivities to thiamethoxam is unknown. Extrapolating the risk
conclusions from the most sensitive tested species to non-tested species
may either underestimate or overestimate the potential risks to those
species. The acute toxicity of thiamethoxam to midge (EC50 = 35 µg/L)
and water flea (EC50 >106,000 µg/L) highlights this point. 

7.	Listed Species

This assessment identified potential direct effects to terrestrial
invertebrates.  Also, potential risks to listed terrestrial plants were
assumed to exceed concern levels due to the absence of toxicity data for
terrestrial plants. LOC exceedances for listed species are summarized in
Table 14.  

Table 14.  Potential Effects to Federally Listed Taxa

Listed Taxa	Direct Effects1	Indirect Effects2

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants – monocots and dicots	Yes	Yes

Birds	No	Yes

Terrestrial-phase amphibians	No	Yes

Reptiles	No	Yes

Mammals	No 	Yes

Aquatic plants	No	Yes

Freshwater fish	No	Yes

Aquatic-phase amphibians	No	Yes

Freshwater invertebrates	No – Acute

Yes – Chronic 	Yes

Mollusks	No	Yes

Marine/estuarine fish	No	Yes

Marine/estuarine invertebrates	No – Acute

Yes – Chronic	Yes

Terrestrial invertebrates	Yes	Yes

1Risks to terrestrial plants and chronic risks to all aquatic
invertebrates were assumed due to the absence of data, and there is
potential for risks to terrestrial invertebrates even though a method
for risk quantification is not in practice. 

2Indirect effects to a listed species occur when its prey base is
reduced or habitat is modified. Indirect effects to all taxa are assumed
due to lack of terrestrial plant data. 



LOCATES was used to determine co-occurrence of listed species and the
proposed uses of thiamethoxam application to alfalfa seed. These species
are included in Appendix 3. Appendix 1: T-REX Inputs/Outputs

Note: EECs and RQs have not been modified to account for incorporation
in the following outputs. 

Input:

Crop	Maximum Seeding Rate

(lb seed/acre)	Reference	Application Rate

(fl oz/cwt)	Application Rate

(lb a.i./cwt)

Alfalfa	48	Proposed label	0	0.0463



Output:

Crop	Maximum Application Rate

(lb a.i./acre)	Maximum Seed Application Rate

(mg a.i./kg seed)	Avian Nagy Dose

(mg a.i./kg-bw/day)	Mammalian Nagy Dose

(mg a.i./kg-bw/day)	Available a.i.

(mg a.i./ft2)

Alfalfa	0.0222	463.00	117.18	98.10	0.23



Crop	Risk Quotients

	Avian (20 g)	Mammalian (15 g)

	Acute (# 1)	Acute (# 2)	Chronic	Acute (# 1)	Acute (# 2)	Chronic

Alfalfa	0.39	0.04	1.54	0.03	0.00	2.32



Appendix 2: PRZM/EXAMS Outputs

Thiamethoxam

Clothianidin

stored as TXalfalfa0.0025eco.out







Chemical: Clothianidin







PRZM environment: TXalfalfaOP.txt	modified Thuday, 14 June 2007 at
10:23:54



EXAMS environment: pond298.exv	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at
05:14:07



Metfile: w13958.dvf	modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:14:43



Water segment concentrations (ppb)















Year	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

1961	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.01

1962	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.17	0.16	0.08

1963	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.13	0.11

1964	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.10	0.10	0.08

1965	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.12	0.12	0.09

1966	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.09

1967	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.07

1968	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.06

1969	0.11	0.11	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.07

1970	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.07

1971	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.05

1972	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03

1973	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.05

1974	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.08

1975	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.08

1976	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.07

1977	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.06

1978	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.05

1979	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04

1980	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03

1981	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.04

1982	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04

1983	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03

1984	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03

1985	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03

1986	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.04

1987	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.05

1988	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.06

1989	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04

1990	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03









Sorted results







Prob.	Peak	96 hr	21 Day	60 Day	90 Day	Yearly

0.03	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.17	0.16	0.11

0.06	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.13	0.09

0.10	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.12	0.12	0.09

0.13	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.08

0.16	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.10	0.10	0.08

0.19	0.11	0.11	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.08

0.23	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.08

0.26	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.07

0.29	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.07

0.32	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.07

0.35	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.07

0.39	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.06

0.42	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.06

0.45	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.06

0.48	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.05

0.52	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.05

0.55	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.05

0.58	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.05

0.61	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.04

0.65	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.05	0.04

0.68	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04

0.71	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04

0.74	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04

0.77	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.03

0.81	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03

0.84	0.05	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03

0.87	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03

0.90	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03

0.94	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03

0.97	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.01









0.10	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.12	0.12	0.09





	Average of yearly averages:	0.06









Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006













	Data used for this run:







Output File: TXalfalfa0.0025eco







Metfile:	w13958.dvf





	PRZM scenario:	TXalfalfaOP.txt





EXAMS environment file:	pond298.exv





Chemical Name:	Clothianidin





Description	Variable Name	Value	Units	Comments



Molecular weight	mwt	249.7	g/mol



	Henry's Law Const.	henry

atm-m^3/mol



Vapor Pressure	vapr	4.27E-10	torr



	Solubility	sol	300	mg/L



	Kd	Kd

mg/L



	Koc	Koc	188	mg/L



	Photolysis half-life	kdp	34	days	Half-life



Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacw	1488	days	Halfife



Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	kbacs	81	days	Halfife



Aerobic Soil Metabolism	asm	744	days	Halfife



Hydrolysis:	pH 7	0	days	Half-life



Method:	CAM	4	integer	See PRZM manual

	Incorporation Depth:	DEPI	2.54	cm



	Application Rate:	TAPP	0.003	kg/ha



	Application Efficiency:	APPEFF	1	fraction



	Spray Drift	DRFT	0	fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date	Date	25-08	dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17:	FILTRA







IPSCND	1





	UPTKF





	Record 18:	PLVKRT







PLDKRT







FEXTRC	0.5





Flag for Index Res. Run	IR	EPA Pond





Flag for runoff calc.	RUNOFF	none	none, monthly or total(average of
entire run)



Appendix 3: LOCATES Run

	Species Listing by State with Use Criteria

	No species were excluded

	Minimum of 1 Acre.

	All Medium Types Reported

	Mammal, Marine mml, Bird, Amphibian, Reptile, Fish, Crustacean,
Bivalve, 

	Gastropod, Arachnid, Insect, Dicot, Monocot, Ferns, Conf/cycds, Coral,
Lichen

	alfalfa seed

	Arizona	( 21) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Frog, Chiricahua Leopard	Threatened	Amphibian	No

	(Rana chiricahuensis)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Eagle, Bald	Threatened	Bird	No

	(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)	Terrestrial

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	Terrestrial

	Owl, Mexican Spotted	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Strix occidentalis lucida)	Terrestrial

	Pygmy-owl, Cactus Ferruginous	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum)	Terrestrial

	Rail, Yuma Clapper	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Rallus longirostris yumanensis)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii)	Terrestrial

	Cliffrose, Arizona	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Purshia (=cowania) subintegra)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Gila	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila intermedia)	Freshwater

	Minnow, Loach	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Tiaroga cobitis)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Desert	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Cyprinodon macularius)	Freshwater

	Spikedace	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Meda fulgida)	Freshwater

	Squawfish, Colorado	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Poeciliopsis occidentalis)	Freshwater

	Trout, Apache	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus apache)	Freshwater

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 1 of 21

	Arizona	( 21) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Trout, Gila	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus gilae)	Freshwater

	Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long-nosed	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae)	Subterraneous, Terrestrial

	Jaguar	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Panthera onca)	Terrestrial

	Pronghorn, Sonoran	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Antilocapra americana sonoriensis)	Terrestrial

	California	( 151) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Frog, California Red-legged	Threatened	Amphibian	Yes

	(Rana aurora draytonii)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Gopherus agassizii)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Salamander, California Tiger	Endangered	Amphibian	No

	(Ambystoma californiense)	Terrestrial, Vernal pool

	Toad, Arroyo Southwestern	Endangered	Amphibian	Yes

	(Bufo californicus (=microscaphus))	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Condor, California	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Gymnogyps californianus)	Terrestrial

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	Terrestrial

	Gnatcatcher, Coastal California	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Polioptila californica californica)	Terrestrial

	Murrelet, Marbled	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus)	Freshwater, Terrestrial,
Saltwater

	Owl, Northern Spotted	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Strix occidentalis caurina)	Terrestrial

	Plover, Western Snowy	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus)	Terrestrial

	Rail, California Clapper	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Rallus longirostris obsoletus)	Terrestrial

