United States 

Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances

(7505P)

_______________________________________________________

Pesticide

Fact Sheet

Name of Chemical:	Mammalian Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Reason for Issuance:          New Chemical

                                             Nonfood Use

Date Issued:                        September 2009

_______________________________________________________

1. Description of Chemical

Peptide Chain:	pyroGlu1 -His2-Trp3- Ser4 -Tyr5- Gly6 -Leu7-Arg8-Pro9- G
ly10NH2 [GnRH]

Common Name:	Mammalian Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

EPA PC Code:		      116800

Chemical Abstracts 

Service (CAS) Number:		9034-40-6

Chemical Class:			Sterilant/Hormone

Registration Status:			New Chemical, nonfood use

Pesticide Type:			Mammalian Contraceptive 

U.S. Producer:	U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Pocatello Supply
Depot

	238 East Dillon Street

	Pocatello, ID 83201

2. Use Pattern and Formulations

Mode of Action	The active ingredient, Mammalian Gonadotropin Releasing  
               Hormone (GnRH) is conjugated into a large protein that
initiates an immune response in the animal with its own GnRH resulting
in contraceptive effects for a minimum of one year. 

Application Sites			GonaCon will be used to control wild white-tailed
deer Odocoileus virginianus) populations in areas where they have become
a nuisance (e.g, urban and suburban settings). 					

Methods of 

Application 				The vaccine will be administered to restrained female
deer using preloaded syringes with an 18 or 19 gauge stainless steel
hypodermic needle intramuscularly into a large muscle mass by hand
injection only.  

					

							GonaCon is classified as a Restricted Use Pesticide.  Use is
restricted to USDA APHIS Wildlife Services or state wildlife management
personnel or persons working under their authority.  

Application Rate:			Female deer are injected with a single injection
containing 1.0 ml of GonaCon at least two to three months prior to the
onset of rut for full contraceptive effect. If multi year contraceptive
effects are desired, a second vaccination may be given 30 to 60 days
after the first injection or during the following year. 

							

							Two formulations (basic and alternate) are proposed for
registration.

3. Science Findings

Available data supporting the use and registration of Mammalian
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone including product chemistry, toxicology,
efficacy, and ecological effects and environmental fate are summarized
below.  

 



Common name	Mammalian Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

CAS Reg. No.	9034-40-6

Color	white

Physical State	Active: solid:  powder

EU:  liquid: somewhat creamy in appearance

Melting Point	N/A Waiver request

Boiling Point	Waiver request: Solid at room temperature.

Odor	Active:  odorless

EU:  odorless 

Stability to Normal and Elevated Temperatures, Metal, and Metal Ions	N/A
Waiver request

Oxidation/Reduction Action	N/A Waiver request

pH	Active:  NA

EU: pH = 6.49

Flammability	N/A Waiver request

Explodability	N/A Waiver request

Vapor pressure	N/A Waiver request

Water Solubility	N/A Waiver request

Storage stability	N/A product’s shelf life will be < 6 months so not
necessary

Corrosion Characteristics	N/A product’s shelf life will be < 6 months
so not necessary



TOXICOLOGY SUMMARY

The Registrant submitted the studies listed in Tables 2, which include a
number of toxicity studies. The Registrant submitted waiver requests
which were granted for acute inhalation and dermal sensitization. 

Acute Toxicity Data GnRH

Table 2.  Acute Toxicity



Guideline

No.

	

Study Type	

Results	Toxicity Category*

OPPTS 

870.1100	Acute Oral 

Rat	All test animals survived 1 mL exposure.

	

IV

OPPTS 

870.1200	Acute Dermal  

Rat	All test animals survived 1 mL exposure.

	

IV

OPPTS 

870.1300	Acute Inhalation 

Rat	WAIVED	

IV

OPPTS 

870.2400	Primary Eye Irritation 

Rabbit	No corneal opacity or iritis was observed.  1-hour
post-instillation: 3/3 treated eyes exhibited conjunctival redness
(score 1-2) and discharge (score 1).  No “positive” grade irritation
was noted at the 24-hour observation.  Treated eyes were free of all eye
irritation by 72-hours.  	

IV

OPPTS 

870.2500	Primary Skin Irritation 

Rabbit	No edema was observed at any treated site.  Very slight erythema
(score 1) was noted at all 3/3 test sites within 1-hour post-pad
removal.  Irritation severity decreased thereafter.  No irritation was
noted at the 72-hour observation.  The PDII was 0.5. 	

IV

OPPTS 

870.2600	Dermal sensitization 

	WAIVED 	

--



Toxicity Category IV = No precautions required

Chronic toxicity data requirements were waived.  There is no human
exposure from use of GonaCon, therefore no toxicity endpoints were
selected because of the very limited potential worker and dietary
exposure.  

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Waivers were submitted to fulfill required ecological effects and
environmental fate guideline studies for the registration of GonaCon
because of the limited potential for environmental releases.  Since the
product is labeled only for injection to deer by hand and the substance
is expected to be rapidly metabolized in treated animals, the limited
potential risks to non-target organisms resulting from the proposed
registration of GonaCon are not expected to exceed the Agency’s
concern levels. 

The proposed registration of GonaCon is expected to have no effect on
endangered or threatened species

EFFICACY

GonaCon is intended to render a vaccinated female white-tailed deer
infertile for a minimum of one year following vaccination. The label
claims that GonaCon will not affect existing pregnancies but should
cause infertility of the vaccinated animal in subsequent years. If
multi-year contraceptive effects are desired, a second vaccination may
be given 30-60 days after the first injection or during the following
year. The label claims that there is a chance that some vaccinated
females will become permanently sterile. 

Product performance studies were conducted by APHIS’s National
Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) both in the field over a two year period
and in a laboratory over multiple years to compare two different
formulations. 

The field test, initiated in 2004 used two sites consisting of fenced
federal land near Silver Spring, MD. Female deer in the vaccinated group
were dosed with the labeled rate of the vaccine during July and August
2004. All deer were marked with ear tags and radio telemetry collars
equipped with mortality sensors. Reproductive status was assessed in the
summers of 2005 and 2006 with visual inspection of the udders for signs
of lactation.   

Results showed 88% efficacy in the summer after vaccination with
lactation evident in 3 of the 26 does vaccinated (12%). Of the control
group, reproductive status was able to be determined in 13 of the 15
deer and lactation was evident in 11 of those 13 doe (85%).

In the second summer after vaccination lactation was evident in 10 of
the remaining 19 vaccinated deer (53%) equating to an efficacy rate of
47%. In the control group, 10 of the 10 remaining deer (100%) had
reproductive success.

The lab study results showed the alternate formulation to be more
effective than the basic formulation. The alternate formulation had a
100% success rate (5/5 does remained contracepted for two years)
compared to the basic formulation with a 60% success rate after two
years (3/5 does contracepted). Due to economic and supply reasons
however, it is necessary for the product to carry both formulations.  

4. Summary of Regulatory Position and Rationale

Available data provide adequate information to support the conditional
registration of GnRH as an effective population control method for
nuisance white-tailed deer. 

White-tailed deer have been classified by EPA as a public health pest
because they are a host for deer ticks that may cause Lyme disease and
they are a cause of vehicle accidents.  In many urban and suburban areas
white-tailed deer populations have become over abundant and are
considered a year-round nuisance causing many human-wildlife conflicts.
Since these areas are typically non hunting areas, where building and
population densities do not allow for safe shooting zones, local laws
prohibit guns or shooting or public opinion does not support hunting,
there has not been an economically feasible solution to control
overabundant deer populations.

In many of these urban and suburban areas, deer have been known to
inflict significant economic damage to gardens and landscapes of
homeowners associations, golf courses, private residential yards, etc. 
When deer are in numbers exceeding 20 per square mile, as they are
becoming in many areas, they can inflict severe damage to resident flora
and fauna. This can adversely affect the ecosystem and the wildlife that
depend on that ecosystem. 