	Rail, Light-footed Clapper	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Rallus longirostris levipes)	Terrestrial

	Rail, Yuma Clapper	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Rallus longirostris yumanensis)	Terrestrial

	Shrike, San Clemente Loggerhead	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi)	Terrestrial

	Sparrow, San Clemente Sage	Threatened	Bird	No

	(Amphispiza belli clementeae)	Terrestrial

	Tern, California Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum browni)	Terrestrial

	Vireo, Least Bell's	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Vireo bellii pusillus)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 2 of 21

	California	( 151) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Branchinecta conservatio)	Vernal pool

	Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Branchinecta longiantenna)	Vernal pool

	Fairy Shrimp, Riverside	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Streptocephalus woottoni)	Vernal pool

	Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool	Threatened	Crustacean	Yes

	(Branchinecta lynchi)	Vernal pool

	Shrimp, California Freshwater	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Syncaris pacifica)	Freshwater

	Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool	Endangered	Crustacean	Yes

	(Lepidurus packardi)	Vernal pool

	Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Pseudobahia peirsonii)	Terrestrial

	Barberry, Nevin's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Berberis nevinii)	Terrestrial

	Bird's-beak, Palmate-bracted	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cordylanthus palmatus)	Terrestrial

	Bird's-beak, Pennell's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris)	Terrestrial

	Bird's-beak, salt marsh	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus)	Saltwater

	Bladderpod, San Bernardino Mountains	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Lesquerella kingii ssp. bernardina)	Terrestrial

	Bluecurls, Hidden Lake	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum)	Terrestrial

	Broom, San Clemente Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lotus dendroideus ssp. traskiae)	Terrestrial

	Buckwheat, Cushenbury	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum)	Terrestrial

	Buckwheat, Southern Mountain Wild	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum)	Terrestrial

	Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Malacothamnus clementinus)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Bakersfield	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Opuntia treleasei)	Terrestrial

	Checker-mallow, Keck's	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Sidalcea keckii)	Terrestrial

	Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida)	Terrestrial

	Checker-mallow, Pedate	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sidalcea pedata)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 3 of 21

	California	( 151) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Clarkia, Springville	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Clarkia springvillensis)	Terrestrial

	Clarkia, Vine Hill	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Clarkia imbricata)	Terrestrial

	Clover, Fleshy Owl's	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta)	Vernal pool

	Clover, Showy Indian	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Trifolium amoenum)	Terrestrial

	Daisy, Parish's	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Erigeron parishii)	Freshwater

	Dudleya, Marcescent	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens)	Terrestrial

	Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya setchellii)	Terrestrial

	Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia)	Terrestrial

	Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii)	Terrestrial

	Fiddleneck, Large-flowered	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Amsinckia grandiflora)	Terrestrial

	Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pseudobahia bahiifolia)	Terrestrial

	Goldfields, Burke's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lasthenia burkei)	Terrestrial

	Grass, Hairy Orcutt	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Orcuttia pilosa)	Vernal pool

	Grass, Sacramento Orcutt	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Orcuttia viscida)	Vernal pool

	Grass, Slender Orcutt	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Orcuttia tenuis)	Vernal pool

	Jewelflower, California	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Caulanthus californicus)	Terrestrial

	Larkspur, Baker's	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Delphinium bakeri)	Terrestrial

	Larkspur, San Clemente Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense)	Terrestrial

	Larkspur, Yellow	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Delphinium luteum)	Terrestrial

	Lupine, Clover	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lupinus tidestromii)	Coastal (neritic)

	Mallow, Kern	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Eremalche kernensis)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 4 of 21

	California	( 151) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Meadowfoam, Butte County	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica)	Vernal pool

	Meadowfoam, Sebastopol	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Limnanthes vinculans)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Braunton's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus brauntonii)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus clarianus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Cushenbury	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus albens)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Lane Mountain	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus jaegerianus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Pierson's	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Triple-ribbed	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus tricarinatus)	Terrestrial

	Mountain-mahogany, Catalina Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Cercocarpus traskiae)	Terrestrial

	Mustard, Slender-petaled	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Thelypodium stenopetalum)	Terrestrial

	Navarretia, Spreading	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Navarretia fossalis)	Vernal pool

	Oxytheca, Cushenbury	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana)	Terrestrial

	Paintbrush, Ash-grey Indian	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Castilleja cinerea)	Terrestrial

	Paintbrush, San Clemente Island Indian	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Castilleja grisea)	Terrestrial