Since deer in these areas are so well fed, female deer, which normally
give birth to twins may be becoming more fertile which is evident by an
increase in triplet births. This, and the fact that deer in developed
areas appear to be more nocturnal to avoid human contact, is
contributing to rapidly increasing populations and problems.

According to a 2006 study, the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration reported that there are about 1.5 million car accidents
with deer resulting in over $1 billion of damage and 150 human
fatalities annually. GnRH will not only help prevent increases in deer
numbers through contraception, but should decrease the number of car
accidents during the fall mating season - which is associated with a
surge in car collisions with deer as bucks chase fertile does, sometimes
for miles. 

Deer can also play a role in spreading disease as they are a main host
for blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis), more commonly known as deer
ticks, which are a carrier of Lyme disease. There has been a sharp
increase in cases of Lyme disease in suburban/urban areas with
significant deer populations.	

	

Contraception of nuisance deer using GnRH is not intended to replace
hunting (where it is an option) as a population control method. GnRH is
intended to be used in combination with other population management
techniques since it cannot alone reduce already over abundant
populations. Since GnRH is a nonlethal alternative to population
control, many animal rights groups enthusiastically support this
registration. 

The registration of GonaCon has received letters of support from the
Department of Natural Resources at Cornell University and White Buffalo,
Inc. a non-profit wildlife organization based out of Connecticut. At
Cornell University, deer have caused damages to plants in research and
teaching plots as well as dozens of car accidents. Currently, the
university attempts population management of deer by capturing and
surgically sterilizing deer via tubal ligation. This method however is
both time consuming and costly, with expenses of approximately $1,000
per deer along with the impracticality of finding surgery staff and
anesthesiologists during the early and late hours that deer are
typically captured.   The use of GnRH is also supported by the Humane
Society of the United States as a humane and “necessary” method of
deer population control.  

GonaCon was mentioned in an April 2009 article in the Washington Post
Magazine as a possible population control method for deer in Rock Creek
Park in Washington, DC and suburban Maryland. 

5. Labeling Restrictions

To mitigate any risks, the following requirements have been imposed: 

Restricted -Use Pesticide classification due to non-target injection
hazard.  

Application is restricted to USDA APHIS Wildlife Services or state
wildlife management agency personnel or persons working under their
authority only.

Administration of vaccine is only by hand injection to mitigate any
non-target or environmental risks that occur with administration with
darts.

Use restricted to only one species: white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus).

PPE requirements include: long sleeved shirt and long pants, gloves and
shoes plus socks to mitigate occupational exposure.

Children are not allowed in areas where product is used

A warning that pregnant women should not be involved in handling or
injecting GonaCon and that all women should be aware that accidental
self-injection may cause infertility.

6. Conditional Data Requirements

Because of the unique chemical nature of GnRH additional preliminary
analysis and certified limits data are necessary.  The registrant must
submit this data to the Agency upon completion.

Conditional data required for GonaCon consists of:

Guideline 830.1700 Validating the method of analysis of the formulation
and additional preliminary analysis

Guideline 830.1750 Certified Limits

Contact Person at USEPA

Mailing address:

Autumn Metzger

Biologist, Insecticide-Rodenticide Branch

Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Pesticide Programs

Registration Division (7505P)

Insecticide Branch

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW

Washington, D.C. 20460

Office location and telephone number: 

Room S-7224, One Potomac Yard

2777 S. Crystal Drive

Arlington, VA 22202

703-305-5314

DISCLAIMER: The information in this Pesticide Fact Sheet is for
information only and is not to be used to satisfy data requirements for
pesticide registration. The information is believed to be accurate as of
the date on the document. 