	Pentachaeta, Lyon's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pentachaeta lyonii)	Terrestrial

	Phlox, Yreka	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Phlox hirsuta)	Terrestrial

	Pussypaws, Mariposa	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Calyptridium pulchellum)	Terrestrial

	Rock-cress, Santa Cruz Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sibara filifolia)	Terrestrial

	Rush-rose, Island	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Helianthemum greenei)	Terrestrial

	Sandwort, Bear Valley	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Arenaria ursina)	Terrestrial

	Spineflower, Slender-horned	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Dodecahema leptoceras)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 5 of 21

	California	( 151) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Spineflower, Sonoma	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Chorizanthe valida)	Terrestrial

	Spurge, Hoover's	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Chamaesyce hooveri)	Vernal pool

	Stickyseed, Baker's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Blennosperma bakeri)	Vernal pool

	Taraxacum, California	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Taraxacum californicum)	Terrestrial

	Tuctoria, Green's	Endangered	Dicot	Yes

	(Tuctoria greenei)	Vernal pool

	Watercress, Gambel's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Rorippa gambellii)	Terrestrial, Brackish, Freshwater

	Woodland-star, San Clemente Island	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lithophragma maximum)	Terrestrial

	Woolly-star, Santa Ana River	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum)	Terrestrial

	Woolly-threads, San Joaquin	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Monolopia (=Lembertia) congdonii)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Bonytail	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila elegans)	Freshwater

	Chub, Hutton Tui	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Gila bicolor ssp.)	Freshwater

	Chub, Mohave Tui	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Gila bicolor mohavensis)	Freshwater

	Goby, Tidewater	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Eucyclogobius newberryi)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Desert	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Cyprinodon macularius)	Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (California Coastal Run)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Chinook (Central Valley Fall Run)	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Central Valley Spring Run)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Sacramento River Winter Run)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Saltwater, Freshwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Coho (Central California Coast population)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch)	Saltwater, Brackish, Freshwater

	Salmon, Coho (Southern OR/Northern CA Coast)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Smelt, Delta	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Hypomesus transpacificus)	Freshwater, Brackish

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 6 of 21

	California	( 151) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Squawfish, Colorado	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	Freshwater

	Steelhead, (California Central Valley population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

	Steelhead, (Central California Coast population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Steelhead, (Northern California population)	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Saltwater, Brackish, Freshwater

	Steelhead, (Southern California population)	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Stickleback, Unarmored Threespine	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni)	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, green	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Acipenser medirostris)	Saltwater

	Sucker, Lost River	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Deltistes luxatus)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Modoc	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Catostomus microps)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Santa Ana	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Catostomus santaanae)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Chasmistes brevirostris)	Freshwater

	Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)	Freshwater

	Trout, Little Kern Golden	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei)	Freshwater

	Trout, Paiute Cutthroat	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris)	Freshwater

	Abalone, White	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Haliotis sorenseni)	Saltwater

	Beetle, Valley Elderberry Longhorn	Threatened	Insect	Yes

	(Desmocerus californicus dimorphus)	Terrestrial

	Butterfly, Behren's Silverspot	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Speyeria zerene behrensii)	Terrestrial

	Butterfly, El Segundo Blue	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Euphilotes battoides allyni)	Terrestrial

	Butterfly, Myrtle's Silverspot	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Speyeria zerene myrtleae)	Terrestrial

	Butterfly, Palos Verdes Blue	Endangered	Insect	Yes

	(Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 7 of 21

	California	( 151) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Fly, Delhi Sands Flower-loving	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis)	Terrestrial

	Moth, Kern Primrose Sphinx	Threatened	Insect	No

	(Euproserpinus euterpe)	Terrestrial

	Skipper, Carson Wandering	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus)	Terrestrial

	Fox, San Joaquin Kit	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Vulpes macrotis mutica)	Terrestrial

	Fox, Santa Catalina Island	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Urocyon littoralis catalinae)	Terrestrial

	Kangaroo Rat, Fresno	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Dipodomys nitratoides exilis)	Terrestrial

	Kangaroo Rat, Giant	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Dipodomys ingens)	Terrestrial

	Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino Merriam's	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Dipodomys merriami parvus)	Terrestrial

	Kangaroo Rat, Stephens'	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. cascus))	Terrestrial

	Kangaroo Rat, Tipton	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides)	Terrestrial