APPENDIX I

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ADNT	Acute delayed neurotoxicity

a.i.	Active Ingredient

aPAD	Acute Population Adjusted Dose

ARI	Aggregate Risk Index

BCF	Bioconcentration Factor

CAS	Chemical Abstracts Service

ChE	Cholinesterase

ChEI	Cholinesterase inhibition

cPAD	Chronic Population Adjusted Dose

%CT	Percent crop treated

DAT	Days after treatment

DEEM-FCID	Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model - Food Consumption Intake
Database 

DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid 

DNT	Developmental neurotoxicity 

DIT	Developmental immunotoxicity 

DWLOC  	Drinking Water Level of Comparison. 

EC	Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulation 

EEC		Estimated Environmental Concentration. The estimated pesticide 
concentration in an environment, such as a terrestrial ecosystem. 

EPA	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

FQPA	Food Quality Protection Act 

GLC	Gas Liquid Chromatography 

GLN	Guideline Number 

LC50   	Median Lethal Concentration. A statistically derived
concentration of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50%
of test animals. It is usually expressed as the weight of substance per
weight or volume of water, air or feed, e.g., mg/l, mg/kg or ppm. 

LD50  	Median Lethal Dose. A statistically derived single dose that can
be expected to cause death in 50% of the test animals when administered
by the route indicated (oral, dermal, inhalation). It is expressed as a
weight of substance per unit weight of animal, e.g., mg/kg. 

LOAEL	Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level 

LOAEC	Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Concentration 

LOC	Level of Concern 

LOD	Limit of Detection 

LOQ	Limit of Quantitation 

mg/kg/day	Milligram Per Kilogram Per Day 

mg/L	Milligrams Per Liter 

MOE	Margin of Exposure



MRID	Master Record Identification (number), EPA's system of recording
and tracking studies submitted 

MTD	Maximum tolerated dose 

NA	Not Applicable 

NOEC	No Observable Effect Concentration 

NOEL	No Observed Effect Level 

NOAEL	No Observed Adverse Effect Level 

NOAEC	No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration 

NPDES	National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 

OP	Organophosphate 

OPP	EPA Office of Pesticide Programs 

OPPTS	EPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances 

PAD	Population Adjusted Dose 

PAG	Pesticide Assessment Guideline 

PAM	Pesticide Analytical Method 

PHED	Pesticide Handler's Exposure Data 

PHI	Preharvest Interval 

ppb	Parts Per Billion 

PPE	Personal Protective Equipment 

ppm	Parts Per Million 

PRZM/EXAMS	 Tier II Surface Water Computer Model 

RAC  	Raw Agriculture Commodity 

RBC	Red Blood Cell 

RED	Reregistration Eligibility Decision 

REI	Restricted Entry Interval 

RfD	Reference Dose 

SCI-GROW	Tier I Ground Water Computer Model 

SF	Safety Factor 

TGAI	Technical Grade Active Ingredient 

UF	Uncertainty Factor 

µg	micrograms 

µg/L	Micrograms Per Liter 

µL/g	Microliter per gram 

USDA	United States Department of Agriculture 

WPS	Worker Protection Standard APPENDIX II

Citations Considered Part of the Data Base Supporting the Registration
of GonaCon.

  HYPERLINK "JavaScript:sortUpdate(document.sort,'1')"  MRID 	 
HYPERLINK "JavaScript:sortUpdate(document.sort,'2')"  Citation 	Receipt
Date

47649600	United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (USDA APHIS) (2009) Submission of Product
Chemistry, Toxicity, Efficacy and Residue Data in Support of the
Application for Registration of GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine.
Transmittal of 36 Studies.	22-Jan-2009

47649601	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J. (2008) Description of Materials Used
to Produce: "GoneCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine". Project Number:
P4417. Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS:
National Wildlife Research Center. 168 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649602	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J. (2008) Description of Formulation
Process Used to Manufacture: "GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine".
Project Number: M8546, BT016/02. Unpublished study prepared by US Dept.
of Agriculture, APHIS, WS: National Wildlife Research Center. 99 p.
22-Jan-2009