	Mouse, Pacific Pocket	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Perognathus longimembris pacificus)	Terrestrial

	Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Reithrodontomys raviventris)	Terrestrial

	Rabbit, Riparian Brush	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Sylvilagus bachmani riparius)	Terrestrial

	Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Ovis canadensis)	Terrestrial

	Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Sorex ornatus relictus)	Terrestrial

	Vole, Amargosa	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Microtus californicus scirpensis)	Terrestrial

	Woodrat, Riparian	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Neotoma fuscipes riparia)	Terrestrial

	Alopecurus, Sonoma	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis)	Terrestrial

	Bluegrass, San Bernardino	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Poa atropurpurea)	Terrestrial

	Brodiaea, Thread-leaved	Threatened	Monocot	Yes

	(Brodiaea filifolia)	Terrestrial

	Grass, Colusa	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Neostapfia colusana)	Vernal pool

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 8 of 21

	California	( 151) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt	Threatened	Monocot	Yes

	(Orcuttia inaequalis)	Vernal pool

	Grass, Solano	Endangered	Monocot	Yes

	(Tuctoria mucronata)	Vernal pool, Terrestrial

	Lily, Pitkin Marsh	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense)	Freshwater

	Sedge, White	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Carex albida)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Lizard, Blunt-nosed Leopard	Endangered	Reptile	No

	(Gambelia silus)	Terrestrial

	Lizard, Island Night	Threatened	Reptile	No

	(Xantusia riversiana)	Terrestrial

	Snake, Giant Garter	Threatened	Reptile	No

	(Thamnophis gigas)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Tortoise, Desert	Threatened	Reptile	Yes

	(Gopherus agassizii)	Terrestrial

	Colorado	( 7) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Owl, Mexican Spotted	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Strix occidentalis lucida)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Uinta Basin Hookless	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sclerocactus glaucus)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Bonytail	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila elegans)	Freshwater

	Chub, Humpback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila cypha)	Freshwater

	Squawfish, Colorado	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Ferret, Black-footed	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Mustela nigripes)	Terrestrial

	Idaho	( 10) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Sturgeon, White	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Acipenser transmontanus)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Trout, Bull	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Klamath River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Limpet, Banbury Springs	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Lanx sp.)	Freshwater

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 9 of 21

	Idaho	( 10) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Snail, Bliss Rapids	Threatened	Gastropod	No

	(Taylorconcha serpenticola)	Freshwater

	Snail, Snake River Physa	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Physa natricina)	Terrestrial

	Springsnail, Bruneau Hot	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis)	Freshwater

	Bear, Grizzly	Threatened	Mammal	No

	(Ursus arctos horribilis)	Terrestrial

	Caribou, Woodland	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Rangifer tarandus caribou)	Terrestrial

	Iowa	( 13) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum)	Terrestrial

	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus capax)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis higginsii)	Freshwater

	Clover, Prairie Bush	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lespedeza leptostachya)	Terrestrial

	Milkweed, Mead's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Asclepias meadii)	Terrestrial

	Monkshood, Northern Wild	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Aconitum noveboracense)	Terrestrial

	Shiner, Topeka	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Snail, Iowa Pleistocene	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Discus macclintocki)	Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Myotis sodalis)	Subterraneous, Terrestrial

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera leucophaea)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Kansas	( 12) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Crane, Whooping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Grus americana)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 10 of 21

	Kansas	( 12) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum)	Terrestrial

	Milkweed, Mead's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Asclepias meadii)	Terrestrial

	Madtom, Neosho	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Noturus placidus)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Arkansas River	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis girardi)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Topeka	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Beetle, American Burying	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Nicrophorus americanus)	Terrestrial

	Bat, Gray	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Myotis grisescens)	Subterraneous, Terrestrial

	Ferret, Black-footed	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Mustela nigripes)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Michigan	( 7) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

	Thistle, Pitcher's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Cirsium pitcheri)	Terrestrial

	Butterfly, Karner Blue	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)	Terrestrial

	Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald	Endangered	Insect	Yes

	(Somatochlora hineana)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Myotis sodalis)	Subterraneous, Terrestrial

	Iris, Dwarf Lake	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Iris lacustris)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera leucophaea)	Terrestrial

	Minnesota	( 7) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

	Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis higginsii)	Freshwater

	Clover, Prairie Bush	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lespedeza leptostachya)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 11 of 21

	Minnesota	( 7) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Butterfly, Karner Blue	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)	Terrestrial

	Lynx, Canada	Threatened	Mammal	No

	(Lynx canadensis)	Terrestrial

	Lily, Minnesota Trout	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Erythronium propullans)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Missouri	( 17) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum)	Terrestrial

	Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel)	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Lampsilis abrupta)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Scaleshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Leptodea leptodon)	Freshwater

	Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Quadrula fragosa)	Freshwater

	Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Potamilus capax)	Freshwater

	Aster, Decurrent False	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Boltonia decurrens)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Clover, Running Buffalo	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Trifolium stoloniferum)	Terrestrial

	Milkweed, Mead's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Asclepias meadii)	Terrestrial

	Sneezeweed, Virginia	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Helenium virginicum)	Vernal pool

	Cavefish, Ozark	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Amblyopsis rosae)	Freshwater

	Darter, Niangua	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Etheostoma nianguae)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Topeka	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Beetle, American Burying	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Nicrophorus americanus)	Terrestrial

	Bat, Gray	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Myotis grisescens)	Subterraneous, Terrestrial

	Bat, Indiana	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Myotis sodalis)	Subterraneous, Terrestrial

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 12 of 21

	Montana	( 6) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Crane, Whooping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Grus americana)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Bear, Grizzly	Threatened	Mammal	No

	(Ursus arctos horribilis)	Terrestrial

	Ferret, Black-footed	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Mustela nigripes)	Terrestrial

	Nebraska	( 8) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Crane, Whooping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Grus americana)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum)	Terrestrial

	Penstemon, Blowout	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Penstemon haydenii)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Beetle, Salt Creek Tiger	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Cicindela nevadica lincolniana)	Terrestrial

	Ferret, Black-footed	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Mustela nigripes)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Nevada	( 3) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Dace, Desert	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Eremichthys acros)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)	Freshwater

	New Mexico	( 25) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Crane, Whooping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Grus americana)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Falcon, Northern Aplomado	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Falco femoralis septentrionalis)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 13 of 21

	New Mexico	( 25) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	Terrestrial

	Owl, Mexican Spotted	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Strix occidentalis lucida)	Terrestrial

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum)	Terrestrial

	Amphipod, Noel's	Endangered	Crustacean	No

	(Gammarus desperatus)	Freshwater

	Cactus, Knowlton	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pediocactus knowltonii)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Lee Pincushion	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Coryphantha sneedii var. leei)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Mesa Verde	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sclerocactus mesae-verdae)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Sneed Pincushion	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii)	Terrestrial

	Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Mancos	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus humillimus)	Terrestrial

	Sunflower, Pecos	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Helianthus paradoxus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Wild-buckwheat, Gypsum	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Eriogonum gypsophilum)	Terrestrial

	Gambusia, Pecos	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Gambusia nobilis)	Freshwater

	Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Hybognathus amarus)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Arkansas River	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis girardi)	Freshwater

	Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis simus pecosensis)	Freshwater

	Squawfish, Colorado	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Snail, Pecos Assiminea	Endangered	Gastropod	Yes

	(Assiminea pecos)	Freshwater

	Springsnail, Koster's	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Juturnia kosteri)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 14 of 21

	New Mexico	( 25) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Springsnail, Roswell	Endangered	Gastropod	No

	(Pyrgulopsis roswellensis)	Freshwater

	Ferret, Black-footed	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Mustela nigripes)	Terrestrial

	New York	( 4) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Shortnose	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Acipenser brevirostrum)	Saltwater, Freshwater

	Bat, Indiana	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Myotis sodalis)	Subterraneous, Terrestrial

	Turtle, Bog (Northern population)	Threatened	Reptile	No

	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	North Dakota	( 4) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Crane, Whooping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Grus americana)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum)	Terrestrial

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Ohio	( 3) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Mussel, Clubshell	Endangered	Bivalve	No

	(Pleurobema clava)	Freshwater

	Bat, Indiana	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Myotis sodalis)	Subterraneous, Terrestrial

	Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water	Threatened	Reptile	No

	(Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta)	Freshwater, Terrestrial

	Oklahoma	( 6) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Crane, Whooping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Grus americana)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Curlew, Eskimo	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Numenius borealis)	Terrestrial

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum)	Terrestrial

	Vireo, Black-capped	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Vireo atricapilla)	Terrestrial

	Shiner, Arkansas River	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis girardi)	Freshwater