47649603	O'Hare, J.; Pilon, J.; Eisemann, J. (2008) Discussion of the
Formation of Impurities "GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine".
Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS:
National Wildlive Research Center. 56 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649604	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Pilon, J. (2008) Preliminary Analysis
and Certified Limits "GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine": Final
Report. Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS,
WS: National Wildlife Research Center. 9 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649605	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J. (2008) Enforcement Analytical Method:
"GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine". Unpublished study prepared by US
Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS: National Wildlife Research Center. 40
p.	22-Jan-2009

47649606	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J. (2007) Product Chemistry: Color,
Physical State, Odor, and pH - USDA APHIS GonaCon Immunocontraceptive
Vaccine (EPA Reg. No. 56228-xx): Final Report. Project Number: QA/1421.
Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS:
National Wildlife Research Center. 31 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649607	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Stability to Normal and
Elevated Temperatures, Metal, and Metal Ions: (Gonadotropin Releasing
Hormone). Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS,
WS. 8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649608	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Oxidation/Reduction Chemical
Incompatibility: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished
study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS. 8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649609	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Flammability: (GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS.
8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649610	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Explodability: (GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS.
4 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649611	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Miscibility: (GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS.
8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649612	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Corrosion Characteristics:
(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by
USDA APHIS. 8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649613	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Dielectric Breakdown Voltage:
(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by
USDA APHIS. 8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649614	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) UV/Visible Absorption: (GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive). Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS. 8 p.
22-Jan-2009

47649615	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Viscosity: (GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS.
8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649616	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Melting Point: (GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS.
8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649617	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Boiling Point: (GonoCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS.
4 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649618	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Density/Relative Density/Bulk
Density: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study
prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649619	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Dissociation Constant in Water:
(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by
USDA APHIS. 8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649620	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Octanol/Water Partition
Coefficient: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study
prepared by USDA APHIS. 8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649621	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Water Solubility: (GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS.
8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649622	Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Vapour Pressure: (GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS.
8 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649623	Eisemann, J.; O'Hare, J. (2008) Chemical Identity: "GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine". Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of
Agriculture, APHIS, WS: Natiional Wildlife Research Center. 27 p.
22-Jan-2009

47649624	Eisemann, J.; O'Hare, J. (2008) Direction for Use: GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine. Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of
Agriculture, APHIS, WS: National Research Center. 12 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649625	Lowe, C. (2008) GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine: Acute Oral
Toxicity - Limit Dose Procedure in Rats. Project Number: P320/USDA,
23211. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 28 p.
22-Jan-2009

47649626	Lowe, C. (2008) GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine: Acute
Dermal Toxicity - Limit Dose Procedure in Rats. Project Number: 23212,
P322/USDA. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 28
p.	22-Jan-2009

47649627	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Acute Inhalation
Toxicity: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study
prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649628	Lowe, C. (2007) GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine: Primary
Eye Irritation Study in Rabbits. Project Number: P324, 22806.
Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 29 p.
22-Jan-2009

47649629	Lowe, C. (2008) GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine: Primary
Skin Irritation Study in Rabbits. Project Number: P326, 22807.
Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 27 p.
22-Jan-2009

47649630	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Dermal
Sensitization: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study
prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649631	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Chronic Dietary
Toxicity: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study
prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649632	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Gene Mutation:
(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine): (Human). Unpublished study
prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649633	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Stuctural
Chromosomal Aberration: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine): (Human).
Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649634	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Other Genotoxic
Effects: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine): (Human). Unpublished
study prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649635	O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Acute Delayed
Neurotoxicity: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine): (Hen). Unpublished
study prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.	22-Jan-2009

47649636	Gionfriddo, J.; Eisemann, J.; O'Hare, J. (2008) Product
Performance: Field Test of a Single-Injection of GonaCon
Immunocontraceptive Vaccine In Female White-Tailed Deer. Project Number:
QA/1112. Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS,
WS: National Wildlife Research Center. 31 p.	22-Jan-2009



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