11/30/2010 4:22:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 15 of 21

	Oregon	( 28) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Murrelet, Marbled	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus)	Freshwater, Terrestrial,
Saltwater

	Owl, Northern Spotted	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Strix occidentalis caurina)	Terrestrial

	Plover, Western Snowy	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus)	Terrestrial

	Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool	Threatened	Crustacean	Yes

	(Branchinecta lynchi)	Vernal pool

	Checker-mallow, Nelson's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sidalcea nelsoniana)	Terrestrial

	Daisy, Willamette	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens)	Terrestrial

	Lomatium, Bradshaw's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lomatium bradshawii)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Lomatium, Cook's	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lomatium cookii)	Vernal pool

	Lupine, Kincaid's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. kincaidii (=var. kincaidii))
Terrestrial

	Meadowfoam, Large-flowered Woolly	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Grandiflora)	Vernal pool

	Chub, Oregon	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oregonichthys crameri)	Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Snake River Fall Run)	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Chinook (Snake River spring/summer)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Upper Columbia River Spring)	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Chinook (Upper Willamette River)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Saltwater, Brackish, Freshwater

	Salmon, Coho (Southern OR/Northern CA Coast)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Salmon, Sockeye (Snake River population)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Steelhead, (Lower Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

	Steelhead, (Middle Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Steelhead, (Snake River Basin population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Steelhead, (Upper Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

11/30/2010 4:22:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 16 of 21

	Oregon	( 28) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Steelhead, (Upper Willamette River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Trout, Bull	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Klamath River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Butterfly, Fender's Blue	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Icaricia icarioides fenderi)	Terrestrial

	Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot	Threatened	Insect	Yes

	(Speyeria zerene hippolyta)	Terrestrial

	Fritillary, Gentner's	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Fritillaria gentneri)	Terrestrial

	Pennsylvania	( 3) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Bat, Indiana	Endangered	Mammal	Yes

	(Myotis sodalis)	Subterraneous, Terrestrial

	Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle)	Endangered	Monocot	No

	(Scirpus ancistrochaetus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Turtle, Bog (Northern population)	Threatened	Reptile	No

	(Clemmys muhlenbergii)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	South Dakota	( 8) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Crane, Whooping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Grus americana)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum)	Terrestrial

	Shiner, Topeka	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Notropis topeka (=tristis))	Freshwater

	Sturgeon, Pallid	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Scaphirhynchus albus)	Freshwater

	Beetle, American Burying	Endangered	Insect	No

	(Nicrophorus americanus)	Terrestrial

	Ferret, Black-footed	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Mustela nigripes)	Terrestrial

	Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Platanthera praeclara)	Terrestrial

	Texas	( 12) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Crane, Whooping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Grus americana)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

11/30/2010 4:22:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 17 of 21

	Texas	( 12) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Falcon, Northern Aplomado	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Falco femoralis septentrionalis)	Terrestrial

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	Terrestrial

	Owl, Mexican Spotted	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Strix occidentalis lucida)	Terrestrial

	Plover, Piping	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Charadrius melodus)	Terrestrial

	Tern, Interior (population) Least	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Sterna antillarum)	Terrestrial

	Vireo, Black-capped	Endangered	Bird	No

	(Vireo atricapilla)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Sneed Pincushion	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii)	Terrestrial

	Sunflower, Pecos	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Helianthus paradoxus)	Terrestrial, Freshwater

	Gambusia, Pecos	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Gambusia nobilis)	Freshwater

	Pupfish, Leon Springs	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Cyprinodon bovinus)	Freshwater

	Snail, Pecos Assiminea	Endangered	Gastropod	Yes

	(Assiminea pecos)	Freshwater

	Utah	( 32) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow	Endangered	Bird	Yes

	(Empidonax traillii extimus)	Terrestrial

	Owl, Mexican Spotted	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Strix occidentalis lucida)	Terrestrial

	Bear-poppy, Dwarf	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Arctomecon humilis)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, San Rafael	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Pediocactus despainii)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Siler Pincushion	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Uinta Basin Hookless	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Sclerocactus glaucus)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Winkler	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Pediocactus winkleri)	Terrestrial

	Cactus, Wright Fishhook	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Sclerocactus wrightiae)	Terrestrial

	Cycladenia, Jones	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis))	Terrestrial

	Daisy, Maguire	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Erigeron maguirei)	Freshwater

11/30/2010 4:22:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 18 of 21

	Utah	( 32) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Milk-vetch, Deseret	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus desereticus)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Heliotrope	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Astragalus montii)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Holmgren	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus holmgreniorum)	Terrestrial

	Milk-vetch, Shivwits	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Astragalus ampullarioides)	Terrestrial

	Phacelia, Clay	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Phacelia argillacea)	Terrestrial

	Primrose, Maguire	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Primula maguirei)	Terrestrial

	Reed-mustard, Barneby	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Schoenocrambe barnebyi)	Terrestrial

	Reed-mustard, Shrubby	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Schoenocrambe suffrutescens)	Terrestrial

	Ridge-cress (=Pepper-cress), Barneby	Endangered	Dicot	No

	(Lepidium barnebyanum)	Terrestrial

	Townsendia, Last Chance	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Townsendia aprica)	Terrestrial

	Chub, Bonytail	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila elegans)	Freshwater

	Chub, Humpback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila cypha)	Freshwater

	Chub, Virgin River	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Gila seminuda (=robusta))	Freshwater

	Squawfish, Colorado	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Ptychocheilus lucius)	Freshwater

	Sucker, June	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Chasmistes liorus)	Freshwater

	Sucker, Razorback	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Xyrauchen texanus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi)	Freshwater

	Woundfin	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Plagopterus argentissimus)	Freshwater

	Ferret, Black-footed	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Mustela nigripes)	Terrestrial

	Prairie Dog, Utah	Threatened	Mammal	No

	(Cynomys parvidens)	Terrestrial, Subterraneous

	Ladies'-tresses, Ute	Threatened	Monocot	No

	(Spiranthes diluvialis)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 19 of 21

	Utah	( 32) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Tortoise, Desert	Threatened	Reptile	Yes

	(Gopherus agassizii)	Terrestrial

	Washington	( 18) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Murrelet, Marbled	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus)	Freshwater, Terrestrial,
Saltwater

	Owl, Northern Spotted	Threatened	Bird	Yes

	(Strix occidentalis caurina)	Terrestrial

	Catchfly, Spalding's	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Silene spaldingii)	Terrestrial

	Howellia, Water	Threatened	Dicot	No

	(Howellia aquatilis)	Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Puget Sound)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Snake River Fall Run)	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Chinook (Snake River spring/summer)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Salmon, Chinook (Upper Columbia River Spring)	Endangered	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Salmon, Sockeye (Snake River population)	Endangered	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka)	Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

	Steelhead, (Middle Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

	Steelhead, (Snake River Basin population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss)	Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

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	Steelhead, Puget Sound	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Oncorhynchus mykiss)	Saltwater

	Trout, Bull	Threatened	Fish	No

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Columbia River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Trout, Bull (Klamath River population)	Threatened	Fish	Yes

	(Salvelinus confluentus)	Freshwater

	Bear, Grizzly	Threatened	Mammal	No

	(Ursus arctos horribilis)	Terrestrial

	Rabbit, Pygmy	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Brachylagus idahoensis)	Terrestrial

	Wyoming	( 3) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Yellowhead, Desert	Threatened	Dicot	Yes

	(Yermo xanthocephalus)	Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 20 of 21

	Wyoming	( 3) species:	Taxa	Critical Habitat

	Bear, Grizzly	Threatened	Mammal	No

	(Ursus arctos horribilis)	Terrestrial

	Ferret, Black-footed	Endangered	Mammal	No

	(Mustela nigripes)	Terrestrial

	No species were selected for exclusion.

	Dispersed species included in report.

11/30/2010 4:22:50 PM   Ver. 2.10.4	Page 21 of 21

	

 http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/ecosystem/pollinator-protection.html#intern
ational

 While the degree to which thiamethoxam is metabolized to clothianidin
within the plant is unknown and may vary by crop, clothianidin’s
toxicity to terrestrial invertebrates is similar to thiamethoxam’s
toxicity, which is demonstrated by acute contact and oral honey bee
data.

 http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/

 EFED acknowledges recent receipt of two pollinator field studies (MRID
480533-01, 480533-02). However, the studies do not satisfy data
requirements (see Section 4.1). 

 http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/ecosystem/pollinator-protection.html#intern
ational

 http://www.xerces.org/pollinator-conservation-agriculture/

 EFED acknowledges receipt of two pollinator field studies (MRID
480533-01, 480533-02). These studies were classified as supplemental and
do not satisfy data requirements (see Section 4.1). 

